home Heating radiators Speech etiquette: the subtleties of the culture of communication. Russian speech etiquette Speech etiquette within the Russian language briefly

Speech etiquette: the subtleties of the culture of communication. Russian speech etiquette Speech etiquette within the Russian language briefly

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1. Speech etiquette: history, foundations, factors that determine its formation

1.1 The history of speech etiquette

1.2 The basis of speech etiquette and the factors determining its formation

2. Rules and norms of speech etiquette, main groups

2.1 Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the beginning of communication: appeal, greeting

2.2 Rules and norms of speech etiquette in the process of communication: formulas of politeness and mutual understanding

2.3 Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the end of communication: farewell, summary and compliments

2.4 Features of speech etiquette in distant communication, communication by telephone

2.5 National differences in speech etiquette in different countries

Conclusion

Literature

1 . Speech etiquette: history, foundations, factors that determine its formationOing

1.1 The history of speech etiquette

The emergence of etiquette as such and speech etiquette in particular is strongly associated with the development of the state as the main regulatory and governing system of society. The state, which by its nature implies a hierarchical structure of power and institutions of power, various forms of social stratification, various forms of subordination, needs norms and rules of behavior that would in practice serve as means of differentiation and recognition of various social groups, strata, institutions. The system of ranks, ranks, titles, ranks and other attributes of the hierarchical system of power necessarily requires tools that will accompany the communication of representatives of different layers and groups that differ in the above definitions. Here is how V.E. Goldin in the book Speech and Etiquette, a feast at the court of the Mongol Khan Kublai (according to Marco Polo): “At the feast, the great khan sits at the table like this: his table is much higher than other tables; he sits on the north side, facing south; on the left side next to him sits the eldest wife, and on the right hand, much lower, the sons, nephews and relatives of the imperial family; and their heads are at the feet of the great khan; and other princes sit at other tables, even lower. Wives are seated in exactly the same way. The wives of the sons of the great khan, his nephews and relatives - on the left side, lower, and behind them, even lower, sit the wives of barons and knights. Everyone knows his place, where he must sit according to the order established by the great khan ... ". Over time, the activities of power and public structures are so formalized and normalized, the differences between different social strata and groups are manifested so clearly that communication in the state and society is overloaded with a huge number of unsystematized norms and rules. All this leads to confusion and confusion. From this moment on, a huge number of norms and rules begin to be classified and systematized. We can consider this particular point in the development of the state and society as the birth of a system of norms and rules that regulate and normalize human behavior in society, i.e. etiquette. And since the order of behavior in society is brought up from childhood in each of its members by the family, school, and the whole environment, then etiquette becomes part of the moral rules studied by the science of ethics.

The Dictionary of Ethics defines this concept as follows: “Etiquette (French etiquette - label, label) is a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of attitude towards people (treatment with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in in public places, manners and dress). As you can see, the very word "etiquette" came to us from France, from the royal court of Louis XIV. And labels were called small paper tablets, issued to those who wanted (or were forced to) appear before the king. It was written on them how a person should address the king, what movements should be made, what words should be spoken. This is where the tendency to systematize norms and rules, which is mentioned above, is manifested. Labels at the court of the French king were one of the first documents that institutionalized speech etiquette as a system of norms and rules for interpersonal communication. E.V. Arova in the book "Be Kind" says that the oldest information about etiquette is already contained in the "Teachings of Kagemni to Pharaoh Snofri", which is about five thousand years old. As you can see, in all the above examples we are talking about general rules behavior and the rules of speech behavior are combined, but we will talk mainly about speech rules, i.e. about speech etiquette.

1.2 The basis of speech etiquette and the factors that determine its formationOing

Speech etiquette is a wide area of communication stereotypes.

In the process of upbringing, socialization, a person, becoming a personality and more and more completely mastering the language, learns the ethical norms of relationships with others, including speech relationships, in other words, masters the culture of communication. But for this it is necessary to navigate in the situation of communication, in the role signs of the partner, correspond to one's own social characteristics and satisfy the expectations of other people, strive for the “model” that has developed in the minds of native speakers, act according to the rules of the communicative roles of the speaker or listener, build the text in accordance with stylistic norms, master oral and written forms of communication, be able to communicate in contact and at a distance, and also master the whole gamut of non-verbal means of communication, which will be discussed below.

In every society, etiquette gradually developed as a system of rules of conduct, a system of permissions and prohibitions that generally organized moral norms: protect the younger ones, take care of your wife, respect the elders, be kind to others, do not offend, do not offend those who depend on you, be hardworking , conscientious - etc. and so on. L.A. Vvedenskaya in her book "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" gives the following definition of etiquette: "Etiquette is a combination accepted rules that determine the order of any activity. "This is how etiquette and ethics are combined: after all, it is not for nothing that dictionaries define the second meaning of the word ethics as a system of norms of moral behavior of a person, any class, social or professional group.

There are a lot of etiquette marks in every community. They are nationwide, they are signs of a social environment, or a social group, or a narrow circle - and at the same time they always carry important information: one's own - someone else's (not belonging to the environment, circle), superior - inferior, distant - close, familiar - unfamiliar, desired - unwanted, etc. Here is such a scene already from our times, described in the magazine “Around the World”, may seem interesting: “A klaxon is heard from afar, excitement is noticeable among the walkers. A large limousine is approaching. On one of the wings flutters a red flag with a purple tint with a red cross on a white background. Everyone around squats and then sits cross-legged on the side of the road. In the back seat of the limousine, a massive figure can be seen - King Tubow IV. He is supposed to be greeted by sitting down with folded hands. This is not just a custom, it is a law, the observance of which is strictly checked by the local police.

And in the same way, ordinary people of Tonga greet aristocrats. This is the etiquette of greeting the king in Tonga. And if you do not greet him like that, then you are a stranger, belong to another society, another nation.

Naturally, etiquette and speech are closely related. An excellent book by V.E. Goldin's Speech and Etiquette, already mentioned earlier. "The manner of speech, style, permission or prohibition to say one thing and not say another, the choice of language means as a mark of one's belonging to the environment - all this is noticeable in our everyday speech manifestations."

So, speech etiquette: is there an exact definition of speech etiquette? L.A. Vvedenskaya in her book "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" gives the following definition of speech etiquette: "Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, the system of speech formulas of communication." N.I.Formanovskaya gives the following definition: “Speech etiquette is understood as the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen key.” The degree of proficiency in speech etiquette determines the degree of professional suitability of a person. This primarily applies to civil servants, politicians, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc. Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect

Compliance with speech etiquette by people of the so-called linguo-intensive professions, in addition, has an educational value, contributes to an increase in both speech and common culture society. Following the rules of speech etiquette by members of the team of an institution or enterprise creates a favorable impression, maintaining a positive reputation for the entire organization.

What factors determine the formation of speech etiquette and its use? L.A. Vvedenskaya defines these factors as follows:

Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into business relations, conducting a business conversation: the social status of the subject and addressee of communication, their place in the service hierarchy, their profession, nationality, religion, age, gender, character.

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. It can be a presentation, conference, symposium, meeting, consultation, anniversary or other holiday.

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics of communication. Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final part. In this regard, the speech etiquette formulas are divided into 3 main groups: 1.) speech formulas for starting communication, 2.) speech formulas used in the process of communication, 3.) speech formulas for ending communication.

In addition, speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, a feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns - "you" and "you", which can be perceived as forms of the second singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, the official / informal situation. Referring to "you" is not accepted with strangers; in a formal setting; with older people, rank sometimes posts. At the same time, "you" should not be addressed to friends and relatives, classmates or work colleagues.

So, taking into account the factors that form and determine speech etiquette, knowledge and observance of the norms of speech etiquette, creates a favorable climate for relationships, contributes to the efficiency and effectiveness of business relations.

2 . Rules and norms of speech etiquette, main groups

2.1 Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the beginning of communication: appeal, etcAndbranch

Greeting: If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. This can happen both directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when it is necessary to do so. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Allow me to get to know you.

I would like to get to know you

Let's get acquainted

When visiting an institution, office, office, when there is a conversation with an official and it is necessary for him to introduce himself, the following formulas are used:

Let me introduce myself

My surname is Kolesnikov.

Anastasia Igorevna

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with a greeting. In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb to be healthy, which means "to be healthy", i.e. healthy. Along with this form, a greeting is common, indicating the time of the meeting: Good morning, Good afternoon, good evening. In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication: Very glad to see you!; Welcome!; My regards!

An indicative example that makes it possible to observe the entry, penetration into a foreign environment through the execution of the etiquette rules of speech and accepted forms of greeting accepted in that environment:

“I waited aside - until he was released, until the departing people disappeared into the car, and the mourners dispersed along the train through the windows of the compartment? And then he came out of the vestibule, out of breath, stuffing the tip into his pocket. A sort of reddish kid, a kind of cunning cat with shifty eyes. I almost made a mistake - I almost addressed him as "you", and even almost apologized for the trouble.

Hello Iron, how are you? I told him as unceremoniously as possible.

Things are like in Poland: whoever has a cart, that’s a pan, - he answered briskly, as if we had known each other for a hundred years ”(Ch. Aitmatov. Scaffold).

Well, if the hero had used the usual for himself (characteristic of his own social characteristics) you to an unfamiliar - sorry for the trouble - and he would have remained a stranger.

We have already noted earlier that it is common for villagers to greet even strangers, sending them a sign of goodwill. There is such an interesting comment about this village hello: “- Hello, - a woman with buckets, lives three houses from Aunt Dusya, her name is Nastya, in the morning we meet like this on the street. - Hello...

It doesn't mean we know each other. We just know each other by sight. But even if she never saw me, she would still say hello. Polite "hello" - for strangers. And a few pages later: “A woman with buckets, who met on the way, says “hello” to me, not because she recognizes me as her own. With her, she would have exchanged more than one word, for her she would have found a question; “Where, gulena, will you lift your skis?”. Or a joke: “You are a force, guy, pants, I look, painfully smart.” Or some simple request: "Tell Duska, let him bring the saw." In Krasnoglinka, all neighbors, all relatives, life is so closely intertwined that at a meeting there is always something to say that does not fit into one word. Even silence means much more than an on-duty "hello"; met and remained silent - for a reason, it means he is angry, does not want to know, shows resentment. And “hello” is - we notice you, man, at the sight of you there is neither joy nor grief, go past yourself. “Hello” is a greeting for strangers” (V. Tendryakov, Apostolic business trip). But even this: “we notice you, man” is already a sign of goodwill. Although V. Soloukhin does not agree that hello to the stranger in this - "neither joy nor sorrow." Here is an excerpt from his poem, which is called "Hello";

Hello! We bowed and said to each other.

Hello! What special topics did we say to each other? Just "hello", we didn't say anything more, Why did the world add a drop of sun? Why is there a drop of happiness in the world? Why did life become a little more joyful?

As you can see, hello pleases us. Be that as it may, we need an etiquette greeting sign at least to say: I notice you.

Appeal: Appeal is one of the most important and necessary components of speech etiquette. The appeal is used at any stage of communication, throughout its duration, serves as its integral part. At the same time, the norm of the use of the address and its form have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore spot in Russian speech etiquette.

This is eloquently stated in a letter published in Komsomolskaya Pravda signed by Andrei: “We, probably, in the only country in the world do not address each other. We don't know how to address a person! Man, woman, girl, granny, comrade, citizen - pah! Or maybe a female face, a male face! And it's easier - hey!

The monarchical system in Russia of the 20th century maintained a division into estates: nobles, clergy, raznochintsy, merchants, philistines, and peasants. Hence the appeal lord, madam in relation to people of privileged classes; sir, madam - for the middle class or master, mistress for both and the absence of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.

In other civilized countries, the appeals were the same for all strata and classes (Mr., Mrs., Miss - England, USA; signor, signorina, signora - Italy; sir, sir - Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia)

After the revolution, all the old ranks are abolished and two new addresses are introduced: “comrade” and “citizen”. The word "citizen" comes from the Old Slavonic city dweller (resident of the city). In the XVIII century, this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state." But in the twentieth century, especially in the 20-30s, a custom appeared, and then it became the norm when addressing arrested, convicted, imprisoned employees of law enforcement agencies and vice versa, not to say comrade, only citizen. As a result, the word citizen for many has become associated with detention, arrest, the police, and the prosecutor's office. The negative association gradually “grown” to the word so much that it became its integral part, so rooted in the minds of people that it became impossible to use the word citizen as a commonly used address.

The fate of the word comrade was somewhat different. It came to us from the Turkic language in the 15th century and had the root tavar, meaning "property, livestock, goods." Probably, initially comrade had the meaning "companion in trade", then it was supplemented with the meaning "Friend".

From the end of the 19th century, Marxist circles were created in Russia, their members called each other comrades.

In the days of communism, comrade was the main appeal to a person, later it began to be replaced by words like: man, woman, grandfather, father, boyfriend, aunt, uncle. These appeals can be perceived by the addressee as disrespect for him, unacceptable familiarity.

Starting from the end of the 80s of the last century, appeals began to return to use: sir, madam, sir, madam.

The appeal comrade is legally left as an official appeal in the armed forces and other power structures, as well as communist organizations, factory and factory collectives.

