home Garage heating Open lesson on geography on the topic: Formation of a political map of the world. Presentation on the topic “modern political map of the world” Geography lesson, the dynamism of the political map of the world

Open lesson on geography on the topic: Formation of a political map of the world. Presentation on the topic “modern political map of the world” Geography lesson, the dynamism of the political map of the world

This lesson is the first lesson in 10th grade. This lesson introduces new terms and briefly describes the main objectives of the course. Students become familiar with the significance of the economic and social geography of the world, its features, and main concepts. In addition, the lesson examines the features of the modern political map of the world, its quantitative and qualitative shifts.

Topic: Modern political map of the world

Lesson: Political Map of the World

Economic and social geography of the world - social science that studies patterns of territorial distribution social production, conditions and features of its development and placement in various countries and regions.

Economic and social geography combines elements of geography, economics, sociology, it widely uses various methods research in both geographical science and other disciplines.

The subject of research in economic and social geography is the territorial aspect of social reproduction in specific socio-historical conditions.

The political map acts as an important tool for mastering knowledge of geography in grades 10 and 11. There are more than 230 countries on the modern political map of the world.

Rice. 1. Political map of the world

Types of changes in the political map of the world - various transformations on the political map.

Changes are quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative changes:

1. Annexation of newly discovered lands to the territory of the state.
2. Acquisition or loss of lands after the war.
3. Voluntary concessions.
4. Disintegration or annexation of territories.

Qualitative changes:

1. Change political system in the country.
2. Formation of military blocs.
3. Formation of economic unions.

In economic and social geography, there are two important concepts: boundaries and territories.

Country border- this is a line and a vertical surface passing through it dividing the territory state sovereignty(which includes land, water, subsoil).

Borders are established based on agreements between states. There are two ways to designate state boundaries:

1. Delimitation - defining boundaries on the map.
2. Demarcation - defining and marking boundaries on the ground with special boundary signs.

Sovereign State- a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs. The state is the main object of the political map of the world.

Boundaries differ in the way they are drawn:

1. Orographic boundaries - are drawn along natural boundaries (rivers, mountains, etc.).
Examples: Russia - China, Russia - Georgia, USA - Mexico.
2. Geometric boundaries - drawn along straight lines without taking into account the terrain.
Examples: Niger - Mali, Chad - Libya, Libya - Egypt.
3. Astronomical boundaries - drawn through points with certain geographical coordinates.
Examples: USA - Canada.

Rice. 2. Border between the USA and Canada

Territory- this is a part of the earth's surface with its inherent anthropogenic and natural resources, conditions.

Territories can be state, international or mixed regime.

State territory- an area of the earth's surface that is under the sovereignty of a state.

The state territory includes land, internal waters, territorial waters and subsoil.

Territorial waters are a strip of coastal waters ranging from 3 to 12 nautical miles wide.

1 nautical mile - 1852 meters.

Territories with international regime- territories lying outside the state territory. These terrestrial spaces are in the common use of all states in accordance with international law.

Examples include Antarctica and outer space.

Territory with mixed regime- these are areas of the World Ocean, the bottom outside the territorial waters.

Special territorial regimes- These are international legal regimes that determine the procedure for using any territory.

Non-Self-Governing Territories:

1. Colonies.
2. Overseas departments or freely associated states.

The colony- is a dependent territory that is under the authority of a foreign state (the metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime.

Examples include small island states in the Pacific Ocean.

Currently, there are a huge number of disputed territories on the political map of the world.

Examples of such territories are Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, the Kuril Islands, and Nagorno-Karabakh.

As a result, there are unrecognized or partially recognized states- territories that independently declared their sovereignty without the consent of the UN.

Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan.

Homework

Topic 1, P. 1

What is a colony? In what parts of the world did colonial possessions remain?

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Rodionova I.A., Elagin S.A., Kholina V.N., Sholudko A.N. Economic, social and political geography: world, regions, countries: Educational and reference manual / Ed. prof. I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Ekon-Inform, 2008. - 492 p.

4. Universal atlas of the world / Yu.N. Golubchikov, S.Yu. Shokarev. - M.: Design. Information. Cartography: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 312 p.

5. Atlas with a set of outline maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Test materials. Geography: 10th grade / Comp. E.A. Zhizhina. - M.: VAKO, 2012. - 96 p.

2. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. State final certification of 9th grade graduates in a new form. Geography. 2013: Textbook / V.V. Barabanov. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2013. - 80 p.

