Norms and regulations of SNPs and GOSTs for the construction of a private house. Building codes and regulations SNP new construction
The primary function of the state - protecting the life and health of its citizens - must be carried out unconditionally and strictly, ensuring all processes of the functioning of society and social procedures with absolute safety and strict compliance with the requirements of current legislation.
Technical, legal and economic activities of citizens, legal entities and government agencies must be carried out at a level that guarantees safety and highly effective results.
Safe construction and general condition of buildings and structures(especially residential buildings) refers to sectors of the functioning of society and citizens, especially in need of control by the state and compliance with established rules and regulations.
The norms and rules that all stages of construction must meet (abbreviated as SNIPs) are a set of legal acts regulating certain sectors of urban planning, engineering surveys, design work and direct construction.
SNIPs for construction, developed back in the days of the USSR, were successfully applied and observed during the implementation of construction projects and other complex activities related to the construction of buildings and structures.
However, the law on technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures, adopted on December 30, 2009, established only some SNIPs are mandatory for implementation by persons participating in the construction process.
The list of standards and sets of rules is determined by acts, the implementation of which is mandatory and ensures compliance with the requirements of technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures.
Codes of rules are documents containing technical rules and describing the procedures for design, as well as production and construction, installation, operation, transportation, disposal and sale of the product. This document, within the meaning of the law, is applied on a voluntary basis. and carries the purpose of complying with the requirements of regulations.
At the same time, the legislator classified as codes of rules those norms and rules that were approved before the law on technical regulations came into force.
At the same time the organs state power carry out a process updating those SNIPs that are included in the above list of sets of rules and standards. The update must be completed no later than July 1, 2012.
According to experts, updating SNIPs should not lead to the loss of quality developments of the past, but at the same time must take into account the requirements of modern economic processes and the features of the latest technologies for the construction of residential buildings and other structures.
August 15, 2012 Ministry regional development The Russian Federation issued a letter explaining the status and status of the updated SNIPs. The said letter stated the fact that the safety of structures and buildings in Russian Federation is ensured on the basis of the application of the requirements of a list of standards and codes of practice (on a mandatory basis), as well as a list of documents in the field of standardization (applied on a voluntary basis). In addition, the Ministry of Regional Development reported that the process of updating SNIPs continues.
Many construction-related Internet sites offer a list of updated SNIPs required for each organization or person involved in the construction of residential buildings. The particularly important SNIP for the safety of buildings and structures can be downloaded from specialized websites.
Having decided to download lists of updated SNIPs, as well as SNIPs for the safety of buildings and structures, you should first make sure of the proper reputation of the site offering the service, as well as the relevance of the information they provide.
Despite the ambiguity of the current situation in the field of regulation of construction and related processes and procedures, building codes and rules are quite capable of ensuring the safety of designed and constructed real estate. Conscious and conscientious market participants strive to comply with current and recommended building codes and standards.
"SNiP 2.04.12-86 Calculation of the strength of steel pipelines"
The construction of a private house, as well as its design, carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory normative and technical documentation, is the greatest resource for saving costs!
Because, firstly, by complying with standards and technical regulations, you reduce to a minimum the possibility of making construction errors, the correction of which always costs many thousands of rubles. Secondly, a lot of defects committed during the construction of a house can only be revealed during its operation. Alterations of building structures during your stay cause the greatest inconvenience and force you to incur significant unplanned expenses. For example: a damp wall, a leaking roof, overheating electrical wiring, an icy floor, etc.
If you want to achieve maximum savings, then you need to competently control the progress construction work. To do this, you need to know the key control points and quality assessment criteria. This section contains a brief selection of the main regulatory documents necessary for the design and construction of a private house.
1. Design, preparation for building a house
1.1. Architectural and general construction standards.
First you should familiarize yourself with the Code of Design Rules SP 11-III-99. After reading this document, you will know exactly what papers are required to begin construction on your individual site. When constructing a residential building and various outbuildings, there are standards for their location on the site, according to the following documents:
- “Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation” dated December 29, 2004 N 190-FZ;
- “Planning and development of gardening associations of citizens, buildings and structures” SNiP 30-02-97;
- “Residential buildings” SNiP 2.08.01-89 * and SP II 106-97;
- “Single-apartment residential houses” SNiP 02/31/2001;
- “Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements" SNiP 2.07.01-89;
This is the approximate layout of buildings on the site according to RSN 70-88.
