Ship's rigging in its essence. Ship rigging

5. Spar and rigging of a modern ship

The set of vertical, horizontal and inclined beams installed on the upper deck is called a spar (Fig. 7). The spar is used to place observation and visual communication posts, install radio antennas and ship alarm lights, raise flag signals and fasten parts of lifting devices.

The spar includes: masts, topmasts, yards, gaff, flagpole, stay, cargo booms, davits and shotguns.

On big ship Usually two masts are installed. The front one is called the foremast, and the rear one is called the mainmast. Sometimes masts consist of a vertical pipe and two supporting inclined pipes. Such masts are called tripods.

Single masts consist of the mast itself and an extension to it - a topmast. From the mast, the topmast gets the name fore- or main-topmast. Top part The topmast ends with a small disk - a klotik, which is equipped with pulleys for passing halyards. The lower end of the mast - the spur - passes through a hole - the pärtners - in the upper deck and is firmly attached to a special socket called a step.

Rice. 7. Diagram of the ship’s spar and rigging: a - shot rigging (view of the ship’s side from above):

1 - foremast; 2 - fore topmast; 3 - fore-rear; 4 - fore-mars-ray; 5 - mainmast; 6 - gaff; 7 - mainsail; c - main topmast; 9 - flagpole; 10 - stay; 11 - davits; 12 - fore shrouds; 13 - fore-wall “shroud”; 14 - topenants of the rhea (or sten-vargs); 15 - fore-stay-stay; 16 - forestay; P - main shrouds; 13 - forestay-karnak; 19 - signal halyards; 20 - main-main-stay-counterstay; 21 - shot; 22 - shot-topping; 23 - budunduk; 24 - shot-rail; 25 - shot-brao

A horizontal beam suspended from the middle to a mast or topmast is called a yard. It is used for attaching signal halyards. An inclined beam mounted on the mainmast at the rear is called a gaff. On warships and auxiliary fleet vessels underway, the Naval flag is hoisted on a gaff.

On transport fleet vessels and auxiliary vessels, one of the purposes of masts is to fasten parts of cargo booms. The most common in this case are the following main types of masts: U-shaped, cargo columns and L-shaped.

The U-shaped mast consists of two columns connected at the top by a saling on which a topmast is mounted. Columns are hollow steel pipes, often used as ventilation sockets.

Paired cargo columns are used where installation of a topmast is not provided. In this case, instead of saling, the columns are connected at the top with a steel angle, cable or rod - a crossbar.

L-shaped masts are two tubular jibs inclined from the sides to the middle of the vessel, connected in the upper part by a saling, which carries a topmast.

The use of these types of masts provides a large spacing of the booms to the sides, which facilitates loading and unloading operations.

The shot is a horizontal metal or wooden beam, dumped at the level of one of the decks, perpendicular to the side, while the ship is at anchor. It is used for securing boats (boats) launched onto the water and for making it easier for people to board them.

The flagpole and the forestay stand are rods mounted vertically at the stern and bow of the ship, respectively. The flagpole at the stern is used to place signal lights on it and to raise the Naval flag while the ship is anchored or moored during the day. The staff post on the bow of the ship is used to place anchor signal lights and figures on it, as well as to raise the “huys” flag (only on ships of 1st and 2nd rank).

Rigging is the gear used to equip the spar. Fixed gear that holds the spar in a constant, specific position is called standing rigging. For its manufacture, rigid steel cables, rigging chains, and sometimes bar iron are used. Movable tackle with a block system is called running rigging. It is made from vegetable and steel flexible cables.

