home Heating radiators Principles and standards of ethical behavior for a social worker. Social assistance: concept, directions and principles Main directions and forms of organization of social work

Principles and standards of ethical behavior for a social worker. Social assistance: concept, directions and principles Main directions and forms of organization of social work

This article presents the main areas of activity of social work specialists at different stages of rehabilitation of drug addicts. The causes and consequences of drug abuse, as well as approaches to working with drug addicts, are considered.

Variability and synthesis of concepts that define people with special needs in modern social work
Socio-economic reasons in the context of increasing child neglect

The use of drugs by humans for various purposes began in ancient times. Discoveries made by scientists in the field of medicine and chemistry in the 18th-19th centuries aggravated the development of drug addiction as a disease, making drugs more and more accessible. Unfortunately, the awareness that drug addiction is a serious disease leading to irreparable consequences appeared only relatively recently - at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

Drug addiction is a serious disease characterized by a state of chronic poisoning of the body, in which a person experiences a pathological craving for drugs.

According to research, drug addiction occurs in most cases in adolescence, when a young person is most vulnerable and prone to committing rash acts. Among the reasons leading to drug addiction are: biological, socio-pedagogical, social and socio-cultural.

Drug addiction is fraught with very serious consequences that affect all areas of a person’s life. It becomes difficult for a drug addict to establish relationships with others, as he develops antisocial behavior, outbursts of anger, aggression, uncontrollability of emotions, lies, etc. The sphere of family relationships is characterized by quarrels, conflicts, sexual promiscuity, indifferent attitude towards children and family, consumerist attitude towards loved ones, lack of care for them.

Drugs have a huge impact on the health of the patient. The negative consequences of taking drugs affect all systems of the human body: cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, nervous system, etc.

Also, the harmful effects of drugs affect the human psyche: memory impairment, primitive judgment, inability to analyze, low emotionality and much more - all this is typical for a drug addict.

Drug addicts are characterized by indifferent or negative attitude to work, caused by low ability to work, which leads to difficulties in self-realization and lack of means for a normal existence. This forces the drug addict to engage in criminal activities.

The most dangerous consequence of drug addiction is suicidal tendencies.

Rehabilitation in narcology has received the following definition: it is an integral system of psychological, medical, educational, educational, social, labor, and legal measures aimed at the personal readaptation of patients, their resocialization and reintegration into society, subject to the cessation of the use of psychoactive substances that cause addiction. From the definition we can conclude that the rehabilitation of drug addicts requires an integrated approach and integration of methods from various areas.

The role of social workers in matters of primary prevention of drug addiction, readaptation and rehabilitation of drug addicts and, in general, in matters of assistance to drug addicts is extremely high.

Rehabilitation of drug addicts can be divided into several stages: pre-medical, medical, medical and social.

At the pre-medical stage, social work specialists:

conduct primary prevention of drug addiction (lectures on the dangers of drugs, etc.);
identify people at risk;
help in attracting people who need it to treatment, and also establish contact with their families, provide them with advisory and other assistance.

At the medical stage, the client finds himself in the field of activity of doctors, but in addition to the assistance of medical staff, the client receives support from social work specialists, namely:

they take part in trainings (trainings for behavior correction, self-esteem correction, and others);
form family groups and take part in family psychotherapy;
Together with patients, they look for ways to solve accumulated social problems (legal, housing problems, etc.).

At the medical and social stage, social work specialists closely interact with medical staff. The main directions of their joint activities:

formation of stable motivation in the patient for active involvement in the rehabilitation process;
implementation of a set of measures aimed at eliminating the possibility of relapse of the disease;
raising the level of social functioning of the client;
strengthening the patient’s health by teaching the basics of a healthy lifestyle.

Today, in the practice of social work, 3 main approaches to working with drug addicts have been formed:

Behavioral approaches. They are aimed at changing the negative or creating positive behavior of the patient.
Insight-oriented approaches. For example, we can take client-centered therapy. It is aimed at the activity of the patient himself and helps to resolve his problem with a minimum of involvement on the part of the therapist. According to this theory, the patient himself strives for recovery, and the function of the specialist is only to correctly apply this desire and direct the patient on the right path.
Self help groups. They are based on mutual assistance between people who have similar problems (Narcotics Anonymous groups). These groups use the principles of the 12-step program. In the course of implementing these principles, patients share their experiences of learning to live without drugs.

In addition to providing social, legal, psychological and other types of assistance to drug addicts, an important area of the specialist’s work is that he must help the drug addict understand the characteristics of his illness. In addition, the social work specialist is obliged to support the patient and his family in understanding that it is possible to recover and continue to live a full life.

Despite the rather noticeable period of existence of the problem of drug addiction in our society, the issue of solving it remains relevant.

The process of treatment and rehabilitation of a drug addict is a very long, complex and expensive job. Currently, improvements are needed in the system of assistance to such clients. It is necessary to develop and introduce new technologies, interaction between specialists in different fields, as well as the creation of conditions in which a person’s cure would be most achievable. Therefore, studying this topic, considering its various aspects, and conducting research in this area is extremely important in modern society.

Bibliography

Anafyanova, T.V. Features of socio-medical work with individuals and groups of deviant behavior in the region: tutorial/ T. V. Anafyanova. – M.: Academy of Natural Sciences, 2011. - 223 p.
History of the development of rehabilitation of drug addicts [Electronic resource]: Collection of articles / Social work. - 2010. - Access mode: http://soc-work.ru/article/522. - Cap. from the screen.
Pruss, M.S. How to get rid of drug addiction: Say goodbye to drugs / M.S. Pruss, L.L. Kelin, Yu.L. Muchnik, V.M. Volodin. - St. Petersburg: Neva; M.: Olma-Press Ex Libris, 2002. - 160 p.
Social work with drug addicts. Technology of treatment and social rehabilitation [Electronic resource]: Special project of RIA “Time N”. The whole world is against drug aggression. - Access mode: http://antinark.vremyan.ru/law/sotsialnaja_rabota_s_narkomanami_texnologija_lechenija_i_sotsialnoj_reabilitatsii. - Cap. from the screen.
Specifics of social work with drug addicts [Electronic resource]: Sociology: modern trends. - Access mode: http://www.sociodone.ru/codos-69-1.html. - Cap. from the screen.
Firsov, M.V. Psychology of social work: Contents and methods of psychosocial practice: textbook. aid for students higher schools, institutions / M.V. Firsov, B.Yu.Shapiro. - M.: Academy, 2002.- 192 p.

Introduction

Deep socio-political crisis in modern Russia led to serious negative consequences, primarily in the social sphere, exposing a person’s vulnerability to economic degradation as a result of the deterioration of his living conditions, the inability, for reasons beyond his control, to reveal and realize his labor, moral and intellectual potential.

Therefore, ensuring the social security of members of society, the implementation of an integral system of legislatively enshrined economic, legal and social rights and freedoms, social guarantees that counteract the destabilizing destabilizing factors of life and ensure the protection of the fundamental vital interests of a person in all spheres of his life: economic, social , political and spiritual. It is necessary to develop a social protection system with a “human face”, focused on all members of society, taking into account the characteristics of each person’s social status.

The complexity of solving this problem is largely related to the processes occurring in the social sphere. It is known that the development of society is accompanied by the accumulation of such changes in its social structure, which ultimately lead to qualitative shifts, the emergence of new social communities, and the change or replacement of old ones. As a result, the social structure is becoming more and more diverse. This, as a rule, provides society with flexibility, stability and the opportunity for further development. In modern Russian society, the policy of property differentiation, stratified into the super-rich and the disadvantaged, did not lead to the progressive development of the social structure and did not contribute to the emergence of homogeneous social strata.

There is no mechanism for harmonizing the interests of members of society who differ in level and quality of life. Moreover, there is reason to believe that property differentiation has created such a level of “incompatibility of interests” in different strata of society, in which acute social conflicts. Poorly socially protected categories of the population found themselves in a particularly difficult situation: disabled people, pensioners, large families, orphans, single people.

A characteristic feature of modern Russian society is the growth of magnetic layers and groups, to which belong, for example, people without a fixed place of residence, without work and doing odd jobs. It is clear that people became homeless vagabonds due to the loss of housing and the inability to receive an education. The size of magnetic groups largely depends on the level of their social security and the ability to obtain satisfactory living and working conditions. In this regard, the need to take into account in social work increases specific features various groups of the population, especially socially vulnerable ones, their needs, interests, ensuring legally established benefits and benefits, reducing taxes, and using other means of redistributing national income.

Social work is aimed, first of all, as is known, at activating the potential of one’s own vital forces and capabilities of a person or group of people who find themselves in a difficult life situation. In this regard, individual social work acquires exceptional relevance, which is defined as “the use of all opportunities that help a person adapt to specific social conditions of life and help clients develop their own life program.”

Solving this problem is possible using the method of a differentiated approach, which involves comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of the social situation of the social work object, its needs and interests, mastery of various technologies, forms and methods of work depending on the condition of the object.

A differentiated approach requires knowledge of theoretical conclusions, scientific achievements and best practices, laws and regulatory documents. Its significance lies in the fact that, based on the analysis and assessment of the object and the surrounding society, conditions are created to meet the needs of clients, adequate means, existing forms and methods of social work are selected. This method is used in working with both individuals and social groups, taking into account their interests, moods, social feelings, and established traditions. For example, older people belong to the most socially vulnerable category of the population. This is a rather heterogeneous social category. It consists of about 95% disabled workers, the vast majority of whom are old-age pensioners. Naturally, social work should be primarily focused on the needs, demands and interests of this category of older people. They cannot satisfactorily realize their not only social needs, which express a person’s adaptation to society, to a social group, the need for affection, affection, love, but also primary, vital, physiological needs. By implementing a differentiated approach as a key approach to ensuring the social protection of older people, it is possible not only to create conditions for ensuring the physical existence of the elderly, but also to support their potential as a socially active group: to involve a certain part in socially useful work, in the reproduction of national traditions, culture, customs, to create in society in relation to older people such a moral and psychological climate in which they would not feel like second-class citizens, ballast.

Great opportunities open up when using this approach in social work with people with disabilities, who also constitute a heterogeneous category of the population. Currently, the number of disabled people in Russia exceeds 8 million people, and there is a tendency for this indicator to increase, which is mainly due to social economic problems recent years. At the same time, among those recognized (annually) as disabled people of groups I, II, III of working age, about 25, 35, 73%, respectively. As studies show, the most significant social factors that determine disability are: the state of the environment, the demographic situation, the level of socio-economic development (working conditions, living conditions, nutrition, morbidity, quality of the health care system, social protection of the disabled).

There is an increasing trend towards an increase in the number of people with disabilities since childhood. According to research, all disabled people need medical and social rehabilitation, 44% need vocational rehabilitation. Only on the basis of knowledge of the specifics and characteristics, needs and interests of each group of disabled people, mastering a variety of ways, methods, techniques of work can problems be solved, help and support provided to each disabled person.

