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A message from the history of Russian names. History of Russian names

Today, parents have no problems choosing a name for their child - they can name their child whatever mom and dad like. But before, everything was not so simple, and when naming, strict rules had to be followed. How names were chosen in pagan Rus', what changed after Christianization, why Razin was called Stenka - read in our material.

Choosing a name for a child is the embodiment of the parents’ emotions

In ancient Rus', parents showed great imagination when they thought about what to name their child. Before Christianization, this could be done independently, so the name could reflect anything, depending on the mood of the parents.

They waited a long time for the child, and when the heir finally appeared, they called him Zhdan. The second child in the family was born, and he was naturally called Vtorak. If the baby was cheerful, noisy, playful - why not call him Fun or Noisy. During the birth of the baby, the frost was crackling outside - so there is a name, Frost. The names of the months were often used, for example Traven, which is nothing more than May in Old Slavic.

Anything could be encrypted in the name, for example, parents really wanted their child to be rich, strong, famous, so they named him Yaroslav, which can be translated as bright, strong, energetic. It happened that a child was called an ugly name, for example, Nelyub or Neustroy, and not because they were not expecting it or did not want it, but in order to ward off evil spirits who would not be interested in a child with such an unsounding name.

Nicknames

Nicknames arose in Rus' a very long time ago, even when the country was not Christian. The imagination of the people was inexhaustible, there were a lot of nicknames, but the most common ones were used most often. You could get them for anything, for your profession, for your strange appearance, for some habits.

For example, if a person was called a Blacksmith, it immediately became clear who he worked as. Having met a peasant named Silent, one could not think about his character. A person named Malyuta would probably like to be taller.

Interestingly, a person could have several nicknames throughout his life.

There were also protective nicknames. In ancient times, people believed in damage and the evil eye, and an uninteresting and, by today’s standards, offensive name helped protect against this. For example, Grudge is an example of a defensive nickname.

After Rus' became Christian, nicknames began to be added to a person’s main name. You shouldn’t think that only common people were interested in this; no, just remember Ivan Kalita or Alexander Nevsky. Later, nicknames became the basis for surnames that are familiar to modern man. By the way, Peter I was an ardent opponent of nicknames, who banned them on Russian territory.

Names in honor of saints

After the advent of Christianity, the inhabitants of Rus' began to receive new names: children were named in honor of Christian saints. The usual names, such as Zhdan or Brave, were replaced by new ones - Kirill, Fedor, Varvara. Today they are familiar to the ear, but during the reform of Vladimir the Great, people had difficulty getting used to their new names.

In the XIV-XVI centuries, at birth, a child was given not only a public Christian name, but also a direct one, in honor of the saint whose day was celebrated. From historical examples: Vasily III, whose direct name was Gabriel. His son, Ivan the Terrible, had the direct name Titus. More examples of double names, that is, a combination of a pagan and a Christian name at the same time: Vladimir-Vasily Monomakh and Yaroslav-George the Wise.

Christian names

With the development and strengthening of Christianity, ancient Slavic names were used less and less. Even a special list was compiled, including prohibited pagan names. When book printing appeared in Rus', the spelling of the name began to be given great importance.

And the Rurikovichs had to endure the Christianization of their names. Vasily is considered the first Christian name in Rus'; it was received by the Kiev prince Vladimir the Great at baptism in Constantinople in 988. The sons of Vladimir had the canonized names Boris and Gleb, but at baptism the children were not called that at all, but Roman and David.

During the time of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the onomasticon also appeared. This is a list of names given to a newborn at his baptism. The name was chosen according to the calendar, and the priest himself did it. Today, such names are called calendar names because church calendars are used to select them. The lists contained only the names of saints, therefore, when a child was born, along with his name he received a heavenly patron.

If we continue the theme of the Rurik dynasty, it must be said that there were two categories of names in it, two-basic Slavic ones - Ostromir, Svyatoslav, Yaropolk, and Scandinavian ones - Igor, Gleb, Olga. In those days, a special status was attached to each name, for example, the above could only be worn by persons with the title of grand duke. Now this seems strange, but only in the 14th century was this restriction lifted. If names borrowed from Scandinavia were extremely popular among princely families, they were quite rare among common people.

The name was passed down from the older generation to the younger; if the grandfather died, then his name should not be lost; it was assigned to the newborn grandson.

Ivan, Vanyushka

The most common name in Rus' is Ivan; it is believed that before the October Revolution, every fourth peasant had this name. If you ask any foreigner what Russian names he knows, the answer will be unequivocal - Ivan. The history of the origin of the expression “Ivan, who does not remember kinship” is connected with this name. When the police caught tramps who did not have passports, most often they were called Ivans.

The sovereigns began to be called Ivans from the time of Ivan Kalita, the name was used until 1764. This year Ivan VI died and it was forbidden to call the royal babies that way in order to avoid trouble.

Diminutive names were common in Rus' in the 16th-17th centuries. They were usually pronounced in a derogatory tone, which is why they were assigned to state criminals. Suffice it to recall Emelka Pugachev or Stenka Razin. If a person applied to a higher authority, then he had to call himself by a diminutive name, for example, “I am addressing you, Vaska, the royal servant.”

Today, diminutive names can express completely different emotions, such as love or tenderness. Although, some concepts of antiquity are still preserved. It is unlikely that a respected and respectable person will be called Petka; most likely his name will be pronounced as Peter or, in extreme cases, Petya.

Do you have a middle name?

A patronymic in Russia confirms a person’s connection with his father. Initially it did not sound like it does today, but, for example, “Vladimir, Petrov’s son.” Only high-born people were allowed to add the ending “ich” to their patronymics. Naturally, this was permissible for the Rurikovichs, because Svyatopolk was called Svyatopolk Izyaslavich.

