What functions does the parts of the compound nominal. Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, has two parts: auxiliary and main. The main component is represented by the forms of names or other categories of words, similar in meaning to names; it denotes a passive sign in various particular manifestations (quality, state, etc.) - the real meaning of the predicate. The auxiliary component expresses the grammatical meaning.

The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations), which lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called a link, and the main component is called a nominal (binding) part. Both components have various forms and particular meanings.

Structure and semantics of an auxiliary component

The link performs the following functions: expresses the main elements of the predicative meaning - modality and time; connects the predicate with the subject, formally expresses its dependence on the subject; contains a modal assessment of the relationship between the subject and the feature. So, in the sentence The spectacle became terrible (Kuprin), the copula became expresses the modal meaning of reality, the past tense, indicates dependence on the subject through agreement in the forms of number and gender, evaluates the sign as emerging. All functions of the link have a grammatical character. The link does not participate in the expression of the real value of the predicate. The lexical meaning of verbs and indivisible verb combinations in the position of the link changes significantly. Linking verbs and independently used verbs diverge lexico-semantically, forming, as a rule, rows of homonyms. Wed: It was hot (Mayakovsky). - Grandfather was a healer and screamer (Paustovsky); Ataman Kuzma Psalm appeared early in the morning (Mamin-Sibiryak). - The future for him was covered with menacing clouds (Pushkin); Varvara Petrovna unexpectedly had her own concepts (A. N. Tolstoy). - Old man turned out to be a professor of soil science (Paustovsky). Linking verbs lose their meaning of action, process; their lexical meaning is grammatized, adapted to express modal assessments.

In a compound nominal predicate, copulas express the following main types of modal-evaluative meanings:

• 1) to be, to appear, to remain, etc. - the possession of a sign (the meaning is ascertaining, neutral): And the Volga was without shine, dull, dull, cold in appearance (Chekhov);
• 2) to become, to become, etc. - the appearance of a sign, its assessment as changing: The cold became more palpable (Gorky);
• 3) turn out, turn out, get out, etc. - detection of a sign: Dreams of gardens turned out to be very stupid (Bunin); And so we came out again namesakes (Leskov);
• 4) to appear, to appear, to appear, to be called, etc. - evaluation of the sign as a supposed, apparent, imaginary one: Will my request not seem strange and impudent to you? (Chekhov); The tops of the distant ridge seem to be forged from silver (A. N. Tolstoy);
• 5) to be considered, to be known, etc. - an assessment of the sign as corresponding to someone's opinion, idea, attitude: In our regiment, I was considered one of the best shooters (Pushkin); The blacksmith was reputed to be a very reasonable person (Leskov);
• 4) verbs with the meaning of movement, movement, position in space and time with varying degrees of weakening of the lexical meaning: arrive, come, return, step, stand, sit, lie, etc.: Autumn has come rainy, cold (Vigdorova); She came out of the pool fresh, cold and fragrant, covered with trembling drops of water (Kuprin).

The auxiliary component in the composition of the predicate has a certain formal connection with the nominal part. This connection is manifested differently than in the phrase, and cannot be interpreted as control or adjacency. The form of the nominal part can be motivated to a certain extent by the link. At least the choice of some forms of the name is regulated by the copula. It depends on the degree of grammaticalization of the connectives. Some bundles have reached a high degree of grammaticalization, they are combined with various categories of words that act as a nominal part; have no restrictions either in use or in compatibility with various forms of the name. These are specialized ligaments to be, to be, to become, to become, to seem, to be known, to appear, to be considered, to be, etc.

Other connectives allow the use of only certain forms of the nominal part, moreover, the lexico-semantic range of names can also be limited. These are non-specialized links. Their lexical meaning has not been fully grammaticalized, it is more specific than the meaning of specialized connectives.