This approach serves as the basis for social work with the elderly and disabled for many social protection agencies and social services. Rehabilitation centers and social services at enterprises are being created, cooperation between government and non-government structures is developing. Monitoring and forecasting the level of employment of elderly and disabled people allows local authorities to take timely measures to organize and adapt to the needs of citizens with disabilities. disabilities and older new jobs and a network of specialized enterprises, help to actively influence the legislative process in this area.

The opportunities for using a differentiated approach in all areas of social work are enormous. Thanks to this method, it is possible to implement the following principles of social work:

personal orientation, when a specific person with his needs, interests, value orientations, feelings and moods becomes the center of social work;

interdisciplinarity, integrativeness, which makes it possible to link private goals and objectives with the main goal, to carry out social work in close connection with the living conditions of people, with state social policy, with the activities of public organizations, charities and other organizations, with relationships and processes developing in a particular society ;

holistic approach to a person, vision in a wide social environment; the approach to understanding man only through revealing the relationship between the biological and the social no longer meets the requirements of the time; the need has increased to more fully take into account the dialectics of biological, psychological, social unity in a person as an object and subject of social work, to stimulate more responsible behavior in everyday life, in realizing one’s own capabilities, in overcoming life’s difficulties;

more complete implementation of the concept of self-help, which involves the activation of a person’s vital forces, the potential of his own capabilities in solving the problems that have arisen in him, in meeting the needs of life support and active social functioning;

active nature of the content, forms and methods of work, orientation towards creating conditions that make it possible to include clients themselves in the work as subjects of social action.

1.1 State activities in the interests of older people and people with disabilities

In 2006 in Russia there were 25.8 million people. aged 60 years and older and 30.6 million people. over working age. Every year, the total number of pensioners, including old-age pensioners, increases by 600-700 thousand people.

The aging of Russia's population has not yet gone as far as in other countries. The population of Russia can be described as “mature”, fairly balanced across age groups. The aging index (the ratio of the population at retirement age to the number of children and youth under 20 years of age) is less than 1.0. However, it is expected that already from 2000. The share of people over 60 years of age will exceed the share of children under 15 years of age. In the future, this excess will grow, so by 2015, people over 60 will predominate among the unemployed.

In relation to elderly people in Russian Federation health is protected, pensions and benefits are established, state support for older citizens is provided through the system of social services and other guarantees of social protection.

Constitutional norms on the right to housing, personal dignity, freedom of conscience and religion, private property, and the right to receive qualified legal assistance, including free legal assistance, are also important for creating decent living conditions for older people.

The legislation of the Russian Federation, implementing these constitutional guarantees of the rights of older people, conditionally includes three types of norms: norms that establish the rights of all citizens, regardless of age, including those that are especially significant for older people; norms directly related to the rights of older people and the responsibilities of the state, non-state actors and family corresponding to these rights; norms regulating the situation of special groups of older people (veterans, disabled people, various categories of older people depending on age).

With the entry into force of the new Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Family Code of the Russian Federation and a number of federal laws (“On the Fundamentals social services population in the Russian Federation”, “On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people”, “On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation”, “On veterans”, “On public associations”, “On charitable activities and charitable organizations”), the social legislation addressed directly to older citizens. The standards enshrined in them are consistent with the UN Principles for Older Persons.

In order to most fully realize the rights of older people, the provisions of the listed legal acts are developed in decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, acts of federal executive authorities and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains a number of norms and provisions relating to obligations arising from agreements on permanent and lifelong annuity, lifelong maintenance with dependents, and trust management of property. These types of contracts are used by elderly people who need additional sources of livelihood.

A new institution in civil law is patronage over capable citizens (a form of guardianship that allows you to provide regular assistance to a person who needs the services of an outsider to exercise their rights).

The most important article of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which serves the purpose of providing assistance to elderly people and protecting their interests, is Art. 41 “Patronage over incompetent citizens.” At the request of a capable citizen who, for health reasons, cannot independently exercise and protect his rights, as well as fulfill his duties, guardianship in the form of patronage may be established over him. The trustee (assistant) performs his duties on the basis of an agency agreement or an agreement on trust management of property, which is concluded by the ward himself. The trustee can carry out any administrative transactions provided for in the agreement in relation to the property of the ward, thereby providing him with assistance in the implementation of property rights. In the cases provided for in the contract, the trustee must provide the ward with food, medicine, and create the necessary conditions.

It is the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens that contain a general definition of the concept of “elderly citizens”. They are entitled to medical and social care at home, in health care institutions, and to drug provision, including on preferential terms. If they have a medical certificate, elderly citizens have the right to sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation on preferential terms or free of charge, as well as the right to free medical control for pensioners involved in physical education.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not directly provide for the right of citizens to social services. Nevertheless, in accordance with general theoretical provisions, social services are an integral element of the constitutional right to social security. The rights to social services, recognized to meet the special needs of citizens due to limitations in life, including age, are recognized as socially significant.

In 1995, the aforementioned federal laws on social services were adopted, which strengthened the legal basis for the development of social services and contributed to the expansion of the network of social service institutions. Social services are focused on the individual needs of older citizens, providing them with equal opportunities to receive social services and the priority of measures for social adaptation.

Not unimportant integral part Policies for generating income for the elderly population are legally enshrined benefits that are inextricably linked with pensions, benefits and social services.

The existence of a system of social benefits in relation to Russian conditions is caused by the need to implement the principle of social justice, the presence of groups of people who have made a significant contribution to the defense and development of the country and therefore deserve special gratitude from the state, as well as existing socio-economic problems (housing, transport, household and others) that cannot be resolved without the availability of benefits of both legal and economic categories.

A striking example of a legislative act establishing social benefits for various categories of veterans is the Federal Law “On Veterans” that came into force in 1995 (as amended on May 6, 2003). Prior to this, there was no clear legislative definition of veterans who deserved the right to additional social benefits. protection, the generally accepted concepts of “war veteran”, “military service veteran”, “labor veteran”, etc. were not established. This law defines the main directions public policy in relation to veterans, the statuses of veterans of various categories were established, the creation of civil service Veterans Affairs, provides for the development and implementation of targeted state and local programs for the social protection of veterans.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated September 25, 1999 No. 1270 “On approval of the Regulations on the procedure and conditions for conferring the title “Veteran of Labor”, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 5, 1999 No. 1122 “On certificates of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War"and dated November 14, 1999 No. 1254 "On the procedure for financing expenses associated with providing certain categories of disabled veterans with free vouchers for sanatorium-resort treatment, vehicles, with the payment of monetary compensation for transportation costs instead of receiving a vehicle, and as well as expenses for the manufacture and repair of prosthetic and orthopedic products for the disabled.”

Thus, further steps have been taken to implement measures provided for by law to create conditions for increasing the social status of veterans in society and coordinating the activities of veterans’ affairs services.

IN last years Efforts are being made to strengthen the foundations of legal regulation in the field of protection from domestic violence. Elderly people, due to age and functional limitations, are recognized as dependent family members, against whom domestic violence may occur in the form of physical, mental pressure or coercion. The promotion in legislation of special measures and means of social and legal protection from abuse in the family is associated with a number of legal and organizational problems, since the issues of preventing and suppressing violence in the family belong to the area of human relations that are difficult to regulate legally, are among the complex ones and should be regulated by family, criminal, administrative, civil and housing legislation and legislation on social services.

“Strengthening a sense of security among older people requires constant changes in the range of social services provided to them. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account how this change affects the situation of other members of society - children, women, youth, the well-being of families, and relations in civil society, the economy and the state.

In many countries, government allocations for social services become the subject of budgetary restrictions related to the real capabilities of budgets and the need to implement a balanced state social policy. In these conditions, solving the problems of social protection of older people requires more active participation of civil society, since the social costs of indifference, passivity or inaction in relation to dependent elderly fellow citizens are too high.

Differences among older people are deepened by the existing gradation of rights and benefits provided - a consequence of the established division of older citizens into many categories. The state bears a large burden of social obligations, the fulfillment of which directly depends on economic opportunities. Cases of non-fulfillment of these budget-costly obligations, especially in regions with an unfavorable socio-economic situation, cause a negative attitude among recipients of benefits. For a number of reasons, the system of social benefits for certain categories of citizens, including the elderly, requires reform, the development of mechanisms for a gradual transition from the categorical provision of social benefits in kind to targeted social assistance.”

In specific life situations, older people are often not free to make decisions and cannot always ensure the implementation of their true will. At the same time, law requires that everyone have the means to express and implement their will, and that fellow citizens and society as a whole respect it.

Social policy towards citizens of the older generation of Russia is aimed at preventing segregation based on age. Further improvement of the legislative framework in the field of social protection of older people is seen in ensuring that the provisions of laws that protect every citizen are reasonably supplemented with norms to support the rights and freedoms of older people who need additional guarantees due to their condition. This refers to the advantage of the functional criterion over the age criterion.

2 Features of working with older people in the Russian Federation

The problem of aging is a new social phenomenon of the 20th century, especially its last decades. Old age becomes a long and significant stage individual development, an indicator of the directions of change in social processes at the macrostructural level, conceptualizes the foundations of social policy at the turn of the century. If in 1990 in Western countries there were 18% of people of retirement age, then by 2003 this figure will rise to 30%.

In 1939, there were 4% of elderly people in Russia, in 1996 - 12%.

“According to the UN classification, a state is considered young if the share of elderly people (over 65 years of age) is 4%, and old if this share is 7%.

The economic burden on the working population, which is forced to support an ever-increasing number of disabled citizens, is increasing. Already in Russia there are 1.8 workers per pensioner.

In developed countries, there are 4-5 workers per person over 65 years of age.

In the development of modern social science about old age, three main directions can be distinguished:

· the study of aging as a process in its biological and psychological dimensions;

· an institutional approach that emphasizes the problems of socioeconomic status and social roles of the elderly;

· historical and cultural analysis of various ideas about old age, characteristic of different nations.

Within the framework of these directions, various models of sociogerontological knowledge are created, the subject of which is the aging process in its sociohistorical dynamics, as well as the social status and psychological experience of the elderly as a specific socio-age group.

The problems of aging society are dealt with by gerontology, which considers aging from biological, psychological and social points of view and thus represents an interdisciplinary field of research.

The physiological side of old age is considered at the biological level, the mental and mental aspects of aging are considered at the psychological level, and old age in a social context is considered at the social level.

This dimension, in turn, has three different directions: the individual experiences of older people (here old age is considered within the social framework of the family, society and culture as a whole); the desire to determine the place of older people in society; studying the problems of old age and their resolution at the level of state social policy.”

Social expectations regarding old age are predominantly painted in gloomy tones; old age is associated with poverty, poor housing, dismal medical care, poor health and social isolation. The existing stereotypes, in turn, influence the attitude of older people: active old age begins to be perceived as an exception, passive and painful - as the norm.

Studies of “social attitudes of older people” conducted in a number of regions have identified problems of older people:

· frustration of consciousness, the predominance of pessimistic views on life prospects;

· negative attitude towards the current government;

a high level of subjective interest in state policy and a low assessment of the ability to influence values.

The opportunities and abilities of older people to bring material and spiritual benefits to society, and even more so to become a certain factor in its development, depend on whether society is ready to change the stereotypical attitude towards older people and socially protect them.