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The spar and rigging of a ship is a set of above-deck structures and parts of the ship's equipment designed to perform certain functions on the ship, for example, fastening sails on a sailing ship or cargo devices on a cargo ship. The spar is made of wood, steel pipes and beams, reinforced fiberglass or aluminum-magnesium alloys. There are fixed and movable spars. The fixed spar is rigidly connected to the ship's hull, decks and superstructures; the movable one is installed so that it can be installed in the desired working position.
The main fixed spars of a sailing ship are masts with topmasts and a bowsprit. Masts are installed in the center plane (DP) of the vessel vertically or with a slight inclination towards the stern.
On large sailing ships, the mast consists of the mast itself, or the lower mast, and the topmasts, topmast and toptopmast attached to it in succession. The lower ends of masts and topmasts are called spurs, the upper ends are called tops. The top of the last topmast is called the flagpole. It ends with a chiseled circle - a klotik. The belonging of the topmast to a particular mast is indicated by adding the words “for”, “main” or “cruise” to the name of the topmast, for example, fore-topmast. main-bom-topmast, cruise-topmast.
The mast spur is fixed in a step - a special socket located on the durable structure of the vessel. Where it passes through the deck, the mast is secured by a frame - a pärtner. The top of the mast with the spur of the topmast and topmasts are connected to one another by double yokes - ezelgofts. At the top of the mast there is a fenced platform - a mars - for observing the sea and working with sails. On the tops of the topmasts there are salings installed - platform frames for the removal and fastening of gear.
A yard is a horizontal beam fixed in the middle of a mast or topmast with a special device - a bayfoot - that allows the yard to unfold in a horizontal plane. The yard attached to the topmast can also move along it. Metal rails are attached to the yards, to which straight sails are laced. The yards installed on the tops of the masts are called fore-yards, main-yards, begin-yards; on the topmasts there are topsails; on topmasts - topmost yards; on the boom-bram-topmasts there are bom-bram-yards.
Gaff - an inclined beam to which the upper luff of the trysail is attached. The swivel connection of the gaff heel with the bayfoot on the mast allows the gaff to be deployed in a horizontal plane and moved along the mast. The gaff is lifted by the heel using a gaff-gardel. The toe of the gaff rises and is held in a vertical plane by the dirk halyard. Turning the gaff in a horizontal plane and holding it in the desired position is ensured by erns-backstays.
The boom is a horizontal beam to which the luff of the trysail is attached. The boom is attached at the heel to the bottom of the mast by means of a footfoot in such a way that it can be deployed. The boom is turned around by boom sheets and block hoists; it is held in the vertical plane by the boom topper. Bowsprit - a wooden or metal beam protruding obliquely upward in front of the stem.
The fixed spar is supported in a fixed position by standing rigging gear - shrouds, forestays, backstays and forelocks. Rigging is a set of gear intended for securing a fixed spar and controlling a movable one, for setting and retracting sails, raising flags, signal lights, signs, etc. Rigging is divided into standing and running. Standing rigging includes gear that secures a stationary spar. They are made primarily from rigid steel cables and chains and include:
Shrouds are gear that supports masts and topmasts from the sides. The shrouds that support the topmasts are called shrouds. Their lower ends are attached to the spur of the topmast. Shafts are attached to the shrouds and main-shrouds, which serve to lift people from the mast and topmast.
Stays are cables that secure the masts and topmasts at the front of the ship's DP.
Backstays are cables securing the masts from the back to the sides.
Forduns are cables running from the topmasts back to the sides.
The name of standing rigging gear is formed from two groups of words: first, the mast or topmast, which is supported by this gear, is called, then the name of the gear is added, for example, main-bom-beststay is the forestay that supports the boom-best-topmast of the main mast. All standing rigging gear is tightly covered with turnbuckles.
Running rigging is made from vegetable, synthetic and flexible steel cables. It is divided into running rigging of the spar and running rigging of the sails. The running rigging of the spar serves to control the elements of the movable spar. Through its gear, the spar is raised, lowered, deployed and held in the desired position. Running sail rigging is designed to set, stow and control sails.
The running rigging gear of a sailing vessel includes halyards, nirals, sheets, tacks, gardens and gypsums. Hailards and nyrals are gear by means of which oblique sails - jibs, staysails and topsails - are respectively raised and lowered. Sheets and tacks serve to set sails - they stretch straight and oblique sails towards the sides of the ship. Gordeni and gitova are designed for cleaning straight sails. They proudly pull the luffs of the sails towards the yard. The luff that pulls up the lower luff is called a bull-gorden, and the side luff is called a nok-gorden. The lower corners of the sail are pulled to the yard with gypsum ropes.
At the ends of the yards there are yokes with butts, to which the root ends of the running rigging of the yards - braces and topenants - are attached. The root ends of the halyards are attached to the middle of the yards. Braces are gear with which yards are deployed in a horizontal plane. Topenants support the yards in a vertical plane. The halyards are used to move the yards along the topmast. The names of braces, topenants and halyards depend on the names of the corresponding yards: marsa-braces, bram-braces, bom-bram-braces; marsa-topenants, bom-brahm-topenants; marsa-fal, bram-fal, bom-bram-fal.
The spars and rigging on ships with a mechanical engine depend on the intended purpose of the vessel. Vessels intended for the transportation of general cargo have the most developed spars and rigging. The spar includes cargo and signal masts, a gaff, a stern flagpole, a bow rod, cargo booms, davits and ladders.
Cargo masts are designed primarily for attaching cargo booms. In addition, they are equipped with navigation and signal lights, antennas and devices for raising flags and pennants. Cargo masts can be one-piece or made up of several parts. Fastening cargo masts to the hull and decks is similar to fastening the masts of a sailing ship - using steps and pins. The names of the corresponding masts, their topmasts and rigging are also similar. According to their design, cargo masts can be single, U-shaped and L-shaped, and cargo booms are divided into ordinary, with a lifting capacity of 3-5 tons, and heavy-lift, with a lifting capacity of 10 to 125 tons, and sometimes more.
The ship's rigging is made of steel, plant cables and rigging equipment. Rigging equipment includes: rigging chains, butts, eyes, hooks, turnbuckles, staples, thimbles and other useful things.
Rigging chains are used to maintain various ship structures in a fixed position, make stoppers, steering ropes, handrails, secure deck cargo, etc. They consist of steel links connected by welding. Cast and stamped chains are also used. The shape of the chain links is round and oval (short- and long-link). The thickness, or gauge, of a rigging chain is measured in millimeters of the diameter of the round steel from which the links are made.
Butt - a device for reliable fastening of cables to ship structures. It is an eyelet in a metal strip, a metal ring or half-ring welded to any structure of the vessel. The tackle is usually attached to the butt using a rigging shackle, which is inserted into the butt with a pin.
Rigging hooks are forged steel hooks. Based on their shape and design, there are ordinary hooks, swivel hooks, verb-hooks and snores. Lanyards are used for tightening ship's gear, as well as for reliable fastening while traveling. various items and cargo.
Lanyards can be simple or screw.
Simple lanyards are usually made from vegetable or synthetic cables, which are passed several times between two eyes, triangular thimbles or staples and connected to each other by the running end of the same cable. Such lanyards are used for tightening lightly stressed cables and for securing small cargo items.
Screw lanyards are used to secure gear that is subject to high stress. On ships, mainly twin-screw (open and closed) and swivel lanyards are used.
Rigging shackles are used as elements of equipment and various ship devices. The bracket consists of a back 1, legs 2 with eyes 3 and a pin 4. The pin in the bracket is held by threading at the end of the pin and in one of the eyes or with a cotter pin 6 inserted into holes 7 in the leg and pin. With a threaded connection, the head of the pin has a small butt 5, into which a pile is placed to screw and unscrew the pin. The threaded connection allows you to quickly attach or release rigging gear, a stopper, a block, connect or disconnect rigging chains and cables.
According to the shape of the back, the staples can be straight or rounded. Straight staples are used for any cables, and rounded staples are used only for vegetable and synthetic ones. Clip clamps are used for quickly connecting (splicing) cables and making loops at the ends of the cables.
A thimble is a metal forging product in the form of a ring, a heart-shaped oval or a triangle with a groove (bale) for a cable. The thimbles are embedded in the ends of the cables; they serve to protect the latter from chafing when attached to butts, eyelets, brackets, etc. When connecting cables to butts, eyelets, or to each other with staples, the number of the staple must correspond to the number of the thimble. The thimbles are selected according to the tables given in state standards, depending on the thickness of the cables. The use of thimbles that have cracks, delaminations, cavities, burrs and other defects is not allowed.
Dowels are wooden or metal rods designed for the same purposes as cleats. They are widely used on sailing ships for fastening running rigging.
Racks are metal rings or half rings used for attaching and stretching triangular sails - jibs and staysails.
Yokes are metal rings with or without butts, solid or split. They are used for fastening blocks and cables for various purposes.
Ducks are wooden or metal two-horned planks, rigidly mounted on the bulwarks, mast, superstructures and other structures. They are used for fastening the running ends of cables, signal halyards and other gear.
The verb-hook consists of the hook itself with an elongated folding toe 1 and a butt 2 in the form of an eye, a round fastening link 3, an elongated link 4 and a locking 5 and connecting 6 links connected to it. The latter is embedded in a butt welded to the deck or superstructure. The dimensions of the locking link allow it to be put on the toe of the hook pressed against the extended link after the cable end or a link of the rigging chain is laid on the hook. When the gear attached to the hook is in a tense state, spontaneous release is excluded, but if you knock the locking link off the toe of the hook, the gear is quickly released.

