Purpose of SVD parts and mechanisms. Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD)

The Dragunov SVD sniper rifle, nicknamed “the whip” for the characteristic sound of a shot, has been in service with the Russian army for more than half a century and meets many modern requirements for weapons of this class.

In terms of the number of copies produced and prevalence in the world, the SVD ranks confidently in second place among sniper weapons, second only to the American M24. The rifle has become an invariable external attribute of soldiers of the Soviet and Russian armies; the only rival can be the rifle, which appeared in service 15 years earlier.

History of the Dragunov sniper rifle

The development of a specialized sniper rifle for the Soviet Army began in the second half of the 50s of the last century.

The impetus for the development was a change in the staffing of motorized rifle units, which included a sniper. General requirements to the rifle were designed in the form terms of reference GRAU of the General Staff of the SA by 1958:

• use as ammunition (7.62*54 mm);
• have a self-loading principle of operation and not exceed the Mosin standard;
• the stock of cartridges in the store is at least 10 pieces;
• the ability to conduct effective fire at a distance of up to 600 m.

Rifles from several design bureaus, including E.F., were presented for competitive testing. Dragunova, S.G. Simonov and A.S. Konstantinov. Comparative shooting took place at the training ground in Shchurovo (Moscow region).

Samples of Simonov and Konstantinov demonstrated Good work automation along with low combat accuracy.

The SSV-58 self-loading rifle designed by Dragunov showed high accuracy characteristics, but at the same time the commission noted the low reliability of the weapon, which became unsuitable for use after 500...600 rounds.

All three versions of the rifle received recommendations for improvement and were tested again in 1960. After this cycle of tests, Simonov Design Bureau’s weapon was considered unsuccessful (due to low accuracy compared to the standard), and the remaining two samples were sent for revision.

In particular, there were complaints about the operation of the cartridge feeding mechanism on the Dragunov rifle.

The third cycle of tests took place at the end of 1961 - beginning of 1962 and revealed the final winner - the Dragunov rifle, which surpassed its competitor in terms of fire accuracy.

Konstantinov’s weapon was rejected for the ability to fire only with an optical sight and the location of the cartridge ejection window too close to the shooter’s face.

By mid-1962, the first batch of 40 copies of the SSV-58 entered the troops. Based on operating experience, adjustments were made to the design, and in 1963 mass production of weapons began under the designation Dragunov self-loading rifle (GRAU code 6B1). At the same time, the PSO-1 model optical sight (code 6Ts1) entered service.

Early samples of the SVD had a barrel with a rifling pitch of 320 mm, which corresponded to conventional bullets and provided high accuracy parameters. When using the modernized B-32 armor-piercing incendiary bullets, increased dispersion began to be observed.

Therefore, in 1975, the pitch was reduced to 240 mm, which somewhat reduced the accuracy when using conventional bullets, but significantly improved the accuracy of fire.

Device and main characteristics

To drive the reloading mechanism, part of the powder gases is diverted from the barrel into a separate chamber with a piston. The mechanism contains a two-position gas regulator, which determines the speed of movement of the frame during rollback.

IN normal conditions The regulator is in position 1. When using the weapon for a long time without lubrication and cleaning, delays in operation may occur. In this case, the regulator is moved to position 2 by rotating the lever with the flange part of the sleeve.

After the shot, the gases expand and push the bullet out of the barrel.

After the bullet passes through the gas outlet hole on the surface of the barrel, part of the gases enters the chamber and sets in motion the piston, made in the form of a single part together with the pusher. The pusher moves the frame to its rearmost position, compressing the return springs.

When the frame moves, the bolt opens and the cartridge case is removed from the chamber. The empty cartridge case is ejected from the cavity of the receiver and at the same time the hammer is cocked and set to self-timer mode. Then the frame reaches the stop and begins to move back under the force of the springs.

After the frame begins to reverse, the bolt takes the upper cartridge from the clip, feeds it into the chamber and locks the barrel. When locked, the bolt part rotates to the left, which allows the protrusions on the bolt to engage with the slots in the receiver.

Additional protrusions on the frame activate the self-timer sear rod, which moves the trigger to the firing position.

By pressing the trigger, the rod is activated, which is engaged with the sear rod. Due to this, the sear turns and releases the trigger, which begins to rotate around its axis under the influence of the force of the compressed mainspring.

The trigger strikes the firing pin and moves it forward. The sharp end of the firing pin breaks the primer and ignites the powder charge in the cartridge case.

After the last shot is fired and the frame moves to the rear point, a feeder comes out of the magazine, which turns on the shutter stop. The stop locks the shutter in the open position and prevents the frame from starting the recoil movement.

Based on the SVD, since the early 90s, it has been produced, designed to fire semi-jacketed bullets weighing about 13 grams (cartridge type 7.62 * 54R).

The weapon is used for hunting large and medium-sized animals. There are options with non-self-loading cartridges, as well as export versions chambered for .308Win (7.62*51), .30-06 Springfield (7.62*63) or 9.3*64 (Brenneke cartridge). The Tiger differs from the basic version in having a shortened barrel and a removed flash suppressor and gas regulator.

Combat use

Despite the fact that the rifle began to enter service in the 60s, it was not reported anywhere until the outbreak of hostilities in Afghanistan. After the collapse of the USSR, the rifle was used in many local conflicts in Asia, the Middle East and Africa.

Today, the 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle is in service with the Russian army and the armies of several dozen countries.

Opinion about weapons

Despite the age of the weapon, it remains competitive today. Over the more than 50-year history of use, the Dragunov sniper rifle has not received any obvious negative reviews.

SVD is used by snipers in many military conflicts, despite the possibility of acquiring more modern products.

The difficulties that arise when firing at long distances are associated with incorrect calculation of the initial data by inexperienced shooters.