6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

Ministry Agriculture and food of the Samara region Ministry of Education and Science of the Samara Region Ministry of Property Relations of the Samara Region state budgetary professional educational institution Samara region “Vocational school with. Homework" Geography lesson Lesson topic: Political map of the world. The diversity of countries in the modern world. Prepared by: Geography teacher of the 1st qualification category Egorova N.P. 2 2017 Political map of the world. Diversity of countries Lesson topic: modern world. Type of lesson: learning new material Purpose of the lesson: To form in students basic ideas about the modern political map of the world, as a result of the centuries-old clash of spheres of influence of powerful states; get to know the diversity of countries around the world. Objectives of the lesson: educational: 1) organize the activities of students to independently determine the concept of “Political map of the world”; to analyze political maps; 2) to develop students’ knowledge about the factors influencing changes in the political map of the world; about the motives of wars; about the historical periodization of the political map of the world; 3) study the main criteria for classifying countries of the world; 4) introduce students to the concepts of “gross domestic product”, “sovereign state”; 5) to develop students’ skills in: working with scientific concepts; search activities (finding and applying geographic information for a correct assessment of the most important socio-economic issues in the international life of countries and trends in their possible development); characterize the main stages in the development of the political map of the world; establish interdisciplinary connections between geography and history and social studies; analyze, summarize the knowledge gained; compare; practically apply the acquired knowledge; 6) develop students’ skills in working with the atlas; developing: 1) develop students’ sustainable cognitive interest in geography, using modern and historical material on the most important geographical features and problems of the world and major countries; 2) to develop in schoolchildren, taking into account geographical specifics, verbal logical and figurative thinking, memory, imagination, attention; 3) develop oral speech. educational: 1) develop the ability to participate in dialogue: listen and understand others, express your point of view and defend it reasonably with the help of facts and additional information; 2) encourage students to critically think about political events taking place in the world; 3) shape the worldview of students; 4) develop a respectful attitude towards peers and a responsible attitude towards educational work; 5) develop independence, creative and cognitive activity of students; Teaching methods: problem-based learning, inductive, frontal survey, individual survey, demonstration, showing, story, explanation, educational discussion, conversation, exercise, independent work students, Forms of organizing educational activities: frontal, individual, group. Equipment: political map of the world, atlases, contour maps, assignments, computer, projector, electronic presentation. 4 1. Organizational stage Lesson progress: The teacher welcomes students, notes those who are absent, asks to check the availability of the necessary supplies: textbook, notebook, atlas and outline map, pens. 2. Activation of cognitive activity. Today we will need your knowledge of social studies. In addition, those who watch the news and are interested in “what’s going on in the world” have a chance to excel today and in subsequent lessons. So - let's get to work. 3. Determining the topic of the lesson What is the main source of knowledge in geography? geographic map Which map is the most important in the Economic and Social Geography of the World course? Political map of the world What is the main object on the political map of the world? Countries So, the topic of the lesson: “Political map of the world. The diversity of countries on the political map of the world,” write down the date and topic of the lesson in your notebook. 4. Setting the goals and objectives of the lesson Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the stages of formation of the political map of the world, find out the criteria for classifying countries of the world and determine the position of these countries on the political map. Learning new material. 5. Teacher: First, let's deal with the main concept of the lesson - the political map of the world (hereinafter referred to as PCM). Let's try, with my help, to define the concept of PCM. To do this, we need to list 5 essential features of the concept of PCM. Atlases depicting a political map of the world will help us in identifying these features. Open them. What Students: States, do you see on the map? their borders, capitals, large cities. Teacher: Correct! Now that you have indicated the signs of PCM, you can define this concept. PCM is a geographical map that shows countries, their borders, capitals and major cities. However, PCM is not only a geographical, but also a historical and geographical concept, since a political map, in essence, is a geographical reflection of the historical process. Any historical processes involve a change in something over time. And changes occur both in quantity and quality. (Working with the textbook). Quantitative ones include changes in the total number of states, as well as changes in the area of countries. Qualitative changes include changes in the forms of government and forms of government of countries (Fig. 31). But geographers are more interested in quantitative changes, since they are what lead to changes in political maps. What was the main reason for quantitative changes in the PKM, that is, what led to changes in borders and the formation of new states? Students (express hypotheses): There are many reasons, however, the main ones were: wars, international agreements, the opening of new territories, etc. Teacher: Your reasoning, guys, is correct. The main factor, that is, the reason, for changes in PKM was war. Now let's figure out why people fight? When answering, you can actively use the