Dolgoruky biography. Brief biography of Yuri Dolgoruky
Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, born around 1090 - 1157, being a child, together with his brother Mstislav from Vladimir Monomakh (his father) receives the Rostov reign. However, he began to rule independently in Rostov in 1117. Dolgoruky, whose biography includes such gloomy events as internecine wars, became famous among the people for his ability to win battles even in the most remote territories of his principality. Researchers claim that this is how he got his nickname.
In 1125, Yuri Dolgoruky moved the capital of his principality to Suzdal from Rostov, but he managed to get out of the dependence of the great Kievan prince only in 1131. The ruler in question was popular among the people for his creative activities, the construction of new churches and cities, as well as for the active protection of his subjects. Also, ancient chronicles tell us about the extraordinary religiosity of the prince himself.
But the most famous event with which Dolgoruky went down in history, of course, is the foundation of Moscow by him. The first mention of Moscow dates back to 1147. In addition, Yuri Dolgoruky founded such important cities as Dmitrov, Yurie Polsky, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. During the reign of Yuri, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality gained great strength, turning into a very important center of the Russian north.
Dolgoruky was married twice. His first wife was the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan, but later he married a Greek woman - the daughter of the Emperor of Byzantium Manuel. It was from her that Yuri had three sons: Vsevolod, Mikhail and Vasily.
Throughout his life, Dolgoruky sought to get the throne of Kyiv and was able to achieve this in 1149, getting rid of Izyaslav Mstislavich. But this reign of Prince Yuri was not at all long. Already in 1152 he was expelled, and after the death of the main contenders for the throne of Kyiv, Vyacheslav Vladimirovich and Izyaslav Mstislavich, only Izyaslav Davydovich remained. As soon as Dolgoruky received a message that his opponents were weakened, he went out with a squad to Kyiv. Izyaslav was forced to flee the city and take the reign of Chernigov. So Dolgoruky became the prince of Kyiv again.
The prince died in 1157, presumably from poisoning after attending a celebration with a Kyiv boyar (Osmannik Petril). After the death of the prince, riots broke out in the city.
Prince Yuri Dolgoruky was one of the most controversial figures in Russian history. On the one hand, he became famous for his cunning and envy. On the other hand, he was known as a skilled ruler and a brave warrior.
The exact date of the prince's birth is not known. But, apparently, he was born in the 1090s. His main merit is to increase his power. He managed to annex the most remote lands. Actually, because of this, the prince was nicknamed Dolgoruky. It was he, back in 1147, who was able to found a city on the northeastern outskirts of the principality. A fairly high hill at the confluence of three rivers seemed to Yuri an excellent place for a frontier. This city was called Moscow. But although he is best known in history as the founder of Moscow, the current capital is by no means something important in the biography of Yuri Dolgoruky.
As a boy, he and his brother Mstislav were sent to Rostov. At one time the brothers reigned in this city. But from 1117, Yuri became an independent ruler of this principality.
After some time, he decided to move the capital Rostov to Suzdal. And it was during these years that it began to gain full strength. By this time, it was rightfully considered the northern center of ancient Russia.
During this period, Yuri Dolgoruky led creative activities. So, he managed to found completely new cities, among which Yuryev, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Dmitrov ... In addition, being a religious person, he was able to build a number of churches that are still preserved.
It is also important that the prince tried to encourage his subjects with new possessions. For this, among other things, he attracted the southwestern population of Russia. So, he decided to allocate appropriate loans to the settlers. But most importantly, the ruler granted them the status of free farmers, which at that time was very rare in the territory of the Dnieper region.
Dolgoruky, in fact, was irresistibly drawn to the south. In fact, he always dreamed that he would become the head of the prestigious Kyiv principality. After some time, his dreams became a reality.
In 1149, he managed to defeat the army of the Kyiv prince Izyaslav II Mstislavich. But three years later he was expelled from the ancient capital.
However, Dolgoruky did not step back from the undertaking. In 1155, he was once again given the power of the princely throne in Kyiv. At that time, he began to negotiate with another Kyiv ruler Rostislav, who recognized the power of Yuri.
On the throne, Dolgoruky lasted only two years. In 1157, the prince died. Many believe that the nobleman was poisoned by the Kyiv nobility. In any case, at one of the celebrations, Yuri became ill. For several days he was between life and death. But, as a result, he could not overcome the effect of the poison.
Yuri Dolgoruky, son of Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kyiv, is known to most Russian citizens as the founder of Moscow. But this is only a drop in the biography of the Grand Duke.
To begin with, consider the cities that Yuri Dolgoruky founded.
What city was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky?
In addition to the well-known Moscow, the capital Russian Federation, Yuri Dolgoruky founded Yuryev-Polsky, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Dmitrov. The foundation of Kostroma, Zvenigorod, Dubna, Starodub, Przemysl is also attributed to the prince, but this information is questioned.
Biography of Yuri Dolgoruky.
The exact date of birth of Yuri Dolgoruky is unknown, therefore it is generally accepted that he was born in the 90s, namely, in the 1090s.