There are also some disadvantages of the SVD, first of all, it is a self-loading mechanism of operation, which is suitable for army snipers for shooting at distances of up to 500-600 meters, but is absolutely not suitable for sniper shooting at long distances, since the operation of the automatic system confuses the aim.

In addition, a rigid barrel mount is also noted as a disadvantage; it is believed that a floating barrel is optimal for a sniper weapon. The tide on the barrel and the bayonet itself in the rifle kit are puzzling. Sniper and bayonet attack are a rather strange combination.

The high level of performance of the rifle can be confirmed by the officially registered record for the distance to hit the target (for weapons with a caliber of 7.62 mm). This happened in 1985 in Afghanistan, when sniper V. Ilyin shot a dushman at a distance of 1350 m. The record has not been broken to this day.

Modern SVD replicas

Available for sale pneumatic rifle Dragunov manufactured by MWM Gillmann GmbH. Bullets with a caliber of 4.5 mm are installed in simulators of a real cartridge, which are located in the magazine. The gas reservoir is installed in the rifle bolt.

Thanks to this arrangement, it was possible to provide visualization of firing similar to a real weapon - with reloading and ejection of the “case” outward.

Today, work is underway to create modern sniper rifles (for example, OTs-129), but the prospects for their adoption are not clear. Therefore, for the near future, the main weapon of snipers in the Russian Army will remain the good old Russian SVD rifle.

Video

SVD stands for Dragunov Sniper Rifle. In the armies of the USSR and the Russian Federation it is designated GAU-6V1. The rifle is chambered for the 7.62x54R mm cartridge and has automatic gas operation. The development of the rifle from 1958 to 1963 was carried out by the team of the Izhevsk Design Bureau “Target Sports Weapons” under the leadership of Evgeniy Fedorovich Dragunov. The rifle was adopted by the Soviet Army on July 3, 1963.

After WWII, tactics and combat operations became different, which required new weapons for snipers. In connection with this, the Main Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense gave the task to create a self-loading rifle chambered for 7.62x54 mm. E.F. presented samples of his rifles. Dragunov, S.G. Simonov, M.T. Kalashnikov and A.S. Konstantinov. The new rifle was supposed to replace the sniper versions of the SVT-40 and Mosin rifles, as they did not have a sufficient rate of fire and accuracy of combat. SVD it also had to replace the SKS carbine with an intermediate cartridge, since the carbine could not fully replace the sniper rifle, and the AK-47 had already replaced the melee weapon. The problem with all rifles was the creation of a sniper rifle with automatic equipment, since automatic equipment negatively affects many characteristics when shooting, as there is recoil from the bolt, loss of power when part of the powder gases is removed. After competitive testing at the range in 1959 for accuracy, a sample of the SSV-58 rifle designed by E.F. Dragunov was sent for further improvement. In 1963, Dragunov presented a modified version of his OSV-61 rifle. After comparative tests with the Konstantinov rifle, the rifle “ 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle -SVD. In fact, the army received an intermediate version of the rifle, between a “sniper” and a “combat” rifle.

Ammunition

To fire from SVD 7.62x54 mm R rifle cartridges are used. The range of cartridges for SVD is quite wide: tracer, armor-piercing, armor-piercing incendiary, expansive, simple, etc. Shooting from SVD provides only single fire; a 10-round box magazine is used to supply cartridges. The advantage of this ammunition during battle is its prevalence, since every tank or armored personnel carrier or PKM machine gunner has it.

Automation

Dragunov sniper rifle has automatic gas outlet. During a shot, part of the powder gases from the barrel enters the gas chamber in which the piston is located. Powder gases press on the piston, as a result of which the bolt frame is pushed to the rear position and compresses the return spring, cocks the hammer, and when returning to the firing position, the bolt snatches a new cartridge and sends it into the chamber. After shooting all the cartridges from the magazine, the bolt stops in the rear position, which makes it clear to the fighter that he needs to reload the rifle. The end of the barrel has a muzzle brake/flash suppressor to reduce recoil, reduce recoil and keep the bore free of dirt. You can also attach a bayonet knife to the rifle for hand-to-hand combat. Most likely, the bayonet-knife became an attribute after the Second World War from the Mosin rifle with its bayonet; it is doubtful that it will be used in battle SVD as a bladed weapon.
Often automatic SVD compared with the AK-47 automatic, since both have gas-operated automatics, rotary locking of the cartridge in the barrel, a similar bolt shape, and a UDS mechanism. But SVD designed to perform other tasks, for this reason automation SVD Compared to the AK-47, it has longer reload cycles, which reduces recoil and increases the smooth operation of the mechanism. The piston and bolt are not a single unit. The gas outlet unit has a regulator for the removal of powder gases to adjust the operation of the bolt depending on the ammunition and the contamination of the barrel. The safety of the rifle is ensured by a safety lever on the right side.

Sighting range.
The standard sight for the Dragunov sniper rifle is the PSO-1 sight, which is designed for shooting up to 1300 meters. It is generally accepted that shooting at such a distance is possible at group targets or for intimidating fire. With the POS-1 sight in Afghanistan, Vladimir Ilyin managed to hit the enemy at a distance of 1350 meters, which for SVD is a record, as well as rifles with a caliber of 7.62 mm. In reality, a rifle can fire effectively at 600-700 meters.
Accuracy standard for SVD there was shooting at a target at a distance of 100 meters with four cartridges with a steel core, if the spread of hits was 8 cm, then the accuracy was considered normal. In 1967, while shooting from a rifle SVD began to use the 7N1 sniper cartridge. When shooting at 300 meters, the holes from the 7N1 cartridge were placed in a circle of 10-12 cm.
First SVD were produced with a 320 mm barrel rifling, like those of sporting rifles, which ensured excellent shooting accuracy. But with the same rifling pitch, the B-32 armor-piercing incendiary cartridges had poor accuracy and therefore in 1975 it was decided to produce rifles SVD with a rifling pitch of 240 mm to increase the accuracy of B-32 cartridges, which negatively affected the accuracy of simple cartridges, the accuracy increased from 8 cm to 10 cm when firing at 100 meters.
There is a mechanical sight for firing. It is possible to install NSPUM and NSPU-3 night sights with the ability to conduct targeted fire at night at a distance of 300 meters. There is an opinion that SVD morally outdated, but this can be refuted by the fact that the rifle is intended for company snipers “the first step of a sniper”, these snipers are not trained to shoot at long distances, and when shooting at long distances there are other rifles for such tasks, the second point is the weak PSO-1 for such distances.