Having carefully studied RSN 70-88 (republican building codes), SNiP 31-02-2001 and SNiP 2.08.01-89 (Building Norms and Rules), you will learn what restrictions apply to the areas and heights of premises in a residential building.
There are minimum restrictions on floor heights (SNiP 2.08.01-89). The house may be declared unsuitable for permanent residence, if the height of residential floors is below 2.5 m from floor to ceiling. In the attic floor the standard height is 2.3 m. The number of storeys of a house is usually determined by the above-ground floors, which also includes the attic floor. Living rooms are not allowed to be located in the basement or basement floor. Ground floor can be equated to above-ground floors if the top of its ceiling is at least 2 meters above the planning level of the ground. If it is decided to place in the ground or basement floor utility rooms, then the height from floor to ceiling must be at least 2 meters.
The area of a residential building is defined as the sum of the areas of all rooms on the floors. Balconies and loggias are also included in the total area. The areas of stairwells at the level of a given floor are calculated.
If you are planning to build a house on the territory of a gardening association, then you must take into account the requirements of SNiP 30-02-97 “Planning and development of gardening associations of citizens, buildings and structures” as amended in 2011.
1.2. Concrete structures.
1.3. Thermal technical standards. Resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures.
1.4. Engineering Communication.
Electrical wires from a street pole to the entrance to a residential building must pass at a height of at least 2.75 m from the ground. If the diversion is carried out on the other side of the street along which vehicles are moving, then the permitted height is 6 m. The length of the branch line from the main line to the residential building should not exceed 25 m; if it turns out to be more, an additional support is installed. All places where the cable comes into contact with the surface of the building and passes through the walls must be fireproof and reliably insulated, and at the entry points the outer end of the insulating pipe must look down to prevent precipitation from entering there.
If the rules for installing sewer networks are violated, the developer faces regular clogging. He is doomed to frequent cleaning of drain-clogged pipes. According to standards, daily sewerage costs per person are about 200 liters. Smallest outer diameter sewer pipe should be 100 mm, with a slope to the common collector of at least 8%. The minimum depth for laying a pipe in the ground is 0.3 meters. If there is no centralized street sewage system, then the construction of filter wells and trenches is allowed with the obligatory installation of a septic tank (industrial treatment device) in front of them. The base of artificial filters should be 1 meter above the groundwater level.
If you have the appropriate knowledge and experience, you can carry out installation yourself utility networks, with the exception of gas communications. There are very strict requirements for the acceptance of a gas supply system. Only a specialized organization has the right to install a gas pipeline and connect gas appliances.
Gas pipes can be introduced into a residential building only from the furnace or kitchen side. If the house is old and has a heating stove, then it is allowed to enter communications into the living room, provided that the disconnecting device is located outside the building. Under no circumstances should a gas pipe be inserted into the house through or under the foundation. If the pipe is laid along external wall at home, then its nominal diameter should not exceed 50 mm. It is not allowed to install detachable pipeline connections under window openings and balconies. In general, all connections must be welded, threaded connections - only at installation sites shut-off valves and gas appliances. If the gas pipe according to the project passes over pedestrian paths, then it should be mounted at a height of at least 2.2 meters from the ground.
You cannot install more than two heating devices in one room. It is strictly forbidden to install a water heater in the bathroom, otherwise you may end up with a wonderful gas chamber.
The room for a gas boiler and water heater must be at least 2 meters high. When installing one device, the room has a volume of at least 7.5 cubic meters, and with two devices - at least 13.5 cubic meters.
2. Construction of a house.
2.1. Foundations and concrete structures
2.1.10. The rest of the necessary information for building a foundation can be found in: SNiP 2.02.01-83; SNiP 31-02; SNiP 2.02.03-85; SNiP 2.02.04-88; SNiP 2.02.01.
2.2. Walls of the house.
2.2.18. GOST 24454-80 – Softwood lumber, GOST 9685-61 – Blanks coniferous species.
Individual housing construction (IHC) involves the construction of private low-rise buildings intended for living, raising livestock, storing materials and products.
The building and the site on which it will be located must comply with the building codes and regulations specified in the legislation.
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If you ignore these requirements, you may be left without a home and the money spent on its construction.
Existing rules
The plot for individual housing construction must meet several requirements:
- convenient location near roads;
- communications carried out;
- developed infrastructure of the area.
The site must meet the requirements of the owners of future homes.
One of the important conditions for individual construction is fertile soil, distance from industrial plants and well-developed area.
But construction is possible even if these requirements do not meet, which does not affect the strength of the foundation and the safety of living in the house.