Years of life Yuri Dolgoruky: 1090s-1157.
Years of government Yuri Dolgoruky: 1149-1151, 1155-1157.
Yuri is the youngest son of Vladimir Monomakh. There are several versions about Yuri's mother: Gita of Wessex, daughter of Harold II, or the second wife of Vladimir Monomakh, whose name is unknown.
Yuri Vladimirovich - the ancestor of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, a representative of the Rurik family.
Yuri Dolgoruky - Prince of Rostov-Suzdal (1125-1157), in addition, he bore the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv (1149-1150, 1150-1151, 1155-1157). Yuri Dolgoruky never left the desire to win the Grand Duke's throne and various destinies. It was for this that he was nicknamed Dolgoruky, for his long (long) arms.
Yuri Vladimirovich, as a child, was sent by his elder brother Mstislav to rule Rostov as a prince. Of course, he never gave control to a child; Yuri began to reign alone in 1117. In the early 30s, Dmitry Dolgoruky began to look at Kyiv. In 1132 and 1135, Yuri Dolgoruky captured Pereyaslavl Russian, but Yuri could not hold out for more than a few days.
Since 1147, Yuri Dolgoruky began to intervene in feuds between the princes, several times tried to take Kyiv from Izyaslav Mstislavich. It was in 1147, returning from the Novgorod campaign, Yuri Dolgoruky wrote a message to his ally, Prince Yaroslav Olgovich, in which he called him to Moscow. It is 1147 that is considered the date as a city. Then Yuri Dolgoruky ordered to found a city on the outskirts of North-Eastern Russia to protect his borders. A small village at that time was a guard fort and was located on a high hill at the confluence of three rivers.
The dream of Yuri Dolgoruky was fulfilled three times already - he became the Grand Duke of Kyiv, but because of the cruelty of the prince, his self-interest and thirst for power, he did not enjoy respect in Kyiv. Three times Yuri Dolgoruky captured Kyiv, but in total he ruled there for less than three years.
Kiev reign of Yuri Dolgoruky.
The first time Yuri Dolgoruky became the Grand Prince of Kyiv in 1149, having defeated the troops of Izyaslav II Mstislavovich and seized the throne. Turov and Pereyaslav principalities also came under control. In 1150-1551, Izyaslav, with the support of the Hungarian and Polish allies, regained Kyiv. In these years, Yuri regained his reign, but not for long. Finally, Yuri Dolgoruky was defeated in 1151 on the Ruta River.
In 1155, Yuri Dolgoruky took Kyiv once again, having already expelled Prince Izyaslav III, with the consent of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Rostislav. After the exile of Izyaslav III, Rostislav transferred his title to Yuri Dolgoruky, who ruled Kyiv until his death in 1157.
The chronicles talk a lot about the qualities of Yuri Dolgoruky, both negative (envious, ambitious, cunning) and positive (brave, skillful warrior, smart ruler).
Yuri Dolgoruky was married 2 times and had 13 children.
Yuri I Vladimirovich Dolgoruky
Years of life: about 1091-1157
Reigns: 1149-1151, 1155-1157
Prince of Rostov-Suzdal (1125-1157); Grand Duke of Kyiv (1149-1150 - half a year), (1150-1151 - less than six months), (1155-1157).
As a child, Dmitry was sent with his brother Mstislav to reign in the city of Rostov. From 1117 he began to reign alone. From the beginning of the 30s. Dmitry Dolgoruky was irresistibly drawn to the south, closer to the prestigious throne of Kyiv. Already in 1132, he captured Pereyaslavl Russian, but could only sit there for 8 days. His attempt to stay in Pereyaslavl in 1135 also failed.
Principality
The first principality of Yuri was the Rostov-Suzdal land. When he began to reign here is unknown. The date of 1096-1097 was established in historiography, but there is no evidence in this regard in the sources. At that time, Yuri was just a child, so the closest boyar Monomakh Georgy (Yuri) Simonovich ruled on his behalf. Despite the fact that Rostov was the political center of the principality, the prince himself lived in Suzdal. This was probably due to the wary attitude of the local nobility towards Yuri, but Simonovich, as a Rostov thousand man, managed to keep both sides from conflicts.
The Rostov-Suzdal land at that time was on the rise: trade flourished, crafts developed, cities were built. The influx of population came from the south, which suffered most from princely strife and attacks by nomads. The Rostov land was also a troubled region, since it was adjacent to the Volga Bulgaria, and Christianity and Islam did not have very warm relations. In 1107 the Bulgars attacked Suzdal and besieged it. The city was saved from destruction. Perhaps this conflict pushed Monomakh to an alliance with the Polovtsy against the Bulgars, which was sealed in January 1108 by the marriage of Yuri to the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Aepa Osenevich. Of course, with this step, Vladimir also wanted to separate the Polovtsian khans, break their unity, which would weaken the onslaught on the southern borders of Russia. And dynastic marriages in the Middle Ages were the best seal that sealed peace agreements.