The rulers of Russia treated patronymics very carefully; the endings “ov” and “ovich” were strictly enshrined in special documents, for example, under Peter I it was a table of ranks, under Catherine II it was an official list. The ending of the patronymic signified a person’s social affiliation. Patronymic names began to be used most actively in the 19th century, and for peasants, permission to use patronymic names was obtained after the abolition of serfdom. Today it is very difficult to imagine a person who does not have a middle name, this tradition has become so firmly established in our lives. In addition, the presence of identical first and last names makes the use of a patronymic necessary.

If before the October Revolution the church assigned a name to a person, then after the revolution anyone could do this. A massive invasion of Vladlens, Vilens and Vilovs (short for Vladimir Ilyich Lenin), Kims (short for the Communist Youth International), Trudomirs (labor + peace) and other wonderful names began. The ornate female name Dazdraperma, which means “Long live the First of May,” can be considered the peak of fantasy.

Today the fashion for familiar names, Ivan, Maria, Lyubov, Vladimir, is returning to Russia. But some people still get sophisticated when choosing a name for a baby. Only now it’s not Industrialization, International or Energy, but obscure invented designs, or the names of idols, actors and singers, as well as favorite names from films, books, comics.

Of great interest to everyone who is interested in history is the story of who they were.

Proper names were identified in ancient times. Of course, it is impossible to find witnesses who would confirm this, but even the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus (c. 280–208/205 BC) identified names as a separate group of words. Today, the study of people’s proper names, the patterns of their origin and development, their structure, functioning in society, and distribution is dealt with by anthroponymy (“anthropos” - person, “onima” - name). People's proper names are called anthroponyms.

People have always been given names. There are many legends and traditions about how they arose. Here is one of them. In ancient times, when the Higher Mind gave speech to people, there was one language. Each word reflected the inner essence of things. Anyone who knew a word gained power over what it meant. Chaos arose in the world because people could not decide who would govern and who would obey. Then the priests came up with other words for everything in the world in order to prevent the uninitiated from using the true names of things for evil. Higher knowledge turned out to be beyond the reach of man. As a result, different languages arose and the true language was hidden and then almost completely lost. This is what is said about language, words and names in the legends of many nations. The same thing happened with people's names.

People now had to come up with names themselves. Moreover, in many cultures, a child was given two names - one close to the real one and a second one, for general use, so that no one could, knowing the real name, harm the child. Our distant ancestors understood that a name is not just the name of a person to distinguish him from others, but a kind of verbal formula that is somehow connected with the fate of a person and power over him. They tried to use it in different ways.

Indian and some African tribes gave repulsive names in order to ward off evil spirits. Once upon a time it was believed that only the person himself and his parents should know his real name. In Indian tribes, a young man learned his real name only on the day he was recognized as an adult through meditation and communication with spirits and did not tell anyone. Old Indian shamans say that often this name could not be pronounced with normal sounds, it existed only as a mixture of image and sound.

The ancient Greeks gave a child the names of gods and heroes, hoping that the child would enjoy their favor and inherit their qualities and destiny. But calling children by similar names was somehow tactless, and even dangerous - after all, the gods of the Hellenes lived very close - on Mount Olympus, were very similar to people and often communicated with them. They might not like such familiarity. Therefore, for everyday reference to the gods, various epithets were used, which were also transformed into names. For example, Victor is the winner, Maxim is the greatest. These epithets were used to call Zeus. Mars carried a laurel branch, hence the name Laurus. Many gods wore headdresses such as crowns or tiaras. This is where the name Stefan - crowned - comes from.

However, the tradition of giving children direct names of gods, although not supreme ones, has also been preserved, in order to avoid their anger for such impudence. The names Muse, Apollo, Aurora, Maya are still in use. Later, this desire became a Christian tradition of giving names in honor of righteous people canonized as saints.

In Rus' there was another tradition: the parents gave the newborn a name that was real - his parents, godparents and especially close people knew him. It combined the wishes for the baby, the hopes and aspirations of the parents, it reflected love for the child and the desire for his happiness. Then the child was wrapped in a matting and carried out of the threshold, as if demonstrating to the evil spirits that they had found an abandoned baby who was not particularly needed. And they called him a name that would scare away the evil spirits and lull their attention. “They call me Zovutka, but they call me a duck.” This means that telling your own name to a stranger was considered dangerous. What if the stranger was a sorcerer who could use knowledge of the name for evil. By giving the child a dissonant and repulsive name, they hoped that evil forces would not bother themselves with causing harm to the unworthy, and also that a nondescript name would not arouse the envy of the gods. The rite of the second naming was performed in adolescence when the main character traits have been formed. The name was given based on these traits.

However, the tradition of such naming did not take root. And a person who was constantly called not by his real name, but by a nickname, often acquired all the qualities characteristic of this nickname. In such a situation, the name-amulet protected the person from unknown reasons. Since the name was not spoken out loud, it had no internal connection with its bearer.

The influence of a name on a person and his fate has been noticed for a long time. It has always been believed, and quite rightly, that a word chosen for a name with love will help in life. But at the same time, giving a name, naming it means gaining secret power. IN different languages the emotional connotation of the word does not change, and what means something pleasant has a sound that is pleasant to the ear, and vice versa.