knowledge acquired in history and social studies lessons. Students: Wars are fought over territory that is rich in resources. There are 6 wars of a religious, racial and ethnic nature. Teacher: The answer is correct. Now let's move on to next question. If PKM is a historical and geographical concept, then each historical period had its own PKM. Remember from your history course which main historical periods are usually identified according to the dominant type of social thinking. Students: Ancient, Medieval, New, Newest, Modern. Teacher: Correct. Approximately the same periodization is typical for PCM. Now guys, let's see what PKM was like at each historical stage. To begin with, we will look at the first three stages of history: Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Your task is to compare RMB at these stages historical development. Comparison of stages must be carried out according to three criteria: 1) clarity of boundaries; 2) the presence of unknown and no-man's territories (“white spots”); 3) number of countries. Students talk about the stages of formation of PCM, the rest complete task No. 1 Teacher: Let’s draw a conclusion. Students: 1) lack of clear boundaries; 2) the presence of many “white spots”; 3) a small number of states. Teacher: That's right! The following stages are historically closer to our time. These are the Newest Stage and the Modern Stage. These stages go back to the beginning of the 20th century. Pay attention to the map of Europe in 1914 and 1923. Your task is to indicate the main changes that have occurred on the PCM. It is recommended to actively use knowledge from the 9th grade history course. Students: The Autro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were formed, the borders of Romania changed greatly; Finland and Poland left Russia. We see that the Baltic states gained independence from Russia: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Ireland gained independence from Great Britain. Romania annexed Bessarabia (Moldova). Teacher: What historical events of the newest stage influenced the formation of PKM? Students: In addition to the First World War, important events were also: Second World War And Cold War , as a result of which the world was divided according to ideological criteria into two large groupings of countries: 1) Countries of the Socialist camp (USSR, East Germany, North Korea, China, Eastern European countries, etc.); 2) Capitalist countries (USA, Germany, Republic of Korea, Western European countries, Japan, etc.). Many countries in Asia and Africa receive sovereignty from their mother countries: India, Pakistan, Algeria, etc. Teacher: Next. The closest to us is the Modern stage. Its beginning is associated with the collapse of the USSR into 15 independent countries. Name these states. Students: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. Teacher: That's right. Within the same stage, the collapse of the USSR in a chain reaction leads to the unification of Germany (1990), the collapse of Czechoslovakia (1993) and the collapse of Yugoslavia (1989-2008). Many unrecognized and partially recognized states are emerging in the world: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, Kosovo. Guys, now try to remember the most recent changes to PKM, which you yourself witnessed. Perhaps you might have heard about them in the media or from history and social studies teachers? Students: The most recent changes were: Education of Kosovo (2008), Abkhazia and South Ossetia (2008) and South Sudan (2011). Crimea (2014) 8 Teacher: Guys, what conclusions can be drawn based on the features of the last stages of the formation of PCM? You can use the same criteria that we used to characterize the first three stages of PCM development. Students: 1) There are almost no “white spots” left on the PCM; 2) The borders between countries have become clearer; 3) The number of countries on the PCM has increased significantly. Teacher: Let's summarize part 1 of the lesson on the political map: political map - reflects the main political and geographical changes; as a result of changes, sovereign states are formed, some are united, or, on the contrary, disintegrate; The political map is an inexhaustible source for the study of political geography. Having become acquainted with the political map, we were convinced that there are a huge number of countries in the modern world. If in 1900 there were 57 sovereign states in the world, then by 2002 out of 230 states there were already 192. The remaining states are non-self-governing territories, mainly “fragments” of the former colonial empires of Great Britain and France. Netherlands, USA. Teacher: Which state is called “sovereign”? Students: A sovereign state is a politically independent state that has independence in external and internal affairs. Teacher: Since there are a lot of countries in the world, there is a need to group them, which is carried out on the basis of different quantitative criteria and quality indicators. 9 Let's define the classification criteria (In the notebook, students draw a diagram based on the quantitative criteria). The grouping of countries by size (area) of territory is common (7 countries with S territory > 3 million km² each). Together they make up ½ of the entire landmass. TASK: Name the seven largest countries by S territory. Students: Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India. One of the students reads, and the teacher shows the states on the political map.) Teacher: In terms of population, there are 11 largest countries, with a population of more than 100 million people each: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia , Japan, Nigeria, Mexico. (The teacher shows the countries on the map, and the students, one by one, name the capitals using the atlas.) Teacher: Grouping countries according to the characteristics of the state is often used. There are: archipelagic countries (located on an archipelago), island countries (located on islands), peninsular countries (located on peninsulas), landlocked countries (inland), coastal countries (have access to the sea or ocean). (As the explanation progresses, students give examples of countries in these groups) Students complete task No. 2 Teacher: Based on qualitative