What could be the main features? social development in new conditions?

The conceptual views of the world community on the place and role of older people in society have found concentrated expression in a UN document with the eloquent title “Making the lives of older people fulfilling.” The overall message of this document is in the context of sustainable social development, in which older people are perceived as a positive factor rather than a burden to society.

Providing more favorable conditions for older people as one of the main goals of sustainable social development, as well as manifestation special attention to their concerns and needs as one of the obligations of states and governments, confirmed by the final documents of the World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, 6 - 12 March 1995). In particular, the need to inform older people about their rights is emphasized, including by providing free legal assistance and physical access to all basic social services.

The establishment of an annual International Year of Older Persons is seen as “a sign of recognition of humanity’s demographic entry into maturity and the prospects it opens for the development of more mature ideas and opportunities in social, economic, cultural and spiritual life - not least in the interests of world peace and development in the next century."

“The search and implementation of adequate measures to support older people remains the meaning of social activity at the national level. Among the specific measures proposed by gerontologists and social anthropologists that require a revision of the basic conceptual parameters of national social policy, in our opinion, the concept of selective optimization of the life activity of older people with compensation for social shock absorbers deserves special attention.

It comes from the fact that it is necessary:

· distinguish between normal, pathological and optimal aging processes;

· consider flexibility in approaches to the potential reserve abilities of older people;

· take into account age restrictions in the development of reserve abilities and adaptation to changing environment;

· take into account the opportunities for personal and social knowledge that enrich theory and practice, as well as compensating for age limitations, including the field of latest technologies;

· take into account age-related negative changes in the relationship between the “gains and losses” paradigm;

· plasticity or flexibility of the psyche of an elderly person.”

The social policy strategy for organizing social work with older people consists of three elements: selection, optimization and compensation.

Selection (or selection) involves the search for basic or strategically important constituent elements vital functions of an elderly person that were lost with age.

The point is to ensure that individual needs are brought into line with reality, which would allow the elderly person to experience a sense of satisfaction and control over their daily life.

Optimization means that older people, with the assistance of qualified social work specialists, find new reserve opportunities for themselves and optimize their lives in both quantitative and qualitative terms.

Compensation is the creation of additional sources that compensate for age-related limitations in the adaptive process, in the use of new modern mnemonic techniques and technologies that improve memory, compensate for hearing loss, etc.

Thus, if society is ready to adopt a similar strategy of social practice in relation to older people, then the effectiveness and social utility of an ever-increasing number of them will undoubtedly multiply many times over. The question then can only be about how and to what extent the factor of development of society will operate at the expense of its elderly members.

What is the essence of social work with people of the “third age”?

First of all, in creating a network of social service institutions that contribute to the formation of favorable situations, useful contacts, meeting the needs of older people as a special social group of the population, creating a good atmosphere for decent support of their capabilities.

Social work also helps to identify the positive potential of citizens of the “third age”, who become a noticeable social force, helps to evaluate the accumulated practical experience, and bring national policies and social programs closer to the needs of the aging population.

A special place in working with older people is given to social service institutions. Currently, there are about 1,500 social service centers in Russia, which include social assistance departments at home; day care departments; emergency social assistance departments.

1.3 Main directions, forms and methods of social work with older people

social work elderly disabled person

To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of social work great importance takes into account the specifics, social status and interests of various population groups, data that is used by social protection authorities, social services, and practical social workers in their activities.

Wealthy, able-bodied and healthy citizens should be given equal opportunities to introduce entrepreneurship, self-employment, and self-sufficiency into the system of relations. Socially vulnerable layers and groups of the population should be provided with social assistance and support, advantages and benefits should be established, which requires new types of social services, new forms and methods of social work. “An effective type of such activity is sectoral and regional programs for the protection of the population (or programs for the protection of specific categories of the population), which cover various areas and include measures to protect different social strata and groups of the population, and especially the socially vulnerable. The most important elements of these programs:

A comprehensive analysis of the state of social protection of the main categories of the population and justification of the goals and objectives of the social protection system in the industry or region (taking into account regional indicators of the minimum consumer budget and, on this basis, identifying population groups in need of social assistance and support);

Analysis of the state of employment of differentiated groups of the population and characteristics of measures for social protection of the population in the field of labor relations, including career guidance, training and retraining of personnel;

State and prospects for the development of social protective infrastructure in the region: development of a system of social service centers, stationary and non-stationary social service institutions, employment centers, mercy centers, family-type orphanages, etc.;

The state and prospects for the development of resource support for the emerging social protection system, sources and mechanisms of additional costs for social protection of low-income and disabled citizens, etc.

Supplemented by specific programs aimed at ensuring social protection of certain categories of the population (targeted social assistance programs for low-income citizens, women's employment programs, etc.), they help concentrate the resources and capabilities of specialists on the most pressing problems and resolve them, combining the efforts of the state and the public , support people in realizing their labor and civic potential.”

Social problems of many categories of the population are interdepartmental, problems of the state and society, therefore, for their resolution, they require coordinated efforts of state and non-state structures at both the federal and regional levels. For example, for a prompt and qualified solution to social problems related to the employment of people with disabilities, the following may be provided:

Direct financing and preferential lending to potential employers;

Providing active assistance to specialized enterprises that employ disabled people;

Annual determination for disabled people of a list of professions and specialties that are in steady demand and competitiveness;

Deployment of a system for retraining persons with disabilities in more competitive specialties;

Training and retraining of instructors teaching people with disabilities;

For disabled children, the creation of a network of special schools for primary labor adaptation, the creation of medical, social and labor rehabilitation departments at orphanages for mentally retarded children and disabled adolescents with lesions of the musculoskeletal system.

One of the conditions that ensures the effectiveness of social work with various categories of the population is the development and implementation of social work technologies, with the help of which the achievement of certain goals of social work, the necessary social changes in relation to an individual or group of people is ensured, it is possible to implement a wide range of social, social -economic, socio-psychological, medical-social and other activities to solve client problems.

“The technology of social work is a combination scientific knowledge, means, techniques, methods and organizational procedures aimed at optimizing the object of social impact. The most important types of social work technologies include: social diagnostics, social prevention, social rehabilitation, social correction, social therapy. They focus on a holistic approach to a person, taking into account his interests, needs, value orientations, to create social conditions conducive to mobilizing the potential of the individual’s internal forces to solve emerging problems and difficulties.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of social protection technologies, social assistance and social support. Thanks to them, it is possible to provide targeted social assistance primarily to those in dire need and weakly socially protected groups of the population who find themselves in difficult life situations.

No less significant are private technologies, scientifically based technological standards for working with specific groups - disabled people, pensioners, lonely and sick people, the unemployed, refugees and other categories, including the necessary description of tasks, resources, measures, actions, and other components. They allow for an individual approach to each client and help in solving the problems that arise.

It should be noted that we still have few methods and technologies of social work focused on individual work with a client; group technologies still predominate. We found ourselves unprepared for practical work with such social objects as the unemployed, refugees, and homeless people. Therefore, it is very relevant:

adaptation of previously used technologies to modern social conditions, to the needs of the organization of social work, taking into account the specifics of various population groups;

Development of new technologies;

Orientation of social work technologies towards new priorities of social life: ensuring targeting, family interests, maximum use of local resources and opportunities to solve human social problems.”

To accelerate the development and implementation of more effective means of social work with various categories of the population, further deepening is necessary scientific research designed to help create, test, and improve new techniques, mechanisms, systems, and procedures. We need applied research into new innovative proprietary techniques that could form the basis of new technologies. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of operational monitoring carried out in the process of providing social assistance. We are talking about standardized tests, systematic observations used in working with a specific person, family, group of people, etc. Such research helps to make the right decisions, quickly master new technologies, and achieve the desired change in the object of research. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach to the development and implementation of technologies, a combination of social, socio-technological, socio-medical techniques, methods of action, and procedures is increasing. Only through the efforts of specialists in various fields of knowledge can highly effective scientifically based technological standards of social work with various categories of clients be developed, including effective techniques and methods of action and allowing to identify a specific person with his needs and interests, needs and problems, moods and concerns.

“Territorial social centers and social services play a special role in the implementation of social work with various categories of the population. They can be specialized: psychological and pedagogical; emergency psychological assistance by phone; medical and social rehabilitation of persons with disabilities; social rehabilitation of maladjusted children and adolescents; assistance to refugees and people affected by natural disasters and interethnic conflicts; social assistance for pregnant minors; social shelters, etc.; as well as comprehensive: territorial centers of social services for the population; social assistance centers for families and children; centers for preschool and out-of-school work with minors, etc.

Experience shows the high performance of many territorial centers. They manage to focus on issues such as:

organizing various forms of material assistance to particularly needy groups of the population, promoting their self-sufficiency and their achievement of material independence;

provision of various types of psychological, socio-pedagogical, medical and social, legal, rehabilitation, preventive and other assistance, a wide range of family counseling and family planning services;

Implementation of a number of measures to protect the rights of children, transfer them for adoption, guardianship and trusteeship;

Providing information to citizens about their socio-economic rights, etc.”

The indisputable advantage of the centers is that they help to establish various forms of social work, taking into account the interests and needs of various categories of the population, in direct contact with them and at the most accessible territorial level for them. The principle of promoting self-help is of decisive importance, meaning that by providing assistance and services to the client, social workers must encourage him to realize the potential of his own strengths and capabilities, restore his capacity and active social functioning, relying on his own strength. This makes it possible not only to provide social services, but to provide high-quality, person-oriented customer service, based on the concept of self-help, the inclusion of the client’s personal capabilities in social protection mechanisms.

The state of social work with various categories of the population is decisively determined by the skill and ability of social work specialists to work with people, to be fluent in the methods of social work with the most different types clients.

The training system for social workers should ensure the training of specialists who know how to establish interpersonal relationships with clients, influencing both society, the living conditions of a person, and himself, stimulating him to realize his internal potential and social activity. Only in this case will it be possible to create an effective social protection system, skillfully restore interaction between people, and improve their quality of life.

II. Chapter. Analysis of social protection and social work with older people in the Russian Federation

2.1. Social work with older people in St. Petersburg

The system of social services for elderly citizens and disabled people at home began to develop in our country in 1986. In the early years, social assistance departments at home worked at boarding homes, then they were transferred to the jurisdiction of social security authorities.

Currently, there are 1,744 social service centers in the Russian Federation, of which 675 are complex, 11,444 departments of social assistance at home, 1,007 specialized departments of social and medical services at home, 1,838 departments of emergency social services, 991 day care departments with 27 thousand places. , 426 temporary for 9.5 thousand places.

In St. Petersburg, the first experimental departments of social assistance at home were opened at the end of 1986 in the Pushkinsky and Kalininsky districts of the city.

Currently, the city has 295 departments of social assistance at home, serving 34,480 elderly and disabled people and 42 specialized departments that provide social and medical assistance to 2,518 pensioners and disabled people who need more advanced types of assistance for health reasons.

The main and most accessible non-stationary institutions offering various types and forms of social assistance to older people are Social Service Centers.

Such Centers operate in 18 districts. All of them, with their structural divisions, are financed from the city budget.