So the ligaments to differ, to stand out, to be famous allow the use of only nouns with a qualitative meaning, correlative with qualitative adjectives, and only in the form of the instrumental case: Public opinion here was not particularly picky (Mamin-Sibiryak; cf .: was not picky); The head of the gang was famous for his intelligence, courage and some kind of generosity (Pushkin; cf .: he was smart, courageous, generous). With a similar lexico-semantic group of nouns, the connective acquire (acquire) is combined, but it requires the form of the accusative case: The problem of training employees of institutions is now becoming especially acute (gas .; cf .: becomes acute). When linking to represent, only nouns in the form of the accusative case are used: Kolpakova's house was a complete ruin (Mamin-Sibiryak). Non-specialized connectives include analytical verb-nominal combinations to have (wear) a look (character), take on a look (character, position), etc. They have a holistic grammatical meaning, similar to the meaning of the connectives to be, become, look, etc. The real component (usually adjective) formally agrees with the noun included in the bundle (kind, character, etc.), but the sign denoted by it is correlated with the subject: The case was much more complicated and was partly political and national in nature (Leskov; compare: it looked political). Non-specialized ligaments express the same basic modal-evaluative meanings as specialized ones, although these meanings are manifested and differentiated less clearly.

The predicate with specialized and non-specialized connectives form a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms. Of all the connectives, only to be has a zero form in the paradigm (i.e., a significant absence) as an indicator of the form of the indicative mood of the present tense: I am all in alarm (Goncharov; cf. This legend is hardly true (Chekhov; cf.: was / will be true).

So, the auxiliary component of the compound nominal predicate - the link - has an abstract meaning, it does not participate in the expression of the material content of the predicate. The connective necessarily contains indicators of conjugated verb forms (including the zero form to be). The so-called ligaments-particles (this, here, such as, exactly, as if, etc.) do not replace the verb copula, but only combine with it (including the zero form) and reinforce one or another of its functions: Punctuation marks - it's like musical signs (Paustovsky); To educate a person means to educate him in promising ways (Makarenko).

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS \u003d link + nominal part

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick ; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.

Types of linking verbs

Link type by value	Typical verbs	Examples
1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the connective to be is usually in the zero form ("zero connective"): the absence of a connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.	He was a doctor. He will be a doctor. He is a doctor . He was sick. He will be sick. He is sick . He is sick. Lyricism is the highest manifestation of art.
2. Semi-significant copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).	a) occurrence or development of a trait: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the feature: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be; d) evaluation of the feature in terms of reality: to appear, to appear, to appear, to be considered; e) the name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be called.	He became ill. He remained sick. He was sick every autumn. He turned out to be sick. He considered sick. He seemed sick. He is sick. He was reputed to be sick. Them called sick.
3. A significant copula is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie down, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, roam; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.	She sat tired. He left angry. He returned upset. He lived as a hermit. He born happy. He died a hero.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:

He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

He ended up in the center of the city; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what is he sitting instead stood or lay).

For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sitting tired- He was tired; He born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was the first;

the link can be made null:

He sitting tired- He tired; He born happy- He happy; He came first- He first.

If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways of expressing the nominal part

The form	Examples
1. Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case	He's my brother . He was my brother.
1.2. Noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition	The navigator was in oblivion. I'm penniless. This house is Meshkova.
1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)	son-in-law was a silent breed. This girl is tall.
2. Adjective
2.1. short adjective	He is cheerful. He became cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case	He is cheerful. He became cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective
3. Communion
3.1. Brief Communion	He is wounded. Glasses were broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case	The glasses were broken. The glasses were broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun	All fish are yours. This is something new.
5. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case	Their hut is the third from the edge. Their hut was the third from the edge.
6. Adverb	I was on my guard. His daughter is married to my brother.

Note!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The most typical mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:

1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken as a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix appears in the verb -l, and the short adjective or participle will have a bunch was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He's sick(PGS). - He was sick;
He is sick(SIS). - He was ill ;
City taken(SIS). - City He was taken .

2. A short neuter adjective (nominal part of the predicate) is confused with an adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the form of the subject:

if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

Wed: The sea is calm;

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

Living is good; Life is good; Children are good ;

if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; you can also replace the short adjective with a full one.

Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm a; The sea is calm s; The sea is calm oh ).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a minor member - a definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is raised what? to the given name.

4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

the subject usually precedes the verb:

Moscow is capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.

However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.

Wed: Good man Ivan Ivanovich;

the demonstrative particle it stands or can be placed before the predicate:

note that in sentences like: This is good ; This is my brother - This is a subject expressed by a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and instrumental cases. If you put in a sentence a bunch of be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or a bunch to be, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.

Wed: Moscow was the capital Russia; Moscow is the capital Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good person; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

1. Specify the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Sample parsing

Life is good.

Good well expressed in an adverb; grammatical link be

I came first.

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed by the ordinal number in the nominative case; significant link came expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

This guy is of average height.