2.2 Rules and norms of speech etiquette in the process of communication: formulas veandkindness and understanding

After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation. The most typical are 3 situations: solemn, working, mournful. The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees, receiving awards, birthdays, name days, significant dates for the family or its members, presentation, conclusion of an agreement, creation of a new organization.

On any solemn occasion, a significant event, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation: Allow (allow) to invite you., Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ..), we will be glad to see you.

Congratulations: Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations ..; On behalf of (on behalf of) congratulations; heartily (warmly) congratulations.

As in all other situations of interpersonal communication, congratulations should be extremely correct, appropriate and sincere. Only here with sincerity you need to be very careful. Congratulations are a society-accepted ritual of respect and joy for a loved one, but this is not a way of conducting a conversation or correspondence; congratulations should not contain purely personal topics and questions of the congratulatory addressee. The content of the congratulations is a ritual expression of joy, but nothing more. Let's take greeting cards as an example. Greeting card - all filled with factual information! Of course, the standard, the ritual ... But what a shame not to receive a greeting card on a solemn occasion! If we neglect this factual side and begin to supplant it with meaningful information, then it will turn out as in the humoresque of Herman Drobiz: “Petya filled out greeting cards without thinking twice: “Dear Seryozhka! Great happiness to you in the New Year!”, “Dear Natasha! Much happiness to you in the New Year! But then he thought: “Essentially, these are thoughtless replies. If I am a true friend to my friends, then is it not hypocrisy to wish great happiness to those who dream of little? Isn't it a mockery to get off with a general phrase when you know well what exactly your friend dreams of? Decided! This time, friends will receive from me sincere wishes for exactly the happiness they are after.

"Dear Earring! How many years have I known you, how long have you been dreaming of leaving your wife, who is disgusting with you, a petty-bourgeois woman. Let New Year will bring you the freedom you desire. Make up your mind, friend!

“Dear Natasha! Do I not know how patiently you are waiting for Seryozha. May your dream come true! And further. You are justifiably ashamed of your figure. I wish you to lose fifteen kilograms in the New Year. I guarantee that then Seryozha will look at you in a new way!

“Dear Vovyastik! Our dear poet! All your life you dream of writing at least one poem, for which you will not be ashamed later. May it happen in the coming year!”

“Dear Anton Grigorievich! In the coming year, I wish you to recover from hard drinking once and for all. What happiness it would be!

The postcards made an impression. Seryozha really left his wife, who read Petya's wish and made a huge scandal. But he did not go to Natasha, and three days later, miserable and hungry, he crawled back. Anton Grigoryevich, upon receiving the postcard, fell into an unprecedented binge. The poet Voviastik burst into a poem in which the softest expression was: “Are you a friend? You are a creeping snake ... "

So Petya was left without friends. Do I feel sorry for him? And how. Would you like to express your condolences? Yes. But I will not take a step forward until he apologizes for the card he sent me: "With all my heart I wish that in the coming year you finally have a sense of humor."

Jokes are jokes, but the understanding that without contact-establishing communication, without speech etiquette and friends, you can lose is obviously useful to all of us

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief. In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, state-owned. Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored: Allow (allow) to express (to you) my (my) deep (sincere) condolences. I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept mine) deep (sincere) condolences. I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune)

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In a daily business environment (business, work situation), speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of work, when determining the results of the sale of goods, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand, to make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.

Here are the speech clichés that are used in these situations.

Acknowledgment: Allow (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition; the company (management, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees for ...

In addition to official thanks, there are also ordinary, unofficial thanks. This is an ordinary "thank you", "you are very kind", "not worth thanks", etc. There is even such a thing as “stroking”, which is designed to compliment a person with the help of speech etiquette, create a positive opinion about oneself, and convey a good mood to the interlocutor. Psychiatrists and psychologists have repeatedly observed cases where the lack of affection on the part of adults caused in infants a severe lag in development and even a serious illness. Therefore, what the mother does intuitively is talking to the baby, smiling at him, picking him up, stroking him, etc. - absolutely necessary for the child.

But for adults too! Here is the wife, for the umpteenth time asking her husband: Tell me, do you love me? Men laugh at this, and sometimes get angry, but women (the most emotional part of humanity) seek to satisfy their thirst for “strokes”. And how men flourish from praise, approval (although they often try to hide it)!

Linguists thought about all this and found that the language responded to such a need, created a system of verbal “strokes”. An important place belongs here to speech etiquette. After all, all greetings, information about life, health, deeds, all thanks, apologies, congratulations and wishes have no other purpose than to serve as “strokes”.

Hi, how are you?

Everything is fine! And you?

Nothing too. Well, everything!

Bye! - so they exchanged "strokes"! The thing is that speech etiquette is realized in a situation of direct communication, when “here” (at the meeting point) and “now” (at the moment of meeting) “I” and “you” openly exchange “strokes”. That is why the expressions of speech etiquette touch us personally (it pleases “performance” and upsets “non-performance” in relation to us). Thank you! - in the phrase, in its structure, grammar, semantics, “I” and “you” are reflected, the phrase is equal to a good deed “here” and “now”. And the transmitted information is of a social nature, such as “I notice you, respect you, make contact with you, wish you well ...” It is not for nothing that the expressions of speech etiquette in their origin (in their etymology) mean goodwill: hello - be healthy, the same Congratulations; thank you - thank you (for your service); I'm sorry - I admit my fault and ask for forgiveness; thank you - God save (for good deeds), etc.

Remarks, warning: The company (management, board, editorial board) is forced to make a (serious) warning (remark) .., To (great) regret (chagrin), must (forced) to make a remark (to reprimand)

Often, people, especially those with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form: All (you) must (must) ..., categorically (persistently) advise (propose) to do ...

Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to an order or order and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank. The "magic" of speech etiquette is that it really opens the door to our human interactions. Try to say, for example, in transport: Move over! Your recipient will most likely interpret this as a rude demand and will have the right not to perform the action: why on earth do you ascribe to yourself the role of a demanding “boss”, and assign him the role of a subordinate?! After all, they demand something higher! And add the magical please - and the imperative form already expresses a request, and only a request that is respectful enough, directed to an equal partner. And there are many other ways to handle this situation: Is it difficult for you to move?; If it doesn't bother you, move over, please, and more. others

Politeness and understanding:

Be mutually polite - inscriptions in stores call us. You have to be polite - the parents of the children teach ... What does it mean to be polite, why are we taught this from early childhood, why is this necessary? To answer these questions, first of all, consider the relationship between such phenomena as etiquette and politeness. Recall that etiquette and speech etiquette are rules adopted in a particular society, circle of people, behavior, including speech behavior (in accordance with the distribution of social roles in an official and informal setting of communication), which, on the one hand, regulate, and on the other hand, discover, show the relationship of members of society along such lines: one's own - someone else's, superior - inferior, senior - junior, distant - close, familiar - unfamiliar and even pleasant - unpleasant. Here the boy came to the circle, he said to his friends: Great, guys! In this case, he chose such signs of speech behavior that put him on an equal footing with others, demonstrate the rudely familiar tone of communication so characteristic of adolescents, these signs tell others: "I am my own, close." To the head of the circle, even the young one, he cannot say: Great, guy, because in this case the norms of role relations will be violated, because the senior in position must be given signs of attention corresponding to seniority. If you don't do this, you'll show impoliteness. This means that impoliteness is such a manifestation when the addressee is assigned a role lower than that which belongs to him in accordance with his characteristics. Consequently, violation of the norms of etiquette always turns into impoliteness, disrespect for the partner. Well, what about courtesy? Since this is one of the concepts of morality, let's turn to the Dictionary of Ethics, which defines politeness as follows: "... a moral quality that characterizes a person for whom respect for people has become a daily norm of behavior and a familiar way of dealing with others." So politeness is a sign of respect. Politeness is both a willingness to provide a service to someone who needs it, and delicacy, and tact. And, of course, timely and appropriate speech manifestation - speech etiquette - an integral element of politeness. Since politeness is a form of showing respect for another, respect in itself implies recognition of the dignity of the individual, as well as sensitivity, delicacy in relation to another. If you look at the example we started with from this point of view: Hey guys! - in relation to familiar teenagers from a peer, it can be noted that in this greeting and address there is no special reflection of respect, there is only a sign of entering into speech contact of "one's own", "equal" in relaxed, familiar relationships. So, there is no special politeness here.

There are different ways to be polite or impolite. V.E. Goldin writes: “...politeness and impoliteness have numerous degrees and shades. In Russian, they are denoted by such words as polite, impolite, correct, courteous, gallant, arrogant, arrogant, rude, arrogant, mannered, ceremonial, etc.”

Gallant is exquisitely polite and amiable. attitude towards a woman; the correct one behaves with restraint in full accordance with the rules, without deviating a single step from them; a courteous person is always respectfully polite ... Well, we will mention the manifestations of impoliteness below. Here we will draw a conclusion that we will need in further reasoning: impoliteness is the assignment of a role to the addressee below that which he can count on, disrespect for him; politeness is respect for the addressee, assigning him the role that corresponds to his characteristics, and maybe a little higher, when he is courteous or gallant.

The inherent politeness of a person is evaluated by others as his positive quality. Each of us has heard. Which good man- always congratulates me on holidays; You have a nice daughter - she always greets everyone, etc. Or here is an example: “Ivan Kuzmich Belomestnykh, having come out late into the courtyard flooded with dawn, saw a note on a nail: “Thank you for your hospitality. S. Lachugin "- and thought about the geological guy well and reliably:" Respectful. Not like some. You also need to be able to say goodbye ”(E. Yevtushenko. Berry places).

The journal Health reports: “Psychologists who study interpersonal relationships attach great importance to signs of attention that can calm, have a kind of psychotherapeutic effect. And isn’t everyday thank you, please, excuse me, isn’t this what their power over our mood is hidden in? It's nice to receive signs of attention, in fact, "thank you" many of us are ready to work great!

An article in the newspaper under the heading "They didn't say "thank you"" - about a conflict at work. An article in another newspaper, The Magic Word Thank You, is about the elimination of the conflict. Komsomolskaya Pravda told how 10th grade students of one of the schools were at enmity with each other for the entire academic year: some were on the side of the young man who offended the girl, others were on her side. Finally, they decided to end the matter amicably. “And Olya said:“ I forgive him. And then, through tears: “Yes, I would have forgiven on the same day if he had come up and apologized in a good way ...”

And here, almost unbelievable events are described - people prefer to refuse profitable work, just not to be polite: “The director of a fashionable self-supporting company, proud of non-standard products, the intelligent treatment of his employees with clients, complains to me: “It’s just that the situation with personnel is not so good ... "-" De why? Is the salary less? - “What are you, the salary is one and a half to two times more!” - "What's the matter?" The director hesitates: “In dealing with a client. After all, you have to try it on. Sometimes several models, thank you for your purchase. - "So what?" - I'm surprised. “They say:“ How will I bow to every “shit”: “thank you” and “come”, - it’s better that I get less, but I don’t need these “thank you!” (From the newspaper). This, by the way, is in the article “What are we, women?”.

Cervantes said: "Nothing costs us so cheaply and is not valued so dearly as politeness." Respect, benevolence, directed to another, make us better ourselves. And it’s bad for others, and for us, when this is not there. L. Lebedinskaya sends such a figurative reproach to us all: “In the Kabardian folk epic about the Nart heroes there is a small, brave tribe -“ Hare Riders ”, who fearlessly engage in single combat with the giant villains and defeat them, perform many feats. But in one they are vulnerable - they get sick from reproaches, and die from insults. Folk wisdom from time immemorial seems to warn us: people, avoid psychological stress!

Sometimes I think: what would happen to the poor "hare riders" if they had to ride in Moscow public transport or walk through Moscow shops? And it doesn't cost anything to give a good attitude! Mother Teresa, the founder of the Mission of Mercy, who is known all over the world, during her visit to our country told a newspaper correspondent: “Even if there is nothing to help the needy, you can always give a person a smile or a handshake. Often it is even more than anything else.”

2.3 Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the end of communication: farewell, Resumming up and compliments

End of communication: When the conversation ends, the interlocutors use the formulas for parting, ending communication. They express a wish (All the best (good) to you! Goodbye!); hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday); I hope we part for a short time. I hope to see you soon); doubt about the possibility of meeting again (Farewell! It is unlikely that we will see you again. Do not remember dashingly!)

In addition to the usual forms of farewells, there is a long-established ritual of a compliment. A tactfully and timely compliment, it cheers up the addressee, sets up a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.

The compliment refers to the appearance, indicates the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment

You look good (excellent, fine).

You are (so, very) charming (smart, resourceful, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent) specialist.

It is a pleasure (excellent, good) to do business with you (work, cooperate).

It was nice to meet you!

You are a very nice (interesting) person (interlocutor

The absence of a farewell ritual or its indistinctness or crumpledness does not in any way indicate that the person left “in English”, this indicates either a negative, hostile or hostile attitude of a person or his banal bad manners.

2.4 Features of speech etiquette in remote communication, aboutbcommunication via phone, internet

Scientific and technological progress has introduced a new culture of communication into etiquette - communication by telephone. What is the specificity of a telephone conversation as one of the types of speech activity? ON THE. Akishina in her book “Speech Etiquette of Russian Telephone Conversation” reveals this problem in this way: “Telephone conversation is included in the number of types of speech communication carried out with the help of technical means. The peculiarity of a telephone conversation in this system is as follows:

Telephone conversation is not a means of mass communication

This is a form of communication with feedback, which brings it closer to a direct form of oral speech communication.