Direct shot range:

• according to the head figure, target size 30 cm-350 meters,
• according to the chest figure, target size 50 cm - 430 meters,
• according to the running figure, the size of the target is 150 cm - 640 meters.

To improve convenience SVD It has an orthopedic butt with a handle in a wooden stock; later, butts began to be made of anti-nuclear plastic.

Based on the SVD rifle the following were created:

• SVDS is a variant of the SVD with a folding stock and a shortened barrel, the rifle is intended for airborne troops, created in 1991, and in 1995 it was adopted by the Russian Army.
• -SVU-version of the SVD bullpup, the bolt mechanism with the magazine is located up to the handle with the trigger.
• -SVDK-SVD developed for the 9.3x64 mm cartridge
• -TSV-1-SVD “Melkashka” chambered for 5.6x15.6 mm
• -SVDM is a modified version of SVD. Added picatinny rail and removable bipod.
• -SVU-AS-short, automatic, with bipod. Appeared in the early 1990s

The rifle is in service not only in the countries of the former USSR, but also in many countries in Europe and Asia. Produced in Yugoslavia, China, Romania, and India.

SVD fully fulfills its tasks for army units, when shooting can be carried out by soldiers of average training and are almost always included in reconnaissance units or DRGs. High reliability and simplicity explain its popularity throughout the world and practical use during major military conflicts. Among the shortcomings of the rifle, one can highlight its PSO-1 sight, since it has only a 4x magnification.

TTX Sniper Rifle Dragunov-SVD

Number of shots	10 rounds
Barrel caliber	7.62x54 mm
Combat rate of fire	30 rounds per minute
Maximum rate of fire	no data
Sighting range	1300 meters
Maximum firing range	3800 meters
Effective shooting	600 meters
Initial departure speed	830 m/s
Automation	gas outlet
Weight	4.5 kg-dry+0.6 kg-sight+0.2 kg-magazine with cartridges
Bullet energy	3500 J
Dimensions	1225 mm

SVD - Dragunov sniper rifle was created almost 60 years ago, and is still in service today. Russian Army.

Sniping is considered a real art. In order to hit the target accurately, a sniper needs high-precision weapons. This type of weapon is exactly that.

The SVD, thanks to its technical characteristics, has always been the pride of the USSR. There are legends about her. Until now, there are no analogues in the world to this rifle, both in accuracy and in penetrating power.

History of creation

The SVD rifle began to be created in the 50s, when the question of new weapons for the Soviet Army arose (Wikipedia).

The development of the newest rifle for a sniper was entrusted to E.F. Dragunov, who was the developer of firearms intended for sports.

He was a famous gunsmith, but became famous thanks to excellent qualities SVD sniper rifle.

In 1963 it was put into service, and in 1964 mass production began. Not everything was so simple when its design was carried out.

She had to meet certain requirements. The difficulties in creating weapons lay in the gaps between the various parts of the SVD.

It was necessary to ensure shooting accuracy, accuracy and density. The designers thought about this difficult problem for a very long time, but still came to the optimal solution.

And in 1962, the design of the rifle was completed. This type of rifle found a solid competitor - Konstantinov.

The designers' developments were carried out simultaneously. Both types of rifles were subjected to many tests, but the Dragunov SVD turned out to be the best.

Its superiority was both in accuracy and accuracy of fire. It has a unique profile, which has its own shot sound and unsurpassed specifications.

Specifications

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This rifle has excellent technical data:

• SVD caliber - 7.62x54 mm;
• magazine capacity is ten rounds;
• weight with loaded magazine is four point three kg;
• targeted shooting is carried out from a distance of 1300 m;
• efficiency and range – 1300 meters;
• the bullet flies at a speed of 830 m/s;
• the weapon has a length of 1.225 m;
• shooting is carried out at a pace of thirty shots in 1 minute;
• ammunition is supplied by a ten-round magazine.
• the cartridge has a size of 7.62×54;
• the rifle weighs four kg 550 g with an optical sight and fully loaded;
• SVD has a barrel length of 62 dm;
• There are four right-hand riflings.

Firing accuracy

Since 1970, the SVD rifle has been used to participate in targeted combat and its rifling pitch is 0.320 m. Such barrels in this weapon were used until the end of the seventieth year of the last century.

Using a sniper cartridge, grade (7N1) 9mm, the accuracy of this type of rifle is 1.04 MOA (Minute Of Angle - minute of angle).

This weapon hits the following targets with excellent shooting accuracy and destructive power:

• chest at a distance of 0.5 km;
• head - 0.3 km;
• lumbar region 0.6 km;
• moving figure - 0.8 km.

The PSO-1 sight is used for shots up to 1.2 km.

Design Features

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The Dragunov rifle is a self-loading weapon with a 7.62 caliber.

As for automation, it fires shots using powder gases that come from the barrel of the rifle itself.

Using the bolt rotation, the rifle must be rotated by 3 lugs. The SVD has a box magazine from which live ammunition comes. The magazine includes ten of them in caliber (7.62x54R). Shots are fired from the SVD with the following ammunition:

1. Sniper cartridges.
2. Cartridges with hollow-point bullets.
3. Regular cartridges with tracer bullets.
4. Cartridges using armor-piercing incendiary bullets.

