Main directions of state industrial policy. Industrial policy of the Russian Federation

State industrial policy is a program of government action to develop industry, and today not so much industry, but also the real sector of the economy as a whole. All developed countries of the world have their own traditions of industrial policy 5, p.104.

In Russia, industrial policy has its own history. In Soviet times, it went through the stage of strict centralized directive management. Today Russia is a country with a market economy, and this is forever.

There are two approaches to the essence of industrial policy.

One - radical liberal - is that there should be no industrial policy as such in the national economy. This is an extreme position. It hardly looks convincing, if only because the very mechanisms and institutions of the market economy in Russian case far from ideal yet.

The second approach gravitates towards the traditions of a nationalized economy, departmental administration, and an exclusively budgetary subsidy mechanism. Obviously, this approach is also far from the requirements of life.

In the new industrial policy, the Russian government does not use any tools that other developed countries, the liberality of whose economies are not in doubt, would not use.

The main goal of Russian industrial policy is for Russia to achieve a high level of national competitiveness. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop industrial policy using:

• - a strategic approach, an example of which is the development of pipeline infrastructure;
• - consolidation of assets in key industries;
• - public private partnership;
• - localization of production;
• - the “three X” principle: investment, innovation, integration.

Industrial policy is designed to solve the following main groups of problems:

• 1) extreme disorganization of the reproduction mechanism, first of all, financially, scientifically and innovatively, personnel, and nature management;
• 2) limited opportunities legislative and legal instruments of the state;
• 3) structural imbalances in the economy.

Industrial policy solves a dual problem. On the one hand, the task of opportunistic modernization of the economy by solving its most pressing current problems and stimulating economic growth. On the other hand, the task of determining a long-term strategy economic development countries .

Three main directions of industrial policy can be distinguished:

• 1. Innovation policy that promotes the interaction of business and scientific-innovative structures, the formation of innovative incentives economic activity.
• 2. Structural policy that stimulates intersectoral, intersectoral and interregional capital flows to financially support the restructuring of the sectoral and territorial structure of industry in accordance with the goals of industrial policy.
• 3. Investment policy that ensures and stimulates capital investment in the development of production and production infrastructure.

In general, the goals and values ​​of industrial policy, which we consider the most important and related to the real challenges of Russian reality, could look like this:

• 1. Sustainable economic development, which requires the creation of mechanisms for state legal and economic regulation of industrial development.
• 2. Creation of a public-state mechanism for the formation and implementation of industrial policy, including a system of government bodies, functions and instruments, a legally defined equal dialogue between business and government.
• 3. Stimulation and inclusion of market mechanisms for industrial development, such as ensuring advanced exploration of mineral deposits, financing of applied and fundamental science, R&D, personnel training 15, p. 88.
• 4. Transition to a regionally zoned approach to stimulating industrial development, taking into account the large size and climatic characteristics of the country.
• 5. State support for Russian exports, changing the structure of exports towards products with a high value added rate.
• 6. Support for knowledge-intensive industry.
• 7. Support for the modernization of fixed assets during the transition period.
• 8. Stimulating domestic demand, import substitution, leasing, including state-owned equipment.

Industrial policy is a set of actions of the state as an institution taken to influence the activities of economic entities (enterprises, corporations, entrepreneurs, etc.), as well as certain aspects of this activity related to the acquisition of factors of production, organization of production, distribution and sales of goods and services in all phases of the life cycle of an economic entity and the life cycle of its products.

In this concept of industrial policy, its object is the producer of goods and services (manufacturing enterprise, corporation, individual entrepreneur). This approach differs from the traditional understanding of industrial policy, according to which its object is usually considered to be large industrial and technological complexes, giant corporations or industries, usually consisting of large, capital-intensive industries. However, the structural changes that have occurred in recent decades - the development of new production technologies, financial instruments, organizational structures, globalization of production, trade and finance, the increasing role of knowledge, information and technology in production processes, etc. - all this makes the traditional idea of ​​the object of industrial policy limited and inadequate.

The subject of industrial policy is the state, and not just any political power, and the state of the modern type is an abstract corporation that has its own legal entity, distinct from the personality of the rulers, which includes the government apparatus and the body of citizens (subjects), but does not coincide with either one, has clearly defined boundaries and exists only on on the basis of recognition by other states. Industrial policy is an attribute of a modern state and, as such, is not characteristic of other types of political organization (such as tribes, feudal hierarchies, pre-industrial empires, “failed states” 14, p. 80.

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF COMMUNICATIONS

Povolzhsky Branch

Faculty: Informatization, economics and management

Department: “Economic Theory”

COURSE WORK

By discipline

"State regulation of the economy"

“The concept of modern industrial policy of the Russian Federation”

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Fiscal policy

1.2 Tax policy

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

From the late 80s to the early 90s, our country, once again making a sharp 180-degree turn in the history of its development, set a course for market transformations, declaring the construction of a “civilized” market as its main priority. Using the experience of developed capitalist countries, the government adopted a liberal market model, relying on the efficiency and self-regulation of market mechanisms.

In the hope that the “invisible hand of the market” is quite capable of carrying out structural transformations and bringing the Russian economy to a new, better stage of development, the state took measures to create the institution of private property as a fundamental component of the market and reduce the influence of the state itself on the relationships of subjects within market economy.

However, the liberalization of the pricing process fully revealed all the structural distortions of the Soviet economy, resulting in high inflation, budget deficits, impoverishment of the population and stagnation of production. Under these conditions, the government set a course for financial stabilization. But the subsequent well-known events of August 1998 they safely buried the “achievements” of financial stabilization and all eyes turned to the real sector for its full support. One of the main conditions for exiting the protracted economic crisis, stabilization and industrial growth was recognized as “the revival of the real sector of the economy and, first of all, its most important link - industry.”

Meanwhile, the situation in Russia is such that the existence of some very important industries may cease in the near future, since at the moment they are outside the opportunistic interests of financial capital and are not supplied with much-needed investments, and by the time these industries become in demand, they will simply it won't be anymore. And this is not acceptable for the economic and social development of our country within the framework of the world economy. Therefore, it is in this situation that thoughtful and effective state regulation of the structure of production in the long term is necessary.

Thus, the state needs to take under its wing not only rule-making, but also the definition, forecasting and implementation of mechanisms for developing and improving the structure social production, develop a set of long-term measures aimed at strategic regulation of economic processes for the development of priority industries. It is to solve these problems that such an instrument of government influence on the economy as industrial policy is aimed.

Relevance of this topic course work is due to the fact that currently the problem of developing a meaningful industrial policy in the Russian Federation is very important, since the further development of the country will depend on it. This is confirmed by a discussion in which the industrial, scientific, political communities, and federal industrial ministries participate. Such attention to this issue is due to the fact that during the ten-year period of economic reforms in the country, almost the only task was financial stabilization, as a condition for a massive influx of foreign and private capital into the Russian economy. No goals of economic growth or active industrial policy were set as such. At least they were not even secondary. To a large extent, the listed problems have been solved to one degree or another over time. However, neither the President of the country in his official speeches, nor business, nor the population can be satisfied with the pace and prospects of economic growth.

When limiting the subject of analysis and subsequent proposals to industry, industrial development, industrial policy, it is necessary to keep in mind that we are talking about the sphere of national production of material goods, material products. This limitation does not contradict the problem of the historical stage of post-industrial modernization of the country, since the informatization of industry, the increase in the share of intellectual-intensive product (intellectual property) in the structure of production, and the modernization of industry are included in the system of goals and values ​​in the proposed approaches. There is no contradiction with the mission of public administration, since in the inextricable context of the proposed consideration there are issues of social and humanitarian responsibility of the state, issues of national security, the logic of the country's political choice of the last decade - a market economy, the country's entry into the world economy.

The development of market relations in Russia and its regions has actualized the problem of developing and implementing a sound and carefully thought-out industrial policy. IN modern conditions regional policy in the industrial sector requires two-level structuring. On the one hand, this should be the policy of regional authorities, the core of which is activities aimed at reproduction by ensuring optimal interaction of factors - resources in the industrial sector on the territory of each specific region and institutional provision of its advantages for the development of priority industries. The effective organization of such activities can relatively quickly stabilize the situation in industry throughout the country as a whole.

On the other hand, this should be the policy of the federal center. Its role is to create such all-Russian macroeconomic institutional conditions that would contribute to the development of a regional initiative to build industrial potential. Another task of the federal center in this regard is to stimulate the development of the most significant industrial sectors for the country's economy.

The purpose of this work is to study the essence of industrial policy, its role in the development of Russia today.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Study the essence of industrial policy and its tools.

2. Consider the concept of industrial policy and the stages of its development.

3. Study the main directions of implementation of industrial policy in Russia.

The subject of research in this course work was the development and implementation of industrial policy in Russia. The object of the study is the industrial policy of the Russian Federation.

The course work consists of an introduction, three theoretical chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The first chapter gives general characteristics industrial policy, its instruments are considered: budgetary, tax, monetary, institutional, foreign economic, investment and innovation policies. The second chapter examines the stages of development of industrial policy, prospects for the development of technological specialization of industry, and regional industrial policy. The third chapter analyzes the role of the state in the formation of economic and industrial policy in Russia, the principles of formation of industrial policy: domestic and world practice.

To write this course work, scientific and practical works of modern domestic and foreign economists were used: Artemov A., Brykin A., Shumaev V., Begar V.V., Bose E., Vasiliev V.P., Vinslav Yu., Tsvetkov V. . and others.