Yuri was first mentioned on the pages of the chronicle in 1107 precisely in connection with his marriage. There is an assumption that just at this time, and not before, Vladimir Monomakh gave him Rostov-Suzdal possession. In the following decade, warming began in Russian-Bulgarian relations, but the poisoning of Aepa and other Polovtsian khans by the Bulgars during the negotiations in 1117 led to a new conflict with Yuri. In 1120 he made the first trip to the Volga. The army of the Bulgars was defeated, the prince of Rostov captured a lot of booty. This victory eliminated the Bulgar danger for North-Eastern Russia for some time.
In 1125, Yuri's older brother Mstislav, nicknamed the Great, took the Kyiv throne. He was the last of the Kyiv princes who managed to maintain unity and power. Kievan Rus. It is generally accepted that his death in 1132 marked the beginning new era- feudal fragmentation and the existence of independent principalities. Kiev remained the main principality and at the same time the dream of almost every more or less significant member of the Rurik dynasty. For a long time, a relentless struggle continued between the princes, who were attracted by the prospect of establishing suzerainty over the entire territory of Russia. Prince Yuri was no exception.
An intelligent, though not always self-possessed politician, he saw the key importance of Pereslavl in the struggle for the Kyiv table. Located just two days on horseback from Kyiv, Pereyaslavl was a kind of stepping stone to the grand prince's throne. According to tradition, one of the brothers of the Grand Duke usually sat in this city. Therefore, in 1132, Yuri captured Pereyaslavl, but only lasted eight days. The new prince of Kyiv, Yaropolk Vladimirovich, Yuri's brother, expelled him and sent him back to Suzdal. After that, Yuri tried to become the prince of Polotsk, but this attempt was not crowned with success. In 1134, he again became the Prince of Pereyaslavl. This time he simply bartered Pereyaslavl from Yarogyulk for Rostov and Suzdal, but again he could not stay in the south and returned to his first principality. In the next few years, Yuri concentrated his efforts in the northern direction, first of all, he subordinated Novgorod to his influence, where in May 1138 he planted his son Rostislav as prince. It seemed that Dolgoruky at that time was not at all interested in the rivalry that had again begun around Kyiv. Three brothers Yuri - Mstislav, Yaropolk and Vyacheslav, successively occupied the Kyiv table in 1125-1139, then the Chernigov clan of the Olgovichs came to power in the country. They belonged to the same generation of Rurikoviches as the Monomashichs. Both those and others were the great-grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise, and the Olgovichi were even older than the Monomashichs, since their grandfather Svyatoslav was the elder brother of the Monomashichs’ grandfather, Vsevolod.
In 1146, Yuri's nephew Izyaslav Mstislavich, son of Mstislav the Great, took the throne of the Grand Duke. This was a direct violation of the rights of Yuri, because he remained, thus, the last Monomashich of this first generation, who did not occupy the Kyiv table and had more rights to Kyiv. More, if we proceed from the old order of succession to the throne but "patrimonial seniority", when power passed from an older brother to a younger one. However, at the Lublin Congress of Princes in 1097, the "paternal" principle was proclaimed - that is, each prince had the right to inherit his father. According to this principle, Izyaslav's rights were predominant, whose father Mstislav succeeded his father Monomakh. But neither one nor the other order of succession dominated the practice of inter-princely relations in Russia, and their coexistence led to strife and undermined the foundations of the Kievan state.
The reign of Izyaslav in Kyiv became the reason for the long-term strife of the Rurikids, when two warring groups of princes were created. On the side of Izyaslav Mstislavich were his brother Prince Rostislav of Smolensk, the elder brother of Yuri Dolgoruky, the former Kyiv prince Vyacheslav, and Novgorod, Yuri's traditional rival. Izyaslav enjoyed the support of the Kyiv boyars, who invited him to reign. Oriented Izyaslav and the union with Poland and Hungary. Yuri's allies were Vladimirko Galitsky (his son Yaroslav Osmomysl married Yuri's daughter Olga) and Svyatoslav Olgovich (brother of the previous Kyiv princes Vsevolod II and Igor (1139-1146). This group was supported by the Polovtsians and Byzantium.
In 1146, Svyatoslav Olgovich, Prince of Kursk and Novgorod-Seversky, was expelled from the Siversky land and went to the land of the Vyatichi, where he settled in the small town of Lobinsk. It was here that the embassy of Yuri Dolgoruky arrived and conveyed the famous words: "Come to me, brother, to Moscow." The meeting in Moscow took place on "Friday for the Praise of the Holy Mother of God" in 1147, that is, on Friday of the fifth week of Great Lent. This day fell on April 4, 1147 - the first day of the historical existence of Moscow. However, this chronicle message does not testify to the existence of Moscow as a city. A number of chronicles date the bookmarking by Yuri of Moscow only in 1156. Some historians believe that Moscow was built in 1153. Indeed, in 1147 only a small settlement could exist, and in 1153 Yuri fortified Moscow, erected a Kremlin with strong walls, turned the city into an outpost on the border with Smolensk land.