A telephone conversation is characterized by unpreparedness, spontaneous flow, unlike most other types of verbal communication carried out with the help of technical means.

A telephone conversation is a form of dialogical speech. The specificity of telephone communication excludes polylogue as a form of communication (as opposed to a selector)

The etiquette of a telephone conversation requires a short flow of time, which is caused by the following reasons: the impossibility of talking with many subscribers at once, the daily routine of the addressee of the call is unexpectedly and unplanned, the phone is designed to resolve urgent issues, the time of the telephone conversation is paid.

As can be seen from the above, a telephone conversation is a form of oral spontaneous dialogue carried out with the help of technical means.

Unlike contact oral speech communication, a telephone conversation is distant and indirect. The interlocutors do not see each other, and therefore such important tools are disabled non-verbal communication, as somatisms (gestures, posture, facial expressions, facial expressions), reliance on the situation, the significance of the spatial location of the interlocutors, and this leads to the activation of verbal expression.

Call types:

Depending on the target setting of the caller, several types of telephone conversation can be distinguished.

1.) Inquiry

2.) Various orders, challenges

3.) Transfer of information

4.) Congratulations

5.) Keeping in touch

Depending on the relationship of subscribers and the situation, telephone conversations differ:

1.) Official (business) - between strangers or unfamiliar people.

2.) Informal (frequent)

3.) Neutral - between acquaintances, but equal in position and age

4.) Friendly - between close people

Phone rules:

1.) Distinguish between formal and informal conversations. Business calls are made on work phones, informal calls are made on home phones.

2.) It is indecent to call before 9 am and after 10 pm.

3.) You can’t call strangers, if you have to do this, you must definitely explain who gave the phone.

4.) The conversation should not be long - 3-5 minutes

5.) The subscriber who is being called is not required to identify himself, even if it is a business phone.

6.) It is not permissible for the caller to start a conversation with questions: “Who is talking?”, “Who is on the phone?”

The semantic parts of a telephone conversation

1.) Establishing contact (identification, hearing test)

2.) Starting a conversation (greeting, question about the opportunity to speak, questions about life, affairs, health, message about the purpose of the call)

3.) Development of the topic (deployment of the topic, exchange of information, expression of opinions)

4.) End of the conversation (final phrases summarizing the topic of the conversation, etiquette phrases, farewell)

2.5 National differences in speech etiquette in different countries

Speech etiquette is an important element of any national culture. In the language, speech behavior, stable formulas (stereotypes) of communication, a rich folk experience, the uniqueness of customs, lifestyle, and living conditions of each people were deposited. And that is infinitely valuable. Therefore, a few words about the national specifics of speech etiquette. Let's look into our own wealth, and to our neighbors too.

I. Ehrenburg left such an interesting testimony: “Europeans, greeting, extend their hand, and a Chinese, Japanese or Indian is forced to shake the limb of a stranger. If a visitor would stick his bare foot to Parisians or Muscovites, it would hardly cause delight. A resident of Vienna says “I kiss your hand”, without thinking about the meaning of his words, and a resident of Warsaw, when he is introduced to a lady, mechanically kisses her hand. The Englishman, outraged by the tricks of his competitor, writes to him: "Dear sir, you are a swindler", without "dear sir" he cannot begin the letter. Christians, entering a church, church or church, take off their hats, and a Jew, entering the synagogue, covers his head. In Catholic countries, women should not enter the temple with their heads uncovered. In Europe, the color of mourning is black, in China it is white. When a Chinese man sees for the first time how a European or an American goes hand in hand with a woman, sometimes even kissing her, it seems to him extremely shameless. In Japan, one cannot enter a house without taking off one's shoes; in restaurants, men in European suits and socks sit on the floor. In a Beijing hotel, the furniture was European, but the entrance to the room was traditionally Chinese - a screen did not allow entry directly; it is connected with the notion that the devil is going straight ahead; but according to our ideas, the devil is cunning, and it doesn’t cost him anything to bypass any partition. If a guest comes to a European and admires a picture on the wall, a vase or other trinket, then the host is satisfied. If a European begins to admire a little thing in a Chinese house, the owner gives him this item - this is required by politeness. My mother taught me that you shouldn’t leave anything on a plate at a party. In China, no one touches the cup of dry rice served at the end of the meal - you need to show that you are full. The world is diverse, and one should not puzzle over this or that custom: if there are foreign monasteries, then, consequently, there are foreign charters ”(I. Ehrenburg. People, years, life).

The national specificity of speech etiquette in each country is extremely bright, because here, as we see, the unique features of the language are superimposed by the features of rituals, habits, everything accepted and not accepted in behavior, permitted and prohibited in social etiquette. Sometimes, in the most unexpected way, the national and cultural features of the speech behavior of the speakers are manifested. Let us refer to an excerpt from the book of essays by K. Chapek, in which he describes the meeting and exchange of greetings between two Czechs: “- Hello, how are you? - Yes, bad, not so hot

And don't speak! What's the matter?

Uh, you know how many worries!...

Well, what can you say about worries? I would like your worries!

Well, dear, if you were in my shoes, then you would not be greeted! ... And how are you?

Yes, you know, it doesn't matter!

How about health?

So-so. What do you have at home?

Nothing, we squeak!

So be healthy! - My regards! »

Isn't it true, it seems that the interlocutors are not doing well. But, citing such a dialogue, K. Capek says that if the reader understands that those who met are not so well and their health has deteriorated, he will be mistaken. It's just that a Czech, when meeting according to custom, habit, is not inclined to say that his life is going well, he rather prefers to complain. However, he complains in a cheerful tone and, as it were, boasts of worries, is proud of difficulties and sorrows, because, according to his ideas, only an idler lives without difficulties. A serious person has only worries on his mind. Well, if the neighbor to the question: How are you? - will answer that everything is fine with him, then he will immediately arouse a vague suspicion: he is hiding something! How curious are the national features of the use of speech etiquette! According to observations, the Russians to the question: How are you? - they prefer an average answer: Nothing!, but it is not uncommon to hear from a Bulgarian: Good!

In general, the specificity of greetings and all kinds of information when meeting with different peoples is very interesting. According to B. Bgazhnokov, who studied the etiquette of the Adygs, the extremely common Russian Hello! corresponds to many ways to greet, depending on whether a man or a woman, an old man or a young person acts as an addressee, a horseman or a traveler, a shepherd or a blacksmith ... The Mongols also have a great variety. Greetings and business briefings vary by season. In autumn they ask: Are the cattle fat? Are you having a good time in autumn? in spring: Do you meet spring safely? winter: How do you winter? In general, the most general greeting even urban dwellers, even intellectuals, there is a stereotype that reflects the nomadic lifestyle of pastoralists: How do you roam?; How are your livestock? And the Russians, of course, have more than one thing in common. Hello. We have, as we have already said, about 40 greetings, or even more. And there is such, however, outdated, which is sent to the worker: God help; there is also for the visitor. Welcome!; With the arrival, and for the incoming: You are welcome! (with an invitation together), there is for a bather: Enjoy your bath!, there are greetings depending on the time of day: Good afternoon .; Good morning.; Good evening!, but there is also someone who has not been seen for a long time: How many winters, how many years! And many more greetings from us!

F. Folsom in "The Book of Language" (M. 1974) says that the ancient Greeks greeted each other: Rejoice!, and modern Greeks: Be healthy! The Arabs say: Peace be with you!, and the Navajo Indians: All is well!

Russians ask: “How are you?” But the ancient Egyptians believed that when meeting for a short time there was no time, and there was no point in doing an analysis of their health. They asked specifically: "How do you sweat?" As you can see, the most diverse stereotypes of speech etiquette captured the features of everyday life.

There are many examples of national specifics of speech and non-verbal behavior of different peoples in communicative situations. Each of the Russians who find themselves in any republic or country immediately notices such features. Here are my impressions of China: “One observation. Showing, even talking about themselves, the Chinese manage to talk more with you about you than about themselves, as if retreating into the shadows, stewed very delicately. But don't let this behavior fool you. At the same time, the Chinese are very attentively watching how delicate you are, still being able to insist on your interest in him ”(L Vasilyeva. Undreamed China). Or impressions about. Kazakhstan: “I soon realized that this simplicity was apparent - beads of sweat appeared on the master’s forehead, but he was still friendly and smiling, handing over the converted samovar to the customer, he invariably repeated: “Kutty bolsyn!” which can be translated as: "Happy to use." Only in the Kazakh language it sounds even more cordial ... ”(From the newspaper). Or impressions about England: “I have already said that an English boy of about thirteen often came to my son. The wife treated them to tea with buns or cakes. Every time after tea, the guy came to the kitchen and said to my wife:

Thank you very much, Mrs. Orestov, for tea and very tasty buns. I haven't eaten such wonderful cakes for a long time, thank you.

It does not matter that the cakes were bought in a nearby confectionery, where the boy's parents also buy them. He just knows for sure that it is impossible to leave someone else's house without thanking and praising the treat ”(O. Orestov. Another life and a distant shore). How much goodness in speech etiquette and how much national culture? Good afternoon and Good evening!; Welcome! Bread and salt!; Do not remember dashingly!; You are welcome to our hut!; Make yourself at home!; Come in, you will be a guest!; Please love and respect! - and always good wishes, goodwill, in which there is a deep original folk meaning.

Conclusion

The value of speech etiquette for society and culture pageAus

In the process of writing this essay, I read quite a lot of literature on the culture of speech and speech etiquette. I learned a lot of interesting things about my language, the culture of my country, but, most importantly, I realized that speech and speech etiquette are one of the main forces of a person's self-identification in society. Finally, I realized that being Russian is not only speaking Russian, but speaking Russian correctly. Before me, through examples from speech etiquette, historical trends and features of Russian culture and the Russian language became visible. For example, the absence of references to the lower strata in the pre-revolutionary Russian language meant the actual slavish attitude of the higher strata to the lower strata, which in turn, most likely, was one of the main motivators and causes of the 1917 revolution.

At the same time, in fact, the unique system of addresses you / you suggests that respect for the individual and his social status was cultivated in Russia more actively and more thoroughly than in other countries.

Russian speech etiquette is one of the components of the national culture, which takes on the brunt of the preservation of the Russian ethnic group and statehood. Both the revival and the legislative consolidation of the norms of the rules of Russian etiquette and speech etiquette, including, should become a priority task for the state and society in the near future. After all, this will be a huge and fundamental step in the revival of Russia as one of the pillars of world culture and civilization, on the other hand, it will be a great contribution to the preservation and development of the Russian ethnos and state.

speech etiquette communication politeness

References

1. Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya N.I. "Russian speech etiquette" M., 1983.

2. Goldin V.E. "Speech and Etiquette". M.: Enlightenment, 1983.

3.L.A. Vvedenskaya "Russian language and culture of speech", M. 2002

4. A.A. Akishina, "Speech etiquette of Russian telephone conversation", M. 2000

5. E.V. Arova "Be kind", M. 1998

6. M.D. Arkhangelskaya "Business etiquette or playing by the rules", M. 2001

7. Yanyshev V. E. Speech and etiquette. M., 1993.

8. F. Folsom "The Book of Language", M. 1974.

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Why is speech etiquette important?

In our fast-paced time, we have to increasingly visit people, communicate on a variety of topics and make new acquaintances. Modern man becomes more free in terms of communication, often forgetting about the elementary rules of decency and tact, which is unacceptable. Compliance is just as important as other types of etiquette, because it will allow you to better understand people and successfully conduct any dialogues with them. In addition, by the way a person communicates, one can judge the degree of breadth of his soul, education and positioning himself in society. D. Likhachev very accurately noted in his time, saying the following: “Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our soul, mind.”

In any society, it is customary to observe behavior rules and give Special attention culture of speech. But in order to master it, it is necessary to have a clear idea of what the concept means. Russian. It is a system of linguistic signs, as well as the rules for their use, which are accepted in society. All this is necessary in order to establish verbal contact between the people leading the conversation and maintain communication in an emotionally positive tone, regardless of external circumstances. Using certain words and expressions that are able to reflect the national specifics of verbal politeness, a person can fulfill the task assigned to him - in the most tactful and helpful way to convey to the interlocutor the meaning of his words.

What does the concept of speech situation mean?

For a speech situation to arise, certain conditions must be met. The main element of the speech situation is the appearance of the speaker and the listener. The second point is the presence of a topic of conversation (what will be discussed). The third condition is the presence of interlocutors in a certain space and time (where/when). And finally, the presence of the motive of the speech action (why) and the goal (why the opponents started this conversation) is necessary. All this can be done by using a special code - language. Proper management of it will allow you to achieve the location of the listeners, form a positive impression of the speaker in them and arouse interest in continuing the conversation. The use of etiquette formulas and the manifestation of politeness are a necessary condition for culture. And etiquette- the concepts are very close and manifest as a benevolent attitude towards others. The use of verbal and non-verbal courtesy signs is etiquette, the rules of which are not only possible, but must be required to be observed by everyone.

The most famous and commonly used are the following rules of speech etiquette :

greetings;
acquaintance;
thanks;
apology;
approval/compliment;
farewell;
sympathy / condolences;
wishes;
invitations;
requests;
reference .