Thus, the development of the name has long story. Before the adoption of Christianity in Rus', original names were used, created on Slavic soil by means Old Russian language. The Slavs chose any words to name their children that reflected the various properties and qualities of people, the characteristics of their character: Clever, Brave, Kind, Cunning; features of behavior and speech: Molchan; physical advantages and disadvantages: Oblique, Lame, Krasava, Kudryash, Chernyak, Belyai; the time and “order” of the appearance of a particular child in the family: Menshak, Elder, First, Second, Tretyak; profession: Villager, Kozhemyaka and much more. Similar names were also used by other peoples; it is enough to recall the names of the Indians, which characterized the characteristics of a particular person: Eagle Eye, Sly Fox, etc. We had several other names, which later, with the adoption of Christianity and the consolidation of names in church calendars, became into nicknames. Some of these nicknames have come down to us in the form of surnames: Cat, Beetle, Wolf, Sparrow. It should be noted that these surnames are very common.

From the 11th to the 17th centuries, native Slavic names fade into the background, and Byzantine-Greek ones come to the fore. With the advent of Christianity, a two-name system began to develop. In order to protect a person from evil spirits, he was given one name and called a completely different one. This period is characterized by social stratification. At this time, Old Russian names were common, which consist of two roots and contain the root -slav. These are names such as Vyacheslav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Borislav, which were joined by Byzantine-Greek names with the same root: Stanislav, Bronislav, Miroslav, etc.

From the beginning of the 18th century until 1917, canonical names dominated, a three-part formula for naming a person (last name, first name, patronymic) developed and spread, and a pseudonym appeared.

After the revolution, newly created names reflecting the events taking place in the country became very popular. The formation of new names especially affected girls. So, they were called Idea, Iskra, Oktyabrina. There is evidence that one girl was even called Artillery Academy. It was fashionable to call twin boys and girls Revo and Lucia; the names of the boys are known: Genius, Giant (it is noteworthy that these names did not always correspond to reality, and often completely contradicted). However, at this time names appeared that continue to live now: Lilia (it is similar to the Russian name Lydia and is very euphonious), Ninel (reading the name Lenin in reverse order), Timur, Spartak.

The modern Russian name book includes many names with different origins. But still, names that we can now rightfully call Russian have a huge advantage. Although there are very few actual Russian names left. Over time, the original meaning of names was forgotten, but historically each name was a word or phrase of some language. Almost all modern names came to us from Byzantium and have Greek roots, but many of them were borrowed from other ancient languages, or were simply borrowed from ancient Roman, Hebrew, Egyptian and other languages, and with this method of borrowing they were used only as a proper name, and not as a word meaning anything.

Ministry of Education, Science and youth policy

Krasnodar region

state budget professional educational institution

Krasnodar region "Krasnodar teacher training college»

Educational project

in the discipline MDK.02.01 Fundamentals of organizing extracurricular work

HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN NAMES AND SURNAMES

specialty Teaching in primary school

Completed:

2nd year students of the “Ash” group

school department

Ballod Christina

Belenko Anastasia

Davidenko Anastasia

Igonina Victoria

Sviridonova Nadezhda

Supervisor:

Grigoryan Marina Renikovna

Krasnodar, 2018

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………
MAIN PART………………………………………………………….
1. History of Russian names…………………………………………………….
1.1. Stages of name development………………………………………………………
2. Surnames and their origin………………………………………………………...
3. History of the names and surnames of project participants………………………….
3.1 History of the origin of names…………………………………………..
3.2 History of the origin of surnames……………………………………..
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….

INTRODUCTION

Project problem: Many of us do not think about the origin, method of education or age of our surname.

Objective of the project: Study the history of the emergence of Russian names and surnames, their meaning.

The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Our country is multinational, and each of the peoples inhabiting it has its own wonderful personal names.

MAIN PART

1. History of Russian names

1.1. Stages of name development

There are three stages in the history of Russian personal names: pre-Christian when original names were used on East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language; period after the introduction of Christianity in Rus', when the church began to plant, along with Christian religious rites, foreign names borrowed by the Byzantine church from various peoples of antiquity; And a new stage that began after the Great Patriotic Socialist Revolution and marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into Russian names and active name creation.

Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', personal names were very similar to nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from their enemies, believing that just knowing the name was enough to harm someone.

Old Russian names reveal the richness of the Russian folk language, show the breadth of imagination, observation and ingenuity of the Russian person, his kindness and sociability, sometimes crude simplicity and causticity when it comes to moral vices or physical defects.

Old Russian names were varied. For example, in numerical names the entire number series from 1 to 10 is represented: Perva and Pervaya, Second, Vtorak, Tretyak, Chetvertak, Chetvertunya, Fifth and Pyatak, Shestok and Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Osmoy and Osmak, Ninth and Nine, Tenth.

Names based on hair and skin color were also very popular: Chernysh, Chernyai, Chernyava, Chernavka, Bel, Bely, Belyak, Belukha, etc. Names were also assigned based on other external characteristics - height, physique features: Dry, Fat, Long, Small, Baby, Hare, Lip (with harelip), Head, Golovach, Loban, etc.

In addition to names given according to appearance, there were those that were assigned depending on the character and behavior of the child: Besson, Zabava, Krik, Molchan, Neulyba, Smeyana, Smirnaya. There were also names of another order that go back to ancient beliefs. These are “bad” names that were supposedly able to ward off evil spirits, illness, death: Nemil, Nekras, Nelyuba Zloba, Staroy. There were names associated with the animal and flora: Wolf, Cat, Foal, Cow, Grass, Branch, etc.

The second very long period in the history of Russian names came after the introduction of Christianity, with which the so-called calendar names came into naming practice. They became integral part Russian language, part of the history of the Russian people.

We call them calendars conventionally, since throughout their existence they were given to Russian people according to church calendars, which were distributed over all days of the year.

The history of Russian calendar names is no less interesting than the history of Old Russian ones. It reflects the interaction between the Russian vernacular and Church Slavonic, the official language of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was manifested in numerous spelling transformations of personal names, in the struggle of ancient Russian “pagan” names for their existence, in the adaptation of “Christian” names to the conditions of the Russian linguistic environment.