With the beginning of the Kyiv reign of Izyaslav, Yuri stopped supplying Suzdal tribute to Kyiv, which was an important step towards strengthening the political independence of Rostov-Suzdal Rus. Yuri's struggle with Izyaslav began with Dolgoruky's campaign against Novgorod. The retaliatory blow was dealt in the next 1148, when Izyaslav marched on the Rostov land and devastated the Volga lands up to Yaroslavl. In the summer of 1149, Yuri marched on Kyiv and defeated the army of Izyaslav in the battle near Pereyaslav. At the beginning of September 1149, he entered Kyiv without a fight and became the prince of Kyiv. The first Kiev reign of Yuri Dolgoruky began. He installed his son Rostislav as prince of Pereyaslav (he died in 1151), but already in May 1150 Izyaslav unexpectedly approached Kyiv, Yuri, taken by surprise, could not resist and fled to Gorodets-Ostersky.
However, Izyaslav's triumph did not last long. Yuri, having gathered the troops of the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav Olgovich and Vladimir Galitsky, moved to recapture the capital. In the battle on the Stugna River, Izyaslav was defeated by the Galicians and fled to Vladimir-Volynsky. Yuri, meanwhile, again occupies Kyiv. The transfer of Kyiv from one hand to another has become a common thing. In April 1151, with the help of the Hungarian troops, Izyaslav again knocked Yuri out of the capital and occupied the Grand Duke's throne for the third time. In May of this year, a decisive battle took place on the Ruta River, which put an end to Dolgoruky's attempts to recapture Kyiv. He was over fifty at the time. Yuri returns to Suzdal. True, he tried to organize campaigns against Kyiv in both 1152 and 1153, but both attempts were unsuccessful.
At the same time, with redoubled energy, he begins to develop the Rostov-Suzdal land. Zvenigorod was built on the Moskva River, Kideksha, the country residence of the prince, was fortified, Yuryev-Polsky, Gorodets-Meshchersky were being built. As noted above, in 1153 a fortress was built in Moscow. In 1154, Dmitrov was founded, named after the Christian patron, the son of Yuri - Vsevolod, the future Big Nest. This construction made it possible to strengthen the borders of the principality and contributed to further economic development region.
Meanwhile, great changes took place in Kyiv. On November 14, 1154, Prince Izyaslav Mstislavich died. This gave impetus to a new wave of strife. The Kyiv table was occupied by Izyaslav's brother Rostislav, but soon he was expelled by the Chernigov prince Izyaslav Davidovich. Having learned that the army of Yuri is advancing from the north, this time deciding to become a Kyiv prince at any cost, he voluntarily concedes the grand prince's table. Their union was sealed by the marriage of the son of Yuri Gleb to the daughter of Izyaslav Davidovich. March 20, 1155 Yuri Dolgoruky becomes prince of Kyiv for the third time,
An important moment of his reign was the establishment of close relations with Byzantium. By the second marriage, Dolgoruky was married to a relative of the Byzantine emperor Manuel Komnenos. George's church policy was connected with Byzantium. Izyaslav tried to break with the tradition of appointing Russian metropolitans in Constantinople. An important step along this path was the election of Klim (Kliment) Smolyatich to the metropolitan in 1147. This was the second metropolitan of Kyiv of Russian origin after Hilarion. He supported Izyaslav and therefore his powers were not recognized in all Russian lands. The Russian Church was at that time on the verge of a split. In 1155, Klim was removed and Dolgoruky turned to the Patriarchate of Constantinople with a request to appoint a new Russian metropolitan. They became the Greek theologian Constantine I. With the support of Yuri, he began a tough fight with the supporters of Clement. Clement himself and the late Izyaslav were anathematized, and their actions declared illegal. The active work of the new metropolitan was interrupted after the death of Dolgoruky.
Death
Yuri died unexpectedly. Prior to that, he feasted at the Kyiv osmenik (trade duty collectors) Petrila, after which he fell ill and five days later, on the night of May 15, 1157, he died. The next day he was buried in the village of Berestovo in the Church of the Holy Savior. Chronicles hint that Yuri was poisoned. Someone, but he had enough enemies. Dolgoruky managed to turn against himself a powerful coalition of princes. By 1157, Izyaslav Davidovich and Svyatoslav Olgovich (a former ally), Rostislav Smolensky and the son of the late Izyaslav, Mstislav Volynsky, were preparing to openly oppose him. Yuri was not popular among the people of Kiev either. He did not conclude a "row" with the city, and the Kiev Veche could not forgive such a violation of its traditional rights. Immediately after his death, a revolt broke out in the city against the princely administration. The Kievans defeated the city and country estates of the prince and killed all the Suzdalians in the cities and villages of the Kyiv land. After that, the Kyiv boyars invited Izyaslav Davidovich of Chernigov to the throne.