CHAPTER 1. ESSENCE OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY, ITS INSTRUMENTS

According to the Concept of Industrial Policy developed by the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, industrial policy is a set of measures carried out by the state in order to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic industry and form it modern structure that contributes to the achievement of these goals. Industrial policy is carried out in the general mainstream of state economic policy aimed at structural transformations and growth of social production.

The goals and priorities of industrial policy are developed on the basis of strategic guidelines set for the production and commercial activities of market entities, as well as for the social activities of the state.

There are several industrial policy instruments, among which the most interesting to study are: budgetary, tax, monetary, institutional, foreign economic and investment policies. These tools will be discussed in detail below.

1.1 Fiscal policy

Budget policy is one of the main instruments of both industrial policy and the economic policy of the state as a whole. The effectiveness of budget policy is assessed by the performance of executive authorities in relation to the main directions of budget policy: collection of budget revenues and tax revenues in particular; fulfillment of budget obligations; managing the budget deficit and public debt.

It is clear that the state of public finances has a decisive impact on the real economy, both in terms of fulfilling budget obligations and as a stimulator for increasing investment activity and reorienting financial flows from speculative financial markets to the sphere of material production.

Budget policy determines and regulates the revenue and expenditure parts of the government federal budget. Revenue part is compiled on the basis of such items as tax revenues, non-tax revenues (income from privatization, from state property management, from foreign economic activity), income from targeted budget funds.

The instruments of budget policy in terms of budget expenditures are as follows: financing of the sphere of material production, science, socio-cultural sphere, financing of foreign economic activity of the state (state loans, payment of interest and servicing of external debt, provision of free assistance to participants in foreign economic activity, foreign trade of state enterprises), centralized financing of public needs (defense, public administration, maintenance of law enforcement agencies), creation of reserve federal monetary funds, servicing state internal debt, investing in the development of the production base, grants, subsidies, financing of priority production and socio-economic activities.

1.2 Tax policy

Taxes are the main source of budget revenue. However, their function is not limited to just a fiscal nature. For the effective implementation of industrial policy, it is also necessary to take into account the incentive and distribution functions of taxes. Since collecting taxes only for the purpose of increasing budget revenues is economically incorrect, it is necessary, when establishing different tax rates, the procedure for their collection and benefits, to also take into account their impact on the development of priority industries and support for non-competitive, but socially significant industries.

Taxes have a strong impact on the structure and amount of costs of enterprises, as well as on the amount of net profit remaining for enterprises and, ultimately, on the amount of investment spent on the development, re-equipment and maintenance of the competitiveness of the goods produced by these enterprises, and therefore on the competitiveness of industries and the country in general, both in the domestic and foreign markets. Therefore, you should not abuse the fiscal part of taxes, but you should use incentive and distribution functions more widely.

Also, within the framework of tax policy, the main subjects of taxation in the production chain of creation and promotion of goods are determined and, by transferring the main tax burden on one or another of its links, the state has the opportunity to stimulate or limit them in accordance with the chosen priorities of industrial policy. The tax policy tools include: setting by the state the amount (rate) of taxes and the taxation procedure, determining the tax base and its subjects, tax benefits, expedited order depreciation, tax credits and tax exemptions.

1.3 Monetary and financial policies

An important direction in the implementation of industrial policy is regulation by the state of the sphere of monetary circulation. The form of organization of monetary circulation in a country is called the monetary system, which includes the national currency, the scale of prices, the system of credit and paper money, and the institutions of the monetary system.

Since in modern economies not only money is widely used, but also its derivatives (including non-cash payments and borrowing), the monetary system in its pure form does not exist and it is customary to talk about the monetary system. This is where monetary policy comes from - an instrument of the general economic policy of the state, aimed at the operational impact of the latter on the monetary system.

The profit remaining at the disposal of enterprises goes not only to encourage staff, investments, but also to accumulation. And since these savings are made with a view to the long term, they turn out to be temporarily unoccupied in the production process. Considering that not all companies currently have sufficient cash coverage for their production, there is a demand on their part for free cash. Thus, the presence of temporarily free funds on the one hand and demand for them on the other gives rise to their redistribution, i.e. financial market (financial relations).

And since, as is well known, additional financial resources are needed not only by individual enterprises, but also by the state, there is a need to implement financial policy - the total government measures activities aimed at mobilizing financial resources, their distribution and use. Main government agencies These policies are carried out by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (monetary policy) and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (financial policy).

The instruments of monetary policy are: operations on the open market (stock, foreign exchange), regulation of the discount rate (in Russia this is the refinancing rate), establishment of norms for required reserves of commercial banks, control and restrictions on certain species loans (secured loan, mortgage loan, consumer loan, etc.). Financial policy instruments – government issue valuable papers to secure and service public debt, issue loans for the development of production, regulate and control financial markets and financial circulation, operational management of public funds.

1.4 Institutional policies

Institutional and legislative reforms aimed at improving property relations, stimulating the transition of enterprises to modern forms of business organization, developing competition between market entities, etc. are important for the state to implement targeted industrial policy. Institutional policy implies the formation of a legal and organizational environment consistent with market principles and the objectives of industrial policy, the establishment of a common order and rules of conduct for all economic entities.

Institutional policy includes the reform of enterprises in accordance with the modern structure of the economy, the development and comprehensive support of small businesses, the formation of large competitive corporate and holding entities (in particular financial and industrial groups), carrying out measures to transfer state property into private ownership (privatization) or vice versa (nationalization), legislative formation and support of new market institutions. The arsenal of institutional policy consists of such tools as: various licenses, regulations, rule-making, the formation of effective organizational and economic structures, the transformation of property relations, providing market processes with an appropriate legal framework, developing the legal framework for the creation, operation and liquidation of enterprises, including through the procedure bankruptcy.

1.5 Foreign economic policy

Since Russia is in direct contact with other states that have their own national interests, in this regard the world market is similar to the national one, only in addition to the already known entities - households and firms - countries with their economic and political needs appear here. In order not to get lost in other people's interests and needs and to defend its own, the state pursues a foreign economic policy within the framework of a general industrial policy, which is aimed at regulating economic relations with other countries participating in the world market.

The goal of foreign economic policy is to improve the country’s position in the world economy, participate in the international division of labor, support domestic producers in world markets and the markets of other countries and protect them in the domestic market. The main strategic task of foreign economic policy is to create favorable foreign economic conditions for expanded reproduction within the country.

State regulation externally economic activity covers the sphere of foreign economic cooperation, the sphere of foreign trade, and the foreign exchange policy of the state. There is an extensive set of foreign economic policy instruments - these are measures to stimulate exporters (export credits, benefits, customs and tax exemptions for exports, subsidies, government guarantees for export supplies), import or export restrictions (customs tariffs, quotas, anti-dumping investigations, the establishment of technological and environmental standards and standards), measures to attract or restrict access of foreign investment to the country’s economy, changes in trade duties, membership in international economic organizations, the creation of special customs regimes and preferences, customs unions.

1.6 Investment and innovation policy

Investments - long-term investments of capital with the aim of making a profit - are a necessary component of the effective development of any enterprise and are a prerequisite for the economic growth of the country's economy as a whole. For private companies, the source of investment is their own (profit, depreciation), borrowed (credits, loans) and attracted (enterprise shares) funds. Public investments are financed by tax revenues to the budget and budget funds, profits of government organizations, and the issuance of internal and external loans.

Investments are a very fickle substance. The amount of investment fluctuates constantly. Therefore, the investment policy pursued by the state should be aimed at ensuring the stability of investment in the national economy. The main objectives of investment policy are to increase the scientific and production potential of the domestic industry, to solve social problems society, ensuring uniform development National economy, regulation of capital accumulation in various sectors of the economy.

Innovation policy is a type of investment policy. It is aimed at ensuring state regulation of the processes of creation, input, operation and subsequent disposal of innovations in the national economy, i.e. regulates the flow of investment resources aimed at the development and creation of technological innovations to maintain the progressive technological base of the domestic industry.

CHAPTER 2. CONCEPT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY

2.1 Stages of industrial policy development

Based on the marketing basis of industrial policy, we can assume the following stages of its development and implementation:

1. Development of product specialization of industry and its clarification, recommended to the industrial complex for future development, following which not only creates conditions for the effective development of commercial structures, but also serves as an object of state support. This information will make it possible to assess the achieved and expected economic results of production and exchange of goods, prospects for the development of markets for these goods in the short and medium term, and to develop a state strategy for industrial development.

2. Formation of a promising group of goods (product groups), the production of which can become effective subject to certain support measures (promising product specialization). These product groups are being developed to take urgent measures to stimulate entry into the relevant product markets; to develop a long-term strategy for industrial development.

Information on these product groups contains proposals for expanding access to product markets. It is drawn up in the form of a list of progressive goods, indicating for each of them possible sales markets, their capacity and government support and incentive measures, expected income for them and budget replenishment. Analysis and synthesis of this information will make it possible to formulate promising areas of industrial policy and link them with the investment program.

3. Formation of proposals for the development of domestic Russian markets for industrial and non-industrial goods. These proposals reflect the indicative dynamics of domestic consumption of industrial products for production and non-production purposes, associated with the growth of purchasing power and the revival of reproduction processes. They are developed on the basis of the information noted in paragraph 1 and forecasts for the development of domestic commodity markets. The need for goods sold on this market is largely met by regional industry. This group includes consumer goods, industrial goods consumed by enterprises, etc.

4. Development of production of commodity and technological specialization of Russian industry. Industrial policy in the development of these industries may consist of finding ways to improve the quality of goods (services), reduce their costs with the aim of technical re-equipment of enterprises, and the use of domestic and foreign advanced technology (possibly changing the set of basic technologies).