During communication with each other, people try to convey certain information: to communicate something, to convey the meaning of their words to the interlocutor, to encourage something, to ask or give advice. To cope with the task, they resort to performing speech actions. But before you start exchanging information, you should enter into verbal contact with a person. This must be done in accordance with certain rules. Many do not notice them, because they have become familiar. But their violation is noticeable immediately. For example, the address of the seller to the buyer on "you" is perceived by the latter as the height of tactlessness. You can talk about disrespect if one of the acquaintances did not say hello at the meeting. From the outside, a person’s unwillingness to thank someone for help, service rendered, etc. looks ugly. And people who systematically do not admit their mistakes or do not apologize at all seem ignorant.

imposes a number of restrictions and prohibitions on emotions, foul language during communication and conversation in raised tones. This is not only ugly, but it can also be perceived ambiguously by others. There are many forms of rudeness. We are talking about arrogance, arrogance, arrogance, insult, the use of offensive words, etc. A manifestation of impoliteness can be considered:

choosing an inappropriate expression for a particular situation or for an interlocutor (he greeted the young teacher with the phrase “Hello!”);
non-compliance with the rules of speech etiquette (when leaving the person did not apologize, squeezing through the crowd);
insulting the interlocutor by using rude words (sit down here, put on yourself).

You should not be like a rude person and engage in verbal polemics. it is not welcome. It is important to address the person correctly and as politely as possible and put him in his place. An opponent who is familiar with the rules of etiquette will calm down and admit that he was wrong. In this case speech etiquette will be the best and most effective means that will allow you to remove verbal aggression.

Golden rules for arguing and defending your point of view

Since the conversation has turned to controversy, discussions, debates, it is worth knowing that there are those that allow you to conduct such a conversation in a polite manner. It is not at all necessary to engage in a passionate argument, proving something to your opponent and accompanying your speech with active gestures and a loud voice. Do you want to be heard? - Speak quieter! So says folk wisdom proven for centuries. Really. Politicians who often appear on television and respond to provocative questions or objections from opponents rarely allow themselves to behave outside the rules of etiquette. It is easy to get a person out of himself, but to control oneself and correctly respond to the comments of opponents is the duty not only of public people, but also of each of us. You don't have to act like you're at war. A conversation, whatever it may be, is primarily a process of interaction between two or more people seeking to show respect for each other. Lack of desire to rise above the interlocutors and competent speech are signs of a polite and tactful person. These qualities increase the degree of trust in such people, help to keep the conversation on the same wavelength, achieve the goal and effectively transfer information.

Expressiveness of speech, compliance with the rules speech culture- signs of a cultured and educated person. The main task of any of us is not only the ability to apply the necessary etiquette formulas and observe Russian speech etiquette but also the improvement of speech. Must comply etiquette in any situation, develop oral speech, master communicative tactics and strategies to prevent and extinguish conflicts. Language is the most powerful means of communication, which is a system of signs and rules accepted in society. Know basicsspeech culture and to be able to apply them in practice is the duty of every citizen.

It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language. In archaic society, speech etiquette (like etiquette in general) has a ritual background. The word is given special meaning associated with magical and ritual ideas, the relationship between man and cosmic forces. Therefore, human speech activity, from the point of view of members of the archaic society, can have a direct impact on people, animals and the world around them; the regulation of this activity is connected, first of all, with the desire to cause certain events (or, on the contrary, to avoid them). Relics of this state are preserved in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many stable formulas are ritual wishes, once perceived as effective: Hello (also Be healthy); Thank you (from God Save). Similarly, many prohibitions on the use of words and constructions that modern language considered as abusive, go back to archaic prohibitions - taboos.

Later layers associated with various stages in the evolution of society and its structure, with religious beliefs, etc. are superimposed on the oldest ideas about the effectiveness of the word. Of particular note is the rather complex system of speech etiquette in hierarchical societies, where the rules of speech communication fit into the semiotics of the social hierarchy. An example is the court of an absolute monarch ( medieval East, Europe at the turn of the New Age). In such societies, etiquette norms became the subject of training and codification and played a dual role: they allowed the speaker to express respect for the interlocutor and at the same time emphasize the sophistication of his own upbringing. The role in the formation of a new, Europeanized elite, which was played in the Petrine era and subsequent decades of etiquette manuals, is well known.

In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished; Thus, almost all peoples have stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. However, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. As a rule, the most detailed system of requirements exists in traditional cultures. At the same time, with a certain degree of conventionality, we can say that the comprehension of speech etiquette by its carriers goes through several stages, as it were. A closed traditional culture is characterized by the absolutization of etiquette requirements for behavior in general and for speech behavior in particular. The bearer of another speech etiquette is perceived here as a poorly educated or immoral person, or as an insulter. In societies that are more open to external contacts, the idea of the difference in speech etiquette among different peoples is usually more developed, and the skills of imitating someone else's speech behavior can even be a source of pride for a member of society.

In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs, ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him your respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication. Relics of hierarchical representations are also subject to these tasks; compare, for example, the history of addressing Mr. and the corresponding addresses in other languages: an element of speech etiquette, which once arose as a sign of the addressee's social status, subsequently becomes a nationwide form of polite address.

On the other hand, speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. It is impossible to talk about a high level of foreign language proficiency if this proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. It is especially important to be aware of the differences in national speech etiquette. For example, each language has its own system of addresses that has been formed over the centuries. With a literal translation, the meaning of these appeals is sometimes distorted; thus, the English Dear is used in formal address, while the corresponding Russian Dear is used, as a rule, in less formal situations. Or another example - in many cultures of the West to the question How are you? should answer: Good. The answer Bad or Not very considered indecent: the interlocutor should not impose his problems. In Russia, it is customary to answer the same question in a neutral, rather with a negative connotation: Nothing; Little by little. Differences in speech etiquette and, in general, in the systems of rules of speech behavior belong to the competence of a special discipline - linguistic and cultural studies.

Every language has its own history, its ups and downs. At especially critical moments of state reforms, there is always a danger of losing attention to this national treasure, being distracted by the seemingly more important needs and problems of society. In our time of great social and spiritual changes, this danger has increased many times over.

The Russian language over the past two decades has endured many not the best influences and intrusions. The alarm was sounded by dozens of scientific and cultural figures. Back in the early 90s, realizing that there was an ugly pollution of the Russian language, the writers of the St. Petersburg organization of the Writers' Union of Russia raised the issue of adopting a law on the protection of the Russian language at the state level. And only at the beginning of the 98th year, this Law was adopted, which refers to the mandatory introduction of the Russian language course, the culture of speech in all universities of the country and the adoption of special measures to increase the level of literacy of the population.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. IN Russian society of particular value are such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, benevolence, restraint.

Tact is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

Courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Tolerance consists in being calm about possible differences of opinion, avoiding harsh criticism of the interlocutor's views. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

Appeal is the most massive and most striking etiquette sign.

There are few personal pronouns in Russian, but their weight in speech etiquette is quite large. The choice between you and you is especially important. You instead of You in addressing one among Russians appeared relatively recently (in the 18th century). This kind of you was entrenched primarily among the educated nobles. Prior to that, You in itself had no etiquette content. But in comparison with you, it acquired the meaning of closeness, and in the communication of people who are not close, it began to express social inequality, communication from top to bottom. You spoke to the commoners, the servants. Gradually capturing more and more layers of the townspeople, the use of You and You, respectively, received various shades in accordance with the attitude typical of each social group.

The presence in the Russian language of the forms of address to "you" and "you" gives us an effective means of being polite. Personal pronouns are directly related to speech etiquette. They are associated with self-naming and naming of the interlocutor, with the feeling that "decent" and "indecent" in such naming. For example, when a person corrects an interlocutor: “Tell me“ you ”,“ Don’t poke, please ”, he expresses dissatisfaction with the“ disrespectful ”pronoun directed at him. So, “you” is not always empty, and “you” is not always cordial? Usually "you" is used when referring to a loved one, in an informal setting, and when the address is rudely familiar; "you" - in a polite manner, in a formal setting, in an appeal to a stranger, unfamiliar. Although there are many nuances here.

It is not customary for Russians to call the third person present during the conversation with the pronoun he (she). Russian speech etiquette provides for naming a third person present during a conversation by name (and patronymic), if you already have to speak with him and for him. Apparently, the Russians clearly feel that I and You, We and You are, as it were, inclusive pronouns, that is, those that distinguish interlocutors from all the others, and He, She, They are exclusive pronouns, indicating not the one with whom this time communicate, but on something third. Meanwhile, the etiquette of many countries does not prohibit such a speech action - the "exclusion" of the present.

Among the many introductory words of the Russian language, there are those that, like etiquette means of confirmation or denial, can be considered a special technique of etiquette modulation of speech. For example, introductory words you see, you know, you understand, believe me, imagine.

It is clear that the introductory words whose behavior we observe, although they serve mainly to express the connection with the interlocutor, i.e. have the most common etiquette meanings, nevertheless retained traces of the meaning of the corresponding verbs. Therefore, with the same etiquette content, you see, you know, you understand, imagine that introductory words like them are completely semantic, but they are still not equal. Each of them has its own additional meaning.

If we compare the etiquette possibilities of Russian speech with the etiquette possibilities of other languages, it turns out that etiquette means are obligatory and optional, or optional. This is reminiscent of how it is transmitted different languages the value of certainty/uncertainty. Speaking in Russian, reporting that a boy is coming, he can emphasize that this is a very definite boy, the same one that has already been discussed, can show that this is some kind of boy about whom nothing is known, but may not express in this definition/uncertainty value sentence: A boy is coming. Of course, the whole situation of speech, as well as the preceding and following phrases, usually make it clear whether we are talking about a definite or indefinite boy, but in Russian the means of expressing these meanings are not obligatory: Russian grammar does not require that a special indicator of definiteness be attached to a noun. or uncertainty of the subject. But the English, French, German grammar, as you know, requires this when translating a sentence. There is a boy in French, German, English language, we are obliged to choose a definite or indefinite article, use the obligatory means of conveying the meaning of certainty / indefiniteness.

In the same way, in some languages there are only non-mandatory etiquette means, while in other languages there are also mandatory ones. Such is, say, the Japanese language. Almost all Japanese verbs can have an emphatically polite form in relation to the addressee of the speech and a familiar form.

Whatever we talk about in Japanese (even if not about the addressee of the speech!), We have to choose either a polite or familiar form of the verb, i.e., whether we want it or not, show our attitude towards the addressee. But in the Russian language there are no grammatical prescriptions when and in what way the etiquette content must certainly be expressed. This means that the etiquette means of the Russian language are optional.

However, as we have already seen, the etiquette possibilities not only do not decrease, but become more subtle and flexible!

There are incredibly many ways to convey etiquette meanings in speech. Every time we choose what to say and how to say it, we necessarily take into account (although we do not always notice it ourselves) also with whom and in what environment we are talking. Therefore, speeches that have nothing to do with etiquette, perhaps, do not exist at all. If several styles have developed in the language (book speech, colloquial, scientific style, business, etc.) and there is a difference in the speech of individual social groups (speech of educated people and not educated, literary and dialect, speech of young and elderly, etc. .), then the very choice of the type of speech turns out to be an etiquette sign, expresses the attitude towards the listener or to the one we mention.

Surprisingly diverse etiquette signs in the speech of different peoples. For example, the types of interjections that accompany the appeal. In some languages, they differ depending on who is speaking to whom. Thus, they indicate the composition of those communicating, and, therefore, carry important etiquette information.

In many languages, in order to convey etiquette content, intentional deviations of the grammatical number, grammatical gender, the replacement of one face shape with another, special "polite" and "over-polite" words, and a peculiar sentence structure are used. It is difficult to list the etiquette means of oral speech alone, but also the etiquette techniques that are used in writing! Remember at least the capitalization of polite forms you, you, you, yours, yours, etc.

In speech etiquette, there are situations when body language is very important. Each nation has its own specific gesture:

Russians, British, Americans shake hands as a greeting gesture.

The Chinese in the old days, meeting a friend, shook hands with himself.

The Laplanders rub their noses.

A young American greets a friend by patting him on the back.

Latinos embrace.

The French kiss each other on the cheek.

Without knowing the national characteristics of gestures, you can get into an awkward position. For example, in Bulgaria, the signs "yes" and "no" are the opposite of the common European form, and representatives of the indigenous population may misinterpret the answer to the question asked.

What should a Japanese think if a European, entering into a business conversation, does not shake hands with him? He may assume that the interlocutor respects his national customs - in Japan it is not customary to shake hands. But, on the other hand, he may consider this disrespectful to him personally - the Japanese know that in the society to which the partner belongs, the handshake gesture is accepted.

Even similar gestures can be used differently in different national cultures. For example, in Hungary, a man always raises his hat when greeting, but in our country this is not at all necessary and is more common for older people.

The handshake gesture when greeting in Bulgaria is used much more often than it is customary in our country. There, when greeting a group of interlocutors, it is advisable to shake hands with everyone. It's optional for us.

Thus, a gesture can say a lot. In particular, to characterize the person making the gesture in terms of national characteristics. For example, in Czechoslovakia, when listing something, the fingers are not bent into a fist, starting with the little finger, as is customary with us, but, on the contrary, from the clenched fist they “open”, starting with the thumb, finger after finger. In a Russian environment, such a gesture immediately betrays a foreigner.