If we take, for example, another Degtyarev sniper rifle, which is also designed to destroy enemy personnel at ranges of up to 1.5 km, then, unlike the SVD, it has one drawback.

There is no special 12.7x108 mm caliber cartridge made for this rifle, and the regular sample makes it insufficiently accurate when shooting.

The prototype of the SVD was the civilian model - “Tiger” (carbine), unlike the SVD, it has a bayonet - there is no knife in it.

The purpose of the SVD sniper rifle is to destroy the enemy (moving and camouflage targets).

Fire from a sniper rifle is carried out in single shots. Assembling and disassembling the rifle does not require much effort. The price of SVD starts from $2000 and above.

Sniper scope

An optical sniper scope (index 6Ts1) is necessary for accurately hitting the target.

It improves aiming accuracy and ensures good observation in all conditions.

Today he is the best among all his predecessors. When using the device, the eye gets used to one distance, which makes it easier to aim the weapon at the target.

Necessary element for the SVD sight there is an aiming reticle. It makes it possible to see the target better, since it is in the same plane with the image.

The sight is illuminated, which is important for a sniper. This allows him to shoot accurately, even at night.

It is very important to note that the SVD rifle is still the most popular type of weapon in the Russian Army.

The 7.62 caliber SVD was developed in 1958-1963 by Soviet designers under the leadership of E. F. Dragunov. It is a self-loading weapon, its automation is based on the use of the energy of powder gases diverted to the gas piston from the barrel bore.

Snipers are specially trained shooters who are fluent in the art of camouflage, observation and marksmanship; able to hit targets with the first shot. Officially, the first snipers appeared in the British army during the First World War. The main task of such fighters is to destroy important moving, open, camouflaged and emerging single targets. These could be enemy snipers, observers, officers, messengers, etc. The shooter is armed with a rifle equipped with a special sight. For shooting, he selects and equips a hidden position. During the Second World War, all participants in the armed conflict widely deployed sniper training; for this purpose, special schools were created, training camps and courses were held. In the USSR, the mass mastery of this art was called the sniper movement. In addition, this concept became a household word, as a result it began to be used to refer to accurate shooters of aviation, artillery and tank forces.

Sniper rifles are equipped with optical sights that improve aiming accuracy and provide good observation in any conditions. To fire at night, an optical reticle is installed or turned on on the weapon. Until the early 60s of the last century, the Soviet Army did not have specialized sniper rifles in service, but Mosin carbines of the 1891/30 model were used. However, methods of warfare changed, and the experience of past local conflicts set a number of requirements for sniper business. Thus, a new stage has begun in the development of this type of weapon. Now all elements, from the cartridge and optical sight to the rifle, were developed and manufactured according to special orders.

In 1958, the USSR Ministry of Defense issued a tactical and technical specification for the development of a self-loading sniper weapon of 7.62 caliber. The main competitors in this competition were the Izhevsk designer E. F. Dragunov and the Kovrov designer A. S. Konstantinov, in addition, S. G. Simonov and the M. T. Kalashnikov design team presented their samples. The version of the experimental SSV-58 rifle presented by Dragunov was able to was the first to “meet” the strict requirements imposed by the military, after which the modified SSV-61 model appeared. After comparative tests of the Konstantinov and Dragunov prototypes, a decision was made to adopt the Dragunov project. Thus, the SVD, a rifle whose characteristics met all the requirements, entered service with the troops already in 1963, under the designation 6B1.

With the world on a thread...

The development of ammunition for the new rifle was carried out by employees of the research institute No. 61 V. M. Sabelnikov, P. F. Sazonov and V. N. Dvoryaninov. This cartridge with a bullet having a steel core was adopted for service four years after the rifle itself ( in 1967) and received the index 7H1. Soviet engineers I. and L. A. Glyzov were responsible for the development of the PSO-1 optical sight. The technology for producing a high-precision barrel for this rifle was developed by I. A. Samoilov. Evil tongues often mention the similarity of the SVD and AK systems; they note that they are almost identical automatic with removal of powder gases from the barrel through a side hole, locking the channel by turning the bolt and a double-action non-automatic safety lever. In addition, the hammer strike mechanism has a similar form of mainspring. There is no doubt that certain elements were borrowed from the AK, but the SVD rifle is not a copy of the machine gun, it is an independent system, and the proof of this is the features of this weapon, which we present below.

Interesting differences in the Dragunov rifle related to “sniper” tasks

Let's look at what differences make this weapon an independent system. The SVD rifle has a bolt frame that is not combined with a gas piston, which (like the pusher) is made as a separate part with its own return spring. They take their original position after the frame is thrown back. The movement of automation is decomposed into successive movements of individual parts. Accordingly, this leads to an increase in the response time of the mechanism and a decrease in the total mass of jointly moving parts. This principle increases the smooth operation of the automation and smoothes out the impulse load. In addition, the gas outlet unit has a gas regulator, which is necessary to adapt the self-loading mechanism to work in difficult operating conditions.

Bolt mechanism

The SVD rifle is equipped with a bolt device that has three symmetrical lugs. This makes the locking process more reliable and also reduces the rotation angle of the mechanism. The reloading handle is located on the right side and is made as a single unit with the bolt frame. The combination of this massive design with a lightweight bolt can provide very reliable operation.

Trigger mechanism

The trigger of this sniper rifle is assembled in a separate housing; it is capable of providing only single fire. The original feature of the mechanism under consideration is the use of the trigger (in addition to its main function) as a disconnector between the sear and the trigger rod. A non-automatic safety catch, when turned on, blocks traction and trigger, and also covers the cutout at the receiver.

