A complex sentence as a syntactic unit in brief. Complex sentence as a syntactic unit
A complex sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more grammatical bases (predicative units), which constitute a semantic, structural and intonation unity.
A complex sentence functions in language as one communicative unit and is characterized by formal grammatical and semantic features, among which the most important are: a) polypredicativeness; b) a special structural diagram; c) intonation completeness, semantic and structural integrity; d) it reports several situations and the relationship between them.
The polypredicative nature of a complex sentence is found in the presence of two or more predicative units that have the structure of a simple sentence, combined into one. Parts of a complex sentence only
conditionally can be called simple sentences. Having a syntactic structure similar to simple sentences, they do not have: a) meaningful completeness, because only in combination they express a complex thought, versatile connections between objects and phenomena environment; b) intonation completeness, because only the entire complex sentence is characterized by the intonation of the end; c) communicative significance, since they are not independent units of communication.
A complex sentence consisting of two predicative units is called binary, or two-component: Therefore, let us be honest and frank in matters great and simple, so that from birth to death we will answer for everything(V. Krischenko); Not only people make mistakes, even saints make mistakes(V. Simonenko).
A complex sentence consisting of three or more predicative units is called richly articulated or multicomponent: Children's trust "I have in the teacher is a drop of pure dew on a rose flower, you need to pick the flower so as not to shake off this drop(V. Sukhomlinsky); I don’t have happiness and I don’t see it in my dreams, that’s why I carry other dreams in my heart; when at times I suffer and cry, then I don’t ask fate for happiness (Lesya Ukrainka).
A complex sentence is not a mechanical combination of simple sentences; it is constructed according to a certain unique pattern. During construction, certain structural varieties of a simple sentence are used, which are modified in accordance with the characteristics of a complex sentence.
So, parts of complex sentences do not act as a separate communicative unit and do not have semantic and intonation completeness. Only the entire complex sentence as a whole can be considered as an independent structural and communicative unit, which is a means of forming and transmitting information.
MEANS OF CONNECTING PARTS OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE
The main means of combining predicative units of a complex sentence are conjunctions, connecting words and intonation.
Intonation plays an important role in any sentence (simple and complex). Any complex sentence is characterized by intonation completeness and has the intonation of the end. In certain complex constructions, intonation is the only means of expressing semantic and syntactic relationships between the predicative units of a complex sentence.
The following types of intonation are distinguished:
1) list intonation: Leaves nada, nada, the earth is cold, cranes are already flying over the garden to warmer lands(A. Kaminchuk);
2) intonation of opposition or comparison: It is not the kindergarten that has blossomed here, nor the garden bed - there are boys and girls near the school (G. Prigara);
3) intonation of explanation: I dreamed: red roses were burning in golden rays (Lesya Ukrainka).
One of the most common means of connecting predicative units is conjunctions and connecting words, which are indicators of coordinating or contractual communication. From a semantic point of view, in many cases they express certain semantic relationships without the help of context.
Unions of severity(paratactic) combine equal parts of a complex sentence into one whole and express connecting, comparable-adversative and dividing relationships: A thunderstorm has passed, and the night has flown by, and again the day is noisy all around (V. Sosyura); Years of love, childhood, like spring waters, have disappeared, but the sound of spring waters will never be forgotten(Lesya Ukrainka); It was not because of the sun that the harvest ripened, but the song about happiness hardened in the grain (S. Letyuk); then the dark night comes, then the cheerful day roars(L. Glebov). Severity conjunctions only connect the predicative parts of a complex sentence and do not relate to any of these parts.
Contract unions(hypotactic) connect parts of complex sentences and express temporary, conditional, causal, essential and other relationships. They always refer to the contract part, subordinating it to the main one: Spring flies in the flowers, the pike cranes and does not know that they are opening gates for her everywhere with their whistles(Alexander Oles); Don’t be afraid of insights, for they are like medicine (L. Kostenko).