Literature
1. Burkhanov M.V. Navigator's reference book, M.: Transport, 1986.
2. Zamotkin A.P. Maritime practice for a sailor, M.: Transport, 1998.

Section one
SEA KNOTS
1. Straight knot
2. Reef node
3. Double straight knot
4. Flat knot
5. Simple bayonet
6. Bayonet with hose
7. Bayonet with drift
8. Fishing bayonet
9. Tying cables with bayonets
10. Whitening unit
11. Retractable bayonet
12. Buy-rep knot
13. Gazebo knot
14. Double gazebo knot
15. Kalmyk knot
16. Boatswain's knot
17. Welding unit
18. Clew knot
19. Bramlin knot
20. Gintz knot
21. Noose
22. Tightening noose
23. Hook knot
24. Hook assembly with hose
25. Double hook knot
26. Towing unit
27. Cat's paw knot
28. Knot for reducing the length of the sling
29. Knot for reducing the length of the cable (first option)
30. Knot for reducing the length of the cable (second option)
31. Knot for reducing the length of the cable (third option)
32. Figure eight knot (first option)
33. Figure eight knot (second option)
34. Stopper knot
35. Fastening the cable to the bollards
36. Fastening several moorings on a pole
37. Fastening the cable to the duck
38. Fastening the cable to the dowel
39. Fastening the cable to the eye
40. Boat knot
41. Fisherman's knot
42. Fisherman's fire
43. Hail knot
44. Lingering fire
45. Barrel knot first option)
46. ​​Barrel knot (second option)
47. Tying the thrower
49. Top knot (first option)
50. Top knot (second option)
51. Knot for tying reef strings into a sail

Section two
BRANDS AND BENZELS
52. Simple stamp
53. Self-tightening brand
54. Stamp with a snake
55. Punched stamp
56. Half-Beneel
57. Benzel with kryzh
58. Straight (round) benzel

Section three
SPLASH AND FIRE
59. Short splash
60. Combined mold on plant rope
62. Short splash on a steel cable
63. Long (accelerating) splash on a steel cable
64. Simple fire
65. Fire with a thimble
66. Simple fire on a steel cable
67. Ogon with a thimble on a steel cable
68. Combined punching method
69. End clips for steel cables
70. Cutting fire
71. Horseshoe fire

Section four
KNOTS AND MUSINGS
73. Cross
74. Simple button
75. Button without punching
76. Turnbuckle button
77. Stop button
78. Sliding button
79. Musing
80. Braiding musings