indicators, countries are divided into:    Economically developed Developing countries with economies in transition What is the main criterion for this typology? (found in the textbook) Students: the level of socio-economic development, which is determined by gross domestic product 10 (GDP) - an indicator characterizing the cost of all final products produced in a given country in one year, in US dollars (Write the definition in your notebook). The UN currently classifies approximately 60 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, Australia and This group of countries is distinguished by significant inland Oceania. heterogeneity and three subgroups can be distinguished in its composition. The developing countries (third world countries) include about 150 countries and territories, which can be divided into six subgroups. And finally, a group of countries with economies in transition is highlighted. EXERCISE. Using the textbook text, determine (independent acquisition of knowledge): 1st row – subgroups of economically developed countries 2nd row – subgroups of developing countries 3rd row – countries with transition economies Students: Subgroups of economically developed countries:  “Big Seven” Western countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada - are distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity. Smaller countries of Western Europe - play a large role in world affairs, GDP per capita in most of them is   the same as in the G7 countries Switzerland, Austria. Non-European countries: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - former settler colonies (dominions) of Great Britain that did not know feudalism (countries of settler capitalism). Israel is usually included in this group. Developing countries include about 150 countries and territories in which about 3/5 of the world's population live, mainly countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania. Most of them were colonies and gained independence after the Second World War. Developing countries are called the “third world”, it is divided into six subgroups: Subgroups of developing countries: 1. Key countries India, Mexico, Brazil. These are the leaders of the “third world” with enormous natural, human and economic potential. These countries produce as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined, but their per capita GDP is lower than that of economically developed countries. In India it is $350. 2. Countries with a per capita GDP of more than 1 thousand dollars (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.) 3. New industrial countries who have achieved a big leap in social economic development in the 80s and 90s. The first NIS are Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the second echelon NIS are Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. These Asian countries have received the nickname “Asian dragons”. 4. Oil-exporting countries that, through the sale of oil, have a high per capita GDP (more than 10 thousand dollars). These are the countries of South-West Asia - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iran, UAE. This subgroup also includes the countries of North Africa: Libya, Algeria, Brunei, etc. 5. Classic developing countries lagging behind in their development with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars per head. These are mainly African countries. 6. Least developed countries (about 40 countries). They are sometimes called the “fourth world”. The economy of these countries is dominated by agriculture, 2/3 of the adult population is illiterate. The average per capita GDP is $100,300 per year. 12 Countries with economies in transition Inclusion of post-socialist countries with economies in transition into this two-part typology presents certain difficulties. According to their socio-economic indicators, most countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, etc.), as well as the Baltic countries, are considered economically developed. Among the CIS countries there are both economically developed (Russia) and countries that occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing. So, let’s summarize part 2 of the lesson on the typology of countries in the world: most countries are independent states; A typology of countries can be carried out - by territory, by population, by geographical location, according to the level of socio-economic development. Homework 6. Your homework today will be the following: first, study the textbook material, learn the definitions that we wrote down in the notebook, learn all the nomenclature (countries and their capitals) that we mentioned in class today, mark them on the outline map. Write down in your notebook the ten smallest states in the world by area (microstates). Mark on the contour map the eleven largest countries by population, the giant countries by area, the G7 countries. Reflection 7. So, what did you learn new today? Guys, think, can this knowledge be useful to you in life? Where and when can you use them? That's all for today. Thank you for your attention. 13 Task No. 1 Find correspondences in the periods of formation of the political map of the world. Enter the data in the table Ancient Medieval New 1. Before the 5th century 2. 16th century 3. 5th century 16th century 4. Slave system 5. The origin, rise and establishment of capitalism 14 6. Feudalism 7. International economic relations 8. The formation of an internal market 9. Development and the collapse of the first states 10. The desire of feudal states to seize territories Based on the political map in the atlas, write out: Task No. 2 7 largest countries in the world by area ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 peninsular countries ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 island countries ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 archipelagic countries ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 inland countries states ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Basic summary for the topic: Political map of the world. The diversity of countries in the modern world. Grouping of countries by characteristics 15 Typology of countries by socio-economic development Developed countries 16 Developing countries 17