The most common type of social support for the population in non-stationary conditions remains urgent social assistance. During the first half of 2001, 30 emergency social assistance departments received targeted assistance. Free food - 60,368 people, food packages - 106,814 people, legal, psychological and other types of assistance - 172,343 citizens. Funds from the city budget and extra-budgetary sources are used to organize free meals or issue food packages.

In the first half of 2006, the day and temporary stay departments served over 3,000 single citizens, incl. disabled people. Stay time from 12 to 24 days. For vacationers, the departments provide medical care, free meals, concerts, excursions, musical and literary evenings, lectures and consultations of employees of social protection bodies, medical specialists, holidays and birthdays of vacationers are celebrated, and their labor rehabilitation is carried out.

Great efforts are being made in the city to find extra-budgetary sources of funding for social support for citizens with disabilities. Agreements are concluded on the basis of which, on a charitable basis, organizations and institutions of the city provide services to residents of the districts or donate clothes, linen, food, shoes, etc. to Departments and Centers. to distribute them to needy citizens. For low-income citizens, services such as hairdressing salons, bathhouses, laundry services, provision of medicines, repairs are provided free of charge or on preferential terms, in the direction of Social Service Centers household appliances, shoes, etc. There are charity canteens that, at their own expense, provide free lunches to about 1,000 people every month.

Much attention in St. Petersburg is paid to the development of a network of residential social houses for social purposes for single citizens. Currently, there are 9 such houses in the city in 7 districts of the city. They are designed to accommodate 700 people.

The formation of new models of social work in Russia can go in two ways: by borrowing foreign ideas and practices, adapting them to local needs, or by creating our own models based on the creative use of world experience, theoretical and practical developments, taking into account political, social, economic national conditions Russia, the uniqueness of its culture and traditions.

2.2 Social services at home

Social services at home are provided to single disabled and elderly citizens who have partially lost the ability to self-care. The Law of August 2, 1995 “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens” lists the social services that are provided to such citizens. This includes catering, including home delivery of food; assistance in purchasing medicines, food and industrial goods of prime necessity; assistance in obtaining medical care, including accompaniment in medical institution; maintaining living conditions in accordance with hygienic requirements; assistance in organizing legal assistance and other legal services; assistance in organizing funeral services; other home-based social services.

“The government has approved the Regulations on the procedure and terms of payment for services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people at home. All these social services, including social services at home, are provided free of charge or on the basis of partial or full payment.”

Three categories of citizens of retirement age and disabled people receive social services free of charge: singles, including married couples receiving a pension in an amount below the subsistence level established for a given region; having relatives who, for objective reasons, cannot provide them with assistance and care under the same condition regarding the amount of their pension; living in families whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level established for the given region.

On the basis of partial payment, social services are provided to the first two categories of citizens if the total amount of their pension is from 100 to 150% of the subsistence minimum, and to the third - if the average per capita income in the family is from 100 to 150% of the subsistence minimum.

The government has also set a limit for monthly partial payment. For citizens who are provided with social services at home, for the first two categories of citizens it is 25% of the difference between the total amount of the pension received and the subsistence minimum, and for the third - 25% of the difference between the average per capita family income and the subsistence minimum established for the given region .

It's easy to see that installed system Partial payment for social services at home is no longer used, since the usual pension, including the maximum, is significantly lower than the subsistence level. This system will “work” when the pension exceeds the subsistence level.

Additional services that are not included in the federal and regional lists of free or preferential services are provided on the terms of their full payment, i.e. they are sold like any other product.

Social and medical care at home is provided by specialized departments of social service organizations, in which appropriate medical workers are involved.

Over a million lonely elderly people are currently served by social workers at home. On average in Russia, out of every 10 thousand elderly people, 260 thousand use home care.

2.3 Day care units

Day care units are designed to help older people overcome loneliness and isolation. Semi-stationary services are provided to elderly citizens and disabled people who have retained the ability for self-care and active mobility. Such services are carried out, as a rule, by inpatient social welfare institutions, which organize day or night stay departments.

Here you can receive pre-medical care, free or reduced-price meals, and learn various types of occupational therapy (craft, needlework, etc.). “Day care clients celebrate holidays, birthdays, etc. together. According to research conducted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, 74% of respondents named the desire to communicate as the main motive for staying in these offices; 26% - opportunity to get a free lunch; 29% - the ability to get rid of the cooking process.

The centers organize work with pensioners at their place of residence, creating various interest clubs.

The main task of the emergency social assistance service is to provide urgent support to all those in need.

The main directions of this activity:

· provision of free hot meals or food products;

· providing monetary and material assistance;

· referral to medical and social departments;

· provision of domestic, legal and psychological assistance;

· assistance in registration and employment;

· organizing the rental of household appliances and household equipment;

· creation of a mutual aid fund, etc.”

For those who experience serious difficulties in organizing their lives, managing their own households, and for one reason or another do not want to live in boarding homes, in a number of regions, special medical and social departments are being created on the basis of the social service center or health care institutions, where, first of all, First in line are single pensioners who have partially or completely lost mobility and the ability to self-care.

At the same time, sociological studies conducted indicate that elderly people need 31 types of services - from grocery delivery to hairdressing services and escort to the bathhouse.

In fact, all assistance is limited to 2-4 types of services. But these services are not provided to everyone who wants and needs them.

Thus, 24% of elderly people need hot food delivery, and about 2.5% use this service; 88% need wet cleaning of the premises, but only 28% use this service. The diversity and complexity of social problems caused by the aging population requires taking adequate measures not only to provide the elderly with a guaranteed minimum of social services, but also to create conditions for the realization of personal potential in old age.

Therefore, psycho-pedagogical, sociocultural, rehabilitation, advisory and other areas in the infrastructure of non-stationary social service institutions are being widely developed. The practice of targeted social assistance is being improved.

2.4 Homes - boarding schools

Guardianship of the elderly is one of the main areas of social work in general. Guardianship is understood as a legal form of protection of personal and property rights and interests of citizens.

The forms of guardianship are very diverse. The main form of social care for older people who are unable to fully (or at all) exercise their rights or responsibilities due to health reasons is the functioning of boarding homes.

Currently, the social protection system includes more than 1,000 inpatient institutions for the elderly and disabled.

The reasons that force older people to move to such institutions can be classified into three groups:

· social (lack of housing or the threat of losing it, meager pension, lack of social and medical institutions near the place of residence);

· medical and social (the need for constant medical care and observation, psychiatric correction);

· psychological (family conflicts, rude attitude of others, loneliness).

Federal Law of August 2, 1995 No. 122 “On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people” establishes that social services for elderly citizens and disabled people is an activity to meet the needs of these citizens for social services.

“Social services include a set of social services (care, catering, assistance in obtaining medical, legal, socio-psychological and natural types of assistance, assistance in vocational training, employment, leisure activities, assistance in organizing funeral services, etc.), which are presented to elderly citizens and disabled people at home or in a social service institution, regardless of their form of ownership.

Types of boarding houses in which elderly citizens and disabled people can live:

· boarding house general type for the elderly and disabled;

· general boarding house for disabled people;

· psychoneurological boarding house;

· boarding houses for war and labor veterans;

· gerontological centers.

A boarding house is a medical and social institution intended for the elderly and disabled to live there and receive medical and social assistance. Elderly citizens and disabled people living in inpatient social service institutions enjoy the rights provided for in Article 7 of this Federal Law, and also have the right:

.to provide them with living conditions that meet sanitary and hygienic requirements;

.care, primary medical, social and dental care provided in an inpatient social service institution;

.free specialized care, including dental prosthetics, in state and municipal health care institutions, as well as free prosthetic and orthopedic care;

.social and medical rehabilitation and adaptation;

.voluntary participation in the medical and labor process, taking into account the state of health, interests, desires, in accordance with medical reports and labor recommendations;

.medical and social examination carried out for medical reasons to establish and change the disability group;

.free visits by their lawyer, notary, representatives of the law, representatives of public associations and clergy, as well as relatives and other persons;

.free help a lawyer in the manner prescribed by current legislation;

.providing them with premises for the performance of religious rites, creating appropriate conditions for this that do not contradict the internal regulations, taking into account the interests of believers of various faiths;

.preservation of residential premises occupied by them under a rental or rental agreement in houses of the state, municipal and public housing stock for six months from the date of admission to a stationary social service institution, and in cases where members of their families remained living in the residential premises - for the entire time spent in this institution. In case of refusal of inpatient services after the expiration of the specified period, elderly citizens and disabled people who have vacated residential premises due to their placement in these institutions have the right to priority provision of residential premises if the previously occupied residential premises cannot be returned to them;

.participation in public commissions to protect the rights of elderly citizens and people with disabilities, created including in social service institutions;

.Elderly citizens and disabled people living in state and municipal social service institutions and in need of specialized medical care are sent for examination and treatment to state or municipal health care institutions. Payment for treatment of elderly citizens and disabled people in the specified health care institutions is carried out in the prescribed manner at the expense of appropriate budgetary allocations and health insurance funds;

.Elderly citizens and disabled people living in inpatient social service institutions have the right to freedom from punishment. For the purpose of punishing elderly and disabled citizens or creating convenience for the staff of these institutions, the use of drugs and physical restraint, as well as the isolation of elderly and disabled citizens, are not allowed. Persons guilty of violating this norm bear disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.”

Inpatient social services are aimed at providing comprehensive social and everyday assistance to elderly citizens and disabled people who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-care and who, for health reasons, require constant care and supervision.

Inpatient social services for elderly and disabled citizens are provided in inpatient social service institutions (departments) profiled in accordance with their age, health and social status.

Inpatient institutions for the elderly and disabled accept elderly citizens (women over 55 years old, men over 60 years old) and disabled people of groups I and II over the age of 18 years, and in a boarding home for the disabled - only groups I and II over the age of 18 under 40 years of age who do not have able-bodied children and parents obligated by law to support them.

A mandatory condition for admission is voluntariness.

“During their stay in inpatient institutions, persons living in them are provided with housing, medical care and treatment, medication assistance, and social and welfare services. Those who receive a pension retain at least 20% of the assigned pension.

Elderly citizens and disabled people living in stationary social service institutions and constantly violating the order of living in them established by the Regulations on the social service institution, at their request or a court decision made on the basis of a submission from the administration of these institutions, can be transferred to special stationary social service institutions .

Social protection authorities keep records of citizens who want to live in a boarding house, draw up the relevant documents - these are: an application, a drawn up material and household inspection report indicating the need for placement in a boarding house, a card with recommendations from medical specialists and indicating, in what kind of boarding house should a citizen be placed in? At the same time, it is checked whether there are any contraindications.

The results of a sociological study showed that the vast majority of pensioners surveyed (92%) have a negative attitude towards the prospect of a possible move to boarding houses, even those who live in communal apartments.”

Statistics show that 88% of people in residential care homes suffer from mental disorders; 68% have limited motor activity; from 62% to 70% are unable to take care of themselves. 25% of residents die every year.