Section five
VARIOUS RIGGING WORKS
81. Unraveling the cable coil
82. Device for cleaning grease from steel cable
83. Trenching of cables
84. Cable braiding
85. Strengthening the ends of the cables
86. Weaving seasons
87. Braiding with bayonets
88. Horizontal braid
89. Diagonal braid
90. Braided mat
91. Stuffed mat
92. Figured checkmate
93. Throwing end
94. Oval to round soft fenders
95. Cylindrical fender for boats
96. Fender for towing and icebreaking vessels
97. Cable fender
98. Wooden fender
99. Gazebo for working on masts and pipes
100. Gazebo for outboard work
101. Storm ladder
102. Storm ladder
103. Vegetable rope cargo slings
104. Barrel sling
105. Simple steel cable cargo sling
106. Load sling with lights
107. Load strap with lights for
108. Cattle sling
109. Cargo nets
110. Safety nets
111. Safety nets for cargo hatches
112. Krengels sling
113. Pendant with musings
114. Rubber for bucket
115. Fender pin
116. Anchor rope for grapple anchors
117. Lifeboat steering oar krengel
118. Hook for removing foreign anchor chain or cable from an anchor
119. Deck mop

Section six
WAIST
120. Sharpening blocks
121. Gorden
122. Waists based between two
123. Hoists based between two blocks
124. Hoists based between two double-shank blocks
125. Guinea
126. Cable lanyard

Section seven
BLADES
127. Training patch
128. Stuffed patch
129. Lightweight plaster
130. Chain patch
131. Wooden plaster with soft sides

Section eight
SAILS, COVERS AND OTHER CALUS PRODUCTS
132. Types of seams
133. Eyelets
134. Krengels
135. Sail angles
136. Sails of sailing and sail-motor vessels
137. Sails of lifeboats of sea transport ships
138. Lacing the sail to the rake
139. Cover for work boat
140. Lifeboat cover
141. Method of lacing a boat cover
142. Cover for sailing equipment
143. Case for magnetic compass UKPM
144. Covers for gyrocompasses of the “Kurs” type
145. Cover for the pelorus of the “Kurs” type gyrocompass
146. Cover for cable view
147. Fan covers
148. Cover for the patch
149. Cargo hatch umbrella
150. Deck awning
151. Tarpaulins
152. Oil bag
153. Canvas bucket
154. Floating anchor for boats

§ 5. SPANG AND RIGGING OF A VESSEL WITH A MECHANICAL ENGINE

On transport ships with a mechanical engine, the spar (Fig. 4) is used for attaching cargo booms, installing antennas and various signaling devices. In the general case, the rig of such a vessel consists of cargo masts and half-masts (the so-called cargo columns) with weights attached to them.

Rice. 4. Spar and rigging of a vessel with a mechanical engine:
1 - main topmast; 2 - mainsail shroud; 3 - mainmast; 4 - cargo booms; 5 - flag pole; 6 - main-wall-counter-stay; 7 - main-sten-fordun; 8 - gaff; 9 - main-stay-stay; 10 - half mast; I-pipe-stays; 12 - signal rail; 13 - antenna; 14 - signal halyards; 15 - for-sten-fordun; 16 - fore topmast; 17 - fore-stay-stay; 18 - forestay; 19 - fore-shroud; 20 - foremast

Rice. 5. Signal masts:

a - 1 - mast; 2 - RP antenna; 3 - signal lights; 4 - gaff; 5 - counterstay; 6 - radio antenna; 7 - fire; 8-topmast; 9 - radar antennas; 10 - forestay; I - halyards; b - 1 - mast; 2 - forestay; 3 - signal yard toppers; 4 - antenna rack toppers; 5 - klotik fire;
6 - antenna rack; 7 - topmast; 8 - signal yard; 9 - shrouds; 10 - signal halyards

calling arrows, light signal masts, signal and antenna yards, a stern flagpole and a small gaff on which the state flag is hoisted while moving.

I On ships such as passenger ships, tankers, ore carriers and others that do not have a developed cargo device in the form of ogrely, the spar is either completely absent or is available only in the form of light signal masts (Fig. 5).

] The spar is most widely used on ships intended for the transportation of piece cargo.

On large-capacity dry cargo ships there are up to 20 cargo booms or more. To secure them on the ship, special cargo masts and columns are installed. In this case, signal lights, radio antennas, etc. are located on the topmasts of cargo masts.

Since from a navigation point of view, only two masts are sufficient for this purpose, then on most ships, regardless of their size, as a rule, no more than two cargo masts are installed, to which two, four or five booms are attached. To attach the remaining booms, paired cargo columns-half-masts are installed. Masts are named in the same way as on sailing ships: foremast, mainmast, etc. Cargo columns are simply called bow, stern, or by the frames in the area of ​​which they are installed.

Currently, the most common designs of cargo masts are single and U-shaped.

Both types of masts indicated have corresponding standing rigging. Due to the fact that the wiring of standing rigging often interferes with the operation of cargo booms, on ships recent years buildings there are masts without standing rigging, which are made in the form of:

Single masts of increased diameter; tripod masts; two-legged JI-shaped masts.

To increase the extension of the booms overboard, single masts with shrouds (Fig. 6) usually have a traverse in the lower part, and a strong elongated saling in the upper part. The ends of the traverse are attached to small cargo columns, which also serve as fans, or are mounted on special racks. The spur shoes of light arrows are strengthened on the traverse. These shoes are installed on the mast itself only if the mast is armed with one boom. The outlet blocks of the boom topends and the running ends of the wall cables are attached to the saling. The topmast and mast are usually manufactured as one piece.