Medium height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part medium height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link be- in zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

Compound Verbal Predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood); b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning. To composite verbal predicates include predicates expressed by the personal form of the verb and the infinitive adjacent to it. The real meaning and the grammatical are presented in such a predicate dissected. The infinitive, which contains a real meaning, can be combined with verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, as well as modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire, etc. The first group includes such verbs as start, start, become, be accepted (in the meaning of "begin"), continue, finish, stop, quit ("in the meaning of" end "); to the second group - verbs want, wish, be able, be able, intend, manage, unlearn, be able, prepare, dream, hope, be afraid, etc. Examples: 1) Oganesyan began to call out the prisoners one by one (Cossack.); He rushed to disarm (Shol.); Parabukin did not eat (Fed.); 2) Wanted to go around the whole world (Gr.); Sometimes the head refused to think for two (Gonch.).

Compound verbs can also include predicates with a phraseologized combination in place of a modal verb; in the second part of such a predicate, the infinitive is used. For example: burn with a desire to see, have the intention to relax, agree to come, etc.

Instead of a modal verb in a compound verbal predicate, a predicative adjective can also be used, to which the infinitive adjoins. These are adjectives like: glad, much, intends, must, ready, able, free. For example: He is ready to wait; The student is able to learn everything.

A compound verb predicate can be complicated by a third component. Such predicates are not fundamentally separated from compound verbs and differ only in a certain increase in meaning. Most often, these are such predicates in which a verb in a personal form and two dependent infinitives are combined. Verbs in personal form (the same as in compound predicates) indicate the beginning, continuation or end of an action or have modal meanings. A predicative adjective can also be a component of such a predicate.

As a rule, a modal verb and a verb indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action (one of them in the form of an infinitive) are combined in a three-term verbal predicate, for example: I wanted (I want) to start studying; decided to start treatment, hoped to quit smoking; could (can) start singing; I wanted to run away, but I couldn't. In place of the verb in the personal form, there can be a predicative adjective: ready to start studying; happy to quit smoking, but can't; agree to stay and work. Attributing to compound predicates the combination of verbs of the type decided to start learning, promised to stop looking for some linguists is questioned, it is proposed to divide such a combination into two predicates: the main and secondary infinitive type. However, such tripartite verb combinations must be approached differentially, i.e., the degree of lexical significance of the verbs in these combinations must be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of the action in combination with the meanings of will, possibility, impossibility of action, desirability or inclination, then such predicates should not be divided, since in the end they denote one action or state: I want to start studying, I could not rush to run; if both infinitive verbs in a three-term combination denote independent, separately existing actions, then the first two verbs should be considered the predicate, and the third one should be considered a secondary member of the sentence (circumstance or addition).

a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood); b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

Nominal the predicate consists of a verb copula in the personal form and a nominal part. The link can be of three types: 1) abstract - this is a verb to be in various forms of tense and mood; the bundle is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content, for example: The voice of a stranger was heard less and less (Paust.) 2) semi-abstract , or semi-significant, is a verb with a weakened lexical meaning; such a verb conveys grammatical meanings (time, inclination), linking the predicate with the subject, in addition, this verb introduces part of the lexical meaning into the predicate - naming, transition from one state to another, etc., for example: I have now become the most meek man (T.);; 3) significant , or real, is a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., for example: No one is born a hero, soldiers mature in battle.

Such full-valued verbs are included in the predicate together with nominal forms and only for this reason are conventionally considered as connectives. In essence, these verbs, while fully preserving the lexical meaning, are not grammaticalized and express an independent feature of the subject. No wonder A. A. Shakhmatov considered predicates with such verbs to be double.

Linking verbs of the third group can be freely used as independent predicates: return, come, return, be born, leave, live, stand, lie, sit, die, work, stay.

As a result of the presence of a linking verb and a nominal part, the predicates are called constituent : the grammatical meanings of such a predicate are enclosed in a bundle (to be; to be called, to become, to become; to begin, to end, to seem, to come; to come, to return, to stand, to live), and the real ones are in the nominal part.

If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, there may be no abstract link, the predicate in this case is called either a simple nominal or a compound one with a zero link, for example: The driver is a small daring. The role of the predicative link can be performed by pointing particles this, here, then, this means. The predicate can also be attached to the subject with the help of comparative words like, as if, as if, exactly, as if.

A compound nominal predicate can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective, a link and a nominal part: You it should be our first playwright(Fed.)