2.5 Rehabilitation and geriatric prevention

Disability in old age (or aging of a disabled person) entails the need for rehabilitation. In ordinary meaning, this concept was narrowed to motor exercises and physiotherapeutic procedures, massage and hydrotherapy. However, rehabilitation is, as already mentioned, also a social process, as a result of which, thanks to treatment, psychotherapy and, possibly, also training and appropriate selection of work, adaptation of living conditions to the needs of older people, appropriate “education” of the environment in relation to people with impaired skills ensure maximum independent existence, as well as active and diverse participation in public life. Of course, not in every case they resort to all types of rehabilitation.

Broadly understood, older people generally need rehabilitation more than young people, who are usually rehabilitated by life itself, forcing them to develop skills and contact people. For disabled people of retirement age, the most powerful factors of rehabilitation, such as training and education, no longer play a role. professional work. For work and education, in contrast to medical procedures, are both the means and the goal of obtaining or restoring the necessary skills. Elderly people in general lack powerful incentives to engage in social life, and the increasing exhaustion of the body due to past illnesses (or injuries) and old age forces them to give up activity. This attitude, unfortunately, is facilitated by the conviction of part of society and the elderly disabled themselves that “it’s no longer worth even thinking about it.”

Rehabilitation requires people to believe in its necessity and effectiveness, quite a lot of energy and willpower, as well as patience, since everyone old man In order not to lose the acquired skills, he must tirelessly continue his rehabilitation efforts in order not to retreat from his achievements and not to succumb to new life circumstances that arise under the influence of both external factors and changes in health.

When deciding to undergo procedures (especially those related to the musculoskeletal system), which can be tedious and sometimes painful, an old man usually makes more effort than a young person, and sometimes achieves worse results (for example, when walking on a prosthesis or on crutches). Should this mean that he must give it up in advance? The progress of medicine in general and surgery in particular (for example, the introduction of a metal rod into the femur), as well as rehabilitation, is enormous. There are frequent cases of people being “set into motion” who have not left their bed for years. However, one should not delay rehabilitation to the point of helplessness, because then a positive result cannot always be achieved, and the duration of rehabilitation and the efforts invested in it will be much greater. It is very important to start various procedures (this also applies to recommended operations) as early as possible, when the body is not yet worn out and is regenerating faster. It is also much easier to learn to use various prostheses, crutches, hearing aids, etc. while the body’s capabilities are still sufficient.

The ability to grow old consists in the perception of old age, that is, in adapting to it, the ability to see its good sides, as well as in activities for the benefit of using all its positive sides for one’s own benefit and the benefit of other people.

Geriatric prevention aims not only and not so much to delay the aging process, but to transform it into a softer one, which would lead a person to old age in as safe a state as possible.

It is also known that the perception of disability in the form of adaptation to it is a necessary condition success of rehabilitation for people with disabilities at any age. A disabled person must be aware of his life limitations and at the same time remember his capabilities. The purpose of rehabilitation is to encourage and facilitate the disabled person to correctly use all the physical and mental capabilities that he has retained.

It is equally important to make rehabilitation equipment (balconies, wheelchairs, etc.) and care items (for example, a bedpan) more accessible, just as it is important to produce shoes adapted to the characteristic deformities of the feet of older people. These issues, which until now have received little attention, over time and as the experience of the most developed countries penetrates to us, gradually, step by step, is noticed and perceived by us, but there are still difficulties of a financial and organizational nature on the way to their resolution.

Elderly people must adapt to both old age and disability at the same time. This is not an easy task. To alleviate it, you should use everything that geriatric prevention and rehabilitation has. The directions of their activities coincide, despite the fact that the first is designed to delay the onset of frail old age and teach how to arrange your life in retirement, and the second helps restore lost opportunities and skills or replace them with others and shows how to live as a disabled person.

However, maintaining or returning physical capabilities and skills cannot be the only goal of activities carried out as part of rehabilitation or geriatric prevention. It is extremely important that every old person has some kind of goal in life (not counting the very prevention of old age or the desire to live to a certain age). It is necessary that each of them has some kind of strong interest that he could develop, so that his life would serve something or someone, and would not just be an existence.

Rehabilitation and geriatric prevention work not only for the benefit of the people they directly affect, but also for the benefit of society as a whole. The benefit of spending on them is obvious if we weigh the costs of lifelong care for helpless people, who over the years will increasingly burden society and the state.

2.6 Health care and sanatorium-resort treatment for older people

According to sociological research, in the regions of Stirany, in the contingent of the population with limited mobility, about 80% of elderly people need medical care, which is provided to them through compulsory health insurance. IN modern conditions Wealthier older people can also use paid medical services.

An integration model for organizing medical care for the elderly is emerging, which has proven itself in conditions of shortage of financial resources. Gerontological units are “embedded” into existing health care, social service and other structures.

By Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated July 28, 1999 No. 297 “On improving the organization of medical care for elderly and senile citizens in the Russian Federation,” the heads of health care authorities are entrusted with the organization of geriatric centers and ensuring their activities, the creation of geriatric hospitals and departments, medical institutions social assistance in accordance with the needs of the elderly population.

“A promising organizational model combining the provision of medical care and social services is being developed by the City Geriatric Center, opened in St. Petersburg in 1994. The center has departments: treatment and consultation, medical and social care at home, rehabilitation, audiology, geriatric, gerantopsychiatric, surgical, urological.

Every day the center serves about 1,000 elderly patients, receiving outpatient and inpatient care, about 100 people go through the medical and social examination bureau. The center also provides medical care to elderly people living in special residential buildings. It is practiced to provide medical consultations at home to bedridden elderly people, individual consultations to elderly patients and members of their families, visits to those in need of services at home by social workers on staff, and assistance with registration to inpatient social service institutions.

In many territories of the Russian Federation, institutions have been created that are focused on providing care and medical rehabilitation for elderly patients. In the health system, these include approximately 100 nursing hospitals.

Medical care for older people is also provided by multidisciplinary treatment and preventive institutions (over 18,000 outpatient clinics and 10,800 inpatient institutions). About 1,470 thousand elderly people belonging to a particularly respected category of the population - WWII participants, and 680 thousand elderly disabled people are registered at the dispensary. Costs associated with maintaining the health of older people in these categories are borne by the state.”

In order to maintain the availability and level of state-guaranteed types and volumes of medical care, the Government of the Russian Federation Decree No. 1096 of September 11, 1998 established the Program of State Guarantees for Providing Citizens of the Russian Federation with free medical care. Activities for the implementation of this Program, affecting the interests of elderly citizens, are carried out by:

transition to a system of state order for the provision of medical care in accordance with accepted standards for the volume of medical and medicinal care;

use of financial resources obtained as a result of state regulation of prices for medicines to expand social guarantee programs for the provision of medicines to the population;

implementation of incentive measures domestic enterprises medical industry, preservation and support of state scientific and production associations, support of investment projects on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The same goals are served by territorial programs of state guarantees to provide citizens with free medical care while maintaining the dominant role of the state and municipal health care sectors.

In addition, the Interdepartmental Scientific Council on Gerontology and Geriatrics Russian Academy Medical Sciences and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation have developed a Research Program in gerontology “Health Monitoring and Methods of Rehabilitation of the Elderly Generation of the Russian Population” for 2000-2005, which includes such important problems for gerontology and geriatrics as the development of principles for organizing geriatric care in medical institutions and boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, protecting the health of the older generation and preventing premature aging, developing immunological problems of aging, studying the etiology and pathogenesis of various diseases specific to the elderly and senile age, etc.

Benefits for drug provision are provided to some categories of older people, to a greater extent to war veterans. The share of the elderly population enjoying benefits when receiving medicines in accordance with the Federal Law “On Veterans” averages 14.7%.

In 1999, the Ministry of physical culture, sports and tourism of the Russian Federation, together with specialized research institutions, an organizational and management model of centers for physical education and health work with the elderly population has been developed; the effectiveness of their creation has been experimentally confirmed. A system of operational monitoring of the health status of older people involved in physical education and health groups has been substantiated.

· dissatisfaction with life;

· the presence of low living standards: poverty and marginality are taken for granted.

· These people are characterized by a high commitment to general and group norms, traditions, a high appreciation of the sense of duty, self-sacrifice and an indifferent attitude towards material things.

2.7 Organization of social services for the population. New social services

An integral element of the state social security system in the Russian Federation is social services for the elderly and disabled, which includes various types of social services aimed at meeting the special needs of this group of people.

Currently, the state is making great efforts to create a comprehensive system of social services for the population and allocate financial resources for its development. The basic laws that constitute the legal basis for its functioning have already been adopted: Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation” dated December 10, 19995 No. 195-FZ; Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons” dated 02.08.1995 No. 122-FZ; Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ, etc.

Social services are the activities of social services for social support, provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, carrying out social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens, citizens in difficult life situations.

“For the first time in domestic legislation, the concept of such a basis for social assistance as a difficult life situation has been formulated. Difficult life situation - situation, objectively disrupting the life of a citizen, which he cannot overcome on his own. The reasons for its occurrence can be a variety of circumstances: disability, old age, illness, orphanhood, abuse in the family, unemployment, lack of a specific place of residence, etc.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to social services in our country; foreigners and stateless persons, unless otherwise established by international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Social services are based on the following principles:

.targeting: the provision of service is personalized to a specific person. Work to identify and create a data bank of such persons is carried out by local social protection authorities at the place of residence of disabled people, the elderly, large and single families. Migration services have information about refugees; about persons without a fixed place of residence - internal affairs bodies, etc.;

.accessibility: the opportunity to receive free and partially paid social services, which are included in the federal and territorial lists of state-guaranteed social services, is provided. Their quality, volume, order, conditions of provision must comply with state standards established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Reducing their volume at the territorial level is not allowed. Lists of social services are determined taking into account the subjects for whom they are intended. The federal list of state-guaranteed social services for elderly citizens and the disabled, provided by state and municipal social service institutions, was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1995 No. 1151.

.On its basis, territorial lists are developed. Financing of services included in the lists is carried out from the corresponding budgets;

.voluntariness: social services are provided on the basis of a voluntary application from a citizen, his guardian, trustee, other legal representative, body state power, local government body or public association. At any time, a citizen can refuse to receive social services;

.humanity: citizens living in inpatient institutions have the right to freedom from punishment. The use of drugs, physical restraint, or isolation for the purpose of punishment or to create comfort for personnel is not permitted. Persons who commit these violations bear disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability;

.priority of providing services to minors;

.confidentiality: personal information that becomes known to employees of a social service institution during the provision of social services constitutes a professional secret. Employees guilty of disclosing it bear liability established by law.”

The legislation provides for the following types of social services:

· financial assistance in the form of Money, food, sanitation and hygiene products, clothing and footwear, other essential items, fuel, special vehicles, technical means rehabilitation of disabled people and people in need of care;

· social services at home. It is aimed at maximizing the possible extension of the stay of elderly citizens and disabled people in their usual social environment in order to maintain their social status, as well as to protect their legal rights and interests. The home-based guaranteed services provided for in the federal list include: home delivery of groceries; purchase of medicines, food and industrial goods of prime necessity; assistance in obtaining medical care, including escort to a medical facility; cleaning and other home-based services (for example, assistance in providing fuel); assistance in organizing legal services; assistance in organizing funeral services.