Therefore, building codes and regulations come first.
Without compliance with them, it is impossible to construct a private or commercial building.
Individual housing construction must be carried out in strict accordance with existing rules.
Failure to do so may result in a court order to demolish the building, and the owner will be required to pay a fine.
If the building was built without obtaining the appropriate certificate, then the construction will have to be legitimized in court, proving that the house was built according to all building regulations and fire safety standards.
Reflection in the law
When designing and constructing residential buildings, you need to focus on the rules provided for by SNiP 02/31/2001.
They indicate the technical requirements for buildings, land and their intended use.
Getting permission
To get a private house, you need to contact the BTI of the municipal district or the architectural department of the city.
Video: new procedure for developing suburban real estate
You must have with you the document according to which you are issued land plot V .
Land owners will need to provide the following documents:
A statement is written to the BTI authorities, to which copies and originals must be attached:
- plot.
- on the assignment of land ownership rights.
- future structure, compiled by BTI employees.
On average, it takes about 14 days to review documents and issue a permit.
An applicant may be refused if an incomplete package of documents was provided.
The permit is issued in the form of a document valid for 10 years from the date of receipt.
During this time, the applicant can build a house according to the existing design.
SNiP for individual housing construction
If the site is called individual housing construction, then only residential buildings can be erected on it.
These include houses, as well as additional buildings necessary for comfortable living (barn, bathhouse, etc.).
The construction of industrial organizations is prohibited.
When building a private house for living, you must follow the rules provided for.
It states that the materials used for construction are fireproof, resistant to mold and rot, and do not endanger the life and health of people.
SNiP implies the start of construction of a house subject to several rules:
The construction of other buildings on the territory is allowed:
- compost sites;
- biotoilets;
- pit latrines;
- sheds.
Placement of buildings
Buildings must be located at a distance of more than 5 meters from the highway and at least 3 meters from streets with little traffic.
Outbuildings are located in the depths of the site; the first, relative to the road, is always a residential building.
Particular attention is paid to the distance between buildings and the fence. For the most part, it is the hygiene side of the issue that matters, not fire safety.
The reason is the possible darkening of the neighboring plot if the houses are located too close to their territory.
SNiP specifies the following standards for the location of buildings near the fence:
| Distance between two sections | must be at least 3 meters (with the written consent of the parties, this indicator can be reduced) |
| Buildings for keeping livestock and birds | should be located at a distance of more than 4 meters from the fence |
| Bathhouse, outbuildings, toilet and shower | at a distance of at least 2.5 meters |
| Greenhouses on the site should be located at a distance of more than 4 meters | to prevent shading of the neighboring area and entry Wastewater with fertilizers dissolved in them |
| Garage and buildings for storing materials (equipment) | can be 1 meter from the fence |
The best option is to locate buildings at a distance of 3 meters. This will prevent conflict with neighbors due to shading of their site.
Shrubs and trees deserve special attention. They must be located on the site so as not to obscure the neighboring site.
There are several rules for this:
You should not rely on the fact that green spaces or buildings will not cause harm if they are located in a chaotic manner.
A tall tree on the site can grow for a long time until a person moves into the neighboring house and does not like the shade from the tall plant.
And in this case, not only a conflict is possible, but also a trial, ending with a requirement to remove the interfering object and pay a fine for violations of SNiP rules.
Distance between buildings
The location of outbuildings is regulated by SNiP 30-02-97. It specifies the rules for locating houses for fire safety.
If a structure catches fire, the fire will quickly spread to the neighboring area, which will lead to the ignition of a residential building.
Therefore, during construction, it is important to follow the standards provided by law.
The distance between residential buildings is determined depending on the material of the building:
It is allowed to locate houses close together if the building has a “2 owners per 1 house” system.
The distance is measured in a straight line, starting from the house, not the neighbors' fence.
If there are no buildings in the adjacent territory, then primary construction is a priority. In the future, neighbors will have to measure the distance between houses.
The distance between buildings on the site is also indicated in SNiP.
However, failure to comply with the described standards can lead to difficulties with a residential plot, so it is recommended to follow the rules regarding the location of buildings:
SNiP contains information about the location of objects relative to each other.
For example, the well should be located more than 20 meters from the compost pit, toilet and away from the fence.
This can be explained by the likelihood of toxic substances getting into water used for drinking purposes.
Special attention is paid to baths. They are, in most cases, made of wood, which increases the fire danger on the site.
For this reason, the bathhouse should be located at a distance of more than 8 meters from residential buildings (including neighbors).