The formation of this direction of industrial policy is carried out through the development of effective technological schemes production of goods based on advanced technologies, development of business plans and investment programs of industrial enterprises. The criteria for assessing their effectiveness can be the prices and quality of similar foreign products, taking into account customs policy.

5. Formation of a state investment program for industrial development. This program determines the product areas of targeted investments corresponding to the product specialization of the industry, specific objects of investment, sizes, sources and efficiency of investments. The investment program is a tool for regulating structural changes and stems from the commodity and technological specialization of the economy.

6. Development of foreign economic relations. This section contains an analysis of existing goods, their assessment and development of proposals for the commodity expansion of Russian industry, a list of regions and countries for the export and import of goods for effective trade exchange is provided; the policy of Russia's participation in the international division of labor is being formed.

In order to enter world markets with Russian goods in conditions of economic depression, it is necessary to create a state mechanism to support exporters. To do this, it is necessary to develop a policy of economically beneficial relationships with other partners: CIS countries, near and far abroad.

2.2 Prospects for the development of technological specialization of industry

To regulate structural transformations of industrial production based on maximizing market results and developing product specialization of the industrial complex, it is necessary to carry out:

Marketing research to identify the needs of the above-mentioned markets for goods, identify promising products of Russian producers and opportunities to enter markets, taking into account the time factor;

Assessing the efficiency of production and sales of planned products by industrial enterprises in Russia;

Optimization of investments in the production and technological base for the production of selected products marketing research goods subject to reasonable production efficiency requirements and restrictions on use natural resources.

The formation of product specialization should ensure targeted structural restructuring of industry with a focus on the production of competitive goods that are in stable demand. For Russian industry this issue has not yet been resolved. At the same time, market conditions and the existing production and scientific potential make it possible to develop industry in the following directions:

Strengthening its focus on domestic markets for high-tech products and cost-effective product markets;

Ensuring domestic consumer demand for industrial goods and services.

Commodity and technological specialization is based on the existing material and technical base, taking into account its sufficient scientific and technical level and scientific groundwork for development, the need for the fullest use of potential and real opportunities for the production of competitive products. This is also reflected in industrial policy, which ensures the concentration of society's resources in selected areas of economic development and is implemented through a long-term industrial development program. State regulation creates conditions for targeted restructuring of industry based on the effective use of accumulated, developing and attracted scientific and technical potential and investments.

The Russian industrial development program should be implemented in stages using a system of economic levers and incentives:

1. It is necessary to restore the leading position of Russian commodity producers in the Russian market of industrial goods and services.

2. Russian industrial goods must regain their place in the CIS markets.

3. Russian industrial goods must enter the markets of Eastern Europe and developing countries.

4. Russian industrial goods must be sold in sufficient quantities on the markets of developed capitalist countries.

At each stage, the criterion for evaluating goods is their competitiveness.

Russian industry has sufficient priority to enter certain world markets with a number of goods, perhaps somewhat overlooked earlier. These are the arms and aerospace markets. The technological specialization of the industrial complex is primarily manifested in the sectoral structure. In market conditions, it is determined by a set of basic technologies focused on the production of specific types of products, the state of the material and technical base of production, scientific and technological, patent and licensing reserves, own or obtained through scientific cooperation. The development of specific industries is carried out on the basis of business plans and investment programs.

Investment programs for the technical development of enterprises should provide for a qualitative change in their technical level, ensuring a transition to a new technological structure. This requirement may be put forward when implementing measures of state support for industrial enterprises. Commercial enterprises that effectively operate in commodity markets and do not need protectionist measures themselves maintain the required technical level of production through their own investments. The conditions and support measures in question do not apply to them.

To implement an effective investment policy based on the developed product and technological specialization, it is necessary:

Develop a system of criteria for socio-economic and technological assessment of investment programs of enterprises and their selection for implementation;

Develop a lending mechanism investment activities and its use as the main source of investment resources or the use of other financial sources;

Design an economic scheme for financing investment programs based on the equity participation of various categories of investors, taking into account maximizing the interests of the state;

Develop a system of economic support for investment programs and projects carried out with the participation of foreign external investors;

Create a permanent system for monitoring the implementation of investment programs, taking into account the resources of the state investment program;

Create a legislative framework and mechanism for imposing sanctions for violations contractual obligations in the field of urban investment.

2.3 Development of regional industrial policy

The development of industry in the former USSR was carried out in accordance with the “Scheme for the allocation of productive forces of the USSR” systematically, taking into account the efficient use of natural and labor resources, the convenience of transporting goods from producers to consumers, and leveling the levels of regional economic development. As a result of its implementation, a certain territorial structure of industry, technological and product specialization of the economy of the constituent entities of the federation have now emerged. On its basis, interregional trade flows are formed, the development of which is carried out on the basis of studying the regions' needs for goods and services from external producers and the financial capabilities of consumers, taking into account maximizing effective trade exchange.

It seems that the function of regulating the structure of industry should be effectively performed by the regions of Russia themselves on the basis of the market movement of goods and the conclusion of interregional agreements on the exchange of goods. The implementation of these operations is ensured by the existing primary statistical information.

The production of goods that meet their own needs deserves the greatest attention in the regions. These can be a wide range of goods related to the development of enterprises of national economic specialization in the region, goods for domestic consumption, including local industry. Work with enterprises producing these goods can be based on forecasting effective demand, customs regulation of exports, subject to control over the quality and prices of goods, and regulation of intra-Russian trade. This function is performed entirely by the regional administration.

To assess the degree to which the region’s needs for goods and services are met, the following measures are required:

Conducting sociological studies of the correspondence of the purchasing power of the population and industrial enterprises to their technological and physical needs; dynamics of purchasing power;

Studying the dynamics of changes in needs in the process of economic development;

Preparation of a regulatory framework for the consumption and production of a number of goods.

On this basis, an indicative plan for the development of production in the region and external relations to satisfy effective demand and a system of measures for economic regulation of the relevant markets can be developed.

CHAPTER 3. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN RUSSIA

3.1 The role of the state in shaping the economic and industrial policy of Russia

In Russia, despite the sharp degradation of education and science, the potential of highly qualified labor and intellectual resources still remains. Another huge and still poorly used acceleration reserve is associated with those few knowledge-intensive industries in which Russia still, despite the losses it has suffered, remains competitive. First of all, these are the nuclear and aerospace industries, the production of modern weapons. The realities of our time clearly show that it is necessary to consistently use all the capabilities of the state in the fight for the interests of domestic producers, primarily in competitive sectors of the economy.

The main prerequisite for accelerated economic growth is an increase in the volume of effective investments in production and the infrastructure that serves it. This can only be achieved through active, targeted and consistent government policy. The very formulation of the problem - the maximum possible acceleration of economic growth - requires the full use of all available sources of capital investment: both private, Russian and foreign, and government. Comparing the potential of these two sources leads to the conclusion that main role Private investments, primarily of Russian origin, must play a role. Government investment plays a supporting but important role - financing programs that are not very attractive to private investors, but useful for improving investment conditions in Russia, as well as participating in the financing of key investment projects, which are completely impossible or impractical to transfer to private investors.

To achieve a significant increase in private investment, it is necessary to significantly improve the ratio between the profitability of investments and the level of business risk in the country, and to make the investment climate in Russia competitive by world standards. In order to direct financial flows to economic sectors whose development is in Russia’s long-term interests, it is necessary to create more attractive investment conditions there compared to other possible options for using funds. Until such conditions are created, a significant outflow of capital from the country continues to be observed.

Currently, the situation is extremely favorable for the Russian economy in terms of the availability of financial resources. Processes associated with the strengthening of the ruble are a reduction in the share of expenses for servicing external debt (due to an increase in the monetary valuation of the economy, the relative cost of external debt for the budget decreases).

To increase the efficiency and competitiveness of production, a transition to a new investment model is required, which allows not only to radically, by 2-3 times, increase the volume of capital investments, but also to carry out a “double maneuver”: between sectors of the economy (in favor of final sectors) and between sources of investment ( in favor of borrowed funds). In addition, a sharp increase in the innovative content of investments is necessary (otherwise, the growth of investments will contribute to the reproduction of outdated technologies and preserve economic backwardness) and a significant, 2-3 times, increase in the rate of disposal of outdated equipment.

As a result of negative trends observed in the investment process, the main macro indicator characterizing competitiveness national economy(the share of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products in exports) continues to decline. Now the total share of fuel and energy complex and metallurgy products is 75.4% of total exports.

You can bet on this type of development, but only until the advent of alternative fuels. Moreover, if we assume that oil prices no longer rise, Russia will face difficulties in increasing its export volumes. The devaluation potential will begin to accumulate again, and the economy will enter a pre-crisis state. All this necessitates the need for the state to implement active economic and, in particular, industrial policy measures aimed at realizing national competitive advantages and the potential for non-resource economic development.

3.2 Principles of industrial policy formation: domestic and world practice

Over the years of reforms in Russia, various conceptual approaches to the implementation of state industrial policy have been developed. The attitude towards the very problem of implementing a special policy aimed at reforming the industrial complex also changed. At the start of the reforms, the concept of economic policy was based on the idea that general economic reforms of the institutional environment and the creation of market mechanisms would solve the problems of industries and enterprises without government intervention.

The next stage in the development of concepts of state industrial policy (1993-1995) is associated, first of all, with the activities of the State Committee for Industry of Russia. During this period, active attempts were made to study and use the experience of other countries, in particular Japan. The main pillars on which domestic developments were based were, at first (1993-1994), stimulating domestic demand, providing industrial enterprises with cheap working capital to increase the utilization of existing capacities and the search for locomotive industries, the state support of which through intersectoral connections could provide impetus to the growth of industrial production. By 1995, the basis of the concept was the so-called “growth points”, the development of import substitution through protectionist foreign economic policy, the acceleration of intra-industrial integration and the construction of production “chains” (FIGs). These developments, for the most part, were not brought to the stage of practical application or did not produce the expected effect, primarily due to the lack of state resources to pursue active public policy, as well as due to the fact that it was not possible to achieve consensus on issues of sectoral priorities and create specific mechanisms for implementing industrial policy.