Thus ended the Kyiv epic of Yuri Dolgoruky. His activity on the all-Russian scale was rather insignificant, but he did a lot for the Rostov-Suzdal land. During his reign, a distant, almost wild land began to gradually turn into one of the most highly developed regions of Russia. In fact, he prepared the ground on which the principality flourished under his sons, Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest. He went down in history primarily as the founder of the capital of the Russian state, as the prince who laid the foundation for the dynasty of Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow rulers, the organizer of North-Eastern Russia, which became the core of the future Russia.
Marriages and children
Marriages: since 1108 married to the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Aepa Osenevich (since 1108), since June 14, 1182. on Princess Olga (daughter or sister) of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos)
In total, Yuri Dolgoruky had 13 children:
Andrei Bogolyubsky, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
Ivan Yurievich, Prince of Kursk
Gleb Yurievich, Prince Pereyaslavsky, Grand Duke of Kyiv
Boris Yurievich Prince of Belgorod, Turov
Mstislav Yurievich, Prince of Novgorod
Yaroslav Yurievich, Prince of Chernigov
Svyatoslav Yuryevich, Prince Yuryevsky
Vasilko (Vasily) Yurievich, Prince of Suzdal
Mikhail Yurievich, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
Vsevolod the Third Big Nest, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
· Maria; Olga, who was the wife of the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl.
Yuri Vladimirovich, nicknamed Dolgoruky(1090s - May 15, 1157, Kyiv) - Prince of Rostov-Suzdal and Grand Duke of Kyiv, the sixth son of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh. He is the founder of Moscow, having built a city with fortifications and stone (brick) buildings on the site of the settlement.
Yuri Dolgoruky's father was Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kyiv. Yuri was his youngest son. His mother, according to one version, was the daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king Harold II, Gita of Wessex. According to another version - the second wife of Vladimir Monomakh, whose name is unknown.
Yuri the First Vladimirovich Dolgoruky is a representative of the Rurik family, the ancestor of the Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Dukes.
Prince of Rostov-Suzdal (1125-1157); Grand Duke of Kyiv (1149-1150 - half a year), (1150-1151 - less than six months), (1155-1157).
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky is one of the most restless and controversial figures in Russian history. Being the son of Vladimir the Second Monomakh, the Grand Duke of Kyiv, he did not want to be content with little and constantly sought to win the Grand Duke's throne and various destinies. It was for this that he was nicknamed Dolgoruky, that is, having long (long) arms.
As a child, Dmitry was sent with his brother Mstislav to reign in the city of Rostov. From 1117 he began to reign alone.
Board of Yuri Dolgorukov
From the beginning of the 30s. Dmitry Dolgoruky was irresistibly drawn to the south, closer to the prestigious throne of Kyiv. Already in 1132, he captured Pereyaslavl Russian, but could only sit there for 8 days. His attempt to stay in Pereyaslavl in 1135 also failed.
Since 1147, Yuri has been constantly interfering in inter-princely feuds, trying to take the city of Kyiv from his nephew Izyaslav Mstislavich. During his long life, Yuri Dolgoruky made many attempts to attack Kyiv and took possession of it 3 times, but in total he did not sit on the Kiev throne for 3 years. Because of the thirst for power, self-interest and cruelty, he was not respected by the people of Kiev.
For the first time, Yuri Dolgoruky occupied the Kyiv throne in 1149, when he defeated the troops of the Kyiv prince Izyaslav II Mstislavich. The principalities of Turov and Pereyaslav were also under his control. He gave Vyshgorod to his older brother Vyacheslav, but nevertheless the traditional order of succession by seniority was violated, which Izyaslav took advantage of. With the help of Hungarian and Polish allies, Izyaslav regained Kyiv in 1150-51 and made Vyacheslav co-ruler (actually continuing to rule on his behalf). Yuri Dolgoruky's attempt to recapture Kyiv ended in defeat on the river. Rute (1151).
The second time Yuri Dolgoruky received power in Kyiv in 1155, when he expelled Izyaslav III Davidovich, who had seized power, from Kyiv, with the consent of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Rostislav. After this event, the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv, Prince Rostislav, gave way to Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
From 1155, the 3rd attempt was successful, Yuri Dolgoruky was the ruler in Kyiv until his death in 1157. The chronicle says that he was an envious, ambitious, cunning, but also brave man. Not enjoying the special love of the people and princes, he was able to win a reputation not only as a skilled warrior, but also as an equally intelligent ruler.
The lifelong dream of Yuri Dolgoruky - to become the Grand Duke of Kyiv, eventually came true, but in history and in the memory of his descendants, he remained the founder of a completely different city. In 1147, it was by order of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky, to protect the borders, on the unknown outskirts of North-Eastern Russia, a city was founded, which to this day is called Moscow. A small village stood on a high hill at the confluence of 3 rivers, which seemed to the Grand Duke the most suitable for building a guard fort.
In 1147, Yuri Dolgoruky, returning from a campaign against Novgorod, wrote in a message to his relative and ally the Chernigov-Seversky prince Svyatoslav Olgovich: "Come to me, brother, to Moscow!" This was the first mention in the Ipatiev Chronicle of the future capital of Russia, and this year is considered to be the official age of the city of Moscow.