Connecting words, connecting parts of a folding sentence with each other, act as members of the contract part of the sentence. Significant parts of speech act as connecting words: relative pronouns (who, what, which, whose) and pronominal adverbs (how, when, where, where): Avoid people who, seeing your vices and shortcomings, justify them or even approve of them(G. Skovoroda); Look, I laugh when my heart weeps...(Lesya Ukrainka).
Connecting words can have correlative demonstrative words in the main part. The role of correlative words are demonstrative and attributive pronouns (such, that, each, all), as well as pronominal adverbs (then, here, there, there, so): My soul will never forget the gift that spring gave... ( Lesya Ukrainka); Here, where every stone was poured with blood in battle, take it with respect and love, “stop, friend, you (V. Luchuk).
One of the means of combining predicative units of a complex sentence into one whole is the ratio of aspectual and modal forms of verb adjectives, which are appropriately coordinated. Thus, in sentences with simultaneity of actions, adverbial verbs are expressed in the form of one tense, and in sentences with a temporal sequence - in different tense forms: Any nightingale sings in the grove, I listen to the gentle chanting, the pure, beautiful Ukrainian thing I hear in that twitter(A. Krymsky); The day, ripe and heavy, rolled down like a round, red-sided apple, and the night, with a slow wave of the hand, writes broad black shadows with charcoal.(G. Rylsky).
Lexical elements can also determine the nature of syntactic relationships and connect parts of a complex sentence. Lexical means of communication in a broad sense include connecting and correlative words. Such elements can be pronouns, which are used instead of nouns and indicate the connection between predicative units: The sunny path is pouring, and on it you and I, and all around in flowers, my Ukraine(V. Sosyura). A lexical element can also be a common minor member (or several members): At that time, hot summers abounded over Kiev, June was coming, and heavy dark clouds gathered in the sky almost every evening (V. Sobko).
The order of placement of parts of a complex sentence can be free and fixed, constant.
For a free order, predicative parts can change their place in the sentence: Leaves will grow from a leaf, a shirt will be woven from a thread (M. Singaevsky). If you change the arrangement of the parts of a complex sentence, the content of the sentence and the relationship between the parts will not change. Those complex sentences in which the relation of simultaneity is established have a free order of parts.
If there is a time sequence, a cause-and-effect relationship and zymatic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence, then the order of placement of the predicative parts is constant, fixed: They crucified us for hundreds of years and did not overcome us, therefore Ukraine did not die and will never die(D. Pavlychko); Folk wisdom states: December ends the year, it opens the doors to real winter (M. Tkachenko).
Complex sentence 1. Complex sentence as a syntactic unit. Semantic, structural and intonation unity of the parts of the joint venture. 2. Means of expressing syntactic relations in a complex sentence. 3. Union and non-union complex sentences.
The definition of a complex sentence SP is a structural, semantic and intonation combination of predicative units that are grammatically similar to a simple sentence. The difference between a joint venture and a simple one is not quantitative, but qualitative. SP has its own grammatical meaning (typed syntactic relationships between parts), grammatical form, and structural indicators.
Parts of the joint venture are similar to simple sentences. The predicative units included in the joint venture are called components. Like simple sentences, they have: their own predicative center; can be one-part and two-part, common and uncommon; their members are connected by the type of coordination, control and adjacency.
Parts of the SP are elements of the whole. The predicative parts included in the SP do not have independence and completeness and are interconnected and complementary elements of the whole.
The degree of loss of semantic independence of a joint venture expresses various semantic relationships between parts. Depending on the nature of these relationships, differences are observed in the degree of loss of semantic independence of the parts.
The degree of cohesion of the parts of a complex sentence Parts of a complex sentence can be characterized by such close semantic cohesion that the main thing without a subordinate clause often conveys a completely different thought or is characterized by semantic incompleteness. The semantic center, as a rule, is the subordinate clause. I understand that the material is complex.
The parts of a complex sentence are more independent. Within a complex sentence, the semantic independence of the parts is usually great. However, the meaning of the SSP is by no means reducible to the meanings of the parts, since typified syntactic relations arise between the parts.