Attempts to implement government measures on industrial development within the framework of the medium-term economic program of 1997-1998. were also not implemented due to a sharp change in the economic situation as a result of the 1998 crisis.

Currently, the basis of state policy in the field of economic transformations in general and reform of the industrial complex in particular is the Medium-term program for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for 2008-2011. It declared the following basic principles of economic policy:

Creating equal conditions of competition for all enterprises, minimizing government intervention, open nature of the economy, etc.;

The need for progressive structural changes (that is, ensuring diversification) and increasing the country's competitiveness;

The need for reform of sectors related to human development;

The need to develop the innovation sphere;

Elimination of infrastructural and technological limitations with the active participation of business;

Inclusion of a number of measures related to direct government regulation: regulation of natural monopolies, creation and maintenance of infrastructure facilities.

However, the correctly formulated objectives of economic diversification in this program are not supported by appropriate mechanisms for their implementation. As a result, the program, which contains three main scenarios for economic development, does not envisage solving the task of doubling GDP by 2010, set by the President of Russia. In the most favorable scenario, GDP will double only by 2015. And for the near future, according to all three scenarios, a “growth pause” is predicted - at the level of 4.5% per year, which practically indicates the continuation of the state’s passive economic policy in the near future.

In Russian scientific circles, two main approaches currently dominate in understanding the essence and principles of industrial policy. One, radically liberal, is that there should be no industrial policy as such in the national economy. Industry proportions, problems of capital flow, and many other problems must be solved at the intersection of supply and demand in market self-regulation procedures. Therefore, the need to assign development priorities and identify leading industries is denied. Representatives of this approach believe that there are a number of priorities in the logic of post-industrial society, but beyond the scope of the actual economic sphere sectors that the government should focus on first. These include: the development of education, the development of healthcare, military and judicial reforms.

Another approach is associated with the so-called dirigiste model, based on the application of the principles of traditional industrial policy, including the allocation of sectoral priorities and government (financial and non-financial) support for these sectors. This model is based on excessive faith in the ability of the state to objectively determine priorities and formulate a long-term growth strategy. No less important in this model is protectionism as a way to protect domestic producers from competition from foreign firms. Thus, the model assumes an active industrial policy in the traditional (sectoral) meaning of the word.

The example of a number of industrialized countries shows that active industrial policy solves many interrelated problems. In developed industrial countries the essence of industrial policy is formulated as purposeful systematic activities carried out with the help of the state on direct (administrative) and indirect (financial and economic) regulation of competitive innovative and effective development of industry and the elimination of those obstacles in the course of this development that cannot be overcome by the natural course of events, then there are market self-regulation mechanisms.

The main directions of modern industrial policy, as the experience of developed countries shows, boils down to the following provisions:

It is recognized as important to make a radical transition to a national industrial policy, in which the state, business, scientific and public organizations and institutions are equal participants in its development and implementation;

It is recognized that it is necessary to transition from a sectoral industrial policy to a competitive industry policy;

New industrial policy is combined with the transition to a knowledge-based economy, in which the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information are recognized as the main conditions for sustainable economic growth;

Industrial policy should no longer focus on individual industries and subsidies, since the effect of selectively supporting “winner industries” and providing selective aid has become expensive when budgets are tight.

industrial policy state

CONCLUSION

So, in the course of writing this course work, the main goal was achieved - the essence of industrial policy was studied, its role in the development of Russia today. According to the Concept of Industrial Policy developed by the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, industrial policy is a set of measures carried out by the state in order to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic industry and the formation of its modern structure that contributes to the achievement of these goals. Industrial policy is carried out in the general mainstream of state economic policy aimed at structural transformations and growth of social production.

Industrial policy instruments were also considered, including: budgetary, tax, monetary, institutional, foreign economic and investment policies. The main stages of its development and implementation have been studied.

One of the most important stages is the development of product specialization of industry and its clarification, recommended to the industrial complex for future development. This information will make it possible to assess the achieved and expected economic results of production and exchange of goods, prospects for the development of markets for these goods in the short and medium term, and to develop a state strategy for industrial development. Then a promising group of goods (product groups) is formed, the production of which can become effective subject to certain support measures (promising product specialization). Information on these product groups contains proposals for expanding access to product markets.

Formation of proposals for the development of domestic Russian markets for industrial and non-productive goods constitutes the third stage of the development and implementation of industrial policy. The need for goods sold on this market is largely met by regional industry. This group includes consumer goods, industrial goods consumed by enterprises, etc.

Currently, in order to enter world markets with Russian goods in conditions of economic depression, it is necessary to create a state mechanism to support exporters. To do this, it is necessary to develop a policy of economically beneficial relationships with other partners: CIS countries, near and far abroad.

When putting forward the task of accelerating economic growth, it is important to soberly assess the features of Russia’s current situation, to understand how it differs from the situation of those countries that in past decades successfully solved the problem of accelerated development. There is not and cannot be one strategy for all countries. The art of the reformer, whose function the state is called upon to play, is to choose the optimal strategy that takes into account the unique characteristics and characteristics of the country during the period of reform.

All this speaks to the need for an active state economic policy in Russia. At the same time, the main tasks of state economic policy should be related to the creation of conditions:

To retain existing resources within the country, as well as to attract additional funds from abroad, which without government intervention, with free intercountry competition in the context of globalization, would be allocated outside the national economy;

To attract and effectively use these resources in those sectors of the national economy that are most promising from the point of view of long-term development tasks, even if current purely market, market factors create temporary advantages for other, less promising sectors in the long term.

The program for accelerated economic growth should include the intensification of state investment policy. The key issue in solving this problem is the attraction and effective use of huge financial resources. And Russia still has a chance to implement a major investment maneuver.

But the persistence of today’s trends in the established investment model, which fundamentally does not allow for the modernization of fixed assets, the heavy structure of the economy within the framework of its export-raw materials model and the associated low rate of decline in energy and electricity intensity of production, weak innovative activity do not allow us to break out onto the trajectory of accelerated economic growth in the medium term.

Thus, industrial policy, as the core of the general economic policy of the state, should be associated, first of all, with the implementation of innovative, investment and structural restructuring of industrial production. Industrial policy should contribute to the expansion and creation of new markets, reaching a competitive level of production, increasing the profitability of enterprises, and ensuring their leading role in the market of industrial goods and services.

It seems that for Russia, which lags significantly behind post-industrial countries, industrial policy must solve a dual problem. On the one hand, the task of opportunistic modernization of the economy, by solving its most pressing current problems and stimulating economic growth. On the other hand, the task of determining a long-term strategy for the economic development of the country, ensuring faster development compared to developed countries.

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Industrial policy is a set of actions of the state as an institution taken to influence the activities of economic entities (enterprises, corporations, entrepreneurs, etc.), as well as certain aspects of these activities related to the acquisition of factors of production, organization of production, distribution and sales of goods and services in all phases of the life cycle of an economic entity and the life cycle of its products.

In this concept of industrial policy, its object is the producer of goods and services (manufacturing enterprise, corporation, individual entrepreneur, etc.). This approach differs from the traditional understanding of industrial policy, according to which its object is usually considered to be large industrial and technological complexes, giant corporations or industries, usually consisting of large, capital-intensive industries. However, the structural changes that have occurred in recent decades - the development of new production technologies, financial instruments, organizational structures, the globalization of production, trade and finance, the increasing role of knowledge, information and technology in production processes, etc. - all this makes the traditional idea of ​​the object of industrial policy limited and inadequate.

The subject of industrial policy is the state, and not any political power, but a state of the modern type - an abstract corporation that has its own legal entity, distinct from the personality of the rulers, including the government apparatus and the totality of citizens (subjects), but not coinciding with either with another, having clearly defined boundaries and existing only on the basis of recognition by other states. Industrial policy is an attribute of a modern state and, as such, is not characteristic of other types of political organization (such as tribes, feudal hierarchies, pre-industrial empires, “failed states”, etc.).

Possible industrial policy instruments are determined by the roles that the state can play in relations with a specific manufacturer:

Owner (or co-owner);

Supplier (seller) of production factors;

Consumer of manufactured products;

Recipient of tax payments;

Regulator of markets for factors of production and final products;

Regulator of the manufacturer's activities;

Arbitrator in business disputes;

Political subject within international relations affecting the activities of the manufacturer or the markets in which it participates.

As a recipient of tax payments, a regulator and an arbiter, the state exercises power, i.e. may exercise coercion or threat of coercion. In other roles, it acts as an equal subject in relation to other market participants and/or foreign states.

All of the listed roles of the state in relation to the manufacturer provide a variety of tools (means) that can be used to implement industrial policy.

Industrial policy is one of the areas of state policy along with other areas. With each of these directions it has points of contact and areas of intersection. Synergistic effects are also possible due to the coordination of industrial policy with other areas of government policy. However, industrial policy has its own goals and set of means.

1) Industrial policy differs from macroeconomic policy in its object, goals and methods. The object of industrial policy is not the national economy as a whole, described by a set of macroeconomic aggregates. The goal of industrial policy is not to achieve macroeconomic stability, fight inflation, etc. Industrial policy methods do not include regulation of aggregate indicators state budget, interest rates, reserve requirements, exchange rate, etc. macroeconomic policy tools.