SVD stock and butt

The SVD rifle has a characteristic cutout in the butt, which forms a pistol grip with its front edge. The frame shape allows you to hold the weapon with your left hand, shooting from a rest. A non-adjustable, removable cheekpiece and butt pad can be attached to the buttstock. The forend is formed by two symmetrical barrel linings, which have slots for better cooling of the rifle. The linings are equipped with a spring-loaded mount, so that the fulcrum of the stock is on the axis of the barrel. As a result, the force created by the hand supporting the rifle does not affect the shooting results. In addition, when the barrel lengthens, caused by its heating during firing, the forend moves slightly forward; Since the engagement conditions do not change, there is no displacement of the so-called midpoint of impact. Since the beginning of its existence, the SVD (the photos given in this article demonstrate the weapon we are considering) has undergone several stages of modernization. As a result, the wooden butt and fore-end were replaced with a plywood board, and the modern modification is available with a plastic butt and black glass-filled polyamide linings. Thanks to these changes, the weight of the SVD decreased.

Ammunition

As mentioned earlier, the caliber of the SVD is 7.62x53. The rifle is fed from a double-row metal box-shaped detachable sector-shaped clip, the capacity of which is ten rounds. The designers provided for the location of the magazine in such a way that the center of gravity of the weapon was located above it. As a result, cartridge consumption has virtually no effect on the balance of the rifle, and therefore on the displacement of the average point of impact. For shooting from the Dragunov sniper rifle, in addition to the special 7N1 cartridge, they also use the 57-N-223 rifle cartridge with a lightweight bullet, 7T2 with and 7B3 with an armor-piercing incendiary charge, etc.

Optical instruments

SVD PSO-1 has a fourfold magnification in the field. It is equipped with a retractable protective hood and a rubber eyecup. The sighting reticle has a main square designed for shooting at a range of up to one kilometer, as well as additional ones - at 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 km - and a lateral correction scale. In addition, PSO-1 provides a rangefinder scale, when used, the SVD sighting range provides an accuracy of up to 50 m for a target with a height of 1.7 m (a full-length human figure). The reticle illumination device is powered by one battery inserted into a special compartment in body. A luminescent plate is introduced into the field of view of the optics, which makes it possible to detect sources of infrared radiation. A mechanical device is used as an auxiliary device - a sector sight designed for a range of up to 1.2 km, as well as an adjustable front sight. The PSO-1 optics served as the basis for the creation of a whole family of sights, including the PSO-1 M2. The target range of the SVD with this model is in the range from 0.1 to 1.3 km. In 1989, new 1P21 devices appeared. This SVD optics has a variable magnification factor from 3 to 9, its field of view is 6°11" - 2°23", respectively. In addition, the device allows you to use the illumination of the aiming reticle with the ability to adjust the brightness.

SVD rifle: weapon characteristics

The total length of the weapon without bayonet is 1225 mm, and the barrel length is 620 mm. Weight with loaded magazine and optical sight - 4.52 kg. Cartridge - 7.62x53. The initial speed of the bullet is 830 m/s. The combat rate of fire is 30 rounds per minute (a pretty good result, considering only the single-fire mode of the SVD rifle). The firing range with an optical sight is 1300 meters, and with a mechanical device - 1200 meters. Magazine capacity - 10 rounds.

Principle of operation

Weapon automation operates on the principle of using the removal of combustible powder gases through a special hole in the barrel bore. Locking is accomplished by turning the bolt mechanism counterclockwise. The main difference from the Kalashnikov scheme is that the cartridge rammer is also used as an additional combat stop (the third in a row). This made it possible, without changing the transverse dimensions of the bolt and the angle of rotation, to increase the area of ​​the lugs by approximately one and a half times. As a result, three support points provide a very stable position of the mechanism, which could not but affect the increase in shooting accuracy. When firing, part of the powder gases that follow the bullet rushes through the gas outlet channel in the barrel wall into the gas chamber and presses on the front wall of the piston. As a result, the piston, along with the pusher and bolt carrier, are thrown to the rear position.

At this moment, the bore opens, the bolt removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver. After this, the bolt frame compresses the return spring and cocks the hammer, that is, cocks the automatic release. Then, under the action of the return mechanism, all structural elements return to their original forward position. In this case, the bolt sends the next cartridge from the clip into the chamber and locks the barrel, the bolt frame removes the self-timer sear from cocking the hammer and cocks it. The barrel bore is locked by the bolt by turning it to the left and placing the lugs in the cutouts of the receiver.

In order to fire another shot, you must release and press the trigger again. After it is released, the rod moves to the forward position and with its hook jumps behind the sear. When you press the hook, the hook turns the sear, thereby separating it and the cocking of the hammer. The latter, under the action of the mainspring, rotates along its axis and hits the firing pin, which moves to the forward position and pierces the primer. The powder mixture of the cartridge ignites and a shot is fired. When the last shot is fired, the bolt moves back, and the clip feeder raises the bolt stop up. It pushes and the frame stops in the rear position. This serves as a signal to the shooter to reload the weapon.

Concept of use

For hand-to-hand combat, a standard type bayonet (6X4) can be attached to the SVD. Although this attribute on a sniper rifle is very rare and hardly necessary. Nevertheless, we should not forget that this weapon was created as equipment for small sabotage units, and this obliged us to provide for its use even in close combat.

In general, the design of the SVD, the characteristics of which turned out to be quite impressive, was a very successful compromise between general combat and sniper requirements. In addition, it should be noted that this rifle became the first army weapon, the design of which clearly showed the features of sports equipment. For the 60-70s of the last century, the SVD had very high accuracy. Experience suggested that with the help of this sniper rifle it was possible to hit low-visibility targets at a distance of up to 800 meters. The range of the SVD against a target of the “chest figure” type (50x50 cm) reaches 600 meters, and against a “head figure” (25x30 cm) - 300 meters.