Independence of parts in some types of complex sentences. Certain types of NGN are also characterized by relatively greater independence of parts (for example, with a subordinate clause). During her first lesson, she learned to stand and walk on her hind legs, which she really liked (Chekhov).
The structural unity of the parts is manifested in the fact that: 1. The parts are structurally dependent on each other, and often one of them receives completeness only as part of a complex P. . . and he's down. When everyone left. . . 2. The number of parts forms either closed, closed, two-part structures, or open, open ones. 3. One of the parts may be incomplete due to their close connection. 4. A secondary term common to the parts is possible. 5. Structural parallelism may be observed: identical aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs; the same word order, conjunctions, syntactic phrases.
Structural unity is manifested in the structural parallelism of the parts. Structural parallelism is one of the features of the structure of the joint venture: the second part can be built as if on the model of the first. Structural parallelism is created by many components, sometimes in combination: 1) identical aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs, for example, The wind rustled, bare trees shook on the street outside the window, and dim shadows moved randomly on the chalk wall above my head (Paustovsky)
Structural unity is manifested in the structural parallelism of the parts 2) Identical morphological means of expressing the members of the sentence, for example, Nevsky has become more accessible, simpler, more fun. Trams ring sharper, cab drivers rumble louder, women smile wider, newspapermen shout louder (Gorky) 3) Identical syntactic phrases, for example, Nothing enriches the harsh prosaic word more than poetry, and nowhere does the word sound like this in its complete freshness and pristineness, as in poetry (Paustovsky)
Structural unity is manifested in the structural parallelism of the parts 4) the same word order in the parts, for example, There were technical councils, there were meetings and conferences, commissions worked. 5) the use of the same, similar, synonymous or antonymous lexical elements, for example, My father had a strange influence on me, and our relationship was strange. 6) repetition of identical conjunctions, for example, And ostrich feathers bowed in my brain sway, and blue, bottomless eyes bloom on the far shore (Blok)
Intonation completeness As a communicative unit, a complex sentence is characterized by the presence of intonation of completeness, which forms the closing part. Each previous part, except the closing one, does not have the intonation of the end, and each subsequent part, except the first, does not have the intonation of the beginning, characteristic of a simple sentence. This feature is the most important means of linking the parts into a single whole at the intonation level.
Intonations of different types in a complex sentence A distinctive feature of the intonation of a complex sentence is the possibility of combining intonations of different types, for example, narrative and interrogative, in one sentence. Fashion, of course, is not bad, but what does the foundry have to do with it?
2nd century Means of expressing syntactic relations: intonation; unions; allied words; correlative pronominal words; string of parts; use of tenses and moods; lexical and phraseological elements.
1) Intonation plays a dual role: 1) indicates the unification of individual parts; 2) indicates different relationships between parts. The Russian language has several types of intonation, which, as a rule, include: enumeration intonation; intonation of opposition; intonation of explanation; intonation of explanation. The role of intonation is especially clearly manifested when sentences with the same word composition can be pronounced with one or another intonation. In summer it is dry and hot here, in winter it is frosty (intonation of enumeration and contrast)
2) Conjunctions and 3) allied words Conjunctions are a typical means of combining parts. They indicate the nature of the connection between the parts. Unions belong to different categories depending on the nature of the relationship that they express. Conjunctive words perform a double function: 1) connect parts; 2) are members subordinate clause. This feature is clearly revealed in the allied word which, it has a double dependence: it agrees in gender and number with the supporting word in the main part, and its case depends on which member of the sentence it is in the subordinate clause. The book that my friend was delighted with, I did not like. When there is an external coincidence of conjunctions and allied words, it should be remembered that they differ in meaning, and often in pronunciation (the allied word has stress, the union is deprived of it).