Topic: Modern political map of the world

Lesson: Political Map of the World

Economic and social geography of the world - social science that studies the patterns of territorial distribution of social production, the conditions and features of its development and location in various countries and regions.

Economic and social geography combines elements of geography, economics, sociology; it widely uses various research methods of both geographical science and other disciplines.

The subject of research in economic and social geography is the territorial aspect of social reproduction in specific socio-historical conditions.

The political map acts as an important tool for mastering knowledge of geography in grades 10 and 11. There are more than 230 countries on the modern political map of the world.

Rice. 1. Political map of the world

Types of changes in the political map of the world - various transformations on the political map.

Changes are quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative changes:

1. Annexation of newly discovered lands to the territory of the state.
2. Acquisition or loss of lands after the war.
3. Voluntary concessions.
4. Disintegration or annexation of territories.

Qualitative changes:

1. Changes in the political system in the country.
2. Formation of military blocs.
3. Formation of economic unions.

In economic and social geography, there are two important concepts: boundaries and territories.

Country border- this is a line and a vertical surface passing through it dividing the territory state sovereignty(which includes land, water, subsoil).

Borders are established based on agreements between states. There are two ways to designate state boundaries:

1. Delimitation - defining boundaries on the map.
2. Demarcation - defining and marking boundaries on the ground with special boundary signs.

Sovereign State- a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs. The state is the main object of the political map of the world.

Boundaries differ in the way they are drawn:

Rice. 2. Border between the USA and Canada

Territory- this is a part of the earth’s surface with its inherent anthropogenic and natural resources and conditions.

Territories can be state, international or mixed regime.

State territory- an area of the earth's surface that is under the sovereignty of a state.

The state territory includes land, internal waters, territorial waters and subsoil.

Territorial waters are a strip of coastal waters ranging from 3 to 12 nautical miles wide.

1 nautical mile - 1852 meters.

Territories with international regime- territories lying outside the state territory. These terrestrial spaces are in the common use of all states in accordance with international law.

Examples include Antarctica and outer space.

Territory with mixed regime- these are areas of the World Ocean, the bottom outside the territorial waters.

Special territorial regimes- These are international legal regimes that determine the procedure for using any territory.

Non-Self-Governing Territories:

1. Colonies.
2. Overseas departments or freely associated states.

The colony- is a dependent territory that is under the authority of a foreign state (the metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime.

Examples include small island states in the Pacific Ocean.

Currently, there are a huge number of disputed territories on the political map of the world.

Examples of such territories are Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, the Kuril Islands, and Nagorno-Karabakh.

As a result, there are unrecognized or partially recognized states- territories that independently declared their sovereignty without the consent of the UN.

Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan.

Homework

Topic 1, P. 1

What is a colony? In what parts of the world did colonial possessions remain?

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

4. Universal atlas of the world / Yu.N. Golubchikov, S.Yu. Shokarev. - M.: Design. Information. Cartography: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 312 p.

5. Atlas with a set of outline maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Test materials. Geography: 10th grade / Comp. E.A. Zhizhina. - M.: VAKO, 2012. - 96 p.

2. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. State final certification of 9th grade graduates in a new form. Geography. 2013: Textbook / V.V. Barabanov. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2013. - 80 p.

6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

Open lesson on geography on the topic: Formation of political world maps.

Conducted in 10th grade on February 17, 2015 as part of a seminar for geography teachers “ Modern technologies in teaching geography"

Target:

Consider and systematize the changes that have occurred on the political map of the world;

Tasks:

Educational: - consider the concept of “Political map of the world” in a broad and narrow sense;

- study periods of formation of the political map of the world and their content;

Give a qualitative and quantitative description of the political map of the world;

Introduce the concepts of “country” and “sovereignty”,

Developmental : - improve skills in working with special maps, statistical material and computers, and based on this draw appropriate conclusions and conclusions;

Educational: - continue the formation of communication skills, develop the ability to work in small groups;

Development of the ability to voluntarily fulfill obligations, both personal and based on the requirements of the team; formation of high moral and strong-willed qualities, necessary habits of behavior.

Planned results:

Subject:

Basic level: define concepts, distinguish between qualitative and quantitative changes on the political map of the world, give examples;

Advanced level: assess the impact of historical events on the formation of the PCM, predict further events on the political map of the world based on the current situation, using information from modern media;

Create the following UUD:

Personal:

the formation of a person’s geographic culture, expansion of geographic horizons, civil patriotism, the ability to conduct dialogue on the basis of equal relations and mutual respect and acceptance, the willingness and ability to accept the help and opinion of elders.

Regulatory: take into account the action guidelines identified by the teacher in educational material, in collaboration with the teacher and class, find several options for solving the educational problem, adjust your actions in accordance with the changing situation;

Cognitive: use thematic maps, tables, diagrams, construct messages orally, build logical reasoning and draw conclusions, the ability to define concepts; search and selection of necessary information, application of information retrieval methods;

Communication : choose adequate speech means in dialogue with the teacher and classmates; accept other opinions and positions; negotiate, come to a common decision, formulate, argue and defend one’s own opinion;

Educational technology :

research method, group work method.

Equipment: wall maps “Political map of the world”, “Political map of Europe”, political globe, multi-media projector, electronic presentation for the lesson: “Formation of a political map of the world”, additional literature: "All about the countries of the world." Atlas reference book.