Battle glory

This sniper rifle gained quite high popularity during military conflicts in Afghanistan and Chechnya. This is explained by the high power of the SVD, the characteristics of which made it possible to conduct accurate fire in mountainous conditions. It can be noted that not a single type of combat is complete without the active participation of snipers, so this type of weapon has been and will always be in demand.

Today, various modifications of the SVD are in service with the armies of more than a dozen countries. Various versions were produced in China, Iraq, and Romania. In addition, the fate of the model we are considering showed the mutual influence of sniper, hunting and sporting weapons. After all, the SVD rifle, designed using the experience of sports shooting, had a serious influence and served as the basis for the creation of a series of hunting carbines such as “Bear”, “Tiger” and OTs-18.

SVD sniper rifle: price

Beginning hunters often wonder if they can purchase an SVD rifle in particular as a hunting rifle. However, Russian law prohibits the sale of SVDs to private ownership. And yet, there is a way out: the Izhevsk plant is reworking the original combat copies of the Dragunov rifle, which were removed from conservation. As a result, anyone can purchase this copy, produced in accordance with the requirements of criminologists of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation according to the restrictions established for the circulation of service and civilian weapons. However, we will immediately reassure the reader - these changes in no way affect the operation and technical characteristics of this rifle. The prefix KO is added to its name, which means “hunting carbine”. The cost of SVD CO is 62 thousand rubles. If the hunter is not put off by the high price, then he will receive a reliable, powerful, time-tested, excellent weapon that will serve him faithfully for a single year.

Finally

The Dragunov sniper rifle has established itself as a powerful and reliable weapon, remaining for many years the best combined arms model. However, the change, complexity and expansion of military tasks solved by a sniper in modern conflicts required the development of new shooting systems with significantly better shooting clarity, as well as a sight with greater magnification. In fact, the SVD was not a sniper rifle in the modern sense of the term; its main task was to increase the effective fire range of motorized rifle squad soldiers (up to 600 meters in total). It was also called upon to provide the necessary fire support (suppress firing points). In this regard, the SVD is not required to have the range and accuracy of modern sniper weapons. Therefore, despite the adoption of new rifle systems of greater power, the military is in no hurry to abandon the battle-tested classics. Thus, special forces units receive sniper rifles chambered for 8.61 mm, and motorized rifle units continue to use SVD.

Topic 10. 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle.

7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD)

When conducting combat operations, the main tasks of snipers are to demoralize the enemy, limit the movement of enemy personnel in their immediate rear, force them to construct dugouts, communication passages and other structures, prohibit the crossing of the neutral zone and the front line, and also protect military facilities. Additionally, since snipers are observers, they can also be used to point out targets using tracer bullets. One of the most important tasks is the fight against enemy snipers.

The above tasks are accomplished by incapacitating commanders, forward observers, collective weapons crews, and individual soldiers and officers.

To ensure success, all this must be done completely unexpectedly by snipers invisible to the enemy.

The British began using snipers in 1915. SNIPE (English) - 1/ sandpiper, snipe. 2/ shorebird hunter, marksman.

The Germans dispute primacy, saying that they used snipers as early as 1914. There is a version that snipers appeared in the Boer War of 1899, but the Boers only had sniper tactics (camouflage, etc.). In Russia, under Peter 1, special units of marksmanship (shtutserniki) were created, then the huntsmen of Rumyantsev, the hunter-shooters of Suvorov and Kutuzov appeared.

Tula gunsmith Vasily Prokhorov himself created a Mosin rifle for himself and in 1904-1905. killed 76 Japanese, and his son killed 51 enemies with the same rifle in 1914. In service with snipers Soviet army since 1930 there has been a three-line model. 1891/1930 p. with a PT optical sight, since 1931 - with a VP optical sight.

In 1938, a 7.62-mm Tokarev rifle with a PE optical sight appeared, and since 1940, a new SVG-40 sight was added to it. In 1963, a new sniper rifle was adopted for service under the name "7.62-mm Dragunov sniper rifle - SVD". (Instructor Evgeny Fedorovich Dragunov was born in 1920 into a family of hereditary gunsmiths in Izhevsk, in 1938 he worked at a factory, from 1939 to 1945 in the army, after demobilization he worked as a foreman at a factory. In 1958 he began work on the SVD).

SVD is a sniper weapon (see Fig. 65) designed to destroy various emerging, moving, open and camouflaged single targets. Taking into account the experience of the war in Afghanistan, each MSV has one sniper on staff.

Modern requirements for sniper rifles:

a) weapons and ammunition must be capable of hitting a living target at a range of up to 900 m;

b) a high probability of hitting the target with the first shot at a distance of up to 600 m and in the chest - up to 400 m is required;

c) shooting accuracy should not be affected by weather and climatic conditions, as well as the temperature of the barrel and the condition of the weapon itself (is it clean or dirty);

d) all unmasking factors - smoke, flame, sounds when firing, clicking of the shutter during reloading, knocking of moving parts should automatically be minimal.

The listed requirements are the main ones, without which weapons and ammunition are unsuitable for use as snipers. In addition to these requirements for sniper weapons and ammunition, there are a number of others:

a) the rifle must have a convenient shape for shooting from various provisions, relatively small dimensions and weight (length with flame arrester about 1200 mm, barrel length 650 mm);

b) the sight mount must be durable and allow for quick replacement of day and night sighting devices;

c) the shooter’s force must be adjustable and well-defined (at least 2 kg);

d) the recoil force should not exceed 3 kg.

Tactical and technical characteristics of SVD

Fire from a sniper rifle is most effective at a distance of up to 800 m.

Sighting range:

With an optical sight - 1300 m;

With mechanical - 1200 m.

When shooting, there is a high probability of hitting the waist target at a distance of up to 600 m with the first shot, and up to 500 m at the chest.

Direct shot range:

According to the head figure (= 30 mm) - 350 m;

According to the chest figure (= 50 mm) - 430 m.