4) Correlative words Pronominal correlative words are used in the main part, indicating that what they denote is revealed only in a generalized form in another part. Correlative words serve as evidence of the obligatory presence of a subordinate clause. He spoke confidently and in such a tone as if I was arguing with him (Chekhov)
5) The order of the parts In some cases, a change in the order of the parts leads to a disruption of the connection between them and to the meaninglessness of the entire sentence; in these cases the order of the parts is fixed. Such structures are called inflexible. Solid order is especially common in non-union complex sentences, for example, Here a very interesting picture opened up: a wide hut, the roof of which rested on two pillars, was full of people (Lermontov)
5) The order of parts in a joint venture Sometimes the sequence of parts is determined not so much by the relationships and meaning as by the conjunctions used in them, for example, a conjunction cannot begin 1 part of a complex sentence, but a synonymous conjunction can. In other cases, the order of the parts is free and their rearrangement does not violate syntactic relationships, but creates more or less noticeable stylistic shades, for example, There was a smell of burning, and the air turned blue with smoke. The choice of order of parts depends largely on the context, and in a particular context, changing this order is often undesirable or even unacceptable.
6) Type and tense of verbs The aspect and tense of the verb plays an important role in establishing relationships between parts. The simultaneity of actions is expressed by the forms of one tense of imperfective verbs, and the sequence - by the perfect. Examples: It was quiet, dark, and only high on the peaks here and there a bright golden light trembled and shimmered like a rainbow in the spider’s webs (Chekhov). The whole sky was covered with clouds, and a rare, fine rain began to fall (Chekhov).
7) Lexical elements Sometimes lexical elements are indicators of the connection between parts, as well as exponents of this connection, which in this case, as a rule, turn into phraseological phrases, for example, As for the audience, they spoke approvingly of the picture. Impersonal verb v. Oit with an infinitive dependent on it indicates a condition, the appearance of which immediately causes the appearance of a certain consequence, for example, As soon as you leave the outskirts, the steppe opens up.
3rd century Conjunctive and non-conjunctive complex sentences We can talk about two main ways of connecting parts with the help of conjunctive means and intonation; Using intonation (without conjunctions). Union proposals Depending on the nature of the allied means, they are divided into complex and complex. Sentences whose parts are combined only through intonation are called non-conjunctive.
Semantic differences between a complex and complex sentence The differences lie in the fact that, expressing grammatical meanings, coordinating conjunctions do not indicate the dependent, subordinate nature of one of the parts, but subordinating conjunctions and allied words do.
The boundaries between SSP and SPP The boundaries between complex and complex sentences are not always obvious. Thus, in SSP with the conjunction And when listing successive events, the last parts are thought of as a consequence, the result of the previous one, for example, We were sitting in the front row, and everything was fine for us audible (cf.: We were sitting in the first row, so we could hear everything well)
Boundaries between SSP and SPP Some complex sentences in their grammatical meaning may be close to complex sentences, for example, If heavy rains are expected in the first ten days of July, then clear weather will set in in the second (cf.: Heavy rains are expected in the first ten days of July, and in the second the weather will be clear)
Contradictions between the form of a complex sentence and content In a number of cases (with a certain specific content of the predicative parts) contradictions can be observed between the form of a complex sentence (the main means of communication) and the meaning. Typically, in such cases, a complex sentence is qualified by means of communication, since they express the most general meaning.
SP with a mixed (contaminated form) There are complex sentences with a mixed form, for example, Although new forms of examination were introduced a long time ago, not all students have mastered them. The sentence contains not only the subordinating conjunction although, but also the coordinating adversative conjunction but. The relationship is characterized as acquiescent-adversarial.
Non-conjunct complex sentences In modern linguistic literature, the idea that BSPs are an independent type is consistently defended, despite the similarity of some BSPs in intonation and meaning to complex sentences, and others to complex sentences. The fact is that some non-union complex sentences are close to both complex and complex sentences, for example, I am dying - I have no reason to lie (Turgenev). Wed. : I'm dying, and I have no reason to lie. I'm dying, so there's no need for me to lie.
Non-union complex sentences Among the non-union complex sentences there are sentences that cannot be correlated with either complex or complex sentences, for example, We drove past a pond: ice edges were still visible on the dirty and sloping banks (Aksakov).
Unconjunct complex sentences (result) The absence of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (the main indicators of composition and subordination), the impossibility of accurately distinguishing intonations of a coordinating and subordinating nature, the presence of unconjunct complex sentences with undifferentiated meaning - all this determines the allocation of BSP into a special structural-semantic group, which in some way then degree is contrasted with complex sentences with conjunction and relative connections.
