What kind of costumes do the Tatars wear? Traditional Tatar clothing

The basis of any traditional men's costume ensemble is a shirt and trousers made from relatively light linen or cotton fabric. According to the features of the cut in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. There were two types of men's shirts: tunic-shaped - without seams on the shoulders, with gussets under the arms and with wide inserted side gussets; shirt with beveled sewn shoulders and round armholes for the sleeves. Pants are also an ancient part of Tatar clothing. In terms of cut, they represent a variant of the waist-length clothing of the Turkic-speaking peoples, which in ethnographic literature is called “wide-legged pants.” A common and stable feature by which all outer clothing of the Tatars can be systematized is the cut of the waist and its back. Based on this feature, the entire variety of outerwear comes down to the following two types: 1) clothing with a fitted back; 2) clothes with a straight back. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. The first type of clothing was predominant. This type of outerwear includes: camisole, kazakin, bishmet, choba, bille chikmen, bille tun.

The camisole was worn over a shirt. It was perceived by the people as a type of home dress.

Kazakin - light, long-length or short, long-sleeved clothing. It was sewn exclusively from factory fabric in dark colors.

Bishmet - identical in cut to the long Cossack. It was also sewn from factory fabric with a solid fitted (five-seam) back, calf-length; it was insulated with cotton wool or sheep's wool.

Choba is a lightweight, unlined outerwear. It was sewn from home-made linen or hemp fabrics, just below the knees in length. Choba is an ancient outerwear. This is evidenced by the fact that it, along with the shirt and pants, was included in the bride’s dowry.

Chikmen is a fitted, long-skimmed, demi-season peasant clothing made from homemade cloth. The chikmen was fastened on the left side: the hooks were sewn on the edge of the right side, and the loops on the left side.

A fitted fur coat is the most ancient fur clothing. They were sewn from sheepskins, or less often tanned sheepskins, with the fur on the inside. Among the wealthy Tatars there were fur coats made of fox fur. Clothes with a straight back have the following varieties: jilyan, straight-back chikmen, sheepskin coat.

Dzhilyan - a spacious and long spring-summer robe with a small shawl collar; they sewed it from factory fabric, plain or with barely noticeable stripes of fabric. Jilyan was the outerwear of men of venerable age. They wore it to the mosque or other public places; They were most often worn with a long camisole or a short Cossack jacket.

Chikmen straight-backed - long and wide, with deep wrap-around hems, demi-season outerwear; It has a narrow shawl collar that tapers off at the front and long sleeves that are slightly tapered toward the wrists.

A sheepskin coat is a long outer travel fur garment. Sheepskin coats were made from sheepskin, less often from fox fur. It was covered with dark factory material, often cloth. There were also sheepskin coats made from tanned sheepskin.

A mandatory attribute of traditional Tatar clothing was a belt. Outerwear was belted around them. For the rich, the belt served as a kind of item of dandy. It was made from expensive colored silk, the ends were decorated with gold or silver fringe.

Hats

Men's hats, like other items of clothing, are divided into home and weekend wear. The first type is the skullcap. A skullcap is a small piece worn on top part heads, cap. It was sewn from fabric and decorated with embroidery - silks, gold and silver thread, beads, and sparkles.

The main headdress for women was the kalfak. Among the Muslim clergy, the Tatars also wore a turban.

Ignatiev Vadim Sergeevich

Project work. Tatar folk costume

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

Alekseevskaya secondary school No. 1

Alekseevsky municipal district

Republic of Tatarstan

II All-Russian Local History Competition

"The beauty of the native land"

Nomination: “National Costume”

Topic: National costume of the Tatar people!

Work completed:

6th grade student

MBOU Alekseevskaya secondary school No. 1

Ignatiev Vadim Sergeevich

Supervisor:

Shaikhutdinova Liliya Magfurovna,

teacher Tatar language and literature

p.g.t. Alekseevskoe

2016

The history of the Tatar national costume dates back to the middle of the 18th century, but the outfit that has survived to this day was formed a little later, approximately in the 19th century. The Tatar outfit was influenced by the Volga Tatars and the traditions of the peoples of the East. Since Tatar women learned sewing and embroidery from a young age, when making clothes, they put all their skill and patience into it, and the result was very beautiful and feminine costumes.