The weight of the rifle without a bayonet, with an optical sight, an empty magazine and a butt cheek is 4.3 kg.

The length of the rifle with a flash suppressor is 1225 mm. Barrel length - 620 mm.

The capacity of the box magazine is 10 rounds.

Rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets are used for shooting. To increase the accuracy of the battle, designers V.N. Sabelnikov, P.F. Sazonov, V.N. Dvoryanikov developed a special sniper cartridge for the rifle. If you don't have a sniper cartridge, you can shoot with a regular one.

Cartridge weight - 21.8 g. Bullet weight - 9.6 g.

The weight of the powder charge is 3.1 g.

The initial bullet speed is 830 m/sec.

The destructive power of the bullet is maintained at a distance of 3800 m.

Bullet penetration power:

Hard hat (steel helmet) - 1700 m;

Body armor - 1200 m;

A parapet made of densely compacted snow at D = 1000 m - 70-80 cm;

An earthen barrier made of loosely poured sandy loam soil 20-25 cm;

Brickwork on D = 200 m - 20 cm;

Wall made of pine wood at D = 1200 m - 20 cm.

For shooting, a PSO-1 optical sight with 4x magnification and a field of view of 6 degrees is used.

General SVD device

SVD consists of the following main parts and mechanisms (see Fig. 66):

Barrel with receiver, open sight and butt;

Receiver covers;

Return mechanism;

Bolt frame;

Shutter;

Gas tube with gas piston regulator and pusher with spring;

Receiver linings (right and left);

trigger mechanism;

fuse;

Store;

Butt cheeks;

Optical sight PSO-l;

Bayonet-knife.

Rice. 65. General form Dragunov sniper rifle

Rice. 66. Main parts and mechanisms of a sniper rifle

The rifle kit includes:

Affiliation;

Belt;

Case for optical sight;

Bag for optical sight and magazines;

Carrying bag" winter device grid lighting;

Spare batteries;

Oil can.

The operating principle of the automation is based on the use of the energy of powder gases diverted from the barrel bore to the gas piston. When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the bolt frame, to the rear position.

When the bolt frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel, removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the bolt frame compresses the return spring and cocks the hammer (puts it on cocked and self-timer cocked).

The bolt frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, while the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and closes the barrel, and the bolt frame removes the self-timer sear from under the cocking of the self-timer trigger. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and inserting the bolt lugs into the cutouts of the receiver.

To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the rod moves forward and its hook jumps behind the sear, and when you press the trigger, the rod hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the hammer.

When firing the last cartridge, when the bolt moves back, the magazine feeder raises the bolt stop, the bolt rests on it and the bolt frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal that you need to load the rifle again.

The SVD is a reliable sniper weapon. In terms of its combat characteristics, it is not inferior to similar models of foreign production, and in some cases it surpasses them.

The procedure for partial disassembly and assembly of SVD

Disassembly of a sniper rifle can be complete or incomplete:

Incomplete - for cleaning and lubricating, inspecting the rifle;

Full - for cleaning when the rifle is heavily soiled, after

leaving it in the rain or snow, when switching to a new lubricant and during repairs.

Frequent disassembly of the rifle is not allowed, because accelerates wear of parts and mechanisms. Disassembling and assembling the rifle should be done on a table or clean mat, parts and mechanisms should be placed in the order of disassembly, handle them carefully, do not place one part on top of another, and do not use excessive force or sharp blows. When assembling, compare the numbers on the parts of the rifle.

The procedure for partial disassembly of a sniper rifle:

Separate the magazine (see fig. 67) (check if there is a cartridge in the chamber);

Rice. 67. Separate the store

Separate the optical sight (see Fig. 68);

Rice. 68. Optical sight compartment

Separate the cheeks of the butt (see Fig. 69);

Rice. 69. Separate the butt cheek

Separate the receiver covers With return mechanism (see Fig. 70)

Rice. 70. Receiver cover compartment with return mechanism

Separate the bolt carrier With shutter (see Fig. 71)

Rice. 71. Bolt carrier compartment with bolt

Separate the bolt from the bolt frame (see Fig. 72)

Rice. 72. Separating the bolt from the bolt frame

Separate the trigger mechanism (see Fig. 73)

Rice. 73. Trigger mechanism compartment

a - fuse compartment; b - compartment of the trigger mechanism

Separate the barrel linings (see Fig. 74);

Rice. 74. Receiver lining compartment:

a - rotation of the contactor; b - separation of the receiver lining

Separate the gas piston and pusher With spring (see Fig. 75).

Rice. 75. Separation of the gas piston and pusher from the springs a - separation of the gas piston; b - pusher compartment

The procedure for assembling a rifle after partial disassembly

For assembly you need to attach:

Gas piston and pusher with spring;

Barrel linings;

Trigger mechanism;

Bolt to bolt carrier;

Receiver cover with return mechanism;

Butt cheek;

Optical sight;

Shop.

The rifle is quite simple in design, the technology for manufacturing parts and components is not complicated. However, the rifle has reliable automatic operation and great barrel survivability.

The procedure for checking the battle and bringing it to normal combat

SVD The sniper rifle located in the unit must be brought to normal combat. The need to bring the rifle to normal combat is established by checking the combat.

The rifle's combat is checked:

When a rifle arrives at a unit;

After repairing the rifle and replacing parts that could change its performance;

If deviations in the average point of impact (MPO) or dispersion of bullets that do not meet the requirements of normal rifle combat are detected during shooting.

In a combat situation, the rifle's combat is checked periodically at every opportunity. Checking the combat of sniper rifles and bringing them to normal combat is carried out under the direction of the company commander. Direct superiors up to and including the unit commander are required to ensure strict compliance with the rules for checking the combat of rifles.

Before checking the combat, the rifle should be carefully inspected and any deficiencies found should be eliminated.