Difficult sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational combination of predicative units (()) grammatically similar to a simple sentence. A complex sentence has its own grammatical meaning and grammatical form, and its own structural indicators. A complex sentence is a syntactic communicative unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.
Similarities between a simple sentence and a complex sentence:
- Each part of a complex sentence is built on the model of a simple sentence.
- Each part of a complex sentence has a composition of main members, secondary members and possible complicating components.
predicative unit
predicative unit
1) Syntactic structure containing a predicate.
2) Part of a complex sentence, its building material.
« A complex sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more simple sentences.”
“Sentences containing two or more predicative units that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity are called complex” (N.S. Valgina).
So, the components of a complex sentence were and are called differently: simple sentences (school), predicative units (university textbooks).
Indeed, a complex sentence consists of parts that are similar to simple sentences. Experiment: take simple sentences and make a complex sentence out of them.
For example, Father spent the whole evening reading a new story. The story was fantastic. Her father liked her.
When constructing a complex sentence from simple sentences, the latter cease to possess the most important features of a sentence - semantic and intonation independence. A complex sentence in meaning and structure is never an “arithmetic sum” of simple sentences. The content of parts of a complex sentence becomes clear only as part of a complex sentence (like morphemes in a word).
A complex sentence is a fact of saving language resources. Certain relationships are established between the parts of a complex sentence, which deprive the parts of semantic, intonation, and sometimes structural completeness.
A simple sentence undergoes a whole system of changes, becoming a component of a complex sentence. Thus, despite the fact that there is a certain commonality between simple and complex sentences (predicativity), when entering a complex sentence, these predicative units acquire features that significantly distinguish them from simple sentences. Simple sentences lose their semantic and intonation completeness, and therefore it is more appropriate to call parts of a complex sentence predicative units.
The grammatical features of a complex sentence are determined by two points: 1) each of its parts is constructed according to one or another scheme of a simple sentence; 2) the combination of parts of a complex sentence constitutes structural-semantic unity (V.A. Beloshapkova).
This duality of a complex sentence has led to different understandings of its syntactic essence:
- A.M. Peshkovsky, A.A. Shakhmatov, who understood a complex sentence as a concatenation of simple sentences, abandoned the term complex sentence. A.M. Peshkovsky called a complex sentence a “complex whole,” A.A. Shakhmatov called it a “combination of sentences.”
- V.A. Bogoroditsky described a complex sentence as a single and integral structure. This idea was deepened by N.S. Pospelov, V.A. Beloshapkova,
S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu, Maksimov, for whom a complex sentence is a structural and semantic unity of predicative parts.
Signs of a complex sentence.
- Structural features of a complex sentence:
1. Polypredicativeness; (polypredicativity, which determines the presence of a complex mechanism of mutual adaptation of predicative parts and the use of special means for this: The troika is waiting at the porch, with a rush. A quick run will take us away (P. Vyazemsky); Friendship is friendship, and service is service;)
- The presence of lexical and grammatical means of communication: conjunctions, allied words, correlative words (indicative words), particles, intonation.
For example, you are many years late, but still I am glad to see you.
Learn to live even when life becomes unbearable.
3. The presence of common members of the proposal.
- Structural incompleteness of any predicative part of a complex sentence (usually the second part).
- Semantic features of a complex sentence:
- Polypropositivity. (polypropositivity - the presence of two or more event or logical propositions and the unification in the semantic structure of a sentence of nominations of two or more events (situations): Deep darkness was growing in the sky, the dawn has risen (A. Pushkin).)
- Lexico-thematic unity of parts of a complex sentence, which entails their logical compatibility.
- Certain relationships are established between the predicative parts of a complex sentence, which are associated with certain communicative premises, i.e. Each type of complex sentence has a specific grammatical meaning.
The independence of a complex sentence is manifested in the following:
- unified complex semantics;
- single intonation pattern;
- availability of specific means of communication.