Mentally ill persons in remission, patients with tuberculosis (except for the active form), and cancer patients receive medical care at home.

Social services included in the Federal and territorial lists are provided to citizens free of charge or on a partial payment basis. The regulation on the procedure and conditions for payment for social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people by state and municipal social service institutions was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 15, 1996 No. 473.

The following population groups have the right to receive services free of charge: single elderly citizens (single married couples) and disabled people receiving a pension, taking into account supplements in an amount below the regional subsistence level; elderly citizens and disabled people whose relatives, for objective reasons, cannot provide them with assistance and care if the amount of the pension they receive, together with allowances, is below the subsistence level; elderly citizens and disabled people living in families with an average per capita income below the regional subsistence level.

If the amount of the pension, together with the allowances of the above citizens, exceeds the regional subsistence minimum, then the amount of partial payment for social services at home should not exceed 25% of the difference between the pension received and the regional subsistence minimum; in semi-stationary conditions - 50% of the difference between the pension received and the regional subsistence level; in stationary conditions - the amount of excess of the due pension over the regional subsistence minimum. If the amount of the pension, taking into account allowances, is 150% higher than the regional subsistence level, then social services are provided on the basis of full payment.

The cost of services is determined based on tariffs established for a specific region. The payment of the cost does not include the costs of providing medical care in the scope of the basic compulsory health insurance program or obtaining education within the limits of state educational standards. Additional grounds for which social services are provided free of charge are determined by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

8 Development of a network of special homes for single elderly citizens and married couples

Among the many issues arising in connection with the aging population, the problem of consumer services for the elderly population occupies an important place. The ever-increasing sanitary and living needs of older people necessitate the organization and special training of personnel capable of meeting these issues.

One of the new forms of social services is the development of a network of special homes for elderly citizens and married couples with a range of social and welfare services. Currently, over 100 such houses have been opened in the Russian Federation, with more than 8 thousand people living in them.

In accordance with the approximate Regulations on a special home for single elderly people, approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population on April 7, 1994, this house is intended for permanent residence of single citizens, as well as married couples who have retained full or partial ability for self-care in everyday life and need to create conditions for self-realization of one’s basic life needs.

The main goal of creating such houses is favorable living conditions for elderly citizens, providing them with social, domestic and medical assistance, creating conditions for an active lifestyle, including feasible labor activity.

Special homes for single elderly people can be built according to a standard design or located in converted separate buildings or part of a multi-storey building. They consist of one and two-room apartments and include a complex of social services, a medical office, a library, a canteen, food ordering points, laundry or dry cleaning, premises for cultural leisure and to facilitate self-service for residents. At such houses, 24-hour control centers are organized, provided with internal communication with residential premises and external telephone communication.

In accordance with this Regulation, medical care for citizens living in these houses is provided by medical personnel of the relevant territorial bodies and services.

The Regulations clearly define the basic rules, requirements and conditions for the construction and provision of housing in special houses for the elderly, accommodation, payment, etc.

Based on current legislation, citizens living in such houses are paid in full. They have the right to priority referral to inpatient institutions of social protection authorities

Special residential buildings for single people and married couples are one of the ways to solve the complex problem of providing social assistance, as well as a whole range of social problems for elderly citizens.

There are still few such houses in Russia, but they are increasingly gaining recognition and development.

Conclusion

Russia today is going through one of the most difficult but optimistic periods in history. Reorganization processes are taking place not only economic system, but also in the social sphere. In recent years, the situation in the social sphere remains quite difficult.

IN Russian society In solving social problems, social protection of the population is approved as a priority. Evidence of this is the Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 12, 1993, which proclaimed that the Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people, at labor protection and health, at providing state support for the family, maternity, paternity, childhood, disabled people, elderly citizens, the existence of state insurance.

For these purposes, the Russian Federation is developing a system of state and municipal services, providing state support for the family, motherhood, paternity and childhood, the disabled and elderly citizens, establishing state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection. The functions of social protection and social services for the population in the Russian Federation are carried out primarily by special government bodies and services.

The problem of aging is a new social phenomenon of the 20th century, especially its last decades. Old age becomes a long and significant stage of individual development, an indicator of directions of change in social processes.

In all countries of the world, including in Russia, there are obstacles that do not allow older people to exercise their rights and freedoms and complicate their full participation in public life. It is the responsibility of the State to take the necessary measures to remove these obstacles. Older people and their organizations must play an active role in this process as full partners.

Creating equal opportunities for older people can be an important contribution to the overall effort to mobilize human resources in all countries of the world.

All this determines the need for fundamental scientific development of fundamentally new theoretical and methodological foundations solving the problems of older people, as a special contingent in need of social protection and integration into society.

It is necessary to take measures to deepen society's understanding of the situation of older people, their rights, needs, and opportunities for their contribution.

The State should ensure that competent authorities disseminate the most up-to-date information about programs and services available to retirees to retirees, their families, professionals and the general public. Such information should be presented to older people in an accessible form.

The whole range of measures aimed at meeting the sanitary and everyday needs of older people ultimately provides them with a sense of independent position in society, eliminating the feeling of physical and psychological inferiority, isolation and isolation.

Recently, new forms of social services for the elderly have begun to be actively created: mercy departments and gerontological centers: if in 1995 there were 330 such institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation, then on January 1, 1998 there were over 1000.

For example, in St. Petersburg there are 96 charity departments equipped with the necessary means of small-scale mechanization. A comfortable living environment has been created here, with attentive and responsive staff.

The economic crisis in society has brought to the fore the problems of vagrancy and homelessness. Among persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation, there are also elderly people who, for various reasons, fall into this category (victims of natural disasters, victims of fraud, refugees and internally displaced persons, persons suffering from alcoholism or memory loss, etc.)

In order to solve their problems, a number of federal acts have been adopted in recent years. Criminal liability for vagrancy and begging is excluded. A network of institutions providing social and medical services to persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation has been created: 44 use a stationary form of service, 24 use a semi-stationary form (day care units), 32 are boarding houses for permanent residence, 9 are social adaptation centers.

Primary medical examination and sanitary treatment are mandatory; all other services are provided depending on the profile and capabilities of a particular institution.

In special boarding homes, all residents are prescribed medical examinations and basic medical procedures, and a sufficient amount of social and medical services is provided.

Unfortunately, the problems of people without a fixed place of residence and occupation are far from being resolved, and the Interdepartmental Commission on the Prevention of Vagrancy, created in 1996, was liquidated as a result of reorganization. In practice, this work is delegated to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal authorities.

So, on the one hand, certain and specific measures have been taken to improve social services for older people, on the other hand, there are a number of problems in this area that require urgent solutions.

The most important of them is the reorganization of the institutional system in relation to older people, which, in our opinion, provides, first of all, the development of non-traditional forms of employment, the possibility of improving the quality of education and vocational training throughout life.

In addition, it is necessary to more actively involve representatives of the “third age” in the political life of society. Older people have great potential to influence the vital resources of social communities.

Changes in the electorate occur under the influence not only of socio-economic processes, but also of generational change. The hegontological sector is numerous and one of the most active, and the issue of social security in old age is acquiring serious political significance.

It is also important to provide opportunities for obtaining various types social assistance and support. It is necessary to increase social services taking into account the consumer preferences and capabilities of older people, develop types of self-help and mutual assistance, interest clubs, etc. It is necessary to create an infrastructure for leisure and fulfillment of creative needs.

It is necessary to adjust the current pension systems - creation and improving the comprehensive incentive mechanism for “earning” a pension.

The system of equalizing pensions without taking into account length of service has led to the fact that a vital value such as labor is currently being lost. People who have worked all their lives for the benefit of the state receive a pension that does not even correspond to the minimum subsistence level.

In modern conditions, the increase in personal responsibility for shaping one’s own life remains paramount. It is necessary to update the adaptive resources of older people, consolidate their interests, and join forces. Priority is given to the development of gerontological potential through education, health and social programs.

The state should regularly collect statistical data on the living conditions of older people. The collection of such data can be carried out in parallel with national population censuses and carried out in close cooperation with universities, research institutes, social protection authorities and organizations. Such research should include an analysis of the effectiveness of existing programs and the need for the development and evaluation of services and interventions. Consideration should be given to creating a data bank on older people that would contain statistics on available services and programs, as well as on various community organizations.

Only after all these tasks have been solved will it be possible to say with confidence that older people are equal members of Russian society.

Bibliography

Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 12, 1993.
Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ.
Law “On Veterans”. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 12, 1995 No. 5-FZ.
Law “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens”. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 2, 1995 No. 122-FZ.

5.Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens. Law of the Russian Federation of July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1.

Regulations on the provision of free social services and paid social services by state social services. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 24, 1996 No. 739.

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Social work. Under general Ed. V.I. Kurbatova. Rostov-on-Don: “Phoenix”, 2000.- 576 p.

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.Social politics. ON THE. Volgina.- M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2002.- 736 p.

To master professional competencies A bachelor of social work must know the directions, levels, forms of social work and be able to apply organizational-managerial, socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical, medical-social and other methods of practical activity, general scientific and special research methods in social work. This will allow him to most fully master professional competencies - socio-technological, research, organizational and managerial, social and project.

Areas of social work can be typologized on various grounds - depending on who the social work is aimed at, in what areas of society it develops, what social problems it is aimed at solving, what the “vector” of its main content is, etc.

The main areas of social work, as a rule, are associated with population groups: social work with the elderly, with the disabled, with children, with youth, with women, with the rural population, with migrants and internally displaced persons, etc.

Social work can be carried out in various spheres of society: social work in the system of social protection of the population; in healthcare, education, enterprises, the army, the penitentiary system (correctional institutions for minors and adults), etc.

The directions of social work are also determined by what social problems it is aimed at: social work to overcome deviance and crime, to prevent and resolve conflicts, to solve problems of unemployment, poverty, etc.

Social and legal (supporting the legal status of an individual in the process of resolving his difficult life situation);
- social and everyday (promotion of optimal adaptation of people in their everyday environment);
- socio-medical (alleviation of the consequences of disability associated with health status);
- psychological and pedagogical (development of the client’s abilities, formation of an active life position, positive self-esteem, organization of the individual’s mastery of social experience);
- socio-economic (maintaining the property status of an individual, family, group, etc.);
- socio-psychological (regulation of interpersonal relationships in the process of overcoming a difficult life situation).

There are no insurmountable boundaries between the areas of social work listed here. In practice, they are closely interrelated, for example, in the health care system, social work can be carried out with the elderly, the disabled, children, etc.; solving problems related to unemployment includes such areas of social work as socio-legal, socio-economic, psychological and pedagogical, etc.

The practical implementation of social work in one direction or another depends on many factors - the socio-demographic situation, social policy priorities, the state of the regulatory framework, regional specifics, national traditions, the attitude of local authorities, sufficient funding, the availability of material and technical base, preparedness personnel, interdepartmental interaction, customer needs, etc. Nevertheless, each of the areas of social work is important for its development and provision of comprehensive assistance to people in need.