Sometimes on ships that often have to pass under bridges, the topmasts are made to descend. In this case, they are installed above the mast and retracted inside it (so-called telescopic masts) or installed near the mast.
like on sailing ships. The lowering and firing of the topmast is carried out using a special tackle - a topmast (Fig. 7). In the raised position, the topmast is held by one or two slings.

U-shaped, or portal, masts (Fig. 8) consist of two half-masts, the tops of which are connected by a traverse, forming a saling. A wall is installed in the middle of the salinga

ha, which, as in a single mast, can be lowered. U-shaped masts are used in cases where it is necessary to install booms with a large extension overboard.

Shoes for boom spurs are installed directly on the half masts. At the tops of the half masts, blocks of boom toppers are also attached.

Single shroudless masts in their own way appearance resemble single masts with shrouds and differ from them in greater massiveness and cross-sectional shape. The cross-section of such masts can be not only round, but also oval or
even square. The topmast and mast are manufactured as one piece and have wall rigging.

Tripod masts are very rarely installed on ships, since the struts that replace the shrouds clutter the deck near the mast. Such masts are used only when installing heavy booms with a lifting capacity of more than 100 tons, or on ships that have only one or two booms and do not carry deck cargo, for example, icebreakers, tugs, etc.

Biped Jl-shaped masts (Fig. 9), which have an elliptical cross-section and are connected at the top by a saling, are widely used on modern ships. The boom spur shoes are attached directly to the mast, and the boom topping blocks are attached to the saling. Jl-shaped masts without rigging can carry up to four booms with a lifting capacity of 3-5 tons.

When armed with heavy booms, the mast is reinforced with removable standing rigging during operation.

The advantage of this type of masts is their lighter weight compared to single masts and the possibility of obtaining a large boom reach.

All cargo masts on transport ships in the majority

cases, they are installed so that the butt of the boom spur and the topping block at the mast are approximately in the same vertical plane. This creates the most favorable conditions for arrow operation.

The lower ends of the masts are in most cases fixed in the pärtners on the upper deck and in the steps installed on

On the tweendeck deck, or in the hold on a double bottom. If the mast passes through cabins that have a solid structure, then the pärtners can be installed on the roof of the cabin, and the steps on the upper deck (Fig. 10).

On small ships, when the masts are armed with arrows of low carrying capacity, the spurs of the masts can be attached directly to the upper deck using three or four brackets welded to the deck, the flooring of which is reinforced and thickened in this place.

Since cargo masts are never installed next to the navigation bridge, for the convenience of flag signaling, several small blocks are attached to the mainstay-stay or the fore-stay-counterstay above the bridge. Signal halyards are passed through these blocks, the running ends of which are attached to the upper bridge or to the wings of the running bridge.

The methods of wiring running rigging and their quantity depend on the location of the masts on the ship, their design and cargo rigging. So, for example, on masts with heavy booms, some gear is made removable and wound up only when working with a heavy boom. For U-shaped masts, if they do not have heavy booms installed in the middle, cross wiring of the cables is very often used to fasten the half-masts.

With this wiring, the guy from the left half-mast is attached to the starboard side, and from the right one - to the left.

Rice. 11 Fastening the running ends of the standing rigging: a - to the butt; b-k vant-putens; 1 - butt; 2 - lanyard; 3 - shrouds

To prevent standing rigging from interfering with cargo operations, they strive to reduce the number of gear by increasing their thickness. On masts armed with heavy booms, the standing rigging is sometimes made double or the cables are replaced with links of steel rod.

The root ends of the gear are attached using staples to specially welded butts on the topmasts and masts. The running ends are attached to lanyards, which are attached to the butts installed directly on the upper deck or spreader, or to the shrouds (Fig. 11). It is advisable to install shrouds on low-deck ships to protect the lanyard from premature wear due to the ingress of sea water.

For lifting onto salings for the purpose of inspecting and lubricating the topping blocks and other parts of the cargo boom armament, clamp ladders made of bar iron are installed on the masts.

A detailed description of the armament and attachment of cargo booms is given in Chapter. IX "Cargo device".

NOTE ON "MARITIME PRACTICES"

1-1.Terminology and purpose of the spar of a modern ship.

A spar is a set of ship structures made of steel pipes or metal beams designed to perform various functions (carrying lights, signs, flags, antennas, cargo devices). The spar includes: masts and booms, bow and stern flagpoles, yard and gaff. On sailing ships, the spar is designed to carry sails, lights and flags. On transport ships, masts are designed to carry lights, signs, flags, antennas and cargo booms. Anchor lights and marks are raised on the bow flagpole. Signal flags and the flag of the host (visiting) country of the vessel are hoisted on the yardarm. The National flag is hoisted on the stern flagpole when the vessel is moored. The National flag is hoisted on a gaff while the ship is moving. Fig.1.

Fig.1 Spar and standing rigging of a vessel with a mechanical engine:

1 – flagpole; 2- mainstay; 3 - gaff; 4 - main-sten-fordun; 5 - cargo booms; 6 main topmast; 7 - mainsail shroud; 8- trot-mast; 9 - main-stay-stay; 10 - half mast; 11 - stay pipes; 12 - top stay;

13- fore-wall-counter-stay; 14 - signal halyards; 15 -for-sten-fordun; 16 - fore-shrouds, 17 - foremast; 18 - for-wall-.ga; 19 - fore-stay; 20 - forestay
1-2.Rigging.