A complex sentence is a combination of predicative units, built according to one or another structural scheme and intended to function as an integral unit of message.
Complex sentences are divided into types. The first division is based on the nature of the formal connection between the parts. If the parts are connected only by intonation, then the sentence is called non-union (BSP). If conjunctions and allied words are used for communication, then the sentence refers to allied words. Allies, in turn, are divided into two categories according to the nature of the allied means used in them. If a coordinating conjunction is used to connect parts, then the sentence is classified as a compound sentence (CC). If subordinating conjunctions or allied words are used to connect parts, then the sentence is characterized as complex (SPP).
Complex sentences
Allied non-Union
Compounds
At the same time, the meaning expressed different types complex sentence, maybe the same, compare: 1. Night fell, Pinocchio headed to the Field of Miracles. 2. Night fell, and Pinocchio headed to the Field of Miracles. 3. Night had barely fallen when Pinocchio headed to the Field of Miracles. The first sentence is non-conjunctive, the second is complex with connecting relations between parts, the third is complex with subordinate tense.
Almost any complex sentence can be transformed into a sentence of a different type: If you put money in a hole, a tree with a bunch of chervonets will grow (SPP) - If you put money in a hole, a tree of chervonets (BSP) will grow.
A complex sentence is one that contains two or more predicative units (structures of simple sentences) that form a semantic, structural and intonation unity. In speech, a complex sentence acts as one communicative unit, despite the complexity and volume of its structure.
A complex sentence is characterized by a number of structural and semantic features that significantly distinguish it from a simple sentence:
1. A simple sentence is built from words and phrases and represents one predicative unit, while the structural components of a complex sentence are predicative units. Thus, the sentence Under the blue skies with magnificent carpets, shining in the sun, the snow lies, the transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice (A. Pushkin) is complex, since it consists of four predicative units (parts) : first - Under the blue skies with magnificent carpets, shining in the sun, the snow lies (the predicative basis is the subject snow and the predicate lies), the second - the transparent forest alone turns black (the predicative basis is the subject forest and the predicate turns black), the third - and the spruce turns green through the frost (the predicative basis is the subject spruce and the predicate turns green), the fourth - and the river under the ice shines (the predicative basis is the subject river and the predicate shines).
2. In the predicative parts of some complex sentences there are such structural components that are not characteristic of a simple sentence:
a) pronominal correlative words in the main part of a complex sentence, to which the subordinate part belongs (He who has lived a lot has seen a lot);
b) subordinating conjunctions and allied words in a complex sentence (when, if, because, which, whose, who, etc.).
3. The predicative parts of many complex sentences do not have semantic and intonation completeness.
These features are inherent in a complex sentence as a whole.
The unity and integrity of a complex sentence is created by the following means:
1) intonation, which, firstly, determines the boundaries of a complex sentence in the flow of speech: at the end of each predicative part there is a rise in tone and only at the end of the last predicative part there is a decrease in tone (end intonation), and secondly, it unites the parts of a complex sentence, expressing various relationships between them, for example: The horses started moving, the bell rang, the carriage flew (intonation is used to express enumerative relationships between parts of a complex sentence). I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind (A. Pushkin) (intonation expresses explanatory relationships between parts of a complex sentence).
2) conjunctions and allied words. Conjunctions that combine parts of a complex sentence are divided into two types according to their meaning and function:
Composite sentences, with the help of which complex sentences are created (and, yes, a, but, or, or, etc.);
Subordinators involved in the creation of complex sentences (since, because, if, while, etc.).
Conjunctive words (this role is played by pronouns (which, which, whose, etc.) and pronominal adverbs (where, when, etc.)) not only combine parts of a complex sentence, but are also members of the sentence.
3) syntactic structure of predicative parts:
a) structural parallelism of parts, that is, the same type of syntactic construction - the similarity in the arrangement of the main and secondary members of the sentence, which is accompanied by the same type of intonation pattern, the same type of highlighting of the communicative center with the help of logical stress: He gets everything easily, but I’m never lucky in anything ;
b) incompleteness of one of the parts: The cat sat motionless on the mattress and pretended to be sleeping (A. Chekhov). The first part is incomplete in meaning and therefore needs to be expanded with the help of the second, which, in turn, omits the subject cat to avoid unnecessary repetition.