In some situations, speech etiquette shows more gestures, in others less. In some situations, a complete replacement of replicas is acceptable, in others it is not, and of course, each gesture is distinguished by its "style", and each time a person chooses the most appropriate in a given situation.

There are many examples of the national specificity of speech and non-speech behavior of different peoples. In China, even when talking about themselves, the Chinese manage to talk to you about you more than about themselves, as if retreating into the shadows, shading themselves very delicately. But at the same time, the Chinese are very attentively watching how delicate you are, still being able to insist on your interest in him.

In Japan, in conversations, people in every possible way avoid the words “no”, “I can’t”, “I don’t know”, as if these are some kind of curses, something that cannot be said directly, but only allegorically, in general terms. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead of "no, thank you" uses an expression that literally means "I already feel great."

If a Tokyo acquaintance says: "Before answering your proposal, I must consult with my wife," then one should not think that he is a champion of women's equality. This is just one way to not say the word "no".

In the speech etiquette of different nations there are many completely dissimilar, peculiar expressions, but even similar ones (like please and please) are still not completely identical. From an American point of view, our please has forty thousand different shades of meaning and is as similar to the English please as, for example, the phrase "I love you, dear" to the phrase "Let's get married."

In essence, each language is a unique national system of signs. In speech etiquette, the specifics of the habits and customs of the people are superimposed on the national specifics of the language. Therefore, in the forms of speech etiquette, a peculiar phraseology is formed.

Features of Russian etiquette can be traced in the preparation of proposals and their writing.

synonyms - these are words with the same or very close meaning (firm - organization, agreement - contract, request - application, grateful - grateful, ...);
pleonasms - they call a partial coincidence of the meanings of words that form a phrase;
· tautology - semantic repetitions that occur in cases where cognate words are adjacent in a sentence;
Homonyms are words that sound the same but differ in meaning.

The concept of the stylistic coloring of a word is usually associated with the attachment of the word to a particular area of use and with the emotional and expressive qualities of the word, i.e. with his ability not only to name the phenomenon, but also to express the attitude to the subject of thought.

The area of use differs:

1. Vocabulary interstyle, i.e. those words that are used by everyone and in any conditions (quality, receive, offer ...).
2. Book and written vocabulary, i.e. words that are predominantly used in book-writing styles and are associated with those areas of language use for which the written form of expression is the main one. In its composition, one can single out “bookish” words (payment, contract, contract ...), terms (catalog - a magazine indicating the goods produced by the enterprise), clericalism, poeticism.
3. Vocabulary of oral speech, i.e. words inherent in everyday speech, everyday business language, etc. The vocabulary of oral speech includes colloquial, vernacular, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms.

Abbreviations of words (abbreviation) - a new productive way of word production, which is actively used in business correspondence.

The phraseology of a language is a set of stable, integral in composition and meaning combinations of words and expressions. In business correspondence, the role of phraseological units is performed by standard syntactic constructions, which are divided into:

Request letter: “We will be grateful if you send to our address ...” etiquette requirement speech activity

Inquiry response: "Thank you for your inquiry from..."

Letter of request: "We appeal to you with a request ..."

Reminder letter: "We inform you that..."

Cover letter: “According to your request, we are sending you…”

Notification letter: “In response to your letter of ... we inform you ...”

Letter of invitation: "Let me invite you to ..."

Letter of gratitude: "We received your invitation to ... .., for which we are grateful to you."

Russian has a relatively free word order in a sentence. This means that the members of the sentence do not have a fixed place (as in some other languages) and their relative position can change depending on the type of sentence or at the will of the speaker. The rearrangement of words in order to emphasize the semantic significance of a word is called inversion.

Inversion is an important stylistic device. Its importance increases with writing, since the writer is deprived of the opportunity to highlight the desired word with intonation. A thoughtful change in word order allows the writer to draw the reader's attention to a particular word and thereby set off important points in the content of the statement.

A sentence may contain phrases that are not its members, but perform a certain semantic function. This includes introductory words (to our great regret, also in connection with this).

In business correspondence, complex sentences are more common than simple ones. Difficult sentence allows you to link a large number of words into a single whole and thereby express a more complex idea - emphasize important semantic shades, give arguments, give a detailed justification of the main provisions, etc. In addition, the use of conjunctions and allied words makes it possible to accurately determine those semantic relationships that exist between the individual parts of a detailed statement.

In business letters, in addition to introductory words, participial and participle phrases are often used, which also add semantic nuances.

In general, the use of such constructions in business speech is not a mistake. But in some cases the proposal should be simplified.

Etiquette communication plays a big role in the life of each of us, but, of course, human communication is not at all reduced to rituals alone.

Etiquette situations are only a part of communication.

All human activity, including communication, reflects the social conditions in which it takes place. And our speech, of course, is built differently depending on who communicates, for what purpose, in what way, what kind of relationship between those who communicate. We are so accustomed to changing the type of speech depending on the conditions of communication that we do this most often unconsciously, automatically. The perception of information about human relations transmitted by the features of speech also occurs automatically. But it is worth making a mistake in choosing the type of speech, as the automaticity of perception is violated and we immediately notice what previously eluded our attention. Speech fluctuates in time with human relations - this is the etiquette modulation of speech. Special etiquette communication takes place, as we already know, only from time to time, but modifications (modulation) of verbal and non-verbal behavior under the influence of human relations always occur. This means that this is one of the most important means of expressing etiquette content - a means that is always at our disposal.

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Abstract on the culture of speech

Topic: Speech etiquette

Introduction

2. Formulas of speech etiquette

3. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

"Etiquette" is a set of rules of conduct relating to the attitude towards people (treatment with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in public places, manners and clothes). Indeed, etiquette is expressed in various aspects of our behavior. For example, a variety of human movements, postures and positions that he takes can have an etiquette value. Compare a polite position facing the speaker and a completely impolite position with your back to him. For etiquette purposes, we use objects (a raised hat, presented flowers, etc.), clothing features (the choice of festive, mourning or everyday clothes shows well how we understand the situation, how we treat other participants in communication). Our speech plays the most important role in the etiquette expression of relations with people.

The purpose of this work is to study the problem of speech etiquette. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set: to determine the concept and purpose of speech etiquette, to analyze the formulas of speech etiquette, to consider the appeal in Russian speech etiquette.

1. The concept and purpose of speech etiquette

Etiquette French word in origin (etiquette). Initially, it meant a product tag, a label (cf. label), and then so began to call the court ceremonial. It is in this sense, especially after the adoption of the French ceremonial at the Vienna court, that the word etiquette spread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages. Along with this word, to denote a set of accepted rules that determine the order of any activity, the word regulation and the phrase diplomatic protocol. Many of the subtleties of communication presented by the protocol are taken into account in other areas of business relations. Increasingly widespread in business circles, especially in recent times, is business etiquette, reflecting the experience, moral ideas and tastes of certain social groups. Business etiquette provides for the observance of norms of behavior and communication. Since communication is a human activity, a process in which he participates, when communicating, first of all, the features of speech etiquette are taken into account. Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication.

By the way a person knows etiquette, observes it, they judge him, his upbringing, general culture, business qualities.

Compliance with speech etiquette by people of the so-called linguo-intensive professions - officials of all ranks, doctors, lawyers, salesmen, communications workers, transport, law enforcement officers - has, in addition, educational value, involuntarily contributes to an increase in both speech and general culture of society.

But the most important thing is that strict adherence to the rules of speech etiquette by members of the team of one or another educational institution, enterprise, production, office leaves a favorable impression on clients, co-founders, partners, maintains a positive reputation of the entire organization.

What factors determine the formation of speech etiquette and its use?

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. It can be a college anniversary, graduation party, dedication to the profession, presentation, scientific conference, meeting, hiring and firing, business negotiations, etc.

Speech etiquette has national specifics . Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, V. Ovchinnikov in the book "Sakura Branch" describes the originality of Japanese etiquette in this way:

In conversations, people avoid words in every possible way. "no", "I can't", "I don't know", as if these were some kind of curses, something that cannot be expressed directly, but only allegorically, in oblique terms. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead "no thanks" uses an expression that literally means "I feel so good already"... If a Tokyo acquaintance says: “Before answering your proposal, I must consult with my wife,” then you don’t need to think that you are a champion of women’s equality. It's just one way not to say a word "ket".

For example, you call a Japanese man and say that you would like to meet him at six in the evening at the press club. If he starts asking again: “Oh, at six? Oh, in the press club? and utter some meaningless sounds, you should immediately say; “However, if this is inconvenient for you, you canOtalk at another time and in another place.

And here the interlocutor instead "No" will say with great joy "Yes" and grab the first offer that suits him.

I. Ehrenburg testifies to some features of the speech of the French and the French language:

In speeches, orators love to flaunt turns taken from the authors of the 18th century, and the letter concerning the next exchange transaction, the broker ends, like his grandfather, with the obligatory formula: “Favour, sir, to accept the assurances of my deep To respect to you."

The French love concreteness, accuracy, clarity. Language is the best evidence of this. In French, you can’t say “she grinned in response” or “he then waved his hand”: you need to explain how she grinned - maliciously, sadly, mockingly, or maybe good-naturedly; why did he wave his hand - from vexation, from chagrin, from indifference? For a long time, French was called diplomatic, and its use probably made the work of diplomats difficult: it is difficult to disguise a thought in French, it is difficult to speak without finishing.

A feature of the Russian language is precisely the presence in it of two pronouns - You And You, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official/informal situation.

Some persons, especially those occupying a higher position than their interlocutor, use the form when addressing You, deliberately emphasizing, demonstrating their "democratic", "friendly", patronizing attitude. Most often, this puts the addressee in an awkward position, is perceived as a sign of disdain, an attack on human dignity, as an insult to a person.

Form response You well shown in the work of A.N. Utkin "Round dance". A young nobleman arrives at the place of his new service. In an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends even with a well-known person, with whom friendly relations and everyday household appeal are established. You, Go to You.

However, is it necessary for all situations? Sometimes in television programs, when a well-known TV presenter and an equally well-known politician, scientist, statesman are talking in public significant topic and the host, starting it, as if consulting with the audience, can he address the interlocutor in You, since they are connected by a long-standing friendship and for them such an appeal is more familiar, after which the interlocutors switch to You, Is speech etiquette violated in this case? Is this allowed?

It is believed that there are no rules without exceptions. Yes, such a transfer provides for the formality of relations between its participants. But viewers perceive it as something spectacular. Go to You reduces officiality, the conversation takes on a relaxed character, which facilitates perception, makes the program more attractive.

Knowledge of the features of national etiquette, its speech formulas, understanding the specifics of business communication of a country, people help in negotiating, establishing contacts with foreign colleagues, partners.

2. Formulas of speech etiquette

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation With a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Allow (those) to get to know you (with you).

I would like to get to know you (you).

Let me (those) get to know you (you).

Let me get to know you.

Let's get acquainted.

It would be nice to meet you.

When visiting the passport office, hostel, admissions office of an educational institution, any institution, office, when you have a conversation with an official, you need to introduce yourself using one of the formulas:

Let me introduce myself.

My surname is Kolesnikov.

I am Pavlov.

My name is Yuri Vladimirovich.

Nikolay Kolesnikov.

Anastasia Igorevna.

If the visitor does not name himself, then the one to whom they came asks himself:

What is your (your) last name?

What is your (your) name, patronymic?

What is your (your) name?

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with greetings.

In Russian, the main greeting is - Hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb hello, which means "to be healthy", that is, healthy. Verb hello in ancient times, it also had the meaning of “greet” (cf .: say hello), as evidenced by the text of the Onega epic: “How does Ilya Muromets come here, and helloatno he is a prince with a princess. Therefore, at the heart of this greeting is a wish for health. First time greeting Hello found in Letters and Papers of Peter the Great 1688-1701.

Along with this form, a greeting indicating the time of the meeting is common:

Good morning!

Good afternoon

Good evening!

In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication:

-- (Very) glad to see you (greet)!

Let me (let me) greet you.

Welcome!

My regards.

Among the military, it is customary to greet with the words:

Hello!

This greeting recognizes the retired military.

The greeting is often accompanied by a handshake, which may even replace the verbal greeting.

However, you should know: if a man and a woman meet, then the man must wait until the woman extends her hand to shake, otherwise he only makes a slight bow,

The non-verbal equivalent of a greeting when those who meet are distant from each other is a bow with the head; swaying with hands clenched in the palms, slightly raised and stretched forward in front of the chest; for men - a hat slightly raised above the head.

The speech etiquette of greetings also provides for the nature of behavior, that is, the sequence of greetings. Welcome first:

A man is a woman;

The youngest (youngest) in age - the oldest (oldest);

The youngest woman - a man who is much older than her;

Junior in position - senior;

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication. These are formulas for parting, ending communication. They express:

Wish: All the best (good) to you! Goodbye;

-- hope for a new meeting: Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we're apart for a while. I hope to see you soon;

-- doubt about the possibility of meeting again; understanding that the separation will be for a long time: Farewell! It is unlikely that we will meet again. Do not remember dashingly.

After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation.

Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.

The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening of a sports hall; presentation, etc.