The Tatar national costume tells about a person’s individual traits, his character and aesthetic tastes. By clothing you can determine the age and social status of its owner. Folk costume is the most striking indicator of a person’s nationality.

The national costume of the Tatars harmoniously combines fabrics of rich “oriental” colors, headdresses with complex and rich patterns, various types of shoes, and highly artistic jewelry, thus forming a unique system of folk art.

Women's and men's national clothing of the Tatars

The fundamental elements of clothing were common to all Tatars. A common feature of the Tatar national costume was its trapezoidal shape. The Tatars wore long, wide, tunic-like shirts and swinging outerwear with a solid, fitted back.

The basis of the costume for men and women was a shirt (kulmek) and trousers (yshtan).

The women's costume consists of a long, tunic-like shirt with long sleeves and a long, open outer garment with a continuous frame. The bottom of the shirt and sleeves were decorated with flounces. A sign of nationality is monumentality, and among women it was manifested in massive jewelry that was everywhere: on the chest, on the arms, on the ears.

Women wore a sleeveless vest or camisole over their shirt, which was made of colored or plain velvet, and the sides and bottom of the camisole were decorated with gold braid or fur.

Wealthy Tatar women could afford to sew shirts from expensive purchased fabrics - silk, wool, cotton and brocade. Such shirts were decorated with flounces, multi-colored ribbons, lace, and braid.

An integral part of the ancient women's shirt was the lower bib (kukrekche, tesheldrek). It was worn downwards under a low-cut shirt to hide the opening on the chest that opened when moving.

Pants (ishtan) are a widespread form of Turkic belt clothing "pants with a wide step."

Men's trousers were usually made of striped fabric (motley), while women wore plain ones. Elegant holiday or wedding men's trousers were made from homespun fabric with small bright patterns.

The outerwear of the Tatars was loose. It was sewn from factory fabric (cotton, wool), cloth, canvas, homespun fabric and fur. The outerwear was sewn with a one-piece fitted back, with wedges on the sides and a right-hand wrap. Such clothes include (sleeveless or short-sleeved) a camisole, which was a type of home clothing, a kazakin - a type of demi-season clothing, a bishmet - winter outerwear insulated with cotton wool or sheep's wool, chabuly chikmen - work clothes made of homespun cloth, chabuly tun - a fur coat , often covered with fabric. To visit the mosque, men wore a chapan.

An integral attribute of Tatar outerwear was the belt. Belts were made from homespun fabric, from factory fabric, and less commonly, knitted ones.

Women's outerwear differed from men's only in decorative details. When sewing women's clothing, they used fur trim, embroidery, braiding, and decorative stitching.

Women often wore a camisole over their shirt. The camisole was considered summer home or weekend wear, depending on the decoration. Camisoles were made long to the knees or short to the hips, with or without sleeves, with a high collar or with a deep neckline on the chest. The edges of the hem, sleeve armholes, and collars of the camisole were decorated with braid, stripes of braid, bird feathers and fur. Then in the eastern regions the camisole began to be decorated with coins.

Tatar national headdresses.

The main element of the national costume was the headdress. The headdress could be used to determine a woman's age, as well as her social and marital status. Unmarried girls wore white kalfaks, and they all had the same ones. For married ladies, headdresses differed by clan. Women always wore scarves, shawls or bedspreads over their kalfak.

By the way, the kalfaks were also different. Some were somewhat reminiscent of a skullcap, also decorated and embroidered with gold threads; another type had a rag pointed end, to which was attached a fringe of gold threads, hanging slightly forward towards the face.