The adoption of new names by the Russian population was very slow. The majority of Russian people, even after the baptismal ceremony, continued to name their children in their own way, according to custom, until the 17th century, i.e. in Russian.

Over the course of the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, there was a process of assimilation of foreign names. Already by the 14th century, many of the borrowed names acquired the form in which they are now found in popular dialects. Gradually, foreign names became familiar, familiar to Russian people,

The third stage in the development of Russian names, which continues today, began with the publication of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of January 23, 1918 on the separation of church from state and school from church. This decree marked the beginning of the free choice of personal names by parents and declared legal civil birth registration instead of church baptism.

The decree destroyed the centuries-old power of the church over the people, and Russian personal names, together with their living bearers - Russian people - began new life. In the first years after the October Revolution, the bulk of those born were given old names. Even in the most progressive families, grandmothers baptized their grandchildren in church in secret from their parents. But at the same time, the results of active anti-religious propaganda also had an impact - some no longer wanted to give their children names in memory of certain saints and came up with new ones or borrowed foreign ones, not suspecting that many of them were the same, widespread names, just in another language. Name-making began mainly in cities, where revolutionary events primarily began to influence the ideology of people.

In the mid-1920s, name creation reached its apogee. New names were published in various calendars, including detachable ones, published in millions of copies.

2. Surnames and their origin.

According to anthroponymic scientists, Russian surnames can be divided into the following main groups:

1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms of baptismal Christian names.

2. Surnames that have retained worldly names at their core. Worldly names came from pagan times, when church names did not exist: many of them were simply proper names, others arose as nicknames, but then their basis was forgotten and they became just names. Superstitious parents gave third names to their children in order to save them from various everyday problems: it was here that princes named Farmhand and Golik, priests named Devil and Satan, and, finally, numerous Fools and Blockheads who were not such appeared. The parents had only one concern: let the child safely avoid the troubles that the name given to him entails.

3. Surnames formed from the professional nicknames of their ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Cherepennikovs, Bondarchuks, Kovalis, etc.

4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors was from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Semiluksky, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc. d.

5. An interesting group of Russian surnames belonged to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky. Some experts will ask: “But many Russian surnames are of Muslim, Buddhist or Jewish origin?” The answer is simple: all the surnames of the peoples of the globe that exist in our time arose under approximately the same circumstances. But only the Russian Orthodox clergy, which, unlike other concessions, never tried to “press the Bessermen to their fingernails,” introduced enviable diversity into Russian surnames. It was here that the names of Hyacinths and Tuberoses, Cypresses and Ptolemies, Caesars and Emperors and many others arose as a result of special word creation.

3. History of the names and surnames of project participants

3.1 History of the origin of names

1. Anastasia

The meaning of the name Anastasia insists that the source lies in the ancient Greek name book, a culture that gave birth to hundreds of beautiful modern names. The name Anastasia is the feminine form of the male name Anastasy. Translated from Greek it means “return to life”, “resurrection”, “resurrection”, “immortal”. Russian folk form - Nastasya.

2. Victoria

The name Victoria is Russian, Orthodox, Catholic, Greek. The name Victoria comes from the Latin word "Victoria", meaning "victory". The same interpretation is given to this name. In Roman mythology, Victoria is the goddess of victory, corresponds to greek goddess Nike's victory, therefore the name Victoria is analogous to the name Nika

3. Christina

The name Kristina is the Russian pronunciation of the female name Christina. The name Christina is derived from the Latin name Christianus, meaning “Christian.” This name is also sometimes pronounced Christiana (Christiana). Previously, peasants in Rus' used the word Christina to call ordinary people. Over time, it left the Russian language. Having returned as a name, it began to carry a foreign connotation with a share of aristocracy.

4. Hope

The name Nadezhda is Russian, Orthodox, Catholic, Greek. The name Nadezhda has Greek roots and is a literal translation of the Greek name Elpis, which was borne by one of the three sisters, revered Christian martyrs (Faith, Hope and Love). Their names reflect the three main virtues of Christianity. The name Nadezhda had an ancient Russian form - Nadezha, which helped this name take root and strengthen among people.

3.2. History of the origin of surnames

1. Ballod

The surname Ballod belongs to the category of quite common in the territories of Russia and neighboring countries. In well-known ancient receipts, citizens with this surname were important persons from the Russian Murom philistinism in the 18th-19th centuries, who held good power and honors. Historical evidence of the surname can be seen in the census of Rus' during the time of Ivan the Terrible. The sovereign had a special register of privileged and pleasant-sounding surnames, which were awarded to those close to him only in case of special merit or encouragement. Therefore, this surname has personal origins and is rare.

2. Belenko

The surname Belenko belongs to the ancient type of Russian surnames. During times Kievan Rus The patronymic suffix -enko among the southern Slavs meant “small” or “son of such and such.” Thus, from the nickname Bel, with the help of the patronymic suffix –enko, the ancient surname Belenko arose. Nowadays, the Ukrainian surname Belenko can be found in a variety of historical areas, which indicates close ties between various Slavic peoples.

3. Davidenko

The surname Davidenko belongs to a common type of Ukrainian surnames and is derived from the baptismal name David, which translated from Hebrew means “beloved.” Most likely, the formation of the Davidenko surname began around the 14th century, which is due to historical processes. Thus, since the 16th century, Ukraine has been in close contact with European peoples.