On one of central squares city of Moscow and today there is a monument to Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. In 2007 (April 15), the newest strategic nuclear submarine was created and launched in Russia, which bears the sonorous name of the great ruler - "Yury Dolgoruky".
In 1154, Yuri Dolgoruky also founded the city of Dmitrov, named by the prince in honor of his youngest son, Vsevolod the Big Nest, in the baptism of Dmitry, who was born that year.
In the early 50s. Yuri Dolgoruky founded the cities of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Yuryev-Polsky. In 1154, Ryazan was captured by him, the ruler of which was his son Andrei Bogolyubsky, but soon the legitimate Ryazan prince Rostislav, with the help of the Polovtsy, expelled Andrei.
In December 1154, Yuri again went on a campaign to the south. On the way, he made peace with Rostislav of Smolensk (January 1155) and, together with his faithful ally Svyatoslav Olgovich, occupied the city of Kyiv (March 1155). Izyaslav III Davydovich left the city without a fight and went to Chernigov. The son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Boris Yuryevich, began to rule in Turov, Gleb Yuryevich was erected in Pereyaslavl, and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky remained in Suzdal. In order to finally weaken the forces of his rivals, Yuri Dolgoruky, together with Yaroslav Osmomysl, attacked the Volyn princes Yaroslav and Mstislav, the sons of Izyaslav II. The siege of Lutsk was unsuccessful, and the war in the west of Russia continued throughout the reign of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in Kyiv (1155-57).
In 1155, Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky, having more rights to the throne, sent a message to Izyaslav that Kyiv belongs to him. Izyaslav wrote a response to Yuri: "Did I go to Kyiv myself? The people of Kiev imprisoned me; Kyiv is yours, just don't do me any harm." And Yuri Dolgoruky for the 3rd (!) Time, but briefly sat on his father's throne (1155-1157 - years of reign).
In 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, according to the chronicle, fortified Moscow with a moat and wooden walls, and his son, Andrei Bogolyubsky, directly observed the work.
In 1157, a coalition of Mstislav Izyaslavich of Volyn, Izyaslav Davydovich of Chernigov and Rostislav Mstislavich of Smolensk formed against Yuri. In 1157, Yuri went to Mstislav, besieged him in Vladimir Volynsky, stood for 10 days, but left with nothing.
Returning to the city of Kyiv, Yuri Dolgoruky on May 10, 1157 was at a feast at Osmyannik Petrila. On the night, Yuri became ill (there is a version that he was poisoned by the Kyiv nobility), and after 5 days (May 15) he died. On the day of the funeral (May 16), a lot of grief happened, the chronicler wrote: the Kyivians plundered the courtyards of Yuri and his son Vasilko, the Suzdal people were killed in cities and villages. Kyiv again became occupied by the representative of the Chernigov Davydovich line, Izyaslav the Third, but the sons of Yuri Boris and Gleb were able to stay on the Turov and Pereyaslav thrones.
Yuri was very disliked by the southern population, because he had an imperious character and was not very generous (the complete opposite of him was Izyaslav Mstislavich). Even the body of Yuri Dolgoruky was not allowed to be buried next to the body of his father Vladimir Monomakh, and Yuri was buried in the Berestovskaya monastery of the Savior on the territory of the modern Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
Yuri was treated much better in the north, where he earned a good memory by founding many cities and setting up churches. He devoted the best years of his life to the arrangement of the Russian land. He founded such famous cities in the future as Moscow, Yuryev Polsky, Pereyaslavl Zalessky, Dmitrov, under him Vladimir-on-Klyazma grew and got stronger. His buildings are famous: the Transfiguration Cathedral in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, the Church of Boris and Gleb in Kideksha, the St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky, the Church of St. George in Vladimir, the Church of the Savior in the city of Suzdal (mentioned in the annals, but its location is not known for certain); fortresses in Yuriev-Polsky, Zvenigorod, Moscow, Dmitrov, Przemysl-Moscow, Gorodets and Mikulin; Vladimir fortified yard; Nativity Cathedral in Suzdal (early 12th century).
marriages: since 1108 married to the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Aepa Osenevich (since 1108), since June 14, 1182. on Princess Olga (daughter or sister) of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos)
In total, Yuri Dolgoruky had 13 children:
- Rostislav Yurievich, Prince of Novgorod, Pereyaslavsky
- Andrei Bogolyubsky, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
- Ivan Yurievich, Prince of Kursk
- Gleb Yurievich, Prince Pereyaslavsky, Grand Duke of Kyiv
- Boris Yurievich Prince of Belgorod, Turov
- Mstislav Yurievich, Prince of Novgorod
- Yaroslav Yurievich, Prince of Chernigov
- Svyatoslav Yuryevich, Prince Yuryevsky
- Vasilko (Vasily) Yurievich, Prince of Suzdal
- Mikhail Yurievich, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
- Vsevolod the Third Big Nest, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
- Maria;
- Olga, who was the wife of the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl.