4) the order of the parts. Most complex sentences have a flexible structure and a free order of predicative parts. However, some types of complex sentences have an inflexible structure - they allow only one specific order of parts: In a word, there were losses that were considered in the order of things (K. Simonov).
5) the ratio of verb-predicate forms. In some sentences, the relationship between aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs or mood forms in parts of a complex sentence is important, for example, when describing simultaneously occurring events in all parts of a complex sentence, imperfect predicate verbs are used: The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for him every minute (L. Tolstoy).
Complex sentences are heterogeneous in their structure and meaning. Depending on the grammatical means of combining parts, all complex sentences are divided into union (their parts are combined into a single whole with the help of conjunctions and allied words) and non-union (their parts are combined into a single whole without the help of unions and allied words).
Conjunctive sentences, depending on the meaning of the conjunctions with which their parts are connected, are divided into complex sentences, the component parts of which are combined using coordinating conjunctions, and complex sentences, the component parts of which are combined using subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
IN general view types of complex sentences can be represented in the following diagram:
Questions for self-control
1. What are the structural features of a complex sentence?
2. How is the unity of the parts of a complex sentence created?
3. On what basis are complex sentences divided into compound, complex and non-conjunctive?
You can download ready-made answers for the exam, cheat sheets and other educational materials in Word format at
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COMPLEX SENTENCE AS A SYNTACTIC UNIT
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DIFFICULT SENTENCE
COMPLEX SENTENCE AS A UNIT OF SYNTAX. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCES….….…….3
COMPLEX SENTENCE……………………………..6
COMPLEX SENTENCE……...…………………..10
UNCONJUNCTIVE COMPLEX SENTENCE…………………………….19
Classifications of non-union complex sentences…………………...21
COMPLEX COMPLEX SENTENCES……………………...24
COMPLEX SENTENCE AS A UNIT OF SYNTAX. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCES
Difficult sentence– a special semantic-structural unit of syntax; This is a syntactic unit complete in meaning and intonation, consisting of two predicative parts, similar in structure to a simple sentence. A complex sentence (hereinafter - SP) acts as a single communicative unit.
When qualifying a joint venture, the following points must be taken into account:
1. Parts of the SP have an external structural similarity to simple sentences, but do not have intonation and semantic completeness.
2. In some structural parts of the joint venture there are structural components that are not characteristic of a simple sentence - demonstrative-correlative words (antecedents) and subordinating conjunctions.
3. The main part of the joint venture may be informatively incomplete.
4. In certain types of SP there are specific patterns of word order in the constituent parts.
In some cases, simple and complex sentences come together and form transitional types. These are constructions expressing:
a) comparison: Below, like a mirror, the lake turns blue;
b) goal: People went to the construction site to work;
c) sentences with homogeneous predicates relating to the same subject: The leaf falls and spins.
Parts of the joint venture can be combined using unions, allied words and without unions. These two methods of communication determine the division of joint ventures into union complex and non-union complex. Conjunctive sentences, depending on the means of communication, are divided into complex and complex. When composing, parts of the SP are combined as syntactically equal, and when subordinated, one part is syntactically dependent on the other.
Compound and complex sentences are distinguished by the following:
1. In a complex sentence (hereinafter - SSP), the means of communication are coordinating conjunctions (they also connect homogeneous members in a simple sentence), and in a complex sentence (hereinafter referred to as SPP) - subordinating conjunctions that do not occur in other constructions.
2. In SSP, coordinating conjunctions are a purely connecting device; in SSP, subordinating conjunctions are a structural element of the subordinate clause.
3. In SPP, interposition of the subordinate clause is possible.
4. The main part of the SPP is characterized by informative incompleteness (and this main part is in preposition).
5. In the main part of the BSC there may be antecedents that are not found in the BSC.
6. If in SSP predicate verbs are characterized by the absolute use of the category of tense, then in SSP the relative use of tenses of predicate verbs is possible.