4. Igonina

The basis of the surname Igonin was church name Ignatius. Igonia is a diminutive version of the baptismal name Ignatius, which translated from Latin means “unknown” or “fiery.” Most likely, the founder of the Igonin family was a man from the common class, since people from the social elite were called respectfully full name. In addition, the name Ignatius itself has always been considered common. So, they jokingly said about the poor man: “Igoshka lives: there is a dog and a cat.”

5. Sviridonova

The basis of the Sviridon surname was the church name Spiridon. Sviridon is a derivative form of the name Spiridon. The name Spiridon itself has controversial origins. According to one version, it is derived from the Latin personal name, meaning “born out of wedlock.” According to another version, this name is of Greek origin and is translated as “gift of the soul” or “wicker basket.”

CONCLUSION

Interest in first and last names is not idle curiosity. Personal name and surname are not a personal matter. It is a social sign. Everyone needs to get to know them. The first task, practical, universal and mandatory, is the deliberate choice of what to name your son or daughter. But there are many others practical problems. Older people face difficulties when they find themselves recorded differently in documents.

A personal name and surname, an integral part of the world culture of mankind, can reveal a lot in the history of a people and in the history of its language.

Personal names represent a significant part of the vocabulary of the Russian language. Their composition has changed and is changing throughout historical development and the formation of the Russian people. Some proper names appeared and became fixed in the language, others gradually disappeared. Completely new nominal formations were also created. But in order to begin the study of specific personal names, it is necessary, first of all, to consider the history of naming of the Russian ethnic group as a whole.

The pre-Christian, most ancient period of Russian anthroponymy can be judged only from later written monuments of the 11th-14th centuries, as well as on the basis of some Byzantine sources and enthographic information from the past. This is explained by the fact that written culture became widespread in the territory of Ancient Rus' only from the 11th century. (although the appearance of the Slavic alphabet dates back to the middle of the 9th century).

Ancient Russian monuments record a large number of names formed from appellative ones, i.e. common nouns, words and their combinations. A.M. Selishchev cites in his classification of names “according to the meaning of the stem” such as Gryaznoy, Besson, Stone, Bear, Sokol, Bereza, etc. Selishchev A.M. Origin of Russian surnames, personal names and nicknames // Selishchev A.M. Selected works. M., 1968. P.108-114..

The reasons for the appearance of such names are different. The ancient Slavs believed in the magical power of a name and believed that it influenced a person’s life. By assigning the name Wolf to the newborn, the parents hoped that their child would be strong and healthy. In order to protect children from evil spirits and the evil eye, names with a negative meaning were given: Malice, Nekras, Mal, Deaf, Thin. They were also called by order of birth in the family: Pervunya, Vtorka, Tretyak.

In addition to simple names like Hare, there were complex ones consisting of two words: Vladimir, Vsevolod, Yaroslav, Stanimira. These names, as a rule, were borne by princes and their entourage.

Suffix names are represented in a variety of ways: Zhidilo, Putyata, Chetvertunya, Pozdnyak (derived names from single-word and complex ones).

Slavic anthroponyms also included the names Scandinavian origin, for example: Rurik, Oleg, Igor, Gleb, Rogvolod, Olga, Rogneda. As B.O. writes Unbegaun, they were brought to Rus' by the Viking conquerors back in the period of paganism Unbergaun B.O. Personal names // Russian surnames. M., 1989..

There were much fewer women's names than men's names. Such as Zavida, Polyuda, Krasava, Verkhuslava have reached us.

Characterizing this period of development of anthroponymy, L.V. Uspensky quotes the following lines from the ABC book of the 16th century: “... before the Slovenians were baptized, they gave their children names to their children: Bogdan, First, Second, We love and she is like that. The essence of good is that too” Uspensky L.V. You and your name. The name of your house. L., 1972. P.37..

After the Christianization of Rus' in 988, under the influence of the church, Byzantine names became widespread and became canonized, i.e. established traditions of world religion. By origin, these names were ancient Greek (Alexey, Vasily, Nikolai, Catherine), Latin (Ignatius, Constantine, Sergei, Matryona), Hebrew (John, Michael, Daniel, Anna, Maria) and others.

Christian names were entered in church books-months-words, or calendars. In them, “for each day of each month, the names of the saints whom the church honors on that day were written down. Before the baptismal ceremony, the priest offered a choice of several names, which were listed in the calendar for the child’s birthday.” Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 1996..

It should be noted that difficult to understand and pronounce christian names were “Slavicized”, i.e. changed their graphic and phonetic appearance, morphological characteristics: Elena-Alena, Joseph-Osip, Georgy-Egor. Now these are completely independent names.

From the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th centuries. Old Russian names are beginning to be replaced by Christian ones. This is a time of persistent struggle between Orthodoxy and paganism. Calendar names were mentioned in official documents, but the original ones continued to be used in everyday life. This is how the custom developed of naming one person with two names: church and so-called secular. The chronicles reflected this process: “Behold, the great prince Gavril, named Vsevolod” (1035); “His godname is Yakov, and his worldly name is Tvorimir” (XII century); “naming the name in holy baptism Polagya, and the prince Sbyslav” (1179) Selishchev A.M. Op. op. P.106..

This tradition was first observed mainly among princes and clergy, but in the XIV-XVI centuries. moved to lower social status strata of the population.

Gradually, Old Russian names lose their basic meaning and become nicknames: “Ivan Mikitin’s son, and the nickname is Menshik” (1568); “Fedka, nicknamed Bazhen son Lazarev.”

By the 17th century, according to A.V. Superanskaya, the ban on Old Russian names “has spread to all layers of society, and only calendar names remain in official use” Superanskaya A.V. The name - through centuries and countries. M., 1990. P.58.. But in everyday life, diminutive forms of pagan names were preserved: Mestyata, Nezhilo, Dobrynya.