Men's hats are quite simple and were mainly divided into weekend (upper) and home (lower) hats. The lower or home ones include the skullcap (tүbәtәy) - this is a very small cap that was put on the top of the head, and on top of it they wore a turban, fur and fabric hats - burek and felt hats. There were also differences in men's attire.

For example, young people wore skull caps with embroidery bright colors, and adult men preferred more modest colors. Over time, the shape of the skullcap changed, and skullcaps with a flat top and a hard band appeared, which have survived to this day. Now anyone can bring a skullcap from Kazan and give it as a souvenir to their friends or relatives.

National Tatar shoes

Tatars wore stockings. They were sewn from cloth or knitted from woolen threads. The most ancient and widespread stockings were cloth stockings (tula oek). They were made from homespun white cloth and worn with bast or leather shoes.

Top national Tatar shoes Yu there were boots (chitek), ichigi.

High boots made of soft leather and with soft soles were made of morocco, yuft and chrome. Leather shoes were worn by wealthy townspeople and the clergy.

Everyone wore black ichigs, only women had them shorter and without lapels. Festive Tatar shoes for women were patterned yekayul chitek, made using the traditional leather mosaic technique. Shoes made using the mosaic technique are specific to the Tatar people.

When leaving the house, the ichigi wore short leather shoes. In winter they wore half felt boots. They also wore leather boots with hard soles.

Everyday Tatar footwear was galoshes. Shoes were considered the go-to shoe. Women's shoes were patterned, often with heels. Shoes with a sharp, slightly raised toe were considered traditional.

The work shoes were bast shoes (chabata), as they were lighter and more comfortable when working in the field.

In winter they wore felt boots, short and high.

National Tatar jewelry

Jewelry was worn by both men and women. Men wore rings, signet rings, and belt buckles. Women's jewelry was much more varied, due to the Muslim tradition of judging a man's condition by the wealth of clothing and jewelry of his women.

A woman's head adornment was a braid. They were very diverse in shape, material, finishes and ways of wearing.

A more ancient type of jewelry for Tatar women were earrings. They began to be worn early - at the age of three or four and continued to be worn until old age. Earrings with pendants are an integral part of the national costume of the Tatars. In addition to their own traditional earrings, Tatar women borrowed jewelry from Russian, Caucasian peoples, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Astrakhan Tatar women wore ring earrings, three-bead earrings, and nose rings as facial adornment.

Tatar women also wore neck-chest decorations, which, in addition to their decorative function, were a purely practical element of clothing. Such bibs fastened parts of clothing together, and also covered the traditionally deep neckline on the chest.

Another unusual Tatar decoration was the baldric. This decoration, like a ribbon on a fabric base, was worn over the shoulder. For Muslim women, such a sling was usually equipped with special pockets where they hid texts from the Koran. In other regions, not so committed to Islamic canons, cowrie shells performed a protective function. Despite the only function of this decoration - security, they, like other decorations, were extremely varied in shape and decoration.

Result: The history of the creation of the Tatar national costume has come quite a long way, but despite this, the traditions of this people have been preserved to this day, and although modern society wears more European clothes, nevertheless, from time to time on holidays women and men dress up in their traditional costumes and remember the history of their people.

Of course, now national costumes can only be found in a museum, at an exhibition, on stage or at a holiday. True, to this day the Tatar art of national costume is developing and creating not only modern clothes in the national style, but also coming up with new images for theatrical productions, folklore and dance ensembles.

Undoubtedly, by using more and more images associated with traditional costumes, we enable our memory to preserve our original national traditions.

References:

3. http://nacekomie.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=47&t=9035

4. D.M. Iskhakov “Ethnography of the Tatar people.” -Kazan: Magarif, 2004.

In traditional Tatar costume, headdresses rightfully occupy a special place. Ethnographer N.I. Vorobyov, professor, author of the fundamental work “Kazan Tatars”, published in 1953, spoke about their great diversity and great decorative value.

In the group of women's hats, we will highlight the richly decorated festive kalfak, which has several options and is varied in the material of manufacture and method of decoration.