2) Industrial policy differs from budget and tax policy, within the framework of which the state carries out redistribution from taxpayers to recipients of budget funds, in that its object is the production activities of business entities, and not the redistribution activities of the state.

3) Industrial policy differs from social policy, the object of influence of which is the level and quality of life (i.e., primarily, consumption) of individual groups of the population in that it deals with the production activities of enterprises, and not the consumption of the population (households).

4) Foreign economic policy (in a broad sense, i.e. including trade, migration policy, currency regulation, etc.) intersects with industrial policy to the extent that its goals are directly related to production activities Russian manufacturers. Industrial policy does not include currency regulation, regulation of non-labor types of migration, receipt and provision of humanitarian aid, etc.

5) Regional policy intersects with industrial policy to the extent that it affects the location of productive forces, as well as the use of land and natural resources. At the same time, regional policy contains numerous components that are not directly related to the implementation of production activities - for example, the distribution of federal financial assistance between regions, social development regions, etc.

6) Industrial policy differs from defense and security policy in that it does not deal with the activities of the state during armed conflicts and during the application of state coercion. The remit of industrial policy includes those aspects of defense and security policy. which are associated with the production of goods and services for the relevant purpose (defense order, government reserves, etc.), using economic resources for defense and security needs (land, natural resources, airspace, radio frequency spectrum, etc.), with production activities and management of state property in the military-industrial complex, as well as with encumbering enterprises and property with defense obligations.

7) Geopolitics is aimed at strengthening the political weight of the country in the international arena, both in the world as a whole and in individual regions. It differs from industrial policy in both its goals and the methods used. However, to solve some geopolitical problems (such as increasing Russia’s influence in certain regions of the world), it is advisable to coordinate geopolitics and industrial policy at the level of goals and methods used to achieve a synergistic effect.

Coordination of industrial policy with other areas of state policy should be carried out at the level of national political goal-setting.

53. Price liberalization, property privatization, business infrastructure, structural restructuring of the economy, the impact of globalization on the choice of strategy for the national economy.

PRICE LIBERALIZATION - exemption of prices from administrative regulation. One of the key elements of a market economy, ensuring balancing of supply and demand. Can be universal - for all types of prices and tariffs; partial, leaving prices for products and services, as a rule, natural monopolies, in the sphere of centralized regulation. But even in this case, the pricing process is based on general principles market economy. In other words, prices reflect not only production costs, but also the dynamics of consumer demand. Price liberalization can only be effective if there is a competitive environment. Otherwise, it may lead to the development of anti-market phenomena and processes. In Russia, similar price liberalization was carried out in 1992. It led to a gigantic jump in prices (2600%), devaluation of savings, a decrease in the standard of living of the population and other negative consequences.

Privatization is the transfer of state or municipal property into private ownership.

Features of property privatization depend on many conditions - when privatizing plots and residential buildings located on them - this is the purpose of the land, its location; When privatizing apartments, it is also necessary to take into account a number of nuances in accordance with the legislative framework.

The national economic complex is a complex system of interacting macroeconomic elements. The existing relationships (proportions) between these elements are usually called economic structure. Typically, sectoral, reproductive, regional and other types of economic structures are distinguished.

The structure of the national economy is not constant: some sectors and types of production are characterized by rapid development, others, on the contrary, slow down their growth rates and stagnate.

Structural changes in the economy can be spontaneous in nature, or they can be regulated by the state in the course of implementing structural policy, which is integral part macroeconomic policy. The main methods of state structural policy are state target programs, state investments, purchases and subsidies, various tax incentives for individual enterprises, regions or groups of industries.

The implementation of structural restructuring of the economy ensures the balance of the national economy and is the basis for sustainable and effective economic growth and development.

Globalization is one of the most important economic processes of our time. In theory, globalization refers to the creation of a single planetary union to solve global problems, in particular between developed and developing countries, to eliminate hunger, poverty and illiteracy.

In reality, the processes of globalization are far from clear-cut. On the one hand, they are not only inevitable, but also quite progressive, reflecting the objective needs of all peoples of the planet. on the other hand, some countries with the largest transnational corporations (TNCs) act in their own, primarily selfish, interests. Globalization is artificially spurred on, it goes beyond those limits that can be considered objectively necessary, becomes a means of extreme monopolism and is used by the most powerful TNCs to oust their competitors from world markets. As a result, globalization undermines the market, competitive nature of the world economy, delaying its development, and turns into a tool for establishing economic and political dictatorship in the world by a group of the most developed countries.

Globalization has a great impact on countries with economies in transition, since due to imperfect legislative aspects and the lack of well-thought-out strategies, their economies are in great dependence from world markets.

Foreign investors, being most active in the financial and energy sectors, on the one hand, help in economic recovery, on the other, increase the risk of the so-called. dependent capitalism. This risk is generated by the huge gap between the volumes of capital invested by TNCs and foreign investors in the economies of post-socialist countries, and the latter’s own investments in foreign markets, especially taking into account the lack of capital in countries with transition economies to meet their needs. Therefore, countries with developing market economies are faced with the task of strengthening the role of the domestic market.

Associated with globalization is the creation of market institutions, in particular the adoption of new laws and the formation of organizations that promote market allocation of resources, for example, rules for regulating trade within the WTO. In practice, these rules are not always suitable for the conditions of a particular country. Therefore, it is important to improve our economic laws and procedures within the country, aimed at ensuring economic growth.

Currently, countries with economies in transition are experiencing growth, although the pace varies markedly. Now on the agenda is not the problem of getting out of the crisis, but of accelerating the rate of economic growth and maintaining it at the maximum level for a long time. This requires the creation of specific market institutions and the presence of a democratic political system. The state must influence the formation of new market institutions; this has a serious impact on the rate of economic growth.

Macroeconomic indicators: gross domestic product(production, distribution and consumption) and approaches to its measurement. Personal disposable income. Definition of OVC in economics. Price indices. Price level and real GNP. National wealth: structure and ways to increase. Shadow economy.

To measure the national product, various indicators are used: gross national product (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), national income (NI), net national product (NNP). GDP - measures the value of final products produced in a given country over a certain period. GNP – market price final goods and services produced by factors of production owned by a given country, including on the territory of other countries, for a certain period of time (year). There are three ways to measure GDP (GNP):

1. Production – summing up the added values ​​of all producers of goods and services in a given country. Added value is the value created in the production process, not including the cost of consumed raw materials. 2. Distribution (by income) – use of income streams. The owners of the factors of production receive income. There are two types of income: labor and property (entrepreneurial). The main part of labor income is wages. Entrepreneurial income includes: rent (P), income from one’s own (private) enterprise (Ds), corporate profits (Pk), including corporate income tax (NPT), net profit (PPk), dividends (D); interest on deposits (%). This calculation method takes into account two components that are not related to payments: depreciation (A) - depreciation of capital and indirect taxes (Kn = customs duties, sales taxes, VAT). PD = ND – NPk – ChPk - social contributions. fear. + T – IN, where IN – individual (income) taxes.

3. Final consumption (by expenses) – the sum of expenses of all economic agents, i.e. aggregate demand for the national product.GNP = C + Ig + G + Xn, where C is personal consumer expenditures, including household expenditures on durable goods and current consumption; Ig – gross investment, including industrial capital investment in fixed production assets and housing construction. Gross investment is the sum of net investment (In), increasing the stock of capital in the economy and depreciation (A); G – government procurement of goods and services for the construction and maintenance of budgetary organizations; Xn is the net export of goods and services abroad, calculated as the difference between exports (Ex) and imports. National wealth is the totality of the country’s resources and other property, which creates the possibility of producing goods, providing services and ensuring the lives of people. It includes: 1) non-reproducible property: agricultural and non-agricultural lands; minerals; historical and artistic monuments, works;

2) reproducible property: production assets (fixed and working capital); non-productive assets (property and inventories of households and non-profit organizations); 3) intangible property: intellectual property (patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc.); human capital (service sector products embodied in knowledge, professional skills and public health, as well as in the effective institutional structure of society);

4) the balance of property obligations and claims in relation to foreign countries. In theoretical terms, the main features of the national wealth indicator (WW) are that it: – takes into account all economic benefits available in the country as of a certain date, and not those created over a certain period; – a significant part consists of natural goods (land, minerals, etc.), which are not the result of human economic activity. Despite the “miraculous” nature of these riches, their value is related to the level of economic development, and this relationship is very complex nature; – only with the help of the national wealth indicator is an attempt made to comprehensively take into account intangible property. Despite all the theoretical attractiveness of the national security indicator, its full actual calculation is not carried out in any country in the world. The fact is that both the valuation of non-reproducible property and the valuation of intangible property are fraught with very significant difficulties. In this regard, real estimates of NB usually take into account only those of its components, the value of which can be determined on the basis of business practice. The structure of Russian national wealth looks like this: fixed capital makes up 90-95% of national wealth; the remaining part of the national bank accounted for in approximately equal shares by working capital and household property.

In practice, the contradiction between the difficulty of calculating NB and its theoretical importance for assessing the key parameters of the national economy is resolved through a comprehensive analysis of the current indicators of the SNA system of national accounts and the components of NB available for assessment.

The construction of the SNA in international practice is based on the idea of ​​the national economy as a system with a certain structure, with a certain influence of connecting links and elements. According to the SNA, the national economy can be presented structurally: by areas of activity and industries; as a set of institutional units by sector. Grouping the economy by areas of activity and industries. The boundaries of production are defined in the SNA as all activities of resident units of the national economy (including the activities of foreign and mixed enterprises that have a center of economic interests in Russia and operate in it on a permanent basis) in the production of goods and services. Thus, the national economy is divided into two areas: production of goods and production of services.