Individual equipment : textbook Yu.N. Gladky, V.V. Nikolina, Geography. Modern world: textbook for grades 10 – 11 of general education organizations, “My simulator” author V.V. Nikolina, Geographical atlas, mobile phones with Internet access, table “Countries that achieved political independence after the Second World War,” emoticons.

Teaching methods : verbal, visual, practical; explanatory - illustrative, partially - search, research, reproductive.

Lesson type: learning new material

Vinakurova Zh.I.: Hello, guys! I decided to start today's lesson with a riddle.

Slide 1

In geography drawing

It looks like a big carpet.

Every country is on it

Visible from end to end.

What it is?

Student answers: political map of the world.

VZHI: Indeed, having studied issues related to culture, civilizations and religions, we came to the section “Political Map of the World”.

Slide 2

The epigraph for today's lesson will be the words:

“The significance of the political map is enormous. The geographical political map really reflects reality: the international situation, the place of countries in the modern world. At the same time, it, especially in dynamics, in historical sequence, is the most important document for statesmen, politicians, political scientists and the most important tool for research, including in political geography - a branch of economic and social geography."

What information does PCM carry?

Do you agree with all the arguments stated in the epigraph?

What processes does the PCM not reflect?

Students' answers

We also worked with the political map of the world in previous geography courses. What do you think: what questions should we consider in class today? Pay attention to the questions at the beginning of paragraph 20.

Students' answers: issues of forming a political map of the world, give quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the political map of the world in order to move on to the study of the main objects of PCM.

Topic of our lesson: Formation of a political map of the world (slide 3 opens)

Slide 4 Today in the lesson we will look at the concept of “political map of the world” in a narrow and broad sense, using knowledge of history, literary sources, consider the periods of formation of the political map of the world, get acquainted with the concepts of “Country” and “Sovereignty”, give a qualitative and quantitative description of the political world map.

For this lesson we will need the Geography textbook. Modern world Gladky, Nikolina, “My simulator” by V.V. Nikolina, geographical atlas, table “Countries that achieved political independence after the Second World War”, additional literature and telephones with Internet access.

Slide 5 (from 5 - 6 images of PCM in different periods)

The diverse natural background of the Earth is complemented by the cultural, historical and socio-economic diversity of countries and peoples. The multiple nature of the state of culture and civilization is reflected in the political map of the world. It includes interrelated objects: geographical (countries, territories) and ethnic (peoples). Therefore, the appearance of the world is always determined by the space where life events take place, the time of their occurrence and the peoples existing in space and time as acting characters in the theater of history. Since we will be talking about the political map, about the stages of its formation, let’s analyze the map and give a definition: what is a “Political Map”?

Students' answers

Slide 6

Political map – 1) in a broad sense – a body of information about the political geography of the world, a set of countries and peoples taken in all the historical complexity of social relations;

2) in a narrow sense - a special map displaying the territorial and political division of the globe.

Vinakurova Zh.I. The modern political map of the world is the result of several millennia of its development. In the process of its formation, several periods are distinguished.

Characteristics of the historical periods of the formation of PCM.

Speech by students on completed advanced tasks:

Slide 5 Ancient period Tamarova T. (works with a map of Ancient Egypt + video clip about Ancient Rome) Centuries and millennia pass, but interest in the history of peoples does not subside.

Slide: 6 Medieval period Tatyanchenko T.

Slide 7: New period: Pozdnyakova A. (map “Great Geographical Discoveries” and portraits of the discoverers)

Slide 8 : The newest period of Gekova changes after World War 2

(map of changes after World War I)

Slide 9: Modern period Rukin N.

VZHI: What changes do you think are possible in PCM in the next 50 years?

Students' answers

Collage of photos: world wars, “hot spots”, etc.

Using the text of paragraph 5 of the textbook, additional literature and Internet resources, complete task No. 2 on p. 18 in “My simulator”, authors Yu.N. Gladky, V.V. Nikolina.

Upon completion of the work, students name the features of the formation of the political map of the world of each era.

Alexander Ukraichenko Read by student Anikeev A.

A political map of the World

A hundred years ago the world was different

Take a look at the map:

The colonies disappeared like smoke,

And the states became sovereign.

Having changed the world, he does not stand still,

Borders move back and forth.

There are now over two hundred countries in the world,

Their net is always changing.

Next we will work in groups. Since there are 8 people in the class, we will have 2 groups. Each group selects the proposed tasks and works on them. You can use all the equipment and phones you have to access the Internet.

Slide 7

Group 1 tasks: Printed for group

Working with the table “Countries that achieved political independence after the Second World War” and the political map of the world

Answer the questions:

What year can be called the year of Africa. Why?
A characteristic feature of the Political Map of the World after the Second World War is the collapse of the colonial system and the emergence of dozens of liberated countries. Indicate the part of the world with the largest number of countries that achieved political independence during this period.