This girl's headdress, which was common among Tatar women in the 19th and early 20th centuries, was, in its form, no matter how prosaic it may seem, a simple cap. That’s what N.I. Vorobyov calls him.

A kalfak, knitted from white threads on knitting needles in the round, “stocking”, was folded in half, one half was inserted inside the other so that the shape of the ancient headdress resembled a knitted sports cap with a triangular top, to the top of which a tassel was sewn.

A kalfak, knitted from white threads and reaching a length of seventy centimeters, was put on the head, pulled over the forehead, and the cone-shaped end was folded back or slightly to one side. Included with such a kalfak was a headband called ukachachak, which was its main decoration.

It must be said that already in the first half of the 19th century. The traditional girl's kalfak had variations in style and finishing. For example, sweatshirts made of knitted fabric with transverse colored stripes appeared. The headdress of a young girl from a family of wealthy townspeople is richly decorated: its entire surface is covered with embroidery, and strings of pearls are also visible in the golden fringe hanging over her forehead.

In the attire of urban beauties, the ukachachak, which was previously tied on top, is sewn and decorated with a kalfak around the perimeter. Gold and silver fringe is often used to cover not only the front part of the headdress, but also the part that falls back; a swaying mass of sparkling metal fringe, in places studded with beads and pearls, creates a noisy effect when moving, echoing the light tinkling of hair-covering chulpas, long earrings, and collar clasps with pendants.

Two-color sweatshirts were also sewn from strips of velvet; the rare “ear” technique of fabric appliqué has survived to this day in their decoration. Tiny pieces of colored silk folded in a special way resemble triangular “ears” - they are used to lay out lush multi-petaled flowers and buds, with cores of sparkles and pearls on gilded and pearl stems.

In each tier of the massive kalfak there is an original flower composition, the joints of the velvet strips are disguised with chains of lichak - a metal thread twisted into a spring. It is interesting that the famous Tatar kalfak was, in fact, a lower headdress, that is, it was not worn independently, but was necessarily complemented by a coverlet or scarf.

In the girlish version of the kalfak, its original function as a hairline is clearly expressed. In a married woman's costume, the headdress had to cover not only her hair, but also her neck, shoulders and back.

The traditional kerchief was modified in the second half of the 19th century. they began to sew it mainly from plain velvet, and the headband was transformed into an embroidered band on a rigid base (thin cardboard; paper quilted with fabric).

Miniature kalfaki-tattoos are a special type of ancient headdress that came into fashion at the beginning of the 20th century. in combination with a factory scarf; among Kazan Tatar women they were widespread.

A fishery organized by Tatar entrepreneurs in the second half of the 19th century. in Kazan, ensured the rapid and widespread spread of velvet kalfaks in different regions with compact Tatar populations. About well received fashion trends can be judged by photographs of that time, in which a small velvet cap invariably crowns the hairstyle of a city woman. In Kazan there were several large gold-embroidery artels, including those that produced women's kalfaks for the “ichizh-kalyapushny craft.”

The collection of the Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan) contains two rare samples - velvet caps sewn with gilded threads with stamps of the trading company “Iskhak Kartashev in Kazan” (the inscriptions are made in both Cyrillic and ancient Tatar script based on Arabic script). A paper stamp pasted onto the lining not only indicates the name of the manufacturer, but also contains information about the silver content of the gilded thread - 94%. Its quality is worth paying special attention to, since the surface, lined with silver, finely gilded thread, does not have a uniform blinding shine, but shimmers mysteriously.

In the patterned compositions of the bands and tops, many decorative motifs and patterns have become established and become a tradition. Favorite bouquets and individual floral motifs are combined with the crescent moon and stars, forming flowering bushes with images of animals, butterflies and birds. Particularly popular was the “golden feather” motif, with a smoothly curved branch that absorbed all the variety of motifs, which adorned the upper surface of large velvet kalfaks. This motif usually had a deep dark tone - red, blue, purple, green.