Fixed standing rigging intended for fastening masts and spars is called shrouds (fastened from the sides of the ship) and stays (fastened diametrically to the masts).

Fixed masts include: cargo and signal masts. Lights and signs, flags and antennas are raised on signal masts, and a cargo device is placed on cargo masts, as well as lights and flags. Also standing rigging includes: bow and stern flagpoles. The anchor lights and signs of the ship are raised on the bow flagpole, and the state flag is raised on the stern one when the ship is moored, in a port or in a roadstead. There is also an inclined spar-gaff, located on the signal mast of the ship, on which the state flag is hoisted while the ship is moving.

Rigging is a set of gear designed to control a movable spar for setting and retracting sails, cargo operations, and raising flags and signs.

Movable (running) rigging is located on the cargo device (toppenant, cargo pendant, guys) on boats and ladders (dinghies and gangplanks), and is used for lifting and lowering cargo, as well as turning the boom, for lowering and raising boats and ladders, as well as for opening and closing the ship's holds and tween decks.

^ Running rigging is kept in good technical condition, being constantly lubricated and checked for suitability for work. Lubrication is made with a mixture of grease and graphite powder, called tyrovka. The cables are graded after cleaning them from rust and old grease using steel brushes by applying a thin layer of lubricant. Regularly, before starting cargo operations, cables and other rigging equipment (chains, shackles, hooks, swivels, blocks) are checked for their suitability for work. Check the integrity of the metal wires; if there are 10% broken wires along 8 diameters along the length of the cable, then the cable must be replaced with a new one. If there is wear on hook chains, blocks, and brackets that is 10 percent or more, then such rigging equipment must be replaced. Be sure to check the operation of the limit switches for turning the crane, raising and lowering the cargo boom and cargo pendant.

Maintenance of standing rigging is as follows: regular painting; if rust appears, remove it and then paint the spar; if 10% of the original diameter of the spar is lost, it is necessary to replace this area with a new one, cut out the area damaged by rust and weld in a new one.

Steel cables are used for running and standing rigging on modern ships. These are topnants, pendants, guy ropes, tackle hoists, and whistles for opening and closing holds. Plant ropes are used for minor work (guys, painters, slings, railings).

^1-3. Breaking strength of the cable. The breaking force of the cable is the force on the cable at which the cable breaks. The breaking force is checked at the manufacturer's plant and data on the breaking force is entered into a quality certificate, which is issued to the ship along with the cable and is stored on the ship while the cable is in operation. The certificate also indicates the manufacturer, the material of manufacture, the number of wires in the cable, and the diameter of the cable. The breaking force of the cable is necessary to determine the working load of the cable.

The working load is the load at which the cable operates freely without breaking. To determine the working load of the cable, it is necessary to enter the safety factor of the cable; for cables that perform cargo work (lifting loads), the safety factor is sixfold, and for lifting people, the safety factor is twelvefold. An example of how to determine the working load of a cable: Breaking force of the cable: 60 tons (indicated in the quality certificate) divided by 6 (margin of safety) and we get a working load of 10 tons (60 tons: 6 = 10 tons). To lift people, we introduce a safety factor of 12 and get - 60: 12 = 5 tons. The number 60 is taken as an example; it can be more or less depending on the thickness of the cable.

^ 1- 4 Vessel rigging. Rigging items include hooks, eyes, butts, cleats, blocks, chains, staples, etc. Among the many hooks, it is necessary to pay attention to the cargo hook; its difference is that the nose of the hook is bent inward and therefore it does not cling to ship structures during cargo operations. The hooks must have a stamp indicating the safe working load (SWL). Also, the verb-hook is a hook that can be released under tension, it is used when securing a caravan of timber on the deck of a ship, as well as when securing rafts on the deck of a ship, railings on boats decks and in other similar cases. Fig 2.

Rice. 2. Gaki (A - ordinary simple; b - ordinary turn; V - swivel; G- ship cargo hook; 3 - snoring; e- verb-hack): 1 - butt; 2 - back; 3 - toe hook

The butt is a powerful structure welded to the deck or ship structure, which can withstand a load twice as large as the eye. An eye is a ring that is mounted into the butt and is used for minor loads. Thimbles are used in the manufacture of fires on steel and plant cables to prevent wear of the cable. Fig.3.

Rice. 3. Eye-2 and butt - 1. Thimbles - 3.
The blocks can be single-pulley or multi-pulley; from two blocks you can make a hoist for lifting a load. Caniface block, this is a block with a folding part (cheek) is used when it is necessary to insert the cable into the block not from the end, but from its middle. The blocks must be marked with a test mark and trademark manufacturer. Fig.4.

Fig.4 Blocks:

A - single pulley (1 - suspension; 2 - binding; 3 - flow, 4 - pulley; 5 -nog; 6 - liner; 7 - device for fastening the main end of the cable); b- cargo (7 - suspension; 2 - binding; 3 - frame; 4 - pulley); V- rosin block (1 - pendant; 2 - fitting; 3 - pulley; 4 - dowel; 5 - body; 6 - rotary stopper; 7 - folding part).
1-5. Hoists and hoists, their use on a ship. A gorden is a lifting device consisting of a single-pulley block fixed motionless and a cable (pendant) passed through it. The gorden gives a convenient direction of traction without any gain in strength. Used to change the direction of lifting a load. Fig.5.