Attachments for Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky
Yuri Dolgoruky - biography, information, personal life
Reign: 1157-1174
From the biography.
§ Son of Yuri Dolgoruky, grandson of Vladimir Monomakh. An outstanding and wise statesman. He was a supporter of strong princely power, imperious, sometimes despotic with the recalcitrant.
§ He made Bogolyubovo his residence, where he built a palace and a church, therefore he went down in history as Bogolyubsky.
Historical portrait of Andrei Bogolyubsky
Domestic policy
| Activities | results |
| 1. Strengthening the princely power, the desire to be an autocratic ruler. | 1. He relied on the townspeople and the younger squad, the warriors ceased to be vassals of the prince, but became servants. 2. persecuted and severely punished the recalcitrant boyars 3. moved the capital to Vladimir-on-Klyazma, since there was no veche in it. |
| 2. The desire to make Vladimir the spiritual center of Russia. | An unsuccessful attempt, since the Patriarch of Constantinople did not give consent to the creation of a patriarchate independent from Kyiv in Vladimir. He took the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God from Vyshgorod to Vladimir. He introduced new holidays: Spas and Intercession. |
| 3. The desire to extend power to all of Russia. | 1. Temporarily subjugated Novgorod 2. Subdued Kyiv, but did not want to rule from there, put his Brother Gleb to reign. |
| 3. Further development of culture. | There was active construction. Under Bogolyubsky, the following were built: - the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl - the Church of the Nativity Holy Mother of God- The Golden Gate in Vladimir - Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir Aspired to free itself from the influence of Byzantium and invited Western European masters. Ancestor of Russian white-stone architecture. |
| 4. Strengthening the economic power of the country. | Development of crafts and trade. Establishment of new trade relations with countries, creation of new trade river routes. |
2. Foreign policy
The results of the activities of Andrei Bogolyubsky:
§ Significantly strengthened the grand ducal power, based on the nobility, laid the foundation for autocracy.
§ The influence of the Vladimir prince on Russia expanded, and such important centers as Kyiv and Novgorod were subjugated. Vladimir-Suzdal principality becomes the core of the future Russian state.
§ There was a further development of culture, its original features developed.
It was during his reign that masterpieces of world architecture were built.
§ Significant strengthening of the economic power of the country, the establishment of new trade routes.
§ Successful foreign policy.
Chronology of the life and work of Andrei Bogolyubsky
This material can be used when preparing on the topic: USE C6 historical portrait.
Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. 1158-1161
Golden Gate in Vladimir. 1158-1164
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. 1165.
1158-1165
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin in Bogolyubovo.
From the work of the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky.
“From the whole figure of Andrei breathes something new; but this novelty was hardly good.
Prince Andrei was a stern and wayward master, who acted in his own way in everything,
and not according to the old and custom. Contemporaries noticed in him this duality, a mixture of strength
with weakness, power with caprice. “Such a clever man in all matters,” says
chronicler, - so valiant, Prince Andrei ruined his meaning by intemperance, ”
those. lack of self-control. Having shown in his youth in the south so much military prowess and
political prudence, he then ... did a lot of bad deeds: he collected and
sent large armies to plunder either Kyiv or Novgorod, spreading cobwebs
power-hungry intrigues throughout the Russian land from his dark corner on the Klyazma ...
Having driven out the great fatherly boyars from the Rostov land, he surrounded himself with such servants,
who, in gratitude for his lordly favors, disgustingly killed him and plundered him
castle. He was very pious and poor-loving, set up many churches in his area,
before matins, he himself lit candles in the temple, like a caring church elder, ordered
to deliver through the streets writing and drinking for the sick and the poor, paternally dearly loved his
the city of Vladimir, I wanted to make another Kyiv out of it, even with a special, second Russian
metropolitan, built the famous Golden Gates in it and wanted to unexpectedly open
them to the city holiday of the Assumption of the Mother of God, saying to the boyars: “Here people will come together
to the feast and see the gates”…
In the person of Prince Andrei, the Great Russian first appeared on the historical stage, and this
performance cannot be considered successful.
C1. Which Prince Andrew is referred to in the document? Specify the chronological framework of it
great reign.
C2. What events did the historian have in mind when he spoke of sending large armies "to plunder that
Kyiv, then Novgorod"? Name at least two positions.
C3. How is the prince described in the document? Why, according to V.O. Klyuchevsky,
the first performance of the Great Russian on the historical stage cannot be considered successful?
Give at least two statements.
C1. Answer:
It may be indicated that
1) Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky (Grand Duke of Vladimir);
2) the chronological framework of the reign - 1157-1174.
C2. Answer:
The following provisions may be specified:
1) in 1169 Andrei Bogolyubsky sent an army to Kyiv, captured it and subjected
desolation;
2) in 1170, taking advantage of a poor harvest, the prince blocked the flow to Novgorod
food from their possessions, so the Novgorodians were forced to invite
his princely table of the protege of Bogolyubsky.