XVIII-XIX centuries - this is the period of dominance of names from the calendar (with a single exception). “Secular names disappeared from the scene, leaving a memory of themselves both in previously created family nicknames of patronymic origin, and in those that arose throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. surnames of townspeople and peasants" Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. M., 1983. P.113..

For Christian names there was a clear differentiation in use. In the noble family they adhered to the forms of the names Peter, Ivan, Vasily, in the peasant environment they were suffixal formations: Petrushka, Ivashka, Vasyak, etc.

In the 20th century There have been fundamental changes in Russian anthroponymy. Revolutions of 1905, 1917 caused profound transformations not only in the political, economic, social spheres, but also in the consciousness of the people. The previously obligatory rite of baptism was abolished. Hence, Orthodox Church, separated from the state, lost its authority in the selection and formation of the Russian nominal system.

M.V. Gorbanevsky writes that “new names came to us on a stormy wave of revolutionary changes, they were created in contrast to the old canonical ones, they tried to resolve the limitations of the name, they tried to reflect the events and phenomena of the new life” Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. M., 1983. P.132..

What innovations in onomastics is Gorbanevsky talking about? In 20-30 years. of the last century, foreign personal names, borrowed through the press and literature (Arthur, Edward, Zhanna, Elvira), became widespread, new names were formed from common nouns (Avant-garde, Genius, Labor, Idea, Industry), Old Russian and Slavic names, previously prohibited, returned church (Bronislav, Rurik, Svetozar, Zlata, Svetlana). Also, new names actually appeared based on the names of the revolutionary months: Noyabrina, Oktyabrina, Maya. A large number of neologism names with “ideological content” were created: Vladilen (Vladimir Ilyich Lenin), Kim (Communist Youth International), Vilora (V.I. Lenin - worker organizer), Ninel (reverse reading of the surname Lenin). But by the 40s, the use of new names had noticeably decreased, and only a few of them have survived to this day.

The modern composition of the Russian name book includes a variety of personal names. Its boundaries are mobile. Along with common Greek-Byzantine, as well as some Slavic and Old Russian names, new borrowings penetrate into its structure.

Thus, having examined the trends in the choice of personal names of one time or another, we were convinced that this choice was determined by the influence of all kinds of phenomena of reality and events in the history of the Russian people. For example, after Yuri Gagarin's flight into space, many boys born in 1961 were named after him. This is confirmed by the statistical reference book of proper names attached to the book by L.M. Shchetinina Shchetinin L.M. Names and titles. Publishing house of Rostov University, 1968. P. 209., in which it is noted that for 1961-1965. the frequency of the name Yuri increased by 1.5% compared to the previous decade.

Konyukhov Timofey, Trofimova Anna

Even in ancient times, people were faced with the problem of how to address each other.

We are used to calling everyone by name, but a person’s name did not arise by chance.

We wanted to know:

when and how names originated;
where did they come from in our language;
what our names mean.

Therefore your research work we devoted ourselves to studying the history of names in Russia and in the city of Berezovsky.

The purpose of our work - study the history of names.

Research objectives. To achieve the goal of our work, the following tasks were set:

consider the evolutionary development of names;
explore which names were popular and rare in the past and now;
find out what our names mean.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literary sources;
research of names in kindergarten“Firefly” and in municipal educational institution “Secondary School No. 2”;
surveying children and statistical processing of survey results;
work with archival documents of the Civil Registry Office of Berezovsky.

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Introduction. 3-4

History of names. 5-10

1.1.History of Russian names. 5-8

1.2.The name determines the fate. 9-10

2. What do the names mean? 11-13

2.1. The meaning of names. 11-12

2.2.Me and my name. 13

3. Research of names. 14-18

3.1.Research of the names of students of municipal educational institution "Secondary School No. 2". 14-16

3.2. Research on the names of children in the Firefly kindergarten. 17

3.3. Work with archival documents of the city registry office. 18

Conclusion 19

Literature 20

Introduction

Even in ancient times, people were faced with the problem of how to address each other.

We are used to calling everyone by name, but a person’s name did not arise by chance.

We wanted to know:

when and how names originated;
where did they come from in our language;
what our names mean.

Therefore, we devoted our research work to studying the history of names in Russia and in the city of Berezovsky.

The purpose of our work- study the history of names.

Research objectives.To achieve the goal of our work, the following tasks were set:

consider the evolutionary development of names;
explore which names were popular and rare in the past and now;
find out what our names mean.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literary sources;
research of names in the kindergarten “Firefly” and in the municipal educational institution “Secondary School No. 2”;
surveying children and statistical processing of survey results;
work with archival documents of the Civil Registry Office of Berezovsky.

Research base.Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 2", d/s "Svetlyachok", Berezovsky, Kemerovo region.

After systematizing and processing all the material, we made a conclusion. We summarized the results obtained and displayed them in this work.

Relevance of our workis as follows: we have summarized data over many years, which names were popular in our city in the past and which names are popular now, which of them are rare.

Practical useis that we ourselves have learned a lot on the topic “Names”, with this work we can speak to the children of our school in history lessons, foreign language, literature, classroom hours, as well as replenish the fund of city and school museums.

1. History of names.

1.1.History of Russian names.

In the old days there was such a custom:

They carried the baby to church. There,

Pointing a finger at the pages of the calendar,

Pop gave names by day.

If you were born on the day of Efim,

It is called by this name.

But if on the day of Jerome,

That - whether you like it or not - Jerome!

M. Vladimov.

The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasies and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts.

At all times and among all peoples, the name has played an important role in the communication of people. Russian names interesting story. Some of them lived a long life and have survived to this day, others appeared quite recently. We are used to calling everyone by name, but a person’s name did not arise by chance. Years passed before ancient people came up with a way to distinguish an individual from a crowd by addressing him by name.