Turning to ancient samples, craftswomen created new accents in traditional compositions, skillfully using silver and gold threads, flat and textured, as well as sparkles of various shapes. In the ornamentation of bands, dating back to ancient tradition decoration of the forehead part of a woman's headdress, components associated with the former protective function can still be traced. These are narrow bands filled with spirals, shoots, leaves and curls.

In the high foreheads of later tattoos, the pattern becomes larger, and a complex motif repeated three times or a separate composition acquires independent value. Gold-embroidered Kazan caps now adorn the collections of many Russian museums.

If you are interested, in the * * tag you can scroll through and find earlier interesting posts about Russian folk costumes, there are photos of museum exhibits - beautiful, rich costumes, including Tatar ones.

And these sites on the topic may be useful to someone:

About the national Tatar folk costume and how to sew a kalfak, skullcap, etc.

Traditional Tatar women's headdresses

And now incredibly beautiful, rich ancient and antique-style Tatar national costumes, women's kalfaks and men's skullcaps. Everything is so bright, velvet, silk, embroidered and embroidered. Let's admire it =))

Long haul historical development passed the Tatar folk costume. Naturally, clothing of the 8th-9th centuries differs significantly from the costume of the 19th century. But even in modern times one can find national features: all large quantity people today are interested in history. In this article we will look at Tatar folk costumes. Their description will be given taking into account changes over time and territorial features. In addition, we will tell you about the jewelry used by the Tatars.

What can a suit tell us?

The Tatar folk costume (we will describe its features and characteristics below) can tell us a lot. Clothing is the most striking defining element by which people are classified as a particular nation. The costume also embodies the concept of the ideal image of a person who is a representative of a particular country. It can tell about the age, individual characteristics, character, social status, aesthetic tastes of the person wearing it. In clothes in different time intertwined of this or that people, its moral standards and the desire for perfection and novelty, which is natural for humans.

Features of the Tatar women's costume

It should be noted that national characteristics are most clearly visible in women's costume. Since representatives of the fair sex are more emotional and have a greater need for beauty, their clothing differs not only among the Tatars in its extreme originality.

Women's Tatar folk costume is distinguished by its exotic color scheme. It is characterized by a fitted silhouette, extensive use of longitudinal flounce, voluminous colors in decoration, as well as jewelry and braid.

The silhouette of Tatar clothing is traditionally trapezoidal. The Tatar folk costume is decorated with embroidery. It is also characterized by the oriental richness of various colors and the use of many decorations. Both women's and men's Tatar folk costumes are decorated with beaver, sable, marten, and black-brown fox furs, which have always been highly valued.

The basis of women's and men's national costume

The basis of women's and men's costumes are pants (in Tatar - ishtan), as well as a shirt (kulmek). Common until the mid-19th century was a tunic-like ancient shirt, which was made from a straight panel folded across, with gussets, without shoulder seams, with a slit on the chest and inserted side gussets. A shirt with a stand-up collar prevailed among the Kazan Tatars. The Tatar one differed from others in width and length. It was very loose, knee-length, never belted, and had wide long sleeves. Only the length differed between women's and men's. The length of the women's was almost to the ankles.

Only wealthy Tatar women could afford to sew shirts from purchased expensive fabrics. They were decorated with braid, lace, multi-colored ribbons, and flounces. The Tatar folk costume (women's) included a lower bib (tesheldrek, kukrekche) as an integral part in ancient times. It was worn under a shirt with a cutout to hide the chest that opened when moving.

Yshtan (pants) is a common form of belted Turkic clothing. As a component, it included, as we have already noted, both women's and men's Tatar folk costume. Usually they were made from motley (striped fabric) and women wore mostly plain ones. Elegant wedding or holiday men's dresses were made from homespun fabric with bright small patterns.

Tatar shoes

The most ancient type of footwear among the Tatars were leather boots, as well as shoes without a welt, similar to modern slippers, which necessarily had toes turned up, since one should not scratch Mother Earth with the toe of a boot. They were worn with canvas or cloth stockings called tula oek.