Checking the rifle's combat and bringing it to normal combat is carried out at the shooting range in calm weather, in an indoor shooting range or in a section of the shooting range protected from the wind under normal lighting.

The sniper rifle is checked and brought into normal combat with an open sight, after which the optical sight is aligned and test firing is carried out with an optical sight.

Shooting when checking the combat of a rifle and bringing it to normal combat is carried out personally by the sniper to whom it is assigned.

When checking the combat, a gunsmith or weapons technician must be present with the necessary tools.

When checking the combat and bringing it to normal combat, firing from a rifle is carried out without a bayonet.

To check the combat of a rifle and bring it to normal combat, cartridges with an ordinary bullet with a steel core, taken from a hermetic closure, are used. The cartridges must be from the same batch.

Firing range 100 m, sight 3. Firing position - lying down from rest.

Shooting is carried out at a test target or a black rectangle measuring 20 cm in width and 30 cm in height, mounted on a white board 0.5 m wide and 1 m high. The aiming point is the middle of the lower edge of the test target, glued underneath with white paper along the first white line , or black rectangle; it should be approximately at the level of the shooter's pelvis. Along a plumb line at a distance of 16 cm above the aiming point on the test and target (black rectangle), the normal position of the midpoint of impact when shooting with open sights is marked with chalk or colored pencil. This point (the center of the circle on the test target) is the control point (CT).

Examination rifle combat

When checking the rifle's combat, separate the optical sight and the butt cheek. To check the battle, the sniper (shooting) fires four single shots, carefully and uniformly aiming through an open sight under the middle of the lower edge of the test target or black rectangle.

At the end of the shooting, the commander in charge of checking the battle examines the target and the location of the holes, determines the accuracy of the battle and the position of the midpoint of impact. Snipers performing shooting are not allowed to go to the targets.

The accuracy of a rifle's firing is considered normal if all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm.

If the accuracy of the shot does not satisfy this requirement, the shooting is repeated. If the shooting result is unsatisfactory again, the rifle must be sent to a repair shop.

If the grouping of holes is normal, the commander determines the midpoint of impact and its position relative to the control point.

To determine the average point of impact for four holes you need:

Connect any two holes with a straight line and divide the distance between them in half;

Connect the resulting division point with the third hole and divide the distance between them into three equal parts;

Connect the division point closest to the first two holes with the fourth hole and divide the distance between them into four equal parts.

The division point closest to the first three holes will be the midpoint of the four holes.

With a symmetrical arrangement of holes, the average point of impact can be determined in the following way:

Connect the holes in pairs, then connect the midpoints of both straight lines and divide the resulting line in half; the division point will be the middle point of impact (see Fig. 76).

Rice. 76. Determination of the average point of impact: A- sequential division of segments; b- with symmetrical arrangement of holes

A rifle strike is considered normal if the average point of impact coincides with the control point or deviates from it in any direction by no more than 3 cm.

Bringing the rifle to normal combat

If, when checking the battle, the average point of impact deviated from the control point in any direction by more than 3 cm, then accordingly it is necessary to change the position of the front sight in height or its fuse in the lateral direction. If the average point of impact is below the control point, the front sight must be screwed in, if higher, it must be unscrewed. If the middle point of impact is to the left of the control point, move the fuse to the left, if to the right - to the right.

When moving the front sight fuse to the side by 1 mm and when screwing in (unscrewing) the front sight by one full turn The average point of impact when shooting at 100 m shifts by 16 cm. The divisions on the front end of the front sight base are 0.6 mm, which corresponds to a lateral displacement of the average point of impact by 10 cm.

The correct movement of the front sight is checked by repeated shooting.

After bringing the rifle to normal combat, the old mark on the front sight safety is clogged and a new one is filled in its place.

Optical sight alignment

After checking the combat of the rifle or bringing it to normal combat, the optical sight is aligned.

To do this you need:

Attach an optical sight and a butt cheek to the rifle; by rotating the handwheels, set the sight to division 3 and the lateral correction scale to 0;

Secure the rifle in the sighting machine and aim it along the open sight, placed on division 3, at the aiming point at which aiming was made when shooting with an open sight; then cover the bottom of the rectangle with a white strip of paper 2 cm wide;

Look through the optical sight and notice where the main (upper) square of the sight reticle is directed; if it is corrected to the middle of the lower edge of the rectangle, then the optical sight is considered adjusted;

If the main square of the sight reticle does not align with the aiming point, it is necessary to loosen the locking (side) screws of the handwheels one or two turns, and then by rotating the end nuts, bring the tip of the main square of the reticle under the aiming point and carefully screw in the locking screws of the handwheels until they stop;

Check whether the sight square has not moved relative to the aiming point when screwing in the locking screws; if it has moved, re-align the sight in the sequence described above.

After aligning the optical sight, carry out test shooting with an optical sight under the same conditions as when checking the combat of a rifle with an open sight, only the control point is marked at a height of 14 cm from the aiming point (glue white paper from below to the third white line of the test target). If, as a result of test firing, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm, and the average point of impact deviated from the control point by more than 3 cm, you should determine the deviation of the average point of impact, release the locking screws of the handwheels and make appropriate adjustments to the settings of the end nuts. Moving the end nut by one division of the additional scale when shooting at 100 m changes the position of the midpoint of impact by 5 cm.

After making adjustments to the settings of the end nuts, it is necessary to fire again. If, upon repeated shooting, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm, and the average point of impact coincides with the control point or deviates from it in any direction by no more than 3 cm, then the rifle is considered to be in normal combat. Upon completion of bringing the rifle to normal combat, the position of the midpoint of impact is entered into the form.

The procedure for checking the combat and bringing the SVD to normal combat and made sure that the measures for checking the combat are simple and without the use of additional means, thereby allowing the rifle to be brought to normal combat in a high-quality manner and in a short time.