Rice. 5. Gorden

A hoist is a lifting device with a manual or mechanical drive, consisting of two blocks through which a steel or plant cable passes; its running end is called a shovel. According to the purpose of the hoists, they are distinguished: sloop hoists (for raising and lowering boats), rumnel hoists (steering control), grab hoists (lifting small weights). Fig.6.

Rice. 6. Hoist base (A - 4-pin; b - 6-pulley):

I - block with devices for fastening the main end of the cable;

II - second block; 1-7 - cable wiring sequence
Multi-pulley hoists provide a good gain in strength and are therefore used in lifting mechanisms, especially on heavy booms and crane booms. When lifting a load of 60 tons, the load on the winch will be no more than 20 tons. Multi-pulley hoists or hoists are used on cranes and floating cranes for lifting large loads; they have two 8- or 12-pulley blocks that allow lifting loads from 100 to 2000 tons .

Figure 7 shows the use of guineas on a heavy arrow.

Rice. 7.Heavy cargo device with a reversible boom with a lifting capacity of up to 300 tons (Stülken system).

1-6.Safety when working with rigging equipment. First of all, the tool for work must be in good working order and suitable for work. You cannot use eyelets to secure the cargo hook, because The eye is much weaker than the butt and when the load boom pendant or hook is pulled, the eye is destroyed and can injure workers. When using hoists, it is necessary to make sure that the butt to which the hub or hoists are attached must be securely fastened, which prevents the hub from falling along with the load and injuring working people. Before using staples, chains, blocks, the degree of wear of the working surfaces and swivels should be checked; wear should not exceed 10% of the original diameter. When making a fire and using a pile, you cannot stand opposite the person working with the pile because very often the pile slips off the cable and can injure the person standing opposite. When cutting strands of a metal cable, the chisel should have a welded handle or an elongated one, so as not to injure the hands of the person holding the chisel. It is necessary to work with glasses and gloves; a hydraulic cable cutter is safe.
Topic No. 2. Technical operation hull and premises of the ship.

^1-7. Tools used to maintain the vessel. The following tools are used to care for the vessel: picks, scrapers, metal brushes, paint brushes, rollers. As well as mechanical tools: pneumatic turbines, pneumatic hammers, pneumatic chisels, etc.

On large areas, mechanical turbines and mechanical brushes are used, and in corners and narrow areas, pneumatic hammers and chisels are used, after which the surface is thoroughly cleaned with metal brushes and, if necessary, degreased with a solvent. Only after this is the surface ready for application of primer, which is usually applied in 2-3 layers, and then 2 layers of enamel or epoxy paint. To apply paint, brushes are used (fly brush, flute brush, angled brush, marking brush), as well as rollers different sizes for applying paint. On large pre-prepared surfaces, pneumatic paint sprayers are used.

To remove cement residues ( white coating) use “cement remover” liquid, it is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:4, applied to the surface, and then washed off with water, this liquid is toxic, so you must protect your respiratory organs and eyes. If there is a coating of rust on the metal, it can be removed using a rust remover; a thick layer of rust must be removed mechanically. To remove rust stains on paint, use a solution of oxalic acid, followed by rinsing with water.

^1-8. Paints and varnishes, primers, putties. Varnishes are solutions of natural and synthetic resins or their compounds with oil and other substances in some volatile solvent. Depending on the film-forming base, varnishes can be oil, alkyd, bitumen, nitrocellulose, polyvinyl, epoxy, etc. They are used in their pure form for coating wooden and metal structures, and for the preparation of various enamel paints. Alkyd-based varnishes PF-283 and GF-166 are used for coating wooden and metal surfaces. Oil paints use natural and artificial drying oil as a film former. Enamel paints are prepared using varnishes; when dry, the enamels form a hard, shiny, glossy surface. Emulsion paints are quick-drying with reduced flammability and increased frost resistance, which are prepared using latexes (rubber copolymers). Special paints are antifouling, acid and alkali resistant. They are used to paint the underwater part of the ship's hull in order to prevent them from becoming overgrown with microorganisms.

^ Primers and putty. Primers are the lower layers of paint and varnish coatings, i.e. layers applied directly to the surface to be painted. The main purpose of the primer is to protect the metal surface from corrosion and ensure good adhesion to subsequent layers of paint. Primers must have low viscosity in order to penetrate into all pores of the primed surface, high anti-corrosion and water resistance. Primers are distinguished for metals and light alloys, non-ferrous alloys and wood. Oil primers are used to prime surfaces that are then painted with oil paints. To prime metal surfaces above the waterline, use a mixed primer consisting of lead and iron lead. To prime wooden surfaces, the primer is diluted with linseed oil in a ratio of 1:2. Zinc white is widely used for priming galvanized surfaces and light alloy structures. Protective primers have protective properties, which are based on the fact that the metal being painted becomes a cathode and does not corrode, and the metal pigment (zinc dust) is exposed to corrosion.

Putties are thick putties for smoothing out unevenness and roughness on the surface to be painted. The main components of the putty are a filler - powdered chalk and a film former - drying oil or varnish. Depending on the film-forming agent, putties can be oil-based, varnish-based, clay-based, epoxy, etc.