Group 2 task: Printed for the group

1. Working with the table “Countries that achieved political independence after the Second World War”, political and contour maps of the world, answer the questions:

1.What unites the following countries: Mali, Cambodia, Gabon?

A) These countries are single-national;

B) These are former colonies of France;

B) have access to the Indian Ocean.

2.Place on a contour map the states of Oceania that achieved political independence in 1986.

Group presentations on proposed issues.

Slide 8. When characterizing these changes on the PCM, it is appropriate to explain the concepts: “country” and “sovereignty”. Try to find definitions of these concepts yourself using phones with Internet access and dictionaries. One person is working with a laptop.

A country- in political and geographical terms - a territory that has certain boundaries, enjoys state sovereignty or is under the authority of another state.

Sovereignty– independence of the state in external or internal affairs; basic principle of modern international law and international relations.

Today we will get acquainted with the qualitative and quantitative changes occurring on the political map of the world.

Slide 9

Analysis of Fig. 31 on p. 88. Name quantitative changes and give examples.

Students' answers.

Name the qualitative changes on the political map of the world and give examples.

Students' answers.

Our lesson is coming to an end. Let's do a few tasks to consolidate the material.

Slide 10

Determine in which cases we are talking about qualitative changes on the political map of the world, and in which cases – about quantitative ones?

In 1990, the Yemen Arab Republic PDRY united into single state- Republic of Yemen.

According to the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as a result of the earthquake in Nevelsk on August 2, 2007, the seabed rose and a land area with a total area of 3 km2 was formed. To the formation of another plot of 1.5 km2CAUSED BY THE VUL ERUPTIONKANA Sarychev Peak on the Kuril Island of Matua in June 2009.

In 1993, the new state of Eritrea (a former province of Ethiopia on the Red Sea) emerged.

Part of the territory of the Netherlands is land reclaimed from the sea, which led to a change in the political map of the country.

Slide 11 Which region on the PKM was affected the least by the changes, and can it be considered the most stable region on the PKM?

Slide 12. Which region is richest in the formation of new states?

Students' answers.

Slide 13 Barents Sea

On September 15, 2010, the President of the Russian Federation and the Prime Minister of Norway signed an agreement on the delimitation of jurisdictional zones in the Barents Sea.

Photo. What changes are we talking about?

Conclusion: PCM is characterized by high dynamism. It reflects the main political and geographical changes, the formation of new independent states, the merger of one state with another, changes in the area of the state, capitals and much more. All these elements make up the main content of the political map of the world.

Reflection:

Self-esteem.

Guys, each of you is asked to fill out a table where you must evaluate your work in class.

My grade for work in class	What did I learn?	What have I learned?

What are your assessments, what have you learned, what are you still struggling with?

If you were now texting a friend about an event, what emoji would you put at the end?

Students raise emoticons.

Today we looked at the stages of PCM formation, worked with different sources of information, drew conclusions, and worked on assignments. You worked actively throughout the lesson. Write down your homework.

Slide14

Item 20 and for students who want to get a higher grade, I suggest completing task No. 9 on p. 89.

Slide 15

Thank you for your attention

Concept "a political map of the World" includes two meanings. In a narrow sense, it is a map of the world on which the borders of all states are plotted; in a broad sense, it is the alignment of political forces, the political life of the world as a whole, individual groups of countries, and the most important political problems of our time.

The political map of the world is characterized by high dynamism. There are changes on the political map quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative changes:

annexation of newly discovered lands (in the past - colonies) to the state;

territorial gains or losses as a result of wars;

voluntary concessions (exchange) by countries of sections of state territory;

unification or collapse of states, etc.

Qualitative changes include:

the country's acquisition of political sovereignty;

the introduction of different forms of government and government from the previously existing ones;

formation of interstate associations and political unions, etc.

Recently, quantitative changes are increasingly giving way to qualitative ones. This is the essence of modern processes - the path of dialogues, international contacts, and the peaceful settlement of all disputes.

Territory and borders.

Geographers use two terms: “geographical space” and “territory,” often filling them with the same meaning. However, the concept of “territory” differs from the concept of “space” in its specificity, reference to certain coordinates on the earth’s surface.

Territory - part of the land surface with its inherent natural, as well as those created as a result of human activity, properties and resources.

The limits of territories are determined by borders.

Political boundaries may be state And non-state. State boundaries define the boundaries of state territory. Non-state borders that are political in nature are, for example, borders under international agreements, treaty, temporary, demarcation, etc.