Most of the differences mentioned are not formulated categorically, it can be assumed transitional types, in which signs of both composition and subordination are found:
1. JV with comparative parts, with unions while, with what and etc.
2. SPs, the parts of which are connected not so much by conjunctions and allied words, but by other structural means: forms of mood of verbs, the order of parts, etc. The connection between the parts here is expressed only morphologically or in combination with conjunctions that have lost their subordinating character.
3. SP with unclearly expressed syntactic relationships
(with designs like as for).
4. JV with double alliances although - but, really - but, no matter how - however, in which the first part contains the subordinating component, and the second part the coordinating component of the conjunction. V.V. Babaytseva calls such constructions “complex sentences with a mixed (contaminated) form.
The doctrine of subordination and composition as two types of connections between parts of a complex sentence in syntactic science originated in the 19th century. It is based on the idea of semantic dependence/independence of parts of a complex sentence. Composition and subordination in the SP are similar to the relationships between homogeneous and heterogeneous members in a simple sentence, but in the SP these relationships are less clearly expressed and more contradictory. The most important stage The development of the doctrine of composition and subordination was discussed in the 20s of the twentieth century. It was discovered by Professor M.N. Peterson, who showed the uncertainty of the concepts of “composition” and “subordination” and argued that these concepts themselves have no linguistic content and are mechanically borrowed from logic. The basis of the traditional understanding of composition and subordination was the work of A.M. Peshkovsky “Are there coordinating and subordinating sentences in the Russian language?” (1959). Here Peshkovsky proved that composition and subordination are the most important syntactic concepts on which the classification of all SPs is based. Most successful teaching
A.M. Peshkovsky was continued by V.A. Beloshapkova. In her opinion, the coordinating connection is equal to the connection in the coordinating phrase. It is characterized by the fact that the components connected by it perform the same syntactic function in relation to the whole they form. Means of communication when composing are coordinating conjunctions. The subordinating connection, according to Beloshapkova, is similar different types subordinating connection in phrases and simple sentences. The combined elements here differ in their syntactic function, and each of them takes its place. Means of communication are subordinating conjunctions and allied words. According to V.A. Beloshapkova, in a non-union complex sentence the opposition between composition and subordination is removed. Some linguists, on the basis of semantic relationships between parts and on the basis of intonation, divide non-conjunctive complex sentences into non-conjunctive composed and non-conjunctive subordinate sentences.
In the concepts of individual scientists, a “non-union combination of proposals” remains outside the framework of the joint venture. The argument in favor of such an understanding of the nature of non-union constructions is the fundamentally ungrammatical nature of the non-union connection, universal remedy the expression of which is intonation. But, signaling that several sentences have entered into a certain combination, intonation does not indicate either the nature of this connection or the relationships that are created on its basis. Therefore, an objective distinction between composition and subordination in conditions of non-union relations is impossible. The relationships that develop within non-union constructions can be identified and differentiated based on the stable elements of its structure, the structure of the parts, the order of their arrangement, the relationship between verbs and predicates, various kinds of lexical indicators, but the grammatical significance equal to the significance of the conjunction, none of these has no funds. Some modern syntacticists consider non-union complex sentences as a simple combination of sentences. But non-union complex sentences are a special unit. Among them there are those that can be correlated with a complex or complex sentence, but there are also constructions that do not correlate with them. The absence of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, the impossibility of accurately distinguishing intonation of a coordinating or subordinating nature, the presence of non-union constructions with an undifferentiated meaning distinguishes BSP into a special group.
Means of expressing syntactic connections in a joint venture can be conjunctions, allied words, the order of parts, and intonation.
The connection between parts of the joint venture may be more or less close. With a less close connection, the content of the second part is an additional message that arose incidentally in connection with the content of the first part.
In such constructions, the connection of the second part is qualified as connecting.
SPs in which only one specific type of meaning is identified and which, as a rule, consist of two predicative units, are called minimal designs. Structures that are the result of a combination of minimal structures are called complicated complex sentences.