Even in the times of the ancient Bulgars, the processing of wool and yuft, made by them, reached a very high level and were called “Bulgar goods” in the markets of Asia and Europe. Archaeologists find such shoes in layers dating back to the 10th-13th centuries. Even then it was decorated with appliqué, embossing, and shaped metal overlays. Ichigi boots have survived to this day - traditional soft shoes, very comfortable and beautiful.

Changes in national costume at the end of the 19th century

Clothing technology changed at the end of the 19th century. The possibility of organizing sewing production in large volumes ensured the spread of sewing machines. This was immediately reflected in the style of clothing: the Tatar folk costume changed. Functionality began to prevail in men's clothes. It was achieved due to the partial loss of decorative color.

Chekmeni, cossacks, camisoles, and fur coat coverings were made from various factory-made fabrics in dark shades. Gradually the Cossacks approached the frock coat. The clothes of the St. Petersburg Tatar were connected with the national one only by a low stand-up collar. But older residents continued to wear camisoles and Cossacks made of colored Bukhara fabrics.

The men also abandoned brocade gilyans. They began to be made from moderately bright silk and cotton plain materials in green, light brown, beige and yellow. Such gilyans, as a rule, were decorated with hand-shaped stitching.

Men's hats

Fur hats with a flat top and cylindrical shape were very popular. They were sewn entirely from astrakhan fur or from a strip of sable, marten, or beaver fur with a fabric bottom. They wore a skull cap, called a kalyapush, along with a hat. It was made mainly of velvet in dark shades and was both embroidered and smooth.

As Islam spread, the tradition of trimming or shaving off the mustache and beard, as well as shaving the head, took root among men. The Bulgars had a custom of covering it with hats. They were described by Ibn Fadlan, a traveler who visited these tribes in the 10th century.

Also, the women's Tatar folk costume is gradually becoming more practical and lightweight. Cotton, silk and woolen fabrics are used, camisoles are made from brocade with small patterns applied to it, and later from velvet and brocade, more elastic materials.

Women's hats

In ancient times, a woman's headdress usually contained information about the family, social and age status of its owner. White soft sweatshirts, knitted or woven, were worn by girls.

Their clothing also includes temple and forehead decorations - fabric strips with sewn pendants, beads, and plaques.

Women's folk Tatar costume(see photo above) included a bedspread as a mandatory part. The tradition of wearing it reflected the pagan views of antiquity about the magic of hair, which were later consolidated by Islam. According to this religion, it was recommended to cover the face and also hide the outlines of the figure.

How did Tatar women wear a headscarf?

The veil was replaced in the 19th century by a scarf, which was a universal headdress for almost the entire female population of our country at that time.

But women of different nationalities wore it differently. Tatar women, for example, tied their heads tightly, pulling a scarf deep over their foreheads and tying the ends at the back of their heads. And now they wear it like this. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, Tatar women in St. Petersburg wore kalfakis, which had shrunk to approximately the size of tattoos, and were held on their heads using small hooks sewn from the inside out.

Only the girls wore the kalfak; married ladies threw light blankets, scarves, and silk shawls over it when leaving the house. To this day, Tatar women have retained the habit of wearing a shawl, skillfully draping their figure with this item of clothing.

This is what a Tatar folk costume looks like. Its coloring is multicolored. The most common colors in national patterns are black, red, blue, white, yellow, brown, green, etc.

Jewelry of the Tatars

Interesting is not only the Tatar folk costume itself, the photo of which was presented above, but also the decorations used by the Tatars. Women's jewelry was an indicator of the social status and material wealth of the family. They were made, as a rule, of silver and inlaid with stones. At the same time, preference was given to bluish-green turquoise, which, according to the Tatars, had magical powers. This stone was considered a symbol of prosperity and happiness. The symbolism of turquoise is associated with the eastern beliefs of antiquity: as if these were the bones of long-dead ancestors, the correct contemplation of which makes a person happy.