On any solemn occasion, a significant event is followed invitations and congratulations. IN depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation:

Let me invite you...

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad (to meet you).

I invite you (you)...

If it is necessary to express uncertainty about the appropriateness of the invitation or uncertainty about the acceptance of the invitation by the addressee, then it is expressed by an interrogative sentence:

Can I (can I, can I, can I, can I) invite you... Congratulation:

Let me congratulate you on...

Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations...

On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ...

With all my heart (with all my heart) congratulations ...

Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...

Sorrowful situation associated with death, death, murder, natural disaster, terrorist attacks, ruin, robbery and other events that bring misfortune, grief.

In this case, it is expressed condolence. It should not be dry, official. Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored:

Allow (allow) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences.

I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences.

I sincerely (deeply, cordially, from the bottom of my heart) sympathize with you.

I grieve with you.

I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The most emotionally expressive expressions:

What (great, irreparable, terrible) grief (misfortune) has befallen you!

What a great (irreplaceable, terrible) loss has befallen you!

What grief (misfortune) has befallen you!

In a tragic, mournful or unpleasant situation, people need sympathy, consolation. Label formulas sympathy, consolation designed for different occasions and have different purposes.

Consolation expresses empathy:

- (How) I sympathize with you!

-- (How) I understand you!

Consolation is accompanied by an assurance of a successful outcome:

I (so) sympathize with you, but believe me (but I'm so sure) that everything will end well!

Don't despair (don't be discouraged). Everything (still) will change (for the better).

Everything will be OK!

All this will change (cost, pass)! Consolation is accompanied by advice:

No need (need) (so) to worry (worry, upset, upset, worry, suffer).

You must not lose your composure (head, restraint).

You need (need) to calm down (to control yourself, to pull yourself together).

You should hope for the best (get it out of your head).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, consolation, expression of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In everyday business environment (business, work situation) speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of the academic year, when determining the results of participation in exhibitions, when organizing various events, meetings, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand, to make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.

Here are the speech clichés that are used in these situations.

Acknowledgment:

Allow me (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition.

The firm (management, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees (teaching staff) for ...

I must express to the students of grade 10a (my) gratitude for ...

Let me (permit) express my great (huge) gratitude ...

For the provision of any service, for help, an important message, a gift, it is customary to thank with the words:

I thank you for…

- (Big, huge) thank you (you) for ...

-- (I) am very (so) grateful to you! Emotionality, expressiveness of the expression of gratitude is enhanced if you say:

There are no words to express my gratitude to you!

I am so grateful to you that it is difficult for me to find words!

You can't imagine how grateful I am to you!

My gratitude has no (knows) no boundaries!

Advice suggestion:

Often, people, especially those with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form:

Everyone (you) must (should)…

You should definitely do this...

Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to an order or instruction and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank. An incentive to act with advice, a proposal can be expressed in a delicate, polite or neutral form:

Allow (let) give you advice (advise you) ...

Allow me to offer you…

- (I) want (I would like, I want) to advise (offer) you ...

I would advise (suggest) you...

I advise (suggest) you...

Handling request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning:

Do me a favor, do (my) request...

If it's not hard for you (it won't make it hard for you)...

Do not take it for work, please take ...

-- (Not) can I ask you...

- (Please), (I beg you very much) allow me .... The request can be expressed with some categoricalness:

I strongly (convincingly, very) ask you (you) ...

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

-- (Now, immediately) will be done (done).

Please (permission, no objection).

Agree to let you go.

I agree, do (do) as you see fit.

In case of failure, the following expressions are used:

-- (I) cannot (not able, unable) to help (permit, assist) ...

-- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to fulfill your request.

At present, this (do) is not possible.

See, now is not the time to ask (make such a request)

Sorry, we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).

An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and timely said, it cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.

The compliment refers to the appearance, indicates the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great, young).

You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) partner (companion).

You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.

3. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette

Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component that manifests itself throughout the entire duration of communication, is its integral part, serves as a bridge from one remark to another. And at the same time, the norm of use and the very form of address have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore spot in Russian speech etiquette.

The author of the letter in an emotional form, quite sharply, using the data of the language, raises the question of the position of a person in our state. Thus, the syntactic unit - appeal - becomes a socially significant category.

To understand this, it is necessary to comprehend what is the peculiarity of the address in the Russian language, what is its history.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This -- vocative function.

Since they are used as proper names as addresses (Anna Sergeevna, Igor, Sasha), and the names of people according to the degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather) by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, accountant); by age and gender (old man, boy, girl) invocation beyond the vocative function points to withOrelevant sign.

Finally, appeals can be expressively and emotionally colored, contain an assessment?Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, blockhead, dumbass, klutz, varmint, clever, beautiful. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional state.

The given address words are used in an informal situation; only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as appeals in official speech.

A distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Rus' was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature of it as servility.

Isn't that why the root in Russian rank turned out to be fruitful, giving life to the words: official, bureaucracy, dean, deanery, chinolyubie, veneration of rank, clerk, clerkship, disorderly, outrageous, chip-destroyer, chinogubipgel, clerk, thief, decorum, chivalry, obey, submission;

-- phrases: not according to order, distribute according to order, order after order, big order, without disassembling the ranks, without ordering, order after order;

-- proverbs: Honor the rank of rank, and sit on the edge of the smaller one; Bullet ranks do not parse; To a fool, that to a great rank, space is everywhere; As many as two ranks: datcancer and fool; And he would have been in the ranks, but it's a pity, his pockets are empty.

The social stratification of society, the inequality that existed in Russia for several centuries, was reflected in the system of official appeals.

First, there was the document "Table of Ranks", published in 1717-1721, which was then republished in a slightly modified form. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Each category of ranks was divided into 14 classes. So, to the 3rd class belonged Lieutenant General, Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral, Privy Councillor, Chamberlain Marshal, Master of the Horse, Jägermeister, Chamberlain, Chief of Ceremonies; to the 6th grade - colonel, captain of the 1st rank, colleandsky adviser, camera-fourier; to the 12th grade - cornet, cornet, midshipman, governornsky secretary.

In addition to the named ranks, which determined the system of appeals, there were appeals your excellency, your excellency, your excellency, your highness, your her. personality, kindnessAndthe most gracious (merciful) sovereign, sovereign and etc.

Secondly, the monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century. preserved the division of people into classes. Class-organized society was characterized by a hierarchy of rights and duties, class inequality and privileges. Classes were distinguished: nobles, clergy, commoners, merchants, petty bourgeois, peasants. Hence the appeals sir, madam in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir, sir - for the middle class or barin, lady for both and lack of a single appeal to predlower class rulers.

In the languages of other civilized countries, unlike Russian, there were appeals that were used both in relation to a person occupying a high position in society, and to an ordinary citizen: mr, mrs, miss(England, USA); senor, senora, senorita(Spain); signor, signora, signorina(Italy); sir, sir(Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia).

After the October Revolution, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree, and universal equality was proclaimed. Appeals mister-- madam, sir-- mistress, sir - madam, gracious sovereign (empress) gradually disappear. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international courtesy. So, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: your majesty, your excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called lord - madam Instead of all appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918. receive circulation citizen And comrade. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive,

Word citizen recorded in the monuments of the XI century. It came to Old Russian language from Old Church Slavonic and served as a phonetic version of the word city dweller. Both of them meant "resident of the city (city)". In this meaning citizen found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So, A.S. Pushkin has the lines:

Not a demon - not even a gypsy,

But just a citizen of the capital.

In the XVIII century. this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state."

Why is it so public meaningful word, How citizen, disappeared in the 20th century. commonly used way of addressing people to each other?

In the 20-30s. a custom appeared, and then it became the norm when addressing arrested, imprisoned, tried to employees of law enforcement agencies and vice versa not to speak comrade, only citizen: citizen under investigation, citizen judge, citizen prosecutor.

As a result, the word citizen for many it has become associated with detention, arrest, the police, the prosecutor's office. The negative association gradually “grown” to the word so much that it became an integral part of it; so ingrained in people's minds that it became impossible to use the word citizenAnin as a general term.

The fate of the word was somewhat different comrade. It is recorded in the monuments of the XV century. Known in Slovene, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian. In the Slavic languages, this word came from the Turkic, in which the root tavar meant "property, livestock, goods." Probably originally the word comrade meant "companion in trade". Then the meaning of this word is expanded: comrade -- not only a "companion", but also a "friend". Proverbs testify to this: On the road, a son is a friend to his father; A smart comrade is half way; To lag behind a comrade - to become without a comrade; The poor man is not a friend to the rich; Servant to the master is not tovArish.

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia in early XIX V. word comrade, as the word once citizen, acquires a new socio-political meaning: "a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people."

From the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Marxist circles are being created in Russia, their members call each other comrades. In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main appeal in new Russia. Naturally, the nobles, the clergy, officials, especially of high rank, do not all immediately accept the appeal comrade.

Attitude towards appeal comrade Representatives of different social groups were talentedly shown by the playwright K. Trenev in the play "Love Yarovaya". The action takes place during the Civil War. In the speech of the clergy, officers of the tsarist army, and the raznochintsy intelligentsia, appeals continue to be used; your excellency your excellencybstvo, your honor, gentlemen officers, mister lieutenant, gentlemen.

Soviet poets in subsequent years tried to emphasize the universality and significance of the appeal comrade, making combinations: comrade life, comrade sun, comrade harvest(V. Mayakovsky); comradeedenunciatory class(N. Aseev); comrade rye(A. Zharov).

There is a clear distinction: comrades -- these are the Bolsheviks, these are those who believe in the resolution. The rest are not comrades, means enemies.

In later years Soviet power word comrade was especially popular, A.M. Gorky in the fairy tale "Comrade" writes that it has become "a bright, cheerful star, a guiding light for the future." In the novel by N. Ostrovsky “How the Steel Was Tempered” we read: “The word“ comrade ”, for which yesterday they paid with their lives, sounded now at every step. Inexpressibly exciting word TOfriend. One of the songs popular in Soviet times also glorified him: “Our word is proud comrade we are more precious than all beautiful words.

So even the appeal acquired an ideological meaning, became socially significant. Here is what journalist N. Andreev writes about this:

After the Great Patriotic War word comrade gradually begins to emerge from the everyday informal appeal of people to each other.

The problem arises: how to contact a stranger? The issue is being discussed on the pages of the press, in radio broadcasts. Philologists, writers, public figures express their opinion. Offer to revive appeals sir, sir.

On the street, in the store, in public transport, appeals are increasingly heard man, woman, grandfather, father, granny, boyfriend, aunt, uncle. Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as a lack of respect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. Hence, rudeness in response, an expression of resentment, a quarrel are possible. Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, appeals began to be revived sir, madam, lord, madam.

Recently appeal sir, madam is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, in television programs, at various symposiums and conferences. In parallel with this, at meetings of government officials, political figures with the people, as well as at rallies, speakers began to use appeals Russians, fellow citizens, compatriots, Among civil servants, businessmen, entrepreneurs, university professors, the appeal is becoming the norm sir, madam in combination with the surname, title of position, rank. Difficulties arise if the director or professor is a woman. How to apply in this case: misterOdean professor or madam professor! Appeal comrade continue to be used by the military and members of communist parties. Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer words colleagues, friends. Appeal respected - respected found in the speech of the older generation. Words female Male, which have recently become widespread in the role of appeals, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: be kindhus.,., please..., excuse me..., excuse me....

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open. It will be solved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes personality, when it will not matter what position he occupies, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen Russian Federation. Only then, none of the Russians will feel awkward and embarrassed if they call him or he calls someone sir, goWithplease.

Conclusion

culture speech etiquette

Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication. The use of speech etiquette is greatly influenced by extralinguistic factors: the age of the participants in the speech act (purposeful speech action), their social status, the nature of the relationship between them (official, informal, friendly, intimate), time and place of speech interaction, etc.

The ethical component of the culture of speech imposes a strict ban on foul language in the process of communication, condemns the conversation in "raised tones". Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allow a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience embarrassment due to mistakes and wrong actions, to avoid ridicule from others.

The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm. Indeed, elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker (including those with poor command of the norm), who easily recognizes these formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people. Ignorance of the requirements of speech etiquette and, as a result, their failure to comply (for example, addressing an adult stranger in You) is perceived as a desire to offend or as bad manners.

List of used literature

1. Vvedenskaya L.A. etc. Russian language and culture of speech. Rostov-on-Don, 2000.

2. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. Culture of Russian speech. M., 2005.

3. Zaretskaya E. N. Rhetoric: Theory and practice of speech communication. M. 2002.

4. Kolesnikov N.P. A culture of speech. Rostov-on-Don, 2001.

5. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person. M., 1999.

6. Mandritsa V.M., Semenov M.V. Office work. Documentation of management activities. Rostov-on-Don, 2001.

7. Pleshchenko T.P. Stylistics and culture of speech: Proc. Benefit. M., 2001.

8. Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. Makismova V.I. M., 2001.

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Good manners - one of the most important indicators of an educated, cultured person. From early childhood, we are instilled with certain manners of behavior. A cultured person must constantly follow the norms of behavior fixed in society. - observe etiquette.Knowledge and compliance with the norms of etiquette allows you to feel confident and free in any society.

The word "etiquette" came to the Russian language from French in the 18th century, when the court life of an absolute monarchy was taking shape and broad political and cultural ties between Russia and other states were being established.