In the structure of social work as a practical activity, it is possible to distinguish certain levels at which it is carried out, and on which its forms and methods depend. At the same time, the multi-level structure of social work can be viewed from different angles.

In terms of scale, social work can be carried out at several levels: macro-, meso- and micro levels.

At the macro level, social work acts as a system of certain measures to improve the social sphere of society and the position of people in it.

This activity is related to the country's social policy, social management, the adoption of legislative measures, the organization of social service infrastructure, and issues of public and government solutions to social problems. It consists in promoting and creating decent conditions for human life in society; preventing socio-political and national-ethnic conflicts; identifying categories of citizens in need of assistance and developing sources of financing.

At the meso level, social work acts as a type of activity to provide assistance to various groups of needy citizens within the boundaries of their place of residence (region, city, village, etc.).

On the one hand, groups of people in need can be determined by the state, which is associated with the implementation of state social policy and strategies for helping the least protected categories of citizens. In this case, the government sets the priorities. On the other hand, support priorities may be set by individual social service charities. The forms of activity in this case will be quite diverse - from providing various material benefits to organizing the most important areas of people's lives.

At the micro level, social work is based on the needs of the individual (client). At this level, social work as a type of professional activity is aimed at restoring or maintaining the social and psychological connections of an individual with society, a group or another individual. The forms and methods of assistance in this case are quite wide: from providing individual consultations and patronage to working in groups, including in the family.

Taking into account the territorial structure of the Russian Federation, we can talk about such levels of social work as federal, regional, municipal (local).

The federal level of social work has the utmost General characteristics. The content of social work at this level is determined, first of all, by the legislative framework and social policy of the state, the management of social protection of the population on a national scale. It is at this level that social work is presented in its broad sense.

At this level, there are federal ministries and departments of “social profile”: labor and social protection, education, health care, culture, etc., as well as all-Russian public organizations that develop and implement programs to solve social problems on a nationwide scale.

The regional level of social work is largely predetermined by its federal level and is derived from it. This finds concrete expression both in the implementation of legislative or regulatory acts of federal significance, and in their adaptation to the characteristics of certain regions of the country. At the regional level, social work acquires a more specific, meaningful character and appears in its immediate narrow understanding.

The regional level of social work is determined by the specifics of the region, its natural, cultural, economic, demographic and other indicators. At the regional level there are republican, regional, regional, etc. government agencies and public organizations involved in the development and implementation of social policy and social work.

The municipal level reflects, first of all, the specifics of implementing the goals and objectives of social work at the level of municipalities: cities (except for federal cities), districts, villages, etc.

The local level of social work is determined by its focus on specific objects; social work is carried out mainly by municipal social services, professional social workers and volunteers. This level is closely related to the characteristics of a particular microsociety.

Depending on specific objects, the following levels of social work are distinguished: with an individual, family, group, residents of a locality, etc. Thus, in the widely distributed “Dictionary of Social Work” by R. Barker, this list includes; individual social work, group social work, community organizing, administrative social work, research, social policy, planning, direct clinical practice, family and marriage practice and other types of micro practices, as well as what is called general social work practice, combining micro and macro levels.

The form of social work, being an external expression of the content of social work, is a structure of interaction between the object and subject of social work, relatively limited in time and place, a set of its techniques and means.

Forms of social work include forms of social services to the population, among which are:

Inpatient services (providing comprehensive social, everyday and other assistance to elderly people, disabled people and children who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-care and (or) need constant care and supervision in inpatient social service institutions (departments). Inpatient social service institutions include psychoneurological boarding schools for the elderly and disabled, boarding houses for war and labor veterans, disabled people, social residential homes for elderly single people and childless couples, special boarding houses for former prisoners who have reached old age or have a disability with loss self-care abilities. For persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation (primarily the elderly and disabled), social adaptation centers (intended only for temporary residence) operate in order to provide them with social assistance. Also in the system of stationary social services there are boarding houses for disabled children and children with limited health capabilities; social shelters for children and adolescents who find themselves in difficult life situations and left without parental care, etc. Inpatient departments can operate in social rehabilitation centers for minors, etc. Social services in a stationary form are provided to their recipients during permanent, temporary (for a period determined by an individual program) or five-day (per week) round-the-clock residence in a social service institution;
semi-stationary (in day care units, in overnight stay homes). This form includes social, medical and cultural services for needy citizens, organizing their meals, recreation, maintaining an active lifestyle, and ensuring their participation in feasible work activities. Day care units accept elderly and disabled people who have retained the ability for self-care and active movement and have no medical contraindications. There are also day care departments for disabled children and children with disabilities, for children in difficult life situations, from disadvantaged and low-income families. Day care departments can be created in territorial social service centers, social rehabilitation centers for minors, centers for social assistance to families and children, etc. Night stay homes (day care departments in social adaptation centers, social hotels) are intended to provide social assistance to persons without specific place of residence and occupation;
home-based (in social service departments at home) services are provided to elderly and disabled people who have partially lost the ability to self-care and need outside care. Home service departments are organized at municipal social service centers or at local authorities social protection of the population. Maintenance can be carried out permanently or temporarily. Social rehabilitation institutions for disabled children and children with limited health capabilities can also provide home-based services. Psychoneurological boarding schools and boarding houses for veterans and disabled people can create patronage departments to serve clients at home.

The following forms of social work with individuals from institutions and social services are distinguished:

Social payments;
social services;
consulting;
social patronage;
social support, etc.

Among the forms of social work, one should also name guardianship, trusteeship (both of children and adults, located primarily in inpatient social service institutions), foster care (including for older people as an innovative form of assistance).

Organizational ways of interaction with the client, aimed at developing his potential (conversation, dialogue, discussion, etc.), are also considered as forms of activity of social institutions and social services.

Social work can be considered not only in the form of practical social activity, but also as academic discipline, as a field of theoretical and empirical scientific research. Consideration of social work in these forms allows us to classify its methods into methods of practical and cognitive (research) activity. They are not isolated from each other. In the practice of social work, methods for studying the situation of clients, social problems, the state and development of social services, etc. are actively used. Research and educational activities in the field of social work never ignore its practical methods.

Essence, types and mechanism for providing state social assistance in the Russian Federation

State economic and social policy is of decisive importance in supporting low-income categories of the population. If previously the regulation of the standard of living of the population was carried out centrally, now this problem is being solved with new methods. The main ones are indexation and compensation. Indexation is a mechanism for automatically adjusting income. Typically, indexation is done in two ways: by increasing income by a certain percentage after a certain time, or by adjusting income as the price level rises by a predetermined percentage. Indexation payments are made mainly from state and local budgets. All types of cash income of citizens are indexed, namely wages, pensions, scholarships, and other types of social payments, with the exception of one-time payments.

In addition to indexation, there is the Federal Law “On State Social Assistance,” which establishes the legal and organizational basis for the provision of state social assistance to low-income families or low-income citizens living alone.

The criteria for the provision of social assistance may be: the total family or average per capita income is below the sum of the subsistence minimums established at the regional level for all family members by socio-demographic groups, or the corresponding value of the regional subsistence minimum (below the minimum wage, minimum pension, etc.); lack of livelihood; loneliness and inability to self-care; material damage or physical damage due to natural disasters, catastrophes, ethnic conflicts, as well as as a result of the performance of official duties.

The amount of social assistance is determined by decision of the social protection authority at the place of residence on the basis of a personal application, either on behalf of the family or guardian. The application shall indicate information about family composition, income and property owned by him (his family).

The circle of people in need of social assistance can be expanded at the discretion of local authorities, taking into account the demographic, socio-economic, climatic and other characteristics of the region.

State social assistance is provided in order to: maintain the standard of living of low-income families, as well as low-income citizens living alone.

The set of social services provided to citizens includes the following social services: additional free medical care, provision of vouchers for sanatorium and resort treatment in the presence of medical indications, carried out in accordance with the legislation on compulsory social insurance; free travel on suburban railway transport, as well as on intercity transport to and from the place of treatment.

Accounting for the right of citizens to receive social services is carried out at the citizen’s place of residence from the date of establishment of a monthly cash payment to him in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

A citizen who has the right to receive social services may refuse to receive them by submitting an application to the territorial body of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, which provides him with a monthly cash payment.

Control over the provision of state social assistance to citizens in the form of social benefits is carried out by the federal executive body exercising supervision in the field of healthcare and social development.

Monetary forms of social state protection of the population and recent changes in methods of provision

The main form of direct social protection is monetary. The provision of cash benefits to low-income segments of the population, stipulated by law, is of decisive importance in maintaining their existence. Cash payments include social benefits (free provision of a certain amount of money to citizens), subsidy (targeted payment for material goods and services provided to citizens) and compensation - reimbursement to citizens of expenses incurred by them, established by law.

Already at the beginning of the transition period, some steps were noted to improve direct social protection of the population. They affect, first of all, the procedure for paying social benefits and their amount.

The most obvious attempt to fundamentally improve the previous social security system concerned its most important component - pension insurance. Pensions are the most important, but far from the only type of monetary protection of the population.

In the vast majority of cases, the amount of social benefits is based either on the minimum old-age pension or on the minimum wage. But in our time, most social benefits do not correspond to the subsistence level of the population, and the concept of a minimum wage in Russia has lost any meaning.

In the Russian practice of social protection of the population, two types of subsistence minimum are distinguished: the so-called living wage, designed for the main, mainly physiological needs, without the satisfaction of which it is generally impossible to live tolerably, and social, designed to satisfy a slightly broader set of needs in comparison with the provided living minimum. areas of food, industrial goods and services.

A high regional level of living wage must correspond to a high regional level of social benefits (and wages). And vice versa. The variety of options for the living wage allows for a more differentiated approach to determining the consumption of various socio-demographic groups of the population, and more accurately and subtly regulate the minimum amounts of social benefits and wages guaranteed by the state in different regions of the country.

Targeted payments are provided to narrower groups of low-income people. Typical examples include quarterly compensation to families with minor children due to the rise in prices of children's goods, annual payments for the purchase of a set of children's clothing, bread allowances for especially low-income categories, etc.

Cash compensation began to apply in April 1991 after an administrative price increase. However, many of its types currently in use, giving it a systematic and permanent nature, are directly related to the improvement of direct social protection in the course of radical economic reform.

Thus, in the first half of the 90s, the prevailing trend was to reduce the gap between the nominal value of the average wage and labor pension. Moreover, this reduction is occurring at an accelerating pace. The development of this trend is explained not only by the accelerated growth of pensions, which, as already noted, chronically lags behind the increase in the cost of living, but by the much lower rate of increase in wages, disproportionate to the increase in prices.

In the 90s a “new course” of policy in the field of direct social protection has emerged. The following changes were envisaged: differentiation of the types of social assistance provided to low-income groups; highlighting the “interests” of children, pensioners and disabled people as priorities when compensating for price increases to needy groups of the population; implementation of a gradual transition to the application form of assistance; reduction in the number of social benefits, replacing them primarily with low-income benefits provided to a family, regardless of the reasons for its poverty.