All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as a nominal part of the predicate.

Noun in the role of a nominal part, it is usually used in the forms of the nominative or instrumental case: Daughter Marina was high darkie ( Kozhevn.). The instrumental predicative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms currently differ semantically and stylistically. The nominative denotes a constant, stable sign, it is usually used in a predicate without a link, conceivable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When referred to the plan of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course, we were buddies(L.). A temporary, non-permanent sign is transmitted more often with the help of the instrumental form: ... Already in the Grove Ogonyok becomes fire(Cr.). The nominal part can be expressed by a noun in the form of the genitive case, for example: Philosopher Khoma Brut had a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and with a genitive name an adjective is necessarily used, which contains an indication for a quality attribute: Hands were plump, small, but immaculate form(Cossack.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relationship or belonging (in this case, the adjective is optional with it): Whose stroller? my lord(L.). In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, the genitive case of the name with a preposition can also be used, for example: And they say - lilies without smell(Fed.).

The adjective in the role of the nominal part of the predicate is used in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. Full form adjectives have both nominative and instrumental cases. For example: Mysterious and that's why beautiful dark thickets of forests (Paust.) \

communion : short and full, passive and real. For example: Brow her were shifted (T.); Tea was untouched(Dost.). Full participle can also be in the instrumental form: Glasses of tea stand intact ( S. - Shch.).

In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, various pronouns : personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Both nominative and instrumental forms are possible. For example: Are you you Is it Rudin? (T.); - She is my! he said sternly. Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms of different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of a phraseologized type, for example: You can stay with me while the house follow me(Fed.).

The nominal part can be expressed numeral or quantitative-nominal combination . For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Twice two - four.

Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or a related phrase. The compound verb predicate has two parts: the infinitive and the verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade, it consists of two parts: a bundle and a nominal part.

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Compound nominal predicate (8th grade)

A link in a compound nominal predicate

Bundle expresses modality and category of time. Most often, the following verbs can act as a link:

• The verb to be in all categories of tense. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense turns into a zero connective;
• verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
• verbs with a categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, reach, swim, fly away, come, etc .;

• Katerina is excited and energized by the unforeseen circumstances that have arisen on her way home. I'll be the first just for the sake of being better than you. If you become a good boy, I might take you to the circus with me.
• It was getting cold outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of bygone days.
• Leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.

Types of ligaments

The compound nominal predicate has several types of connections, which are markedly different from each other:

In past and future tenses, the verb to be expressed clearly. Same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition. Compound nominal predicates with an abstract connective to be are highlighted in the sentences.

A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood, when using it, the particle would be added to the abstract connective to be. Suggestion: she would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.

• Ligament semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs to appear, seem, turn out, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-significant connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition.
• Ligament significant, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie down, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, speak, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Suggestions: Geese in the yard walked important, as if the owners of the whole farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate

In the role of the nominal part are:

• Summer days are getting shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
• She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental form).
• Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This summer has been unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in a positive degree).
• This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extraordinarily rich. Honey collected from your apiary is so sweet. (abbreviated adjective).
• All the mistakes made while writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
• I suddenly became afraid. It was rather strange (adverb).

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate

Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its feature is the presence of two parts: ligament and nominal part. The problem of modern school education lies in the fact that sometimes students do not have time to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates in the classroom, as a result, it is impossible to find and determine one of the main members of the sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.

Both components have various forms and particular meanings. With a similar lexical-semantic group of nouns, the connective acquire acquire is combined but requires the form of the accusative case: The problem of training employees of institutions is now becoming especially acute from the newspapers. significant absence as an indicator of the form of the indicative mood of the present tense: I am all in anxiety Goncharov. Some forms are typical predicative forms for this function, others are atypical forms that have developed in a phrase for performing ...

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Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate includes components that are different in morphological nature. The main component is represented by the forms of names or other categories of words, similar in meaning to names; it denotes a passive sign in various particular manifestations (quality, state, etc.). The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations), which lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called a link, and the main component is called a nominal (binding) part. Both components have various forms and particular meanings.