The classification of areas of activity by industry is determined by the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED). An economic sector can be defined as a set of qualitatively homogeneous groups of economic units, characterized by special conditions of production in the system of social division of labor and playing a specific role in the reproduction process. The sectors that produce goods include: industry, Agriculture and forestry, construction, and other goods production activities. The remaining industries are classified as service industries (market and non-market).

Grouping the economy by sector. According to the SNA, a sector is a collection of institutional units that are homogeneous in terms of functions performed and sources of financing. The Russian SNA distinguishes the following sectors of the national economy: non-financial enterprises (enterprises producing goods, except financial services); financial institutions; government agencies; non-profit organizations serving households; households; foreign economic relations (“rest of the world”).

Shadow economy (hidden economy) is an economic activity hidden from society and the state, outside state control and accounting. It is an unobservable, informal part of the economy, but does not cover it all, since it cannot include activities that are not specifically hidden from society and the state, for example, the home or community economy. Also includes illegal, criminal types of economy, but is not limited to them.

The shadow economy is the economic relationships between citizens of society, developing spontaneously, bypassing existing government laws and social rules. The income of this business is hidden and is not a taxable economic activity. In fact, any business that results in the concealment of income or tax evasion can be considered a shadow economic activity. For the first time, the “shadow” economy made itself known most loudly in the 1930s, when the Italian mafia invaded the American economy and, like a pirate, took it on board. Since then, the shadow economy has transformed from a law enforcement problem into an economic and national problem. In the 1930s, studies appeared that dealt only with the criminal side of such activities. In the 1970s, economists joined the study of “shadow” activities. The author of one of the first works devoted to the study of all aspects of “shadow” economic activity was the American scientist P. Gutman. In his article entitled “The Underground Economy,” he convincingly showed that “shadow” activities cannot be underestimated. Shadow trade turnover in the late USSR became a serious problem, amounting to 10 billion rubles in 1986.

The term "shadow economy" comes from the German word "Schattenwirtschaft". The “shadow” economy can also be characterized as a set of different types of economic relations and unaccounted for, unregulated and illegal types of economic activity. But, first of all, the “shadow” economy is the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of inventory, money and services, uncontrolled by society and hidden from it. In this case, we are dealing with a very complex economic phenomenon, which to one degree or another is inherent in social systems of any type. The shadow, “gray” economy, as a rule, is quite connected with the “white”, official economy.

Equilibrium of aggregate demand and aggregate supply (AD-AS model. The concept of aggregate demand and supply. Factors influencing aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Macroeconomic equilibrium and its main features.

The AD-AS model (model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply) is a macroeconomic model that considers macroeconomic equilibrium in conditions of changing prices in the short and long term.

It was first put forward by John Maynard Keynes in his work “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.” It is the basis of modern macroeconomics and is recognized by a wide range of economists from monetarists such as Milton Friedman to socialist "post-Keynesian" economic interventionists such as Joan Robinson.

This model shows the behavior of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, and describes their impact on the general price level and aggregate output (or real GDP, sometimes GNP) in the economy. The AD-AS model can be used to demonstrate many macroeconomic events, such as phases of business cycles and stagflation. From an abstraction point of view, it has an F-shape.

An important indicator in the AD-AS model is the aggregate demand curve. This function explains the sum of all possible demands of macroeconomic agents: households, firms, the state and the foreign sector. Thus, aggregate demand is constructed from the sum of the following indicators:

Consumer spending - household demand for goods and services

Investment is the demand of firms for goods and services in order to maximize their own profits in the future

Government procurement of goods and services - government costs for criteria such as wages for civil servants, purchases of equipment for government departments, etc.

Net exports - the difference between exports from a country and imports into a country

The aggregate demand function is constructed as the sum of all four listed parameters. Mathematical language

Aggregate demand can be depicted in several ways. Wide famous model This function is served by the so-called “Keynesian cross”, in which the aggregate demand curve has a positive slope. However, in the AD-AS model, the aggregate demand curve, on the contrary, is usually depicted as an infinitely decreasing function. There are three main explanations (effects) for this. The first, put forward by the French economist Arthur Pigou, states that as the general price level increases, a person's real wealth decreases, which leads to a decrease in the consumption of goods and services by households, and this, accordingly, leads to a decrease in the amount of aggregate demand. John Maynard Keynes thought differently. He suggested that as the price level increases, the demand for money naturally increases. This leads to an increase in bank interest rates as the demand for borrowed funds increases. From high stakes percent, investors suffer, which leads to a decrease in investment in the economy, and, consequently, in the value of aggregate demand. More modern economists, Robert Mundell and John Fleming, believed that when the price level in a country increases, its exports fall, since national goods, in this case, become more expensive for both foreigners and local residents, which, in turn, leads to an increase in import volumes. This imbalance reduces net exports and, consequently, the amount of aggregate demand. Thus, the aggregate demand curve is inversely proportional to the price level.

The aggregate supply curve has a more controversial history. Representatives of the classical macroeconomic school believed that aggregate supply does not depend on the price level. Thus, the classics depicted this curve perpendicular to the axis of aggregate output. Later, ardent adherents of the Keynesian school, on the contrary, suggested that aggregate supply in no way depends on the level of aggregate output. Therefore, extreme Keynesians depicted this function as parallel to the axis of aggregate output. Nowadays, there are both types of graphical representation of the aggregate supply curve. Nowadays, aggregate supply in the long run is constructed strictly vertically, and the curve depicted with a positive slope is aggregate supply in the short run.

There are both price factors that influence aggregate supply and non-price factors. Prices only affect short-term supply. Any changes in the costs of firms are reflected in the total supply of the economy, inversely proportional. This means that, for example, for every additional unit of expenditure, firms reduce the supply of their goods and services by a certain amount. Non-price factors affect aggregate supply of any kind, both short-term and long-term. Such factors include the quantity of resources, resource productivity, quality of physical and human capital, technological progress and similar criteria. As a rule, the increase in the values ​​of these factors is directly proportional to the total supply. So, for example, if the quality of education improves in a country, and from educational institutions More trained specialists are produced, the aggregate supply curve shifts to the right and down.

Macroeconomic equilibrium is a central issue in macroeconomics. Its achievement is the number one problem for government macroeconomic policy. Consideration of the macroeconomic circuit allows us to conclude that there are two possible states of the economy: equilibrium and nonequilibrium. Macroeconomic equilibrium is a state economic system, when overall balance has been achieved, proportionality between economic flows of goods, services and factors of production, income and expenses, supply and demand, material and financial flows, etc.

Equilibrium can be short-term (current) and long-term.

There are also ideal (theoretically desired) and real equilibrium. The prerequisites for achieving ideal balance are the presence perfect competition and lack side effects. It can be achieved if all individuals find consumer goods on the market, all entrepreneurs find factors of production, and the entire annual product is sold. In practice, these conditions are violated. In reality, the task is to achieve real equilibrium, which exists in conditions of imperfect competition and in the presence of externalities.

There are partial, general and complete economic equilibrium. Partial equilibrium is an equilibrium established in certain sectors and spheres of the economy. General equilibrium is the equilibrium of the economic system as a whole. Complete equilibrium is the optimal balance of the economic system, its ideal proportionality - highest goal structural policy of society.

Industry is the most important part of the country's economy, the basis of its economic power and defense capability. This is the face of the country and an indicator of the level of its development, as it is the focus of its scientific and technical intellectual potential.

The main goal of industrial development within the framework of the implementation of structural policy is to increase the competitiveness of products and the technical level of production, ensure the entry of innovative products and high technologies into the domestic and foreign markets, replace imported products and, on this basis, transfer innovatively active industrial production to a stage of stable growth.

The main mechanisms for implementing structural policy in medium term There will be a set of federal target programs being developed, the implementation of a flexible customs tariff policy, the application of favorable customs regimes for the use of imported technological equipment, long-term loans from the Russian Development Bank, and the expansion of the use of financial leases (leasing).

(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 06.06.2002 N 388)

The implementation of the main goal of industrial development will be carried out in the following areas:

Preservation and expansion of the supply of domestic engineering products in markets where there is an increase in effective demand;

Entering world markets with competitive products of modern technological systems.

At the initial stage of implementation, institutional reforms will be carried out, the policy of reforming enterprises will be activated, aimed at improving the management system, increasing the responsibility of managers for the consequences of decisions made, forming effective owners, reducing costs, and improving financial and economic performance results.

Conditions will be created for the production of competitive aircraft, updating the aircraft fleet and promoting Russian aircraft to foreign markets. Priority will be given to the organization of a leasing system for domestic aviation equipment with the provision of state support in the form of state guarantees for attracted loans, subsidizing part of the interest rate on bank loans, state participation in the capital of leasing companies, and the financial recovery of enterprises participating in leasing projects.

In order to increase the economic efficiency of the aviation industry and optimize production costs, measures will be taken to restructure it:

by the end of 2002 - the formation of a system-forming core of the aircraft industry on the basis of corporate structures uniting enterprises for the development and production of aviation equipment, focused on the creation of priority types of civil and military aircraft that are in demand in the domestic and international markets;

2003 - 2005 - consolidation of the created structures into large multi-industry holding-type aircraft manufacturing corporations, ensuring the implementation of all stages of the life cycle of military and civil aviation equipment.

In the future, based on the improved financial situation of enterprises in all sectors of the economy, large-scale modernization of the production apparatus will be carried out.

The most important feature of this stage of growth is the transition to a continuous innovation process. In investment expenditures, R&D funding will become increasingly important in relation to expenditures on equipment and construction.