^ 1-9 Preparing the surface for painting and painting various surfaces. Before resuming painting, steel surfaces are cleaned of loose paint and rust. Depending on the size of the corroding surface, it is beaten with picks or pneumatic hammers. For loose paint, scrapers, steel brushes, mechanical brushes and turbines are used. The metal must be upholstered in such a way that after this there are no nicks, burrs or nicks that increase corrosion. Particular attention is paid to cleaning metal joints and welds and various indentations on the metal. The cleaned surface must be wiped with a rag, and if there are oil stains, then wiped with a solvent.

Galvanized and aluminum surfaces should be cleaned with extreme care, avoiding damage to the zinc coating and oxide film, as this leads to rapid corrosion of the metal. Therefore, it is better to clean them with scrapers and brushes. Aluminum surfaces should be cleaned with aluminum scrapers.

Before painting, wooden surfaces must be dry, clean, smooth, without glue swelling, grease or oil stains. The moisture content of the wood before painting should not be more than 15%. Previously painted wooden surfaces clean off loose old paint with scrapers or sandpaper. After sanding, the surface is opened 1-2 times natural drying oil, to which dry ocher is added to create roughness, which promotes better paint application.

Before painting, you need to prepare the paint composition and the desired color. When mixing paints, you must remember that not all paints can be mixed with each other. To avoid coagulation, oil-based paints and paints containing white spirit should not be added to nitro paints. Emulsion paints do not mix with epoxy paints. Due to the fact that many paints are toxic and flammable, precautions must be taken when preparing them.

^1-10. Manual and mechanized painting of surfaces. Manual painting of the surface is done using brushes and rollers. Mechanical painting is painting using a spray gun. Shipyards and ship repair plants use special painting machines that take up large area for painting and apply paint evenly to the surface of the ship's hull.

Manual painting consists of the following: a brush or roller is dipped into the paint, then the excess paint is removed by wiping the brush on a board or bucket body, and only then the paint is applied to the surface without splashing it on the deck. When painting with a roller, make the following movements: dip the roller in the paint and then, without removing it from the bucket, roll out the excess paint on a board located inside the bucket and only after that begin painting the surface.

To operate the spray gun, it is necessary to prepare a sufficient amount of surface for painting, and then prepare the spray gun for work and prepare the person (cover the face generously with Vaseline, wear clothes that cover the entire body). When painting, avoid getting paint on rubber seals, portholes, lighting fixtures, lubricating the glass with grease or sticking paper on it.

^ 1-11. Ship cleaning on a ship. The cleaning procedure is determined by the chief mate together with the ship's doctor.

Daily cleaning are carried out by the ship's crew in their departments and in their personal cabins every day in the morning.

Sanitary emergencies are carried out under the guidance of the chief mate and the ship's doctor. During a sanitary emergency, they do a wet tidy of the entire cabin, including bulkheads and ceilings. The bedding is taken to the deck, where it is cleaned and aired. Cabinets, lockers and drawers are cleared of unnecessary items and washed. Ship decks are also thoroughly washed from top to bottom, with bulkheads and decks washed. Before starting to wash the vessel, all ship mats are collected and prepared for washing. At the end of washing the vessel, the portholes are washed with fresh water and then wiped with a special solution. After washing, all copper parts are polished to a shine. Sanitary emergency operations are carried out once a month and are timed to coincide with the arrival of the ship at the port or after a long stay of the ship in the port. Throwing trash, rags or highly soapy water overboard is prohibited. Draining soapy water into the toilet is prohibited because... it kills bacteria in the fecal system, and the water can be drained into the sink. After a ship leaves the port, a lot of garbage usually accumulates on the ship, so plastic and large garbage are burned in the ship's incinerator, and small garbage and food waste are thrown overboard, in accordance with the requirements of the MARPOL 73/78 convention.

^ 1-12. Disinfection and disinsection of the vessel. Disinfection carried out daily and in special cases at the direction of the ship's doctor or chief mate, daily disinfection is carried out in common areas to disinfect toilets, baths, baths, swimming pools, etc. The purpose of daily disinfection is to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases on the ship. When fungal diseases or scabies appear, as well as in severe infectious diseases the patient is isolated, and his things and bed linen are sanitized.

Pest control carried out by the crew under the direction of the ship's doctor or chief mate for destruction harmful insects(flies, cockroaches, bedbugs, etc.). When they appear on the ship, dry and wet disinfestation is carried out. Dry is the spraying of various toxic powdered preparations (chlorophos, karbofos, dichlorvos). Wet disinfestation is carried out with a sodium hydroxide solution or a lime-kerosene emulsion. If necessary, SES also performs gas disinfestation using chloropicrin and dechloritane.

^ Deratization of the vessel, obtaining a certificate. Deratization is carried out by SES operators with the aim of exterminating rodents (rats, mice) by fumigating (gassing) the premises with toxic substances: sulfur dioxide, chloropecrin, methyl bromide. The ship is moored to a special berth in the port. The premises are tightly closed and sealed, food products are removed, the crew is evicted from the ship for the duration of the gasification, and the watch is maintained on shore. Vessel deratization is carried out 2 times a year for foreign vessels, for others - 1 time a year. If there are no rodents on the ship, the ship is exempt from rodent control and a certificate is issued. The deratization certificate is an international document that is presented at the request of the port sanitary services.

Fumigation- this is the destruction of cargo pests, it is carried out on the ship after loading the ship with food products (grain, cakes, tapioca, etc.). Under current conditions, fumigation is carried out on the voyage without eviction of the crew.