There were many names in Ancient Rus'. They seem funny to us now, but they noted the most characteristic features or external characteristics of a person: Svetlana, Chernava, Chernysh, Belyak, any properties of a newborn: Silent, Unsmiling, Squeak, Jumper, Lobik.

(Appendix 1. p.2)

There were names that reflected the order in which the children appeared: First, Eldest, Second, Tretyak, Chetvertunya, Fifth... Others reflected the seasons: Winter, Veshnyak, natural phenomena: Blizzard, Frost, Christian holidays: Faster, Meat-eater.(Appendix 1. p.1)

Along with names, nicknames were common. They always reflected certain properties, qualities of a person or his type of occupation: Fisherman, Deacon, Balagur, Literacy, Buffoon, Mantis.

There were nicknames that indicated origin from a certain area or nationality: Muromets, Selyanin, Kazanets, Novozhil, Nesvoy, Tatar. There were nicknames derived from the name of the food: Kovriga, Borscht, Sugar. Many of the nicknames turned into surnames.

There were also names of a different order, dating back to ancient beliefs. These are “bad” names that were supposedly able to ward off evil spirits, illness, death: Nemil, Nekras, Nelyuba, Neustroy, Zloba, Staroy...

The origin of Russian names is closely connected with the history of the country. Even in the chronicles of the 11th century one can find well-known names (Oleg, Igor, Gleb, Svyatoslav, Vladimir, Olga) and unfamiliar ones (Rurik, Askold, Budimir, Luchezar, Milolika, Gorislava). These names reek of antiquity, the heroic and glorious campaigns of ancient Russian princes.

Even in pagan times, Christian names appeared on the East Slavic lands, which were brought by the Varangians called to Rus'. It is known that the warriors from Prince Igor’s squad were Christians.

At that historical time, three groups of names were used in Rus': simple and double-basic Old Slavic names (Bazhen, Vladimir, Svyatoslav, Lada, Lyudmila), Scandinavian names that became familiar (Oleg, Igor, Olga, Askold) and names used by the church (Ivan, Fedor , Elena).

It is interesting that the Russian name Ivan has many relatives scattered around the world: the English name John, the German Johannes, Johann, the French Jean, the Italian Giovanni, the Swedish Johan, the Danish Jens, the Spanish Juan, the Arabic Yuhanna...

With the adoption of Christianity, new calendar names came to Rus' from Byzantium, Bulgaria, the countries of the West and the Middle East (Anisim, Anna, Maria, Elizabeth).

At baptism, a person was given a second, calendar name - ancient Greek, Latin, Hebrew, ancient Persian and others.

The foreign name was incomprehensible to Russian people; it was used only in documents, but not used in everyday life. For example, in documents Stefan, John, Glukerya, Ksenia, and in everyday life Stepan, Ivan, Lukerya, Aksinya. The church branded ancient Russian names as pagan.

At baptism, the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir was given the name Vasily, Princess Olga - Elena, Prince Yaropolk - Peter...

In the 17th-19th centuries, the lists of calendar names were revised, and their number increased. There were about 900 male names, and 250 female names.

Old calendar names are varied.

Some names stand out from the crowd as very short: Yves, Or, Iya, Agn, Var, Guy, Dey, Lev, Cyrus, Ada, Aza, Eva, Zoya, Leah...

The shortest ones also include monosyllabic names: Vass, Vlas, Gleb, Karp, Klim, Laurus, Moor, Mark...

The longest and most difficult to pronounce, almost never found in our time, are: Exacustodian, Niktopolian, Asklipiodota, Thessalonicia.

As a result of a series of transformations, many paired names were obtained, i.e. those that can belong to both women and men:

Agniy - Agnia, Anastasy - Anastasia, Kir - Kira, Nataliy - Natalia, Alexander - Alexandra, Evgeny - Evgenia...

In the 18th and 19th centuries, calendar names acquired a foreign sound, since in high society they used French and English languages. As a result, Peter turned into Pierre, Natalya into Natalie, Nikolai into Nicolas, Nadezhda into Nadine, Elizaveta into Betsy. At that time, many already gave their children euphonious foreign names, and treated baptism as a formality.

Among modern Russian names there are ancient Russian ones, as well as those created after the October Revolution.

Then society tried to put an end to the old life and create everything new, including names. (Spark, Revolution, Genius, Radium, Electron, Grace, Will). These names did not catch on. They also gave names based on the names of the months: Oktyabrina, Noyabrina, Maya. The most popular were names formed from the first few or initial letters of the names of the leaders: Vladlen (Vladimir Lenin), Marlene (Marx, Lenin), Donara (daughter of the people).

If only you are smart

Don't let the guys

So many fancy names

Like Proton and Atom.

Mother wanted to make friends

Blonde daughter.

So I thought of calling it

Daughter by dictatorship.

Even though her family called her

Abbreviated as Dita,

At the parents' ball

The girl is angry.

Father was looking for another

The name is smarter

And he finally called

Daughter is your idea.

Names: mom and sister

Girl Idea.

And the guys from the yard

They started calling her Turkey.

………………………

Let father and mother understand

What's with this nickname?

The century will have to last forever

To the ill-fated children...

S. Marshak. "In defense of children."

Currently, 95% of Russian people have old traditional calendar Russian names. Among these names there are well-known ones, and there are also rare, unfamiliar ones.

In N.A. Petrakovsky’s “Dictionary of Russian Personal Names” there are about 2600 names. This number includes ancient Slavic, calendar and modern names. An ordinary person hardly knows more than 500 names. The reason for this is the fashion for names. In Russian names, this fashion changes after about 10-20 years.