Construction of a garage
Previously, there were no requirements for building a garage. In 2019, changes were introduced to SNiP.
The garage must be located more than 1 meter from the fence. If it is installed inside a residential building, then additional ventilation must be equipped.
Height of fences
The building regulations also contain some requirements for site fencing.
The fence between neighboring areas should not be higher than 1.5 meters in height.
It is possible to create a continuous fence, but only half to prevent shading of the neighboring area.
As for the external fence, there are no special requirements for it.
But it should not be more than 2 meters high, otherwise the structure will need to be additionally approved by regulatory authorities.
Any material can be used to make a fence.
Standards for individual housing construction
Building rules regulate not only the location of buildings on a site, but the nature of the buildings themselves.
Having studied regulations, you can familiarize yourself with the existing standards:
The basement floor must be more than 2 meters high if it is planned to be used for storing things and equipment. It is prohibited to arrange living rooms in basements.
Engineering Communication
For a comfortable stay in a private house, it is necessary to install utility lines or think about the possibility of installing their analogues.
Heating
The owner of the house decides what type of heating to install. This could be a wood stove, fireplace, gas boiler.
Heating radiators are installed under the windows of the house to increase heat transfer.
If possible, the house, with the permission of the service organization, is connected to a common heating system.
Gas supply
Gas supply can be used in a private home in two ways:
- By connecting to a common highway.
- From gas cylinders.
When connecting to the central gas main, it is necessary to correctly lay the pipes and make connections between the parts. It is prohibited to communicate through the living rooms of the house.
The pipes must be connected to the kitchen or heating stove. Exceptions include houses where a shut-off valve is installed near the entrance to the living space.
Communication is laid outside the building, and not through the foundation. The elements are connected by welding.
Shut-off valves can be installed using threaded parts.
If you plan to use gas cylinders for cooking or heating premises, then you need to buy containers with a volume of no more than 12 liters.
The operation of larger volume cylinders is permitted only if they are kept in a specially designated building located away from a residential building.
A prerequisite for installing a gas supply is the use of at least two devices powered by this fuel.
As a rule, these include a cooking stove and a heating boiler.
Electricity supply
Electricity is supplied to private homes through the installation of overhead power lines (power lines).
The main condition is that the wires should not be located on highways or interfere with traffic areas.
On a less busy street, it is allowed to install wires at a height of 2.75 meters.
If the area is busy, people often walk near the house and cars pass by, then the distance from the ground should be at least 6 meters.
This prevents threats and does not interfere with the movement of people and vehicles.
The distance between supports should be no more than 25 meters. If the house is located at a greater distance, then it is necessary to install an additional, intermediate pole.
A distance of 20 cm is marked between the wires. When connecting the power line, metering devices are installed. They are mounted in a special box outside or inside the house.
The wiring in the building must be covered with insulating material and fixed in the corners of the rooms or on the ceiling.
Wiring work should only be carried out by professional electricians!
Water supply and sanitation
Water supply in a private house is carried out in several ways:
- through the central system;
- well drilling method;
- delivery of water.
Round-the-clock cold water without additional manipulation is a connection to the central water supply system.
If you want to hot water, then water heaters are installed.
Sewerage installation is carried out taking into account several requirements:
If a toilet is installed in the house, then the issue of arranging a cesspool is considered.
It can be separate from the sewer from the kitchen or combined.
In a private house, ventilation is not required. Windows and vents are opened for ventilation.
Ventilation is installed in the bathroom and toilet, provided that there is no flow of fresh air, that is, there are no windows in the room.
Fire safety standards
SNiP does not provide a separate chapter for fire safety standards.
But the basic rules can be distinguished from the basic requirements for building a house:
| Distance between house and road | must be at least 6 meters. There should be no obstacles for fire trucks to enter |
| Between neighboring houses | the distance should be at least 6 meters. This is provided that the building is made of fire-resistant material, and there are no windows or doors on the adjacent side. In other cases, the distance increases to 8 meters or more |
| Electrical wiring is laid according to the rules of the PUE | When installing power supply in a wooden house, a metal corrugated pipe must be used. It protects the house from fire in the event of a short smoke in the wiring or a spark. Before commissioning, the electrical wiring is checked by Oblenergo employees |
| Regularly checking electrical wiring | serviceability heating devices is a fire prevention measure in a private home |
| Large gas cylinders should not be stored in the house. | and flammable substances in unclosed containers. There must be a separate metal box for these materials |
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