C3. Answer:
The following statements may be made:
1) the prince is characterized as an ambiguous political figure (there were positive and
negative traits)
2) Andrei Bogolyubsky could not establish autocracy (eliminate specific
system) in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, tk. the specific princes were still strong.
Yury Dolgoruky. Biography. Prince's reign
Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.
Yuri Dolgoruky, son of Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kyiv, is known to most Russian citizens as the founder of Moscow. But this is only a drop in the biography of the Grand Duke.
To begin with, consider the cities that Yuri Dolgoruky founded.
What city was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky?
In addition to the well-known Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation, Yuri Dolgoruky founded Yuryev-Polsky, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Dmitrov. The foundation of Kostroma, Zvenigorod, Dubna, Starodub, Przemysl is also attributed to the prince, but this information is questioned.
Biography of Yuri Dolgoruky.
The exact date of birth of Yuri Dolgoruky is unknown, therefore it is generally accepted that he was born in the 90s, namely, in the 1090s.
Years of life Yuri Dolgoruky: 1090s-1157.
Years of government Yuri Dolgoruky: 1149-1151, 1155-1157.
Yuri is the youngest son of Vladimir Monomakh. There are several versions about Yuri's mother: Gita of Wessex, daughter of Harold II, or the second wife of Vladimir Monomakh, whose name is unknown.
Yuri Vladimirovich - the ancestor of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, a representative of the Rurik family.
Yuri Dolgoruky - Prince of Rostov-Suzdal (1125-1157), in addition, he bore the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv (1149-1150, 1150-1151, 1155-1157). Yuri Dolgoruky never left the desire to win the Grand Duke's throne and various destinies. It was for this that he was nicknamed Dolgoruky, for his long (long) arms.
Yuri Vladimirovich, as a child, was sent by his elder brother Mstislav to rule Rostov as a prince. Of course, he never gave control to a child; Yuri began to reign alone in 1117. In the early 30s, Dmitry Dolgoruky began to look at Kyiv. In 1132 and 1135, Yuri Dolgoruky captured Pereyaslavl Russian, but Yuri could not hold out for more than a few days.
Since 1147, Yuri Dolgoruky began to intervene in feuds between the princes, several times tried to take Kyiv from Izyaslav Mstislavich. It was in 1147, returning from the Novgorod campaign, Yuri Dolgoruky wrote a message to his ally, Prince Yaroslav Olgovich, in which he called him to Moscow. It is 1147 that is considered the date of foundation of Moscow as a city. Then Yuri Dolgoruky ordered to found a city on the outskirts of North-Eastern Russia to protect his borders. A small village at that time was a guard fort and was located on a high hill at the confluence of three rivers.
The dream of Yuri Dolgoruky was fulfilled three times already - he became the Grand Duke of Kyiv, but because of the cruelty of the prince, his self-interest and thirst for power, he did not enjoy respect in Kyiv. Three times Yuri Dolgoruky captured Kyiv, but in total he ruled there for less than three years.
Kiev reign of Yuri Dolgoruky.
The first time Yuri Dolgoruky became the Grand Prince of Kyiv in 1149, having defeated the troops of Izyaslav II Mstislavovich and seized the throne. Turov and Pereyaslav principalities also came under control. In 1150-1551, Izyaslav, with the support of the Hungarian and Polish allies, regained Kyiv. In these years, Yuri regained his reign, but not for long. Finally, Yuri Dolgoruky was defeated in 1151 on the Ruta River.
In 1155, Yuri Dolgoruky took Kyiv once again, having already expelled Prince Izyaslav III, with the consent of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Rostislav. After the exile of Izyaslav III, Rostislav transferred his title to Yuri Dolgoruky, who ruled Kyiv until his death in 1157.
The chronicles talk a lot about the qualities of Yuri Dolgoruky, both negative (envious, ambitious, cunning) and positive (brave, skillful warrior, smart ruler).
Yuri Dolgoruky was married 2 times and had 13 children.
Historians cannot determine the exact date of birth in the biography of Yuri Dolgorukov. It is believed that he was born between 1090 and 1097. AT early age Yuri became the prince of Rostov-Suzdal, ruled in Suzdal until the end of his life.
The nickname Dolgoruky was due to attempts to capture Pereyaslavl, Kyiv. After the founding of Moscow, Dolgoruky fortified the city with walls and a moat. In the biography of Prince Yuri Dolgorukov, several attempts were made to conquer Kyiv. In 1147 he established himself in Kursk, and two years later captured Kyiv. But he could not rule there for a long time - Izyaslav recaptured the city. After several unsuccessful battles, Dolgoruky no longer attacked the southern lands while Izyaslav was alive.
The biography of Dolgoruky is also known for the foundation of several cities in addition to Moscow (Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev-Polsky), as well as fortresses and cathedrals. In 1155, Yuri again attacked Kyiv, ruled there until 1157. Mstislav Izyaslavich, Rostislav Mstislavich, Izyaslav Davydovich united together to fight Yuri Dolgoruky. But the campaign was never resolved, because on May 15, 1157, the Grand Duke of Kyiv died.
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