To the common names (Alexander, Andrey, Victor, Sergey, Marina, Natalya, Tatyana), previously little-used names (Anton, Arkhip, Zakhar, Daria, Zlata) and very beautiful ancient Slavic names (Vseslav, Ladimir, Lyubomir, Milolika) are added.

1.2.The name determines the fate.

“There is no word in the language that, in terms of its influence on your character and destiny, in terms of the power of expression of feelings, in terms of usage, could be compared with your name. A name can sound like a request or an order, like a reproach or approval, like a slap or caress.” Pierre Rouget.

The power of a name is great, and this has been known since the time when the first people learned to speak. They had no doubt that the whole life of a person and an entire community was destined and contained in the name.

In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from their enemies, believing that just knowing the name was enough to harm someone. Sometimes they wrote the names of their enemies on their heels in order to trample on them while walking and thereby do harm to the bearers of these names.

And among the Kwakiutl Indians, a person taking a loan had to leave not something as collateral, but... his name! And until he repaid the debt, all members of the tribe considered this man nameless and did not call him by name.

No one can choose a name for a child better than the one who will feed the baby, take care of him and raise him - his mother. Only the mother has the right to decide what name her baby will bear.

To give a name meant to give a destiny that cannot be changed. The name is a kind of code. The one who has this code has power over the person himself.

The name is of particular importance when meeting for the first time. The oldest and deepest meaning of acquaintance is that, by revealing his name, a person places great trust in another person - “I know that, knowing my name, you will not harm me.”

Knowing the name allowed one to influence fate. A name is like a formula for happiness and health. Each name carries a supply of energy. The “stronger” the name, the more possibilities that lie dormant in us will be manifested, the more fully the personality will self-realize.

Sometimes people decide to change their name, or take a pseudonym. Most common cause This is because the name causes ridicule among others. (Gracia Neumytova, Beliana Gryaznova, Rudolf Stepanovich...) In such cases, the name is most often really not suitable to this person. You can have a very beautiful name, but feel as bad with it as in poorly made clothes. This is where the desire to change it comes from.

But we should not forget that a change of name entails a break with the past, the beginning of movement in a new direction. It's like a new birth.

Most often, actors change their first and last names so that the name sounds better and is easier to remember. There are examples when changing a name had a beneficial effect on a person’s fate, but there were also unsuccessful and even dramatic cases.

Any of us knows and remembers, and sometimes does not realize, that these are not real names and surnames: Stanislavsky, Arkady Gaidar, Maxim Gorky, Mark Twain, Lenin, Stalin...

2.What do the names mean?

2.1. The meaning of names.

“My name is Alice, and I...

Quite a stupid name! - impatiently

Humpty interrupted her. -What does it mean?

Should a name mean anything?

asked a puzzled Alice.

Without a doubt,” Humpty Dumpty snorted.

L. Carroll. " Alice in the Wonderland».

In history lessons in 3rd grade, we learned that every name means something. We wanted to better understand this issue. We read specialized literature, encyclopedias.

For example, Greek and Roman names emphasized moral and physical dignity in people.(Appendix 2. p.1)

Greek names:

Andrey – “courageous”

Alexander – “defender”

Alexey – “protective”

Evgeniy – “noble”

Nikita – “winner”

Tikhon - “happy”

Zoya - “life”

Elena – “sparkling”

Sophia - “wise”

Galina – “calm”

Aksinya - “stranger”

Angelina – “messenger”

Anastasia – “reborn”

Larisa - “seagull”

Roman names:

Victor - "winner"

Valery – “healthy, strong”

Marina – “sea”

Natalya – “native”

Maxim – “the greatest”

Vialetta – “little violet”

Margarita - “pearl”

Stele - “star”

Hebrew names:

Michael – “equal to God”

Elijah – “the power of God”

Elizabeth - “oath to God”

Susanna – “white lily”

Daniel - "God's judgment"

Ivan – “God’s Favor”

Maria – “bitter, lady”

Anna - "mercy"

Old Slavonic names:

Vladimir – “who owns the world”

Vyacheslav - “more glorious”

Stanislav - “glorious for his strength”

Zlata – “golden”

Faith - translation of Greek. Them. Pistis

Lada – “sweet, perfect”

Lyudmila - “dear to people”

Scandinavian names:

Oleg – “holy, sacred”

Olga – “saint”

We asked students at our school if they knew what their names meant. Almost none of them knew this, and many became interested in learning more about their name.

2.2. Me and my name.

We learned what other people's names mean. We wondered what our names – Anna and Timofey – meant.

Anna is a Hebrew name meaning “mercy.” This name is also characterized by such positive qualities as a sense of duty, kindness, and caring. She achieves great success in her studies. She has a sharp mind and an excellent memory. But there are also negative qualities, authority, the desire to solve everything at once. Queens, empresses, singers, ballerinas, and poets bore this name.

Timofey is a Greek name meaning “one who worships God.”

This name is also characterized by such positive qualities as love of life, independence, and the ability to stand up for oneself. Timofey thinks quickly and grasps information on the fly. He can prove himself to be a good organizer and is friendly to people. But there are also negative qualities, cunning, hypocrisy. This name was borne by a disciple of the Apostle Paul, bishop, historian, surgeon.

3. Research of names.

Sergei, Andrey, Ivan,

Irinami, Marinami, Tatyanami

Now they are trying to name the children.

And there was a time - strange names

Their father and mother gave them gifts...

E. Dolmatovsky.

3.1.Research of the names of students of municipal educational institution "Secondary School No. 2".

We conducted a study of the names of students at Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 2”.

The school has 485 students who were born between 1992 and 2001. What names were given to children during these years?