The result of the implementation of these directions should be:

Ensuring sustainable growth rates of industrial production;

Positive structural changes associated with an increase in the share of products from processing industries compared to extractive industries and the share of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products and services in GDP.

The concept of industry covers a number of industries. Some of their groups are called complexes: military-industrial (or defense), forestry, fuel and energy, nuclear, agro-industrial. Industries, in turn, are divided into associations, enterprises and organizations.

In a market economy, an important form of industrial organization has become the creation of financial and industrial groups operating on the basis of the Federal Law of November 30, 1995. The financial and industrial group is formed in order to combine the material and financial resources of its participants to increase competitiveness and production efficiency, create rational technological and cooperation ties, increasing export potential, accelerating scientific and technological progress, conversion of defense enterprises and attracting investments, by Government Decree of February 2, 1998, the functions of the authorized federal government body for state regulation of the creation, activities and liquidation of financial and industrial groups are assigned to the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation.

However, the main point of application of the forces of economic transformation and reform are enterprises. Most of them, as a result of privatization, ceased to be the property of the state.

Over the years, a powerful military-industrial complex (MIC) has developed in Russia, incorporating the best scientific and industrial forces. Its capabilities can be judged at least by the fact that more than 60% of all national scientific research and development of a military and civilian nature were carried out at military-industrial complex enterprises. A number of unique high technologies were created, which our country continues to use even in the current difficult conditions ahead of the leading countries of the world for many years. Of particular importance for the survival and prosperity of the defense complex is the increase in the export of Russian weapons and military equipment. Russia has every opportunity to take a leading position in the international arms market. This should be facilitated by the formation of new management structures in in accordance with the Presidential Decree of March 9, 2004 - federal services for military-technical cooperation, defense procurement, technical and export control.

Considering that in Russia there is no government agency that would manage the Russian military-industrial complex, and world experience shows the advisability of developing the space industry as a source of high technology, ensuring scientific, technical, innovative and production activities in space, research and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, international cooperation in the implementation of joint projects and programs in rocket and space activities, carrying out work on rocket and space technology for military purposes and military missile technology for strategic purposes. It is necessary to unite the rocket and space industries under one roof, where similar tasks are performed; in April 2004, issues of coordination and regulation of industry activities in the space field were transferred from the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (which was abolished) to the Federal Space Agency. The agency's regulations were approved by Government Decree of April 8, 2004.

Today the fuel and energy complex is “half the country.” The share of the fuel and energy complex in the volume of industrial production is 40%.

A significant part of the federal budget (42%) is formed from revenues from organizations of the fuel and energy complex, whose main activities are related to the production of electrical and thermal energy, production and transportation of natural gas, oil and petroleum products! Therefore, the state pays special attention to ensuring the uninterrupted operation of these organizations, improving the management system of the fuel and energy complex, and saving energy resources. This is reflected, in particular, in the Federal Law of March 31, 1999 “On Gas Supply in the Russian Federation”, Government Resolutions of November 20, 1997 “On Improving Management of the Coal Industry”, dated July 5, 1999 “On Ensuring Reliable energy supply to strategic organizations" and the government program "Energy supply to Russia in 1998 - 2005".

The fuel and energy complex is characterized by the organization of large production associations - such as RAO Gazprom, JSC Oil Company Yukos, etc.

Now the Russian economy is stuck on an “oil needle”. Fuel produced in remote areas becomes initially expensive, and the need to use only land transport in Russia increases the cost of fuel. No country in the world allows

similar mono-dependence. Energy production costs, as well as transportation costs, have long exceeded global levels.

In addition, oil and coal production in Russia fell, economic ties were disrupted and, as a result, controversial issues arose that hampered the development of the fuel and energy complexes of the CIS countries. The problems of export and transit of energy resources have worsened, and the question of the status of the Caspian Sea has arisen. Therefore, by Government Decree of March 6, 1996, the Federal Target Program “Fuel and Energy” for 1996-2000 was approved, which aims to ensure adequate energy supply to the economy at a new stage of its development and especially in energy-deficient regions, to increase the efficiency of use of fuel and energy resources and creating sustainable energy exports as the main source of foreign exchange earnings.

In the context of increasing competition in world markets, electricity may become one of the most attractive export goods for Russia. Moreover, the most profitable, from this point of view, are, first of all, nuclear kilowatts, the cost of which in Russia is approximately three times lower than in Western Europe. However, in the nuclear energy industry, which is a strategically important industry, a crisis financial and economic situation has developed in recent years. The reasons for the crisis are the general state of the country's economy, as well as non-payments for electricity released by nuclear power plants. electrical energy. Therefore, in order to prevent further destabilization of the nuclear energy industry, the Government Decree of July 21, 1998 approved the Nuclear Energy Development Program of the Russian Federation for 1998-2005 and for the period until 2010. The program is based on the need to develop nuclear energy as an integral part of the country's fuel and energy complex by locating nuclear power plants in regions for which appropriate approvals for their construction have been obtained. It is planned to increase the safe operation of existing nuclear power plants, replace retired nuclear power plants and thermal power plants with power units of new generation nuclear power plants, save fossil fuels and improve the environmental situation.

Industrial policy is defined as a set of administrative, financial and economic measures aimed at ensuring a new quality of economic growth of the country by increasing innovation activity, efficiency and competitiveness of production in order to expand the share of domestic companies in the domestic and world markets in the interests of improving the well-being of citizens.

The actualization of industrial policy and the urgent need for its speedy development and practical implementation are due to the following circumstances:

the country's technological potential is rapidly being destroyed;

The technological lag behind advanced countries has become general in recent years;

Technological lag, which has reached a critical limit, threatens the loss of the very ability to create competitive high-tech products;

Only a quarter of all technologies correspond to the world level, many of which cannot be converted into competitive advantages at the stage of industrial production.

World experience shows that the basic principles for the development and implementation of industrial policy, which ensures increased national competitiveness in the main directions of socio-economic development of modern societies and states, are:

Formation of industrial policy as an important component of the national strategy with active equal participation in its development and implementation by the state, business, scientific and public organizations;

Transition from the existing sectoral industrial policy to a policy of concentration of national efforts and state support for competitive companies;

A change in priorities in the selection of industrial policy objects in accordance with the global trend, the increasing importance of high-tech industries with high added value while the role of traditional resource-intensive industries is decreasing;

Creating conditions for the transition to a knowledge-intensive economy with the determining role of production, distribution and use of knowledge and information as the main factors of sustainable economic growth.

Modern economic theories identify two basic concepts of state industrial policy:

Tough state industrial policy with the unconditional predominance of methods of direct budgetary subsidization of industrial sectors or individual ambitious projects based on strong-willed, administrative levers; this model was used, as a rule, in the early stages of industrial development;

Modern national industrial policy with the unconditional predominance of methods of indirect (financial and economic) stimulation of the production of competitive products and services.

The system-forming goal of industrial policy in the context of Russia’s entry into the global market space is to increase national competitiveness (i.e., the ability to produce and consume goods and services in competition with other countries), compliance with international standards and expanding the share of domestic companies in the domestic and world markets as the main source of increasing the well-being of the country's citizens with a continuous increase in their living standards.

The main task of the state in this area is to create an integral system for ensuring the development of knowledge-intensive production in Russia. This is not about supporting industries or sub-sectors according to the canons of a planned economy, but about supporting individual industries and technologies that determine the possibilities of technological breakthroughs and are significant for the global economy.

Based on these premises, the main tasks of industrial policy can be formulated as follows:

Stimulating scientific and technological progress;

Carrying out structural reform of the scientific and industrial sphere;

Creation of institutional foundations and infrastructure of the knowledge economy, ensuring practical development scientific achievements;

Creating incentives for investing in new knowledge and new technologies;

Accumulation, development and effective use of intellectual (human and structural) capital of the new economy;

Direction of investment flows into intellectual capital;

Priority development of the education sector;

Redistribution of part of the income from traditional sectors of the economy to solve the problems of scientific and technological progress;

Informatization of society and implementation of management reform on this basis.

Export-oriented model. The essence of the export-oriented model of industrial policy is to fully encourage industries focused on exporting their products. The main incentive measures are aimed at developing and supporting competitive export industries. The priority task is to produce competitive products and enter the international market with them. Important advantages this model is the inclusion of the country in the world economy and access to world resources and technologies; development of strong competitive sectors of the economy, which provide a multiplier effect for the development of other, “domestic” sectors and are the main supplier Money to the budget; attracting foreign currency to the country and investing it in the development of production and services of the national economy.

Successful examples of an export-oriented industrial policy model include countries such as Japan, South Korea, Chile, the “Asian tigers” (Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore), and most recently China.

At the same time, there are also negative examples - Venezuela, Mexico.

The import substitution model is a strategy for ensuring the domestic market based on the development of national production. Import substitution involves implementing a protectionist policy and maintaining a fixed exchange rate of the national currency (thereby preventing inflation). The import substitution model helps to improve the structure of the balance of payments, normalize domestic demand, ensure employment, develop engineering production, and scientific potential.

This situation was typical for the economies of the USSR and the DPRK. Also, under the influence of various objective economic, geopolitical and institutional factors, the industrial policy of Russia carried out after the collapse of the USSR and to this day has a pronounced import-substituting character.

Innovation activities includes both all stages of scientific and technical activity, as well as production, which ensures the development and implementation of innovations, and activities that create conditions for the further functioning of innovations (i.e., intermediary activities). The innovation model is based on the process of economic development of the country both domestically and internationally. foreign markets, based on the latest trends in technological and social development using high-tech and capital-intensive production.