The link performs the following functions: it expresses the main elements of the predicative meaning - modality and time; connects the predicate with the subject, formally expresses its dependence on the subject; contains a modal assessment of the relationship between the subject and the attribute. So, in the sentence The spectacle became terrible (Kuprin), the copula became expresses the modal meaning of reality, the past tense, indicates dependence on the subject through agreement in the forms of number and gender, evaluates the sign as emerging. All functions of the link have a grammatical character. The link does not participate in the expression of the real value of the predicate. The lexical meaning of verbs and indivisible verb combinations in the position of the link changes significantly. Linking verbs and independently used verbs diverge lexico-semantically, forming, as a rule, rows of homonyms. Linking verbs lose their meaning of action, process; their lexical meaning is grammatized, adapted to express modal assessments.

In a compound nominal predicate, copulas express the following main types of modal-evaluative meanings:

1) to be, to be, to remain, etc. - the possession of a sign (the meaning is ascertaining, neutral): A Volgawas without shine, dull, dull, cold in appearance (Chekhov);

2) become, become, etc. - the appearance of a sign, its assessment as changing: Coldbecame more palpable(Maksim Gorky);

3) turn out, turn out, get out, etc. - detection of a sign: Dreams of gardens turned out to be very stupid (Bunin);

4) seem, appear, etc. - evaluation of the sign as a supposed, apparent, imaginary: Youwon't seem strange and daring my request? (Chekhov);

The auxiliary component in the composition of the nominal predicate has a certain formal connection with the nominal part. This connection is manifested differently than in the phrase, and cannot be interpreted as control or adjacency. The form of the nominal part can be motivated to a certain extent by the link. At least the choice of some forms of the name is governed by the copula. It also depends on the degree of grammaticalization of connectives. Some bundles have reached a high degree of grammaticalization, they have no restrictions either in use or in compatibility with various forms of the name. These are specialized ligaments to be, to be, to become, to become, to seem, to be known, to appear, to be considered, to be, etc.

Other connectives allow the use of only certain forms of the nominal part, moreover, the lexico-semantic circle of names can also be limited. These are non-specialized links. Their lexical meaning has not been fully grammaticalized, it is more specific than the meaning of specialized connectives.

So, the connectives to differ, stand out, be famous allow the use of only nouns with a qualitative meaning, correlative with adjectives, and only in the instrumental form: Public opinion here was not particularly stubborn (Mom-Silver). With a similar lexico-semantic group of nouns, the connective acquire (acquire), but requires the form of the accusative case: The problem of training employees of institutions now takes on a special urgency (from newspapers). When linking to represent, only nouns in the form of the accusative case are used: House of Kolpakovarepresented perfect wreck (Mom-Silver).

The number of non-specialized connectives includes analytical verb-nominal combinations to have (wear) an appearance (character), to acquire an appearance (character, position), etc. They have a holistic grammatical meaning similar to the meaning of connectives to be, become, look, etc. The real component (usually adjective) formally agrees with the noun included in the bundle (kind, character, etc.), but the sign denoted by it is correlated with the subject: The case was much more complicated and partly political and national character(Leskov). Non-specialized ligaments express the same basic modal-evaluative meanings as specialized ones, although these meanings are manifested and differentiated less clearly.

Predicates with specialized and non-specialized connectives form a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms. Of all the connectives, only to be has a zero form (i.e., a significant absence) in the paradigm as an indicator of the form of the indicative mood of the present tense: I am all in anxiety (Goncharov).

It is controversial to include in the category of a compound nominal predicate of constructions such as lay in a swoon, returned rejuvenated. The conjugated verb partially functions as a link, expressing modal-temporal meanings and dependence on the subject. However, the verb does not convey modal-evaluative meanings, is not grammatical, - it denotes an action: Vera Dmitrievnagot up sad, crying(Veresaev). In such sentences, two predicative signs are simultaneously expressed - active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as a “double” (A.A. Shakhmatov). In a different interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verbal predicate with a predicative definition. Undoubtedly, they are not a compound nominal predicate in the strict sense of the term, and the conjugated verb is not a connective.

So, the auxiliary component of the compound nominal predicate - the link - has an abstract meaning, it does not participate in the expression of the material content of the predicate. The connective necessarily contains indicators of conjugated verb forms (including the zero form of the connective to be). The so-called copula-particles (this, here, such as, exactly, as if, etc.) do not replace the verb copula, but only combine with it (including the zero form) and reinforce one or another of its functions: Punctuation marks - it's like musical signs (Paustovsky).

Name part.

1. Names are combined with a bunch in various forms. Some forms are typical for a given function (predicative forms), others are atypical, formed in a phrase to perform an attributive function (non-predicative forms).