Etiquette (French)etiquette ) - a set of rules of conduct, treatment adopted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). Usually etiquette reflects the form of behavior, manners, courtesy rules adopted in this society belonging to one or another tradition. Etiquette can act as an indicator of the values of different historical eras.

IN early age when parents teach a child to say hello, say thank you, ask for forgiveness for pranks, assimilation occurs basic formulas of speech etiquette.

speech ethics - it is a system of rules of speech behavior, norms for the use of language means in certain conditions. The etiquette of speech communication plays an important role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and professional growth, building strong family and friendships. To master the etiquette of speech communication, knowledge from various humanitarian areas is required: linguistics, history, cultural studies, psychology. For a more successful development of cultural communication skills, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.

In everyday life, we constantly communicate with people.

Any communication process consists of certain stages:

Starting a conversation (greeting/acquaintance);

Main body, conversation;

The final part of the conversation.

Each stage of communication is accompanied by certain cliches, traditional words and set expressions - speech etiquette formulas. These formulas exist in the language in finished form and are provided for all occasions.

To the formulas of speech etiquette words of politeness (sorry, thank you, please), greetings and goodbyes (hello, hello, goodbye), circulation (you, you, ladies and gentlemen). Greetings came to us from the west: good evening, good afternoon, good morning, and from European languages \u200b\u200b- farewells: all the best, all the best.

The sphere of speech etiquette includes ways of expressing joy, sympathy, grief, guilt, accepted in a given culture. For example, in some countries it is considered indecent to complain about difficulties and problems, while in others it is unacceptable to talk about your achievements and successes. The range of topics for conversation is different in different cultures.

In the narrow sense of the word speech etiquette can be defined as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements and formulas of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words, set expressions, forms of address (thanks, sorry, hello, comrades, etc.)

At the grammatical level: for polite address, the use of the plural and interrogative sentences instead of imperative (You won't tell me how to get through...)

On a stylistic level: maintaining the qualities of good speech (correctness, accuracy, richness, relevance, etc.)

At the intonation level: the use of a calm intonation even when expressing demands, discontent, irritation.

At the level of orthoepy: use of full word forms: h hello instead of hello, please instead of please, etc.

At the organizational and communicative level: listen carefully and do not interrupt, do not interfere in someone else's conversation.

Speech etiquette formulas are characteristic of both literary and colloquial, and rather reduced (slang) style. The choice of one or another formula of speech etiquette depends mainly on the situation of communication. Indeed, the conversation and manner of communication can vary significantly depending on: the personality of the interlocutors, the place of communication, the topic of conversation, time, motive and goals.

The place of communication may require the participants in the conversation to comply with certain rules of speech etiquette established specifically for the chosen place. Communication at a business meeting, social dinner, in the theater will be different from behavior at a youth party, in the restroom, etc.

Speech etiquette depends on the participants in the conversation. The personality of the interlocutors primarily affects the form of address: you or you. Form You indicates the informal nature of communication, You - for respect and great formality in conversation.

Depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques.

INTRODUCTION

What is understood as speech etiquette is used in the speech of each of us daily and repeatedly. Perhaps these are the most common expressions: we address someone many times a day, greet our acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, say goodbye to people, thank someone, apologize to someone, congratulate someone, someone we wish good luck or give someone a compliment, we condole with someone, we sympathize, we ask, we offer, etc. This is speech etiquette, which is a combination of verbal forms of courtesy, politeness, that is, something that cannot be dispensed with.

In the process of education, socialization, a person becoming a personality and more and more completely mastering the language, learns the ethical norms of relationships with others, including speech relationships, in other words, masters the culture of communication. But for this, he needs to navigate the situation of communication, in the role signs of a partner, correspond to his own social characteristics and satisfy the expectations of other people, strive for the “image” that has developed in the mind of a native speaker, act according to the rules of the communicative roles of the speaker or listener, build the text in accordance with stylistic norms, own oral and written forms of communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience awkwardness and difficulty in communication. Strict observance of speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression of the organization with customers and partners, maintains its positive reputation.

1. THE CONCEPT OF SPEECH ETIQUETS AND ITS FUNCTIONS

The concept of "etiquette" is a philosophical, ethical concept. The origin of the word "etiquette" is a French word. Initially, it denoted a product tag, a label, then the court ceremonial began to be called that. It is in this sense that the word "etiquette" has become widespread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages. The word "etiquette" entered the Russian language in the 18th century, under Peter I, when broad cultural and political ties with other states were established in Russia. At this time, special etiquette guides for young people were created. Etiquette determines our entire behavior.

These are not only the rules that we follow at the table or at a party, these are generally all the norms of our relationships. With the help of such rules learned from childhood, we regulate our relationships with others, establish or discover relationships like: “senior - junior - equal” in communication. So, speech etiquette is a set of requirements for the form, content, order, character and situational relevance of statements accepted in a given culture. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Norma Publishing House, 2001. S. 319. .

The well-known researcher of speech etiquette N.I. Formanovskaya gives the following definition: “Speech etiquette is understood as the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen key.” The study of speech etiquette, in her opinion, occupies a special position at the intersection of linguistics, theory and history of culture, psychology and other humanitarian disciplines.

In the broad sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act of communication, therefore speech etiquette is associated with the so-called postulates of speech communication, which make the interaction of communication participants possible and successful. These are postulates - the postulates of quality (the message should not be false or without proper grounds); quantity (message should not be too short or too long); relationship (the message must be relevant to the addressee) and method (the message must be clear, concise, not contain words and expressions incomprehensible to the addressee). Violation of one or more of these postulates to one degree or another entails a communicative failure.

Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system of language means in which etiquette relations are manifested Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric: Tutorial for universities. - M.: UNITI - Dana, 1999. S. 217. . Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels: at the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions (Thank you, Please, I beg your pardon, Excuse me, etc.), as well as specialized forms of address (Mr., Comrade, etc. .); at the grammatical level: using the plural for polite address (including the pronoun you), using interrogative sentences instead of imperative ones (can you tell me what time it is)?

Could you move a little? etc.): at the stylistic level: refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena and the use of euphemisms instead of these words; at the intonation level: the use of polite intonation (for example, the phrase: Be kind, close the door - it can sound with different intonations depending on whether it is supposed to be a polite request or an unceremonious demand); at the level of orthoepy: use: Hello instead of Hello, Please instead of Please, etc .; at the organizational and communicative level: a ban on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else's conversation, etc.

Speech etiquette is the rules of speech behavior developed by society, mandatory for all members of society, nationally specific, firmly fixed in the system of speech formulas, but still historically changeable Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M .: Knowledge, 1989. S. 5. Speech etiquette tells how to behave in various extralinguistic contexts, how to properly establish and maintain speech, and, accordingly, friendly business contact. Speech etiquette is associated with the culture of speech behavior and is inseparable from the communication situation in which it is used.

Speech etiquette performs certain functions:

1) first of all, it is necessary to single out the contact-establishing function (it is also called both social and phatic - from the Latin "to speak"). This feature appears in speech acts, when the speaker draws the attention of the interlocutor, prepares him for the actual communication of information, that is, this function serves the speech contact of the interlocutors. After all, in fact, when we say to the interlocutor: Whom do I see! - we do not have a task, we will meaningfully exchange knowledge about who exactly the person saw. This is just a signal: I remember you, I'm glad for an unexpected meeting, our relationship is relaxed, etc.

2) appellative or invocative function. When we say: Citizen! or: Excuse me, please, how do I get through? - we have no other goal than to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to call him for further conversation.

3) the invocative, appellative function is associated with the function of targeting the addressee in connection with his role positions in speech interactions. This function is also called conative. In fact, we can say to one: Dear Alexander Ivanovich!, to another (or under other conditions): Sashenka, and to the third (or under other conditions): Sanyok. And all this will depend on who and to whom, in what situation and under what circumstances. mutual relations it says. The conative function is closely related to the concept of politeness.

4) the function of expressing will in relation to the interlocutor, influencing him (this function is also called voluntary). When we say to someone standing at the door, for example: Come in, please!, we are precisely influencing the behavior of the interlocutor, prompting him to enter. At the same time, do not “pass” (by or along something), but it will approach, we invite him. Is it difficult for you to move? - we ask for action, we encourage a person to be active, at the same time not expecting an answer from him whether it is difficult for him or not.

5) and, finally, the emotive function associated with the expression of emotions, feelings, human relationships.

We say to the interlocutor: I am so glad to see you; Happy to meet; It's very nice ... Yes, and all speech etiquette as a whole is a means of expressing an emotionally significant attitude Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. S. 16. . Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, in Russian society such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value. Tact is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to be able to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

Courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation. Tolerance consists in being calm about possible differences of opinion, avoiding harsh criticism of the interlocutor's views. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words. That. respect for another person, politeness and goodwill helps to verbally express speech etiquette; it, appropriately and moderately used, ultimately forms a culture of behavior.

2. SUSTAINABLE COMMUNICATION FORMULA

Speech etiquette is a socially defined and nationally specific rules of behavior that are implemented in a system of stable formulas and expressions (stereotypical statements) used in situations of establishing, maintaining and breaking contact with an interlocutor, in the system You - You - forms of communication, in the choice of socio-stylistic tone of communication with the orientation of the addressee and the situation of communication as a whole Culture of Russian speech: Encyclopedic Dictionary - Reference / Ed. L.Yu. Ivanova. - M.: Flinta; Nauka, 2003. S. 575. . Speech etiquette is a special area of language and speech, and therefore a professional look at it from the point of view of linguistics is also necessary.

When people talk to each other, they create some kind of text. This text is built according to linguistic laws, and individual sentences - statements in it interact from the grammatical and semantic side. Both texts and their elements - statements are very diverse depending on various reasons: written or oral form of speech, contact or distant position of the interlocutors, specific or generalized addressee, intended for official or unofficial communication, topics and much more.

It is difficult to classify all the variety of statements, but it can be said with good reason that among them there are those that make up a special group of stereotypes, stable communication formulas. Stereotypes, stable formulas do not arise anew in every act of speech, but are reproduced as units deposited and stored in our linguistic consciousness in the form of a kind of fund of ready-made typed phrases. Stereotypes in communication arise as a result of frequent and typical attachment to a frequently repeated typical communication situation. Generally speaking, the standardization of certain processes, including communication processes, is a useful thing.

True, it is necessary to clearly distinguish where it is good and where it is bad. Official business speech cannot do without standards, stereotypes, formulas. So, any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. Acquaintance is undoubtedly the sphere of influence of etiquette. After all, getting acquainted is to establish a connection with a person, a relationship with him for communication. At the same time, there is always a willingness to make contact, regardless of what it is caused by - just a good attitude, sympathy or business considerations.

Acquaintance can take place directly and indirectly. Of course, it is desirable that someone introduce you, but there are times when it is necessary to do it yourself. Etiquette offers several possible formulas: Let's get to know each other! I want to get to know you! I would like to get to know you! These expressions are arranged in order of increasing politeness in the manifestation of their intention. There are also more relaxed ways, for example: Let's get acquainted - in this case, the form of the future tense (we will) practically loses the meaning of the future itself, but rather plays an incentive role.

Official, stylistically elevated expressions are: Let (allow) to get acquainted with you (you will introduce yourself). The words allow, allow, as part of the formulas of speech etiquette, always turn out to be an indicator of the stylistic elevation of expression. Further, after these introductory phrases, the introduction follows by name, patronymic or surname, if the acquaintance is purely official. A form of presentation is chosen, which is then expected when addressing: if you want to be called by name, give the interlocutor exactly these “coordinates”, if you need more respect, call yourself by your first name and patronymic. In Russian speech, it is customary to call the name, first name, patronymic, surname in the nominative or instrumental case: My name is Olga Sergeevna.

My name is Volodya. After the performance has taken place, it is possible to indicate an unofficial name accepted in a narrow circle, which is familiar to the acquaintance. In this case, the words “call” and “call” are common: My name is Tamara, but you can call me Tom; My name is Varvara, but just call me Vava. The second replica of the dialogue - a replica-reaction usually expresses satisfaction, joy about meeting you: It's very nice to meet you! Or simply: Very nice! I am glad! And even: Happy to meet you! Other phrases are not excluded. If the acquaintance occurs through an intermediary, he usually says: Get acquainted, please! or: Meet! - and calls the names of the acquaintances.

Often an intermediary, introducing a person, uses a phraseological phrase: I ask you to love and favor, as a request, an invitation to a benevolent attitude. Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers begin with a greeting. The official greeting formulas include: Hello! Good afternoon There is also a group of stylistically elevated greetings: Greetings! Glad to welcome you! Allow (allow) you to welcome! Together with the greeting, to enhance the signs of goodwill, we also use information about life, affairs, health: How do you live? How are you doing?

Or, more casually: How are you? How are you? How is your health? If a person is well acquainted, we generally know the state of his affairs, we clarify: What's new? How is it going? Well, how are you? What's new at work? As a wife? etc. If the meeting is unexpected, then the greeting is accompanied by an expression of surprise: What a pleasant meeting! What a surprise!, What a meeting!, Whom I see!, What fates?, How many years, how many winters! and many other things we say in this case. The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication - these are the formulas of farewell.