The innovative model helps maintain the country’s scientific and technical potential, and, consequently, its competitiveness in the international arena; stimulates the development of educational institutions and provides the economy with highly educated and qualified personnel; promotes job creation within the country and ensures domestic demand; maintains a stable and high exchange rate of the national currency and the welfare of the population; focuses on the development of the machine-processing complex, machine tool and instrument making with high added value of manufactured products.

Chapter 2. Competition policy

Competition is a factor that determines the conditions for the functioning of a particular market - competition between commodity producers for the most profitable areas of investment of capital, sales markets, sources of raw materials. It is an effective mechanism for spontaneous regulation of the proportions of social production. A distinction is made between price competition, based mainly on price reductions, and non-price competition, based on improving the quality of products and the conditions of their sale.

Based on the degree of development of competition, there are four main types of markets:

Perfectly competitive market

The market of imperfect competition which, in turn, is divided into:

Monopolistic competition

Oligopoly

Monopoly.

Competition is the leading characteristic of the market environment in which commercial activity enterprises. The state pursues a policy of supporting fair competition and limiting monopolistic activities in the interests of increasing the efficiency of social production and its social orientation. Legal regulation of competition is carried out on the basis of Article 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a number of antimonopoly norms contained in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 10, 57, 1033), special antimonopoly laws: “On competition and restriction of monopolistic activities in commodity markets” (as amended by the Federal Law dated May 6, 1998 No. 70-FZ), hereinafter referred to as the Law on Competition in Product Markets; *On the protection of competition in the financial services market" (dated June 23, 1999 No. 117-FZ), hereinafter referred to as the Law on Competition in financial markets; “On Advertising” (dated July 18, 1995); “On natural monopolies” (dated August 17, 1995); “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” (as amended on January 9, 1996); as well as a number of regulations of varying legal force.

The main method of competition (antimonopoly) policy is to ensure equal conditions of competition, which creates incentives for investment and innovation in various forms (product, technological, organizational, etc.). Indeed, as a working definition, we can accept the following definition: competitive is a policy aimed at maintaining and/or creating a situation of competition in markets by establishing and enforcing rules prohibiting (including by definition or depending on the ratio of benefits and costs) certain methods market behavior. Unlike other types of economic policy, the prohibition of specific methods of behavior in the market is associated with their negative impact on the conditions of competition between participants.

Fundamental in antimonopoly legislation is the Law on Competition in Product Markets.

The competition mechanism is an integral part of the economic mechanism for managing the activities of enterprises and is determined by the parameters of the market environment, competitive strategies, market pricing mechanisms, and the dynamics of supply and demand.

Today Russia has created its own antimonopoly legislation. However, it is extremely difficult to implement it in practice, since we are talking not about protecting competition, but about restoring it. However, the state not only tries to create conditions for the development of various production structures, but also supports competition by effectively applying antimonopoly legislation. The change in the economic system in Russia, the formation of the market and market relations have revealed an urgent need for legislation to ensure the normal functioning of the market and the creation of favorable conditions for the development of a competitive environment.

The identified components of competition policy - antimonopoly regulation and competition policy in deregulated industries of natural monopolies - are closely related to the conclusions of the economic theory of monopoly and natural monopoly.

It should be noted that as ideas about competition develop, the conditions of antimonopoly regulation become significantly more complicated. Discouraging the creation of large sellers and controlling their behavior is a much simpler task than promoting dynamic competition, ensuring equal access to resources among market participants, etc.

The desire to limit the scope of natural monopoly is the conceptual basis for the policy of separating the natural monopoly component of the industry from the potentially competitive one. At the same time, after such a division, the role of competition policy in relation to the natural monopoly component increases sharply, since the company controlling it has significant opportunities to distort the conditions of competition in related sectors.

Chapter 3. Conflicts between industrial policy and competition policy

In recent years, the discussion about the role and place of industrial and competition policy has intensified in Russia. There is an opinion that industrial policy is necessary to accelerate economic growth, while antimonopoly policy plays a destructive role in the modern Russian economy, creating additional and unnecessary restrictions. There is also the opposite point of view: antimonopoly policy is needed to level the playing field of competition and thereby create incentives for investment, while industrial policy, while providing market participants with additional advantages over their competitors, simultaneously deprives them of interest in increasing production efficiency. These extremes are based on the idea that industrial and competition policies are inconsistent and mutually exclusive. This article is devoted to discussing the problems of interaction between these two directions of economic policy, including their possible simultaneous use in modern Russia.

Any type of economic policy, representing a set of sequential actions carried out by a subject (subjects) in relation to a certain set of objects for a specific purpose, involves the establishment of mandatory rules supported by appropriate mechanisms that ensure compliance with these rules by actors (business entities). From this point of view, any direction of economic policy is always associated with the creation and change of institutions. The established rules make it possible to define rights and, accordingly, create incentives for economic agents. Incentives directly influence decisions, shape the behavior of economic agents and ultimately determine the results obtained (from the standpoint of distribution and efficient use of resources).

The multifaceted nature of economic exchanges determines many directions and forms of government influence on the methods of resource use and the pace of economic development. The existence of different directions and types of economic policies brings to the fore the issue of their consistency. The so-called neoclassical paradigm (at least its traditional version) views these two directions of economic policy as mutually exclusive. However, as a modern economic analysis, and the world practice of government regulation lead to another conclusion: achieving the goals of sustainable economic growth based on innovation is, as a rule, impossible without the use of both forms of economic policy and the corresponding instruments.

Industrial policy and competition policy have a common goal of ensuring sustainable economic growth and improving the welfare of the population, based on the assumption that the state strives to maximize social utility. The difference between industrial and competition policies lies in the means used to accelerate the pace and sustainability of economic development. The main method of implementing industrial policy is to provide a limited number of agents of the national economy with additional resources that can be used for investment. From this point of view, a set of measures aimed at removing part of the rental income from extractive industries through taxation and distributing them through the budget to other sectors of the economy based on one or another criterion (for example, belonging to the “new economy”) can be considered an example of industrial politicians.

The choice to adopt or abandon such an industrial policy is one of the main problems for the Russian government. An alternative to an active industrial policy in the form of redistribution of rental income is the development of the financial infrastructure of the economy and improvement of the investment climate, which increases the attractiveness of manufacturing industries (Strictly speaking, a third option is also possible, when through diversification (including conglomerate) integrated business groups independently redistribute resources from extractive industries into manufacturing. However, it must be borne in mind that following this path will quickly reveal the limits of opportunity, primarily associated with the risk of loss of control and a sharp decrease in efficiency within these business groups. Both options are associated with specific problems and risks and are characterized by different effectiveness in depending on the time horizon. The reallocation of resources from extractive industries to manufacturing can serve as the basis for a sharp acceleration in economic growth, but at the same time it is associated with risks characteristic of an active industrial policy in general (some of these risks will be described in more detail below). In addition, such a strategy can serve as the basis for economic growth exclusively in the short term. In other words, the willful redistribution of resources from one industry to another does not guarantee the sustainability of economic growth, since in itself it does not create additional incentives for investment. In turn, an emphasis on the consistent development of financial infrastructure and improvement of the investment climate is associated with lower risks and is characterized by greater efficiency in the long term, but such a strategy cannot ensure a radical acceleration of economic growth rates.

Having compared the methods of industrial and competition policy, we will consider the mechanisms on which they rely. Industrial policy refers to an active (by definition) type of economic policy, while competition policy is predominantly passive (protective). The mechanism by which industrial policy influences economic growth is the increase in the competitiveness of national producers compared to competitors from other countries. The mechanism of competition policy is to prevent the emergence of unjustified competitive advantages (usually associated with the abuse of a dominant position, restrictive agreements and unfair competition) of individual companies in the domestic market. Competition policy, due to the specificity of the tools it uses, is less capable of counteracting the emergence of unjustified competitive advantages of individual special interest groups, with the exception of certain cases when, for example, an influence group is the only company occupying a dominant position in a given industry (market).

In this regard, it is important to note that the implementation of competition policy goals can both promote and hinder the achievement of industrial policy goals. Example positive influence A large-scale restructuring program for natural monopoly industries could serve the purpose. Competition policy, for example in the telecommunications industry, provides an opportunity to enter markets information technologies a large number of new participants. Their entry is accompanied by the rapid development of the most important component of the economic infrastructure - communication and information transmission systems, which make it possible to significantly reduce transaction costs within the framework of various forms of coordination of the actions of economic agents. Competition is accompanied by the active introduction of innovations, an increase in the supply of new services, an increase in the quality of traditional communication services, and the emergence of new types of business. Thus, the successful implementation of competition policy creates conditions for accelerating the development of sectors of the “new economy”, which is the most important guideline for industrial policy in many countries of the world, including Russia.

Thus, industrial policy and competition policy may produce the same results. The difference in the mechanisms that these two types of policies use allows us to consider them as complementary levers of influence on the economic situation available to the state.

At the same time, the suppression of competition policy in national markets with the help of industrial policy occurs only if the latter serves as a tool for realizing the interests of special groups. The goals and methods used in industrial policy can create additional advantages for some market participants and undermine the incentives to invest for others. Examples of the opposite - suppression of industrial policy by competition - are unknown. Industrial policy dominates over competitive policy if the entire system of institutions in the economy is subordinated to considerations of ensuring the most favorable position for those industries (less often, individual companies) that are considered as “locomotives” of economic growth.

It is easy to see that the choice between competition and industrial policies in the domestic market has historically corresponded to the choice between free trade and protectionism in international trade. Over the past two hundred years, countries with highly competitive products from national producers have advocated free trade in the world market and at the same time actively defended competition in the domestic market. On the contrary, countries with relatively low product competitiveness combined the priority of industrial policy and foreign trade instruments to protect national producers.