The course towards targeted protection is intended to stop the uniform “spreading” of social benefits in a thin layer over everyone who needs it. Such assistance is ineffective in its results. Targeted social protection concentrates on a smaller group, without leaving other categories of people in need without any support. This approach increases the possibility of providing relatively more tangible material assistance due to its redistribution in favor of those “truly” in need.

Targeted protection implies a strict link between the provision of social assistance and the actual financial situation of its potential recipient. However, the implementation of such a link conflicts with the universal approach that has taken deep roots in the social security system. The proclaimed course towards targeted protection as the only possible way to provide real assistance in the unfavorable conditions of the transition period is not being carried out consistently enough in practice.

Measures to improve the methods of providing assistance to the disabled are being improved and are intended to increase the efficiency of the entire social protection system.

Thus, we can conclude that the main directions of reforming the social support system in Russia need to be associated with strengthening the targeting of social payments, more effective management social security system, improving the system of minimum social standards in order to more rationally distribute budget funds in favor of those who are truly in need, through the joint efforts of government bodies at all levels, ensuring the availability of social services to the population.

The reforms of the 90s, although they provided some statistically recorded economic growth, were unable to stop the processes of excessive polarization of income and exacerbated the tendency for the state’s social obligations to not correspond to its financial capabilities. This has led to a decrease in the quality of social services provided to low-income segments of the population.

Non-monetary (in-kind) assistance

Social Security cash payments may not always play a role universal remedy protecting living standards from accelerated price increases. The effectiveness of direct social protection will increase somewhat if the monetary forms that play the leading role are complemented by others, mainly non-monetary and intangible. The scope of this kind of assistance is strictly limited to the most defenseless and helpless groups of the population.

Approximately 6% of old-age pensioners and disabled people are helpless, lonely, and unable to care for themselves. A considerable part of them do not live in a family and cannot count on the support of relatives, friends, and neighbors. Therefore, payments to such people social benefits, even if they are satisfactory in size, are difficult to implement in practice and therefore in themselves are insufficient to ensure the existence of their recipients.

In-kind assistance - provision of basic necessities (food, shoes, clothing), as well as repairs of apartments and vehicles; allocation medicines; providing free food and fuel.

The priority of such assistance belongs to social and domestic assistance at home for the disabled and elderly. According to the Ministry of Social Protection, 952.2 thousand people need such assistance, of which 826.6 thousand receive it. In Russia as a whole, out of every 10 thousand pensioners, 229 people are provided with home care.

Along with social service centers, non-stationary institutions and social assistance services also include family and children assistance centers, centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance and emergency psychological assistance by telephone, rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities, social shelters for children and adolescents and others. 1050 emergency social assistance services are designed to provide various one-time services. They create banks of things and products, operate hotlines, etc. The capacity of such services is approximately 2 million people annually.

Another area of social assistance covers those in need who permanently reside in boarding schools. Currently, there are about 1 thousand inpatient specialized institutions in Russia, which house more than 300 thousand elderly, disabled people, etc.

The third direction is related to the provision of social and domestic assistance to a relatively small group of people without a fixed place of residence.

Along with the three main ones listed, other types of social and domestic assistance are also practiced. They concern both the entire group of the most defenseless and low-income people, as well as its individual categories.

Non-traditional forms of support include the activities of special check investment funds for citizens in need of special social protection (CHIF SZ). They were created in accordance with the Presidential Decree “On the use of privatization checks for the purposes of social protection of the population.”

During the transition period, other types of non-monetary assistance provided in kind to the most defenseless and low-income groups of the population also become of great importance. As an important manifestation of public charity, in-kind assistance serves as a complement to cash payments under the public assistance system.

One of the features of in-kind assistance to the poor is that, as a rule, it does not require strict centralized management, uniform instructions and standards. The initiative of local authorities, professional, public and religious associations, and individual citizens assumes decisive importance in its organization. In-kind assistance usually comes down to the direct distribution of basic necessities to those in particular need.

An important manifestation of in-kind assistance is free food on an ongoing or occasional basis.

Disabled people as one of the categories of low-income citizens in need of social support from the state

In the Russian Federation, people with disabilities fall into the category of low-income segments of the population, since the current situation of social support for people with disabilities is not so effective as to classify this type of citizen as middle-income. Today, people with disabilities occupy one of the main places as an object of social policy to improve their standard of living.

In accordance with the law, recognition of a person as disabled is carried out based on the results of a medical and social examination, based on a comprehensive assessment of health and the degree of disability based on an analysis of the clinical, functional, social, professional, labor, and psychological data of the person being certified.

Depending on the degree of impairment of body functions and limitations of life activity, a person recognized as disabled is assigned disability groups I, II and III. Disabled people of groups I and II are considered low-income.

Currently, the main directions of social policy in relation to this category of the population are social protection of disabled people. This is a system of state-guaranteed measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) limitations in their life activities and aimed at creating opportunities for them to participate in society equal to other citizens.

The main reasons that determine the need of disabled people for social protection is their inability, due to limitations in life activity, to live independently, maintain social connections, ensure economic independence, etc. Determining the need of a person certified for disability in measures of social assistance and protection includes identifying specific ways and methods by which existing dysfunctions and limitations in life can be eliminated, compensated or replaced.

In the Russian Federation, targeted programs have been adopted and are being implemented in the interests of people with disabilities, united in the federal program “ Social support disabled people in the Russian Federation", which is designed for 2006-2010.

Directions Social work can be typologized on various grounds - depending on who the social work is aimed at, in what spheres of society’s life it develops, what social problems it is aimed at solving, what the “vector” of its main content is, etc.

The main areas of social work are usually associated with population groups: social work with the elderly, with the disabled, with children, with youth, with women, with the rural population, with migrants and internally displaced persons, etc.

Social work can be carried out in various spheres of society : social work in the system of social protection of the population; in healthcare, education, enterprises, the army, the penitentiary system (correctional institutions for minors and adults), etc.

The areas of social work are also determined by the solution to which social problems it is focused on: social work to overcome deviance and crime, to prevent and resolve conflicts, to solve problems of unemployment, poverty, etc.

The content of social work may have several directions: socio-legal (supporting the legal status of an individual in the process of resolving his difficult life situation); social and domestic (promoting optimal adaptation of people in their everyday environment); socio-medical (alleviation of the consequences of disability associated with health status); psychological and pedagogical (development of the client’s abilities, formation of an active life position, positive self-esteem, organization of the individual’s mastery of social experience); socio-economic (maintaining the property status of an individual, family, group, etc.); socio-psychological (regulation of interpersonal relationships in the process of overcoming a difficult life situation).

In the structure of social work as a practical activity, certain levels, on which it is carried out, and on which its forms and methods depend. At the same time, the multi-level structure of social work can be viewed from different angles.

From point of view scale, social work can be carried out at several levels: macro-, meso- and micro levels.

On macro level social work acts as a system of certain measures to improve the social sphere of society and the position of people in it.

On meso level social work acts as a type of activity to provide assistance to various groups of needy citizens within the boundaries of their place of residence (region, city, village, etc.).

On the one hand, groups of people in need can be determined by the state, which is associated with the implementation of state social policy and strategies for helping the least protected categories of citizens. In this case, the government sets the priorities. On the other hand, support priorities can be set by individual charitable social service organizations. The forms of activity in this case will be quite diverse - from the provision of various material benefits to the organization of the most important areas of people's lives.

On micro level Social work is based on the needs of the individual (client). At this level, social work as a type of professional activity is aimed at restoring or maintaining the social and psychological connections of an individual with society, a group or another individual. The forms and methods of assistance in this case are quite wide: from providing individual consultations and patronage to working in groups, including in the family.

Considering territorial structure Russian Federation, we can talk about such levels of social work as federal, regional, municipal (local).

Federal level social work has extremely general characteristics. The content of social work at this level is determined primarily by the legislative framework and social policy of the state, the management of social protection of the population on a national scale. It is at this level that social work is presented in its broad sense.

Regional level social work is largely predetermined by its federal level and is derived from it. This finds concrete expression both in the implementation of legislative or regulatory acts of federal significance, and in their adaptation to the characteristics of certain regions of the country. At the regional level, social work acquires a more specific, meaningful character and appears in its immediate narrow understanding.

Municipal level reflects, first of all, the specifics of implementing the goals and objectives of social work at the level of municipalities: cities (except for federal cities), districts, villages, etc.

Depending on specific objects The following levels of social work are distinguished: with the individual, family, group, residents of the locality, etc. Thus, in the widely distributed “Dictionary of Social Work” by R. Barker, this list includes; individual social work, group social work, community organizing, administrative social work, research, social policy, planning, direct clinical practice, family and marriage practice and other types of micro practices, as well as what is called general social work practice, combining micro and macro levels.

Social work form- being an external expression of the content of social work, it is a relatively limited in time and place structure of interaction between the object and subject of social work, a set of its techniques and means.

Forms of social work include forms of social services for the population, among which are:

. inpatient care(providing comprehensive social, household and other assistance to elderly people, disabled people and children who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-care and (or) need constant care and supervision in inpatient social service institutions (departments). Inpatient social service institutions include psychoneurological boarding schools for the elderly and disabled, boarding houses for war and labor veterans, disabled people, social residential homes for elderly single people and childless couples, special boarding houses for former prisoners who have reached old age or have a disability with loss self-care abilities. For persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation (primarily the elderly and disabled), social adaptation centers (intended only for temporary residence) operate in order to provide them with social assistance. Also in the system of stationary social services there are boarding houses for disabled children and children with limited health capabilities; social shelters for children and adolescents who find themselves in difficult life situations and left without parental care, etc. Inpatient departments can operate in social rehabilitation centers for minors, etc. Social services in a stationary form are provided to their recipients during permanent, temporary (for a period determined by an individual program) or five-day (per week) round-the-clock residence in a social service institution;

. semi-permanent(in day care departments, in overnight stay homes). This form includes social, medical and cultural services for needy citizens, organizing their meals, recreation, maintaining an active lifestyle, and ensuring their participation in feasible work activities. Day care units accept elderly and disabled people who have retained the ability for self-care and active movement and have no medical contraindications. There are also day care departments for disabled children and children with disabilities, for children in difficult life situations, from disadvantaged and low-income families. Day care departments can be created in territorial social service centers, social rehabilitation centers for minors, centers for social assistance to families and children, etc. Night stay homes (day care departments in social adaptation centers, social hotels) are intended to provide social assistance to persons without specific place of residence and occupation;

. home-based(in social service departments at home) services are provided to elderly and disabled people who have partially lost the ability to self-care and need outside care. Home service departments are organized at municipal social service centers or at local social welfare authorities. Maintenance can be carried out permanently or temporarily. Social rehabilitation institutions for disabled children and children with limited health capabilities can also provide home-based services. Psychoneurological boarding schools and boarding houses for veterans and disabled people can create patronage departments to serve clients at home.

The following forms of social work with individuals from institutions and social services are distinguished:

Social payments;

Social services;

Consulting;

Social patronage;

Social support, etc.

Principles and standards of ethical behavior for a social worker. Social assistance: concept, directions and principles Main directions and forms of organization of social work

Bibliography

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