Brown carnelian, lilac amethysts, rock crystal and smoky topazes were also often used. Women wore bracelets various types, as well as braids, various collar fasteners, called yak chylbyry. Even at the end of the 19th century, a chest belt was obligatory, which was a synthesis of decoration and amulet.

In the family, jewelry was inherited, gradually supplemented with new things. Komeshche - that’s what Tatar jewelers were called - usually worked on individual orders. This led to a huge variety of objects that have survived to this day.

How did you wear the jewelry?

A Tatar woman traditionally wore several of them at the same time - various chains with watches, pendants, and always one with a hanging Koran. These decorations were complemented by brooches and beads. Having undergone minor changes, many elements of Tatar jewelry came into use among representatives of other nationalities.

National costume is a kind of business card every nationality. Fashion trends are constantly changing, but the national costume continues to be the distinctive feature and pride of every nation. The traditions of its production are carefully preserved and passed down from generation to generation in descriptions and photos.

Features and varieties of Tatar national costume

Home integral part Both men's and women's attire is an elongated, spacious shirt. Its mandatory components should be wedges on the side and a deep cutout on the front. The shirt was worn without a belt and decorated with various decorative elements. The silhouette of the clothing is trapezoidal. The most important component is a belt made of bright velvet and decorated with the most valuable fur or gilded ribbon. It was decorated with large gold and silver buckles. Bloomers were made from thick linen fabrics.

The expression of national color is most clearly expressed in women's costume. It looks much richer than men’s since Tatar women learned sewing, embroidery and various things from childhood. manual work. It is characterized by a fitted silhouette, giving women exquisite grace.

Over a long shirt with large sleeves, women wore a sleeveless vest or camisole. The camisole was made of colored or plain velvet, and the length had to cover the knees. It could be either with sleeves or without a bottom. It was decorated with coins, feathers and other beautiful items. They also wore stockings made from cloth materials or knitted from woolen threads.

Both women's and men's clothing were decorated with expensive and valuable fur skins. The fur of beaver, sable, marten, and black-brown fox was highly valued. In winter, fur coats were added to the traditional outfit. The folk costume is decorated with an abundance of embroidered elements.

Important! Clothing for children was made in the image and likeness of adult clothing. A distinctive feature is the abundance of all kinds of bright details and bright, eye-catching colors.

Boys also wore loose, long shirts. Cuffs were sewn onto the sleeves for convenience. Young people also wore smart camisoles and trousers in contrasting colors. The girls' outfits are even more sophisticated.

During long evenings, their mothers and grandmothers created exclusive outfits for their beauties. Dresses were sewn multi-tiered. They completely covered all parts of the body and were very long. The head was decorated with a traditional headdress, from which an almost transparent fabric hung down, covering the back.

Festive costumes and modern style among the Tatars

Nowadays, people in traditional costumes can hardly be seen walking along city streets. However, costume designers love to use them to create images for dances or performances. In general, costumes should retain the basic colors of national clothing, but may differ in a variety of ways. design solutions. For example, there is no longer a strict connection to the length of the suit.

Women's clothing has become much shorter over time. But in the decor they try to preserve traditional floral patterns. The kalfak also remained a mandatory attribute. You can see such a hat of the most intricate shapes. More often it is sewn to match the color of the dress of its owner.

Reference! Traditional costumes are especially in demand for festive events, such as weddings.

The bride's dress can be either snow-white or made in bright, catchy colors. It must be long and cover all parts of the body. A good addition It is accompanied by traditional camisole and kalfak. A huge number of different jewelry is certainly welcome: bracelets, massive earrings and rings.

The abundance of expensive jewelry indicates the high social status of its owner. Grooms prefer regular classic suits decorated with multi-colored ribbons. If the wedding takes place under stricter observance of customs, then the man should be dressed in a traditional shirt and camisole made of velvet.

In the manufacture of modern clothing:

• Light and airy materials such as silk or satin are popular;
• They love to experiment with combining materials in color and texture, creating unusually complex combinations;
• In the process of developing clothes, we first of all listen to the wishes of people and their taste preferences.