Predicative forms include:

1) indeclinable forms - short forms of the adjective and passive participle, which perform in the sentence only the function of the nominal part of the compound predicate;

2) inflected forms - nouns, full forms of the adjective, as well as numerals, pronouns, full forms of the participle - in the form of the nominative or instrumental case; both case forms have the same meaning, can replace one another with some connectives, restrictions on the choice of any of them depend on the connective (the nominative form is used mainly with the connective to be, including its zero form). The form of the nominative or instrumental case can have a nominal part represented by a phrase;

3) the invariable form of the comparative degree of qualitative adjectives.

Non-predicative are all forms of indirect cases of a noun or substantiated words, except for the instrumental predicative. A variety of case and prepositional-case forms of nouns serve to convey particular meanings of the nominal part of the compound predicate, but they are not indicators of a formal connection. These forms are not motivated by the verb copula (except for some non-specialized copulas discussed above). Among non-predicative forms there are productive ones. First of all, it is a form of the prepositional case with the preposition в, expressing the state.

The meaning of many non-predicative forms depends on the preposition. So, nouns with the preposition without name a sign by the absence of a detail, part; with the preposition c - by the presence or excess of something; prepositions like, like, akin to introduce the meaning of comparison, from - source, material, etc. Predicate forms that have arisen under the influence of verb combinations or by analogy with them are becoming more and more common. The nominal part in a non-predicative form is represented by a phrase, since the real meaning of the predicate in this case cannot be conveyed only by a noun (it was with tearful eyes).

Non-predicative forms include stable prepositional case combinations with a metaphorical meaning fixed in the language (on knives, at the side, on the nose, etc.), although they, as forms, have already diverged from the paradigm of the corresponding nouns.

2. The real value of a passive attribute can be conveyed in a compound nominal predicate with unchangeable words - an adverb, a participle, an infinitive. These are unproductive forms of the nominal part (this function is not typical for them). The absence of inflection makes it impossible to express their connection with the subject, with the copula. The semantics of these words is ill-suited for expressing the attribute of an object. Only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of a state or a qualitative characteristic of an object (drunk, alert, ready, protruding, etc.) is used in a compound nominal predicate. The participles (cold, wet, etc.) are used in a compound nominal predicate only in common parlance and only with the meaning of the state. The meaning of a sign, a state is found in perfective gerunds when the semantics of the action are weakened and when they are “isolated” from the verb. The coloring of non-literaryness in such forms of the predicate is strong and stable.

The infinitive in a compound nominal predicate does not lose the meaning of the action, but acts as a characteristic of the object (or other, independent action) named in the subject. The infinitive is combined only with the connectives to be, to mean, to mean.

So, the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is represented by an ordered system of various forms. Their predicative function (in contrast to the functions of definition, application, addition, circumstance) is manifested due to the combination with the link. Difficult is the question of the scope and boundaries of the predicate, the question of which words in a particular sentence are included and which are not part of the predicate. The possibility of expressing the nominal part of the phrase has already been noted above. This takes place only if the noun does not have semantic sufficiency to designate a feature. It only indicates the general nature of the manifestation of the feature, and the specific name of the feature is given with the help of an agreed word or a second noun. So, nouns in the form of a prepositional case with an abstract meaning of the state (in a state, in a position, in a mood, etc.) perform a predicative function exclusively in the phrase: Cornet at this time was in a very embarrassing position(L. Tolstoy). Nominative or instrumental predicative nouns are not sufficient to express a feature if they are semantically related to the subject as gender and species. The predicative attribute is denoted by the agreed word or the second noun.

The auxiliary component can be complicated by a conjugated verb (or phraseological unit) with a phase or modal meaning (the linking verb is used in the infinitive). In this way, complicated forms of the compound nominal predicate are created. Their real meaning does not change, but additional elements are introduced into the grammatical meanings. When using phase verbs, the beginning, continuation or termination of the possession of a feature is expressed. Modal verbs contribute the same meanings that they express in the compound verb predicate (obligation, will, etc.). The linking verb in the infinitive retains its modal-evaluative meaning. A complicated form may include analytical combinations (should have, etc.) or two (or more) different complicating elements. The construction of the auxiliary component becomes more complicated, but only one of the verbs has a conjugated form, all others, including the copula, are used in the infinitive: Nobody can't do it all the time want to be loved(Lermontov).

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