State borders - these are lines and imaginary vertical surfaces passing along these lines that define the limits of the territory of the state (land, water, subsoil, airspace), i.e. the limits of the extension of the sovereignty of a given state. The state border divides the territories of sovereign countries. This is both a political and economic border, limited by the state system, national isolation, customs control, foreign trade rules, etc.

Land and maritime state borders between neighboring states are established by agreement. There are two types of establishing state borders - delimitation and demarcation. Delimitation - determination, by agreement between the governments of neighboring states, of the general direction of the state border and plotting it on a geographical map. Demarcation - drawing the state border line on the ground and marking it with appropriate boundary signs.

There are orographic, geometric and geographical boundaries.

Orographic boundary - this is a line defining boundaries and drawn along natural boundaries, taking into account the terrain (drawn mainly along mountain ranges and river beds).

Geometric border - this is a straight line connecting two points of the state border defined on the ground, which crosses the terrain without taking into account the relief.

Geographical (astronomical) boundary - this is a line passing through certain geographical coordinates and sometimes coinciding with one or another parallel or meridian. The last two types of boundaries are widespread in Africa and America. All types of borders exist in Russia.

On border lakes, the state border line runs in the middle of the lake or along a straight line connecting the exits of the land state border to its shores. Within the state territory there are also boundaries of administrative-territorial units(for example, borders of republics, regions, states, provinces, lands, etc.). These are internal boundaries.

Experts in international law understand “territory” as the various spaces of the globe with its land and water surfaces, subsoil and airspace, as well as outer space and the celestial bodies located in it. There are state territories, as well as territories with international and mixed regimes.

State is territory , which is under the sovereignty of a separate state and limited by the state border. The territory of the state includes:

land within boundaries;

waters (internal and territorial);

airspace over land and waters.

Most of the coastal states (there are about 100 of them in the world) have territorial waters. This is a strip of coastal sea waters ranging from 3 to 12 nautical miles from the coast.

To territories with mixed regime relate continental shelf And economic zone. Economic zones and shelves often exceed the area of a state’s land territory and can significantly increase its resource potential.

Determination of the ownership, regime and boundaries of the comparatively shallow areas of the World Ocean adjacent to the coast became in the second half of the 20th century. into an important political and legal issue in connection with the possibility of exploration and development of the natural resources of the continental shelf (oil, gas and other minerals). The depths of the shelf edge are usually 100-200 m. Countries of the world have the exclusive right to explore and exploit “their shelf”, but do not have sovereign rights to the corresponding water area.

In accordance with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 under continental shelf means the seabed and subsoil of underwater areas extending beyond the territorial waters of a state throughout the natural continuation of its land territory up to the outer boundary of the underwater edge of the continent, or at a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the width of the territorial waters is measured, if the outer boundary The underwater edge of the continent does not extend to such a distance.

The initiators of the establishment of economic zones were Latin American states in the late 60s (which do not have a full-fledged shelf zone due to the great depths near the coast). By the mid-80s, almost all other countries in the world, including our country, followed their example. Economic zones now account for 40% of the world's oceans, including areas that produce 96% of the world's fish catches,

Economic zones - these are areas of the World Ocean outside the territorial waters with a width of about 200 nautical miles, in which the coastal state exercises sovereign rights to explore and develop mineral resources, conduct scientific research, fish (i.e. these are zones of national jurisdiction over resources), and other countries enjoy freedom of navigation and have access to excess allowable catch (under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea).

To territories with international regime refers to terrestrial spaces lying outside the state territory, which are in common use of all states in accordance with international law. These are the open sea, the airspace above it, and the deep seabed beyond the continental shelf.

At the same time, it has some features international legal regime of the Arctic regions open sea (Arctic Ocean). Canada, Russia and other countries whose territory is washed by the waters of this ocean have divided it into “polar sectors”. " Polar sector"- a space whose base is the northern border of the state, the top is the North Pole, and the lateral borders are the meridians. All lands and islands within the “polar sectors” and ice fields off the coast are part of the state territories of these countries.

It should also be noted special international legal regime , established by the 1959 treaty. in Antarctica . The continent is completely demilitarized and open to scientific research from all countries of the world.

Space is located outside the terrestrial territory and its legal regime is determined by the principles and norms of international space law.

Special territorial regimes - These are international legal regimes that determine the legal status and procedure for using any limited territory. So, the following modes are known:

shipping by international rivers, straits and canals used for international navigation;

regimes of fishing and other types of marine fishing;

exploitation of mineral resources of the seabed (exploitation of the continental shelf, etc.);

water use regime and other types economic activity on border rivers, etc.

Special types of territorial regime are international legal lease of territory, the regime of “free economic zones”, privileged in customs terms, etc.

The political map of the world has gone through a long history of its formation, reflecting the entire course of development of human society.