What materials are used for the national costumes of the Tatars

A variety of materials were used to make clothing. These were mainly tissue compounds and chicken animals. The edges of the clothes were decorated with fur inserts. They also loved using exquisite velvet in a contrasting color. Over time, clothing began to perform other functions and became much lighter. Accordingly, less dense fabrics began to be used.

Wool, cotton and silk were popular. Camisoles were made from patterned brocade and made from brocade. For everyday wear, cheaper and more wear-resistant materials were used. For festive outfits, fabrics were often created by hand with original designs and decor, without skimping on expensive stones, furs and other decorations.

Attention! In ancient times, special attention was paid to the color characteristics of products. Colors for the Tatars served as a certain reflection of the realities of life. Each color reflects a person's religious preferences and his position in the social hierarchy.

For example, in the 19th century, the color red symbolized belonging to a certain family and class, and later the financial independence of a person. After some time, this color began to be widely used in festive attire at various celebrations. And here white clothes Most people associate it with old age and mourning events.

Currently, there is a tendency to use a variety of catchy and even daring shades. Emerald, lilac and blue colors are increasingly being used, combined with contrasting tones and bright patterns. An outfit embroidered with gold looks more elegant.

Accessories to complement the national costume

The main part of the costume is the headdress, from which a knowledgeable person can easily determine the social status, age characteristics, and marital status of its owner. Main types of hats:

• Skullcap. It is a man's headdress. It can be either a small hat at home or for going out. In their manufacture, a large amount was used interesting materials, ornaments and decorations. That is why museum collections now contain a huge number of different versions of this clothing;
• Kalfak. It was worn by women, and according to him appearance a lot could be said. So, if a girl was not married, she was supposed to wear a white kalfak. For married women, they were sorted in a certain way depending on the clan. The shape of the products could also differ. Most of them resembled a man's skullcap in appearance. The caps with a pointed cloth end, decorated with a fringe of golden threads, looked interesting;
• Fur hats were especially popular during the cold season. They were shaped like a cylinder and had a flat top. They were made from valuable fur. They mainly used astrakhan fur and added inserts from the fur of sable, marten, beaver and other animals. With such a hat they wore a special skullcap called kalyapush. It was made of velvet and also impressively decorated, despite the fact that it was only an addition to the main thing;
• Cover. A special point should be made about the bedspread. Wearing it was mandatory. This is due to the peculiarities of ancient pagan beliefs. Since ancient times, it was believed that hair has special magical properties. Each religion has its own special clothing requirements. For example, adherents of Islam must cover their faces and heads, and also hide the shapes and outlines of their figures under massive fabrics;
• The nakosnik is a special type of decoration for a woman’s head. They are very diverse in design, decoration and color scheme.

The clothing of the Tatars stands out among the outfits of other peoples due to the abundance of all kinds of high-quality decorations and the brightness of the colors. Jewelry was worn by everyone, regardless of age and gender. The male part of the population wore voluminous rings with stones. Women also preferred large and massive jewelry, often very heavy. They were worn around the neck, arms and ears. One of the most ancient and favorite types of accessories were earrings. They began to be worn from early childhood until old age.

An integral part of the national costume are earrings with interesting pendants. During the course of conquest and communication with foreigners, elements from products of the Caucasian and Russian peoples, as well as Central Asia and Kazakhstan, appear in jewelry.

Earrings in the form of rings and with three stones were popular among women. Also, in addition to the aesthetic function, decorations on the neck also served another purpose. For example, decorations in the chest area held separate parts of clothing together and covered a deep neckline. One of the unusual decorations is considered to be a sling. It is made of fabric and is shaped like a ribbon. It was worn slung over the shoulder. Adherents of Islam sewed separate pockets there and kept the texts of prayers there.

Times have changed and people wear comfortable European-style clothes, but the national costume remains a source of special pride. Returning to their roots, the Tatars wear it with great respect on the main family holidays and pass on the tailoring features to their descendants.