But, first of all, the interlocutor must be prepared for parting. It is impossible to imagine that in the middle of a meaningful conversation, and even at the end of it, without any transition, one can say "goodbye." Therefore, etiquette requires that we somehow bring the interlocutor to the end of the contact. This may be a mention of a late hour, gratitude for a pleasantly spent evening, an apology for the time taken, compliments to the hostess of the house if you were visiting. Farewell is accompanied by all sorts of requests and invitations: Come! Come in! Do not forget! Write! Call! And the departing may ask: Do not remember dashingly! Although, unlike the previous ones, this phrase is used less frequently. At parting, wishes were also accepted: I wish you good luck, success!, And to the departing: Have a good trip! Good time!

In the course of communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations. Congratulation is one of the brightest etiquette situations. They are usually congratulated on a holiday, on success, on a successful completion (and sometimes a successful start) of a business. Moreover, the nature of the holiday dictates the form of congratulations. Our language allows expressing congratulations in a very emotional way: Hearty congratulations! From the heart! Heartily! The reason that serves as the basis for congratulations turns into an independent congratulatory formula: Happy birthday! Happy holiday! Happy New Year! A gift is often associated with congratulations - an action that is certainly etiquette and requires appropriate speech rituals: Accept my modest gift! This is for you to remember!

On the occasion of the wedding, let me give you a gift! A wish often accompanies a congratulation, following it as a continuation of the cue. In the design of expressions of wishes, there is much in common with congratulations: With all my heart (with all my heart) I wish you ... Three accepted wishes are steadily combined at once: I wish you happiness, health, success! The answer to a greeting, congratulation, invitation, wish is the most common formula of gratitude: Thank you! If this is a response to an invitation, a proposal, it may contain an additional connotation of consent or refusal. Other formulas of gratitude are also possible: I am very grateful to you, I am so grateful to you, allow (let) thank you. There are other ways: I offer my thanks.

Please accept my thanks. Those. again, there are many expressions that speakers choose depending on to whom and in what setting their speech is addressed. And, of course, each of the ways to thank usually corresponds to a measure of service. For a coin transferred to the transport for a ticket, you can say: Thank you! Thank you But it would sound funny, for example, such a phrase: There are no words to express my gratitude to you! An apology is a verbal atonement for wrongdoing. Guilt can be more or less. An apology for a small misconduct, without explaining the guilt itself, since it is self-evident (someone accidentally pushed someone, stepped on his foot, did not have time to let him go forward), it is quite enough expressed by the formula: Sorry! or: Excuse me! To them is added: Please!

But if the fault is large, then, perhaps, it is more commonly used: Sorry! Often there is a need to explain what exactly we are apologizing for: “Sorry, please, for the late call! I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble!" I beg your pardon, and also I beg your pardon, not to mention such phrases as: Please accept my apologies, I must apologize to you! I can't help but apologize to you! are all stylistically elevated ways of apologizing. And again, it's all about the art of choice: who, to whom, in what relationship, officially or unofficially says them. The request, one way or another, burdens the interlocutor, and this, as a rule, is taken into account by the speaker, so asking for something without “please” is not accepted.

A request is a motivating speech action, and therefore it is expressed most typically by the imperative mood of verbs: Please, pass it on, please! Be kind! A person can feel acutely, which makes it difficult for the one to whom he addresses the request, then he chooses other forms: If it’s not difficult for you. If you don't mind. Don't hesitate to be kind. Don't take it as work. Do me a favor. Invitation, inducement, advice, in their linguistic expression, are similar to a request. Only a request and an invitation are more focused on the interests of the addresser (I ask - I need it, I invite - it's nice for me), and the advice, the offer, is more "turned" to the interests of the addressee (I advise, I suggest - it's useful for you) Goykhmpn O .I. Nadeina T.M. Speech communication: Textbook. - M.: INFRA - M, 2005. S. 117. .

In asking, we must be delicate enough in defending our own interests, and in advising - again, delicate enough not to interfere rudely in inner world interlocutor. But, of course, the interests of the one who invites, offers, and the one to whom it is directed often combine. There is a similarity in the structure of the phrase in both request and advice. On the one hand: Please bring me a cup of coffee; on the other hand, put on a warm scarf, please. Both here and there is an imperative form of the verb, and such phrases can be freely replaced by the following: I ask you to bring me a cup of coffee and I ask you to wear a warm scarf.

But in the latter case, it is the speaker, “I”, who really needs the person to dress warmly. In addition to the request, invitation, advice, proposal to the interlocutor, when the will (and goals) of the speaker induce the addressee to one or another action, our speech also expresses an invitation to a joint (relative to "I" and "you") action. In casual friendly communication, these are, first of all, the verb forms of the first person plural: Let's go ..., Let's go ..., Let's see ... and specially motivating forms: Let's go ... You need to respond to an invitation, request, advice, offer, that is, you need to express consent or refusal, and in some cases, permission or prohibition to do something. Consent or permission is unlikely to hurt our interlocutor, but refusal and prohibition require special tact.

Consent is given: With pleasure! and with joy! and permission is expressed by the word: Please! Refusal from the standpoint of etiquette is a more complex speech act: you need to make sure that the interlocutor is not offended. There are special “softening” means in the language. Firstly, we express regret that we cannot fulfill the request, respond to the offer: Unfortunately, I can’t ... There are other ways to refuse: I would love to, but ... It’s embarrassing for me to refuse, but ... I would be happy to allow, but... Well, if the request revolts us, then we exclaim: No, no, and again no!!! Or so: This is out of the question! Or: Under no circumstances! Emotionally expressive ways of expressing categorical disagreement, prohibitions occasionally have to be used, but at the same time we must be aware of how we influence the interlocutor and what feelings we awaken in him.

In the Russian language (as in others) there are a lot of words, expressions, stable formulas that convey a negative assessment, discontent, abuse, in general, various negative emotions. This is a completely different area of language units and a different scope for their application. But, situations where you need to console, show sympathy, express condolences, cheer up the interlocutor, create a good mood for him, directly relates to the field of speech etiquette. True, condolences are expressed officially, and look like stylistically high-pitched phrases such as: Please accept my condolences, Please accept my deepest condolences, Allow me to express my sincere condolences to you, etc.

But consolations, sympathies are very diverse and vary from a socio-stylistic point of view, depending on who, to whom and in what environment they say them. There are many phrases of sympathy in everyday life: This is nothing! It's OK! All this is nonsense! A reminder that troubles are inevitable in life can also serve as consolation: Anything can happen; It's nothing you can do; You can't change anything here; All will pass; Everything will be fine, etc. And there may be calls to struggle with feelings: Do not lose heart! Don't get in the mood! and other phrases. As a rule, with sympathy, consolation, the speaker is not limited to just one phrase, he strings them one on top of the other, repeats, convinces, creates a whole text, can add compliments here: You are such a strong person!

You will overcome adversity! Thus, a compliment, approval, as well as consolation, sympathy cheer up the interlocutor, cheer him up. We are often inclined to believe even exaggerated compliments, we are ready to accept a compliment a little more than we objectively deserve. Obviously, the whole point is that the speaker evaluates the interlocutor subjectively, it is the point of view of the addresser that can reveal the special merits of the addressee. This supports our tendency to believe high self-esteem. Psychologists note how important it is for a person to think well about himself, to have a positive image in his mind. Making compliments, expressing approving assessments in someone's address, we must remember that there is something good in every person.

Highlight, emphasize this good, do not be stingy, evaluate his best features in a person - this is the art of a compliment and its positive role Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Norma Publishing House, 2001. S. 301. . Just as in consolation, sympathy, and in a compliment, all attention is focused on the interlocutor, in phrases there is “you”, but there is no “I”. You look wonderful! This dress really suits you! The most commonly used compliments are related to appearance. An appearance compliment can mark a successful hairstyle, clothes: this suit really suits you! This color suits you! You have great taste, you dress so elegantly! But, of course, it's all about when it's appropriate to give what compliment.

If, for example, after a report, a speech, a woman has the right to wait for the approval of her business qualities, and the speaker praises her clothes, the effect of such a compliment can be exactly the opposite - after all, she is waiting for the approval of the thoughts that she expressed, her manner of speaking, the ability to defend her point of view, logically reason. A compliment to relatives also creates a good mood for the interlocutor: You have a lovely daughter; You have such a handsome husband; You have a charming wife! Thus, all of the above situations are the most common in terms of the implementation of speech etiquette in them.

3. SPEECH ETIQUETTE AND SPEECH CULTURE

Culture - in a certain sense of the word, it is enlightenment, education, well-read, the presence of certain skills of behavior in society, good breeding. The culture of communication is that part of the culture of behavior, which is expressed mainly in speech, in the mutual exchange of remarks, in conversation. This broad area also affects what is called the culture of speech. The culture of speech is a complex concept. In everyday life, in everyday life, this means correct literate speech. But the culture of speech is also a whole branch of linguistics, sometimes called orthodology (“ortho”, like “ortho”, in Greek “correctly” - “correct speech”) Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. S. 151. .

The culture of speech as a science of language is precisely concerned with the development and ordering of various rules, and the rules of speech are of interest to each of us. Under the culture of speech is understood the possession of the norms of oral and written literary language, that is, the rules of pronunciation, stress, grammar and word usage. Usually, from these positions, speech is assessed as correct and incorrect, use as acceptable and unacceptable. For example: correct "last" (in line) and incorrectly "extreme"; correctly "put" and incorrectly "lay down". The second area of interests of the culture of speech is speech skill, the ability to choose a stylistically appropriate option, to express an idea expressively and intelligibly.

A high culture of speech presupposes a sufficiently high level of the general culture of a person, a conscious love for the language, a culture of thinking. The pinnacle of speech culture, the standard and "starting point" of phenomena perceived as normative, is recognized as the literary language, where the cultural traditions of the people, the achievements of masters of the word, writers are consolidated and accumulated, as in a treasury. Speech etiquette is directly related to the culture of speech and is inseparable from the communication situation in which it is used.

In addition, speech etiquette is closely related to the category of politeness - an ethical category that is reflected in the language and serves as one of the characteristics of a person. The ethical socio-cultural concept of politeness as a respectful attitude towards a communication partner is connected with speech etiquette in two ways. On the one hand, any violation of the norms of speech behavior is a demonstration of impoliteness.

This violation may be due to:

a) violation of the ritual of speech etiquette in the appropriate situation (did not say hello, did not thank);

b) the choice of the inconsistency of the situation and the role characteristics of the partner (for example, the use of "you" - a formula, with the expected "you").

The idea of correct cultural speech includes a certain idea of the norm in the field of speech etiquette. In general, the language norm is the pronunciation rules adopted in the social speech practice of educated people, grammatical and other language means, and the rules of word usage. The norm is the most important condition for stability, unity of the national language. The norm, like the law, does not allow each speaker to act according to his own whim. Therefore, we can say that a person who knows the norms of his native language, owns the culture of speech, and vice versa, who owns the culture of speech always adheres to the norm.

This does not exclude, of course, the stylistic diversity of his speech, but it just presupposes such diversity as the embodiment of speech skill. So, speech etiquette, as an element of the speech and behavioral culture of the people, is associated with the concept of a language norm. Every native speaker knows the previously discussed stable communication formulas - for example, formulas for apologizing for awkwardness; however, only one is welcomed by the norm: Excuse me! I'm sorry! - and others are rejected, for example: Sorry! (moreover, sometimes such a distinction is given “justifications” like: you can’t excuse yourself, you can only apologize to others, etc.).

The very use or non-use of units of speech etiquette can also be the subject of normalization, for example: apology formulas are appropriate if the speaker causes concern to his interlocutor, but you should not apologize too often, as this puts the interlocutor in an awkward position. In addition, a violation of the norms and rules of the literary language, especially if it looks like negligence, can in itself be considered a violation of speech etiquette. So, the requirements of speech etiquette form a kind of hierarchy.

To some extent, they are an integral part of the active and passive language practice of every native speaker. On the other hand, these requirements are associated with a certain level of speech culture, more or less high. Elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker who easily recognizes stable communication formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in a certain situation. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people.

But the boundary between everyday speech practice and the norm in speech etiquette is inevitably mobile. The practical application of speech etiquette always differs somewhat from normative models, and not only because of the participants' insufficient knowledge of its rules. Deviations from the norm, or too meticulous adherence to it, may be due to the speaker's desire to demonstrate his attitude towards the interlocutor or emphasize his vision of the situation. Thus, speech etiquette is not a rigid system of rules; it is plastic enough, and this plasticity creates quite a large "room for maneuver".

At present, there is a clear tendency to increase the general and linguistic culture of people, the development of "linguistic flair", linguistic taste, interest in the language, bringing the culture of behavior and speech etiquette to automatism. CONCLUSION It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished: for example, almost all peoples have stable formulas for greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. however, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language.

Later layers associated with various stages of the evolution of society and its structure are superimposed on the oldest ideas about the effectiveness of the word. In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs. Ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him your respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication.

On the other hand, speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. It is impossible to talk about a high level of language proficiency if this proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of verbal communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. Ability to comply with ethical and speech norms has always been highly valued in society. Knowledge of ethical standards, the ability to follow them in behavior and speech indicates a high level of human development.

Speech etiquette: the subtleties of the culture of communication. Russian speech etiquette Speech etiquette within the Russian language briefly

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