This page is a navigator to the most useful resources for preparing for the Unified State Exam in mathematics, Unified State Examination in mathematics and other subjects. What is OGE and its significance
Preparation for the Unified State Examination in mathematics and the Unified State Examination in other subjects:
Tell me, would you like to spend the next 5 years in such a way that you remember them forever, so that they are the happiest in your life?
Would you like to be proud of yourself for the rest of your life?
And perhaps the most immodest question. Would you like to earn a lot more than the rest and be happier?
Ru. I have two higher education, several years of work in top international companies (PwC and E&Y), own consulting company...
But I started with this: I couldn't get into university.
For various reasons, but the most important reason is that I DIDN’T BELIEVE THAT I NEEDED IT. And I wasn’t prepared.
And then, after I failed, the fun began.
It was a shame...
Because I had to answer the questions many, many times: “How?!” You didn't get in?! Why?! You're smart!” You can’t argue... You can’t say: “No, I’m a fool...”
Then I had to go to GPTU. Now it's called a beautiful word"College". And then this abbreviation was deciphered differently: “Lord, Help the Stupid Man Get Settled.”
In general... it became completely unbearable. Because some of my friends did and somehow immediately became unattainable.
They went to college, hung out in dorms, had fun, and I went to the factory and nailed slats to the conveyor wood panels and this was called training.
I took the panel, put slats on it, 12 shots with an air pistol and... the next panel. And so for 8 hours... And so all life...
And then there was the army - not the most pleasant place on earth. To be honest it was real hell and just thrown away 2 years of life, so heavy that I could not even imagine.
A year of “study” at the State Technical University (essentially stupid, mechanical work at a factory) and two years of even more stupid and meaningless service in the army were very convincing.
The value of education was clearly explained to me in a simple, intelligible form. I realized one thing:..
I don't want to live like that!
I don’t want to go to a factory, do mechanical work, and earn little.
And so, after the army, I gathered my strength and with great difficulty entered... but not into college, but into the preparatory department, where they trained me for another year to enter a university.
It is unrealistic to enroll directly into a university after a three-year break from studying.
And only after the preparatory department, I was able to somehow “crawl” into the institute on a budget. Far from the best, but still...
There were two institutes, 6 years of the most wonderful fun!
After the second institute I found a job and I began to receive more immediately, than my parents. AND the work was very interesting(much more interesting than nailing slats).
I went on business trips all over the country: I visited Nakhodka, Sakhalin, Lake Baikal, the Arctic Circle, took professional exams in the USA, and went to training courses in Germany and Hungary. I talked to various very interesting people, different languages. I made friends all over the world.
But... do you want to be honest?
It was incredibly difficult to get out of the hole I had driven myself into. I had to simultaneously earn my living, study, sleep very little, and catch up all the time...
Few can stand this.
Why am I telling all this? Not to brag. There's nothing to brag about here.
I can not understand…
Why am I so mediocrely overdue.. four of the most best of the year own life?!
And I encourage you to ask yourself a couple of questions right now...
Perhaps... it's worth being smarter than me? Perhaps you should try a little harder and enroll in your dream university this year? Perhaps it would be easier to enroll straight after school? Think about it. If the answer is yes, read on...
About urgent preparation for the Unified State Exam in mathematics
But first, one thought that, I know, gnaws at many, many schoolchildren like you. Here she is:
I have no talent for mathematics. I won't be able to pass the Unified State Exam.
Here's what I'll tell you about this. This is complete nonsense!
There are no people incapable of mathematics. There are people who are not capable of teaching it.
This may sound harsh, but it is true. Too many “teachers” are not capable of teaching.
The teacher’s task is not to demonstrate his knowledge (by definition he must have it), but to go down to the student’s level and rise with him at his pace along the steps of knowledge, explaining complex concepts on his fingers.
Maybe you just no luck with the teacher...
Look at the reviews for our textbook “For Dummies” on the website. Pay attention to how many schoolchildren understood complex sections of mathematics for the first time thanks to a textbook and wrote to us about it!
Why is that?
Because we've created a textbook that explains complex math concepts in simple, human language. Because with its help you can deal with any topic in mathematics on your own.
For these schoolchildren (and their parents and even grandparents!) our textbook has become an excellent electronic teacher!
Another question that also really worries you:
How difficult is the Unified State Examination in mathematics?!
Take a look yourself. Here is a schedule of those who passed the Unified State Exam in various subjects with 100 points for 2018.
The graph shows that such lucky ones are only 0.03% of the number of those who passed and that Mathematics, like English, are the most difficult exams.
This means you need to seriously prepare for them. But don’t worry, if you’re reading these lines, you’ll know how to pass that ill-fated Unified State Exam in mathematics!
Why can our preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics and our textbook “For Dummies” help you prepare in the remaining time?
It's all about the interaction of the five parts of the site 100gia.ru and the site
Look what these parts are:
The school does not prepare you for the Unified State Exam for admission to a top university on a budget!
It’s not clear what needs to be repeated, what tasks to pay attention to when preparing!
Where I live there are no good teachers and I can’t find a tutor!
Which of these problems applies to you?
Preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics
Our preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics is your electronic tutor. Its algorithms were developed by the best tutors in Moscow. You don't have to look for other materials, you don't have to think about anything - just go from module to module and solve problems. Just like in the game. If you can’t, look through the answers and solutions.
At school I had a weak math teacher. I did not get anything.
I got sick and fell behind. I couldn't catch up anymore.
Mathematics is a very difficult subject, accessible only to child prodigies!
I have no talent for mathematics!
Did we already mention that this is nonsense?
Textbook “For Dummies” for preparing for the Unified State Exam in mathematics
You are 100% capable of mathematics. Read the reviews for our textbook. A lot of people have figured out complex topics on their own. We have written this textbook in such a way that it is clear so that anyone can understand any topic. In simple human language about complex things.
I understood the solution correctly, but did not notice the trap and solved the problem incorrectly!
The tasks were so unfamiliar! We weren't given these at school!
The theory is clear, but practice is lacking!
I solved difficult problems correctly. I know a lot and tried very hard, but I made a mistake on some nonsense!
Sounds familiar, doesn't it? Be sure that during the exam all the tasks will seem unfamiliar to you.
Trainers by type and topic
Therefore, there is no point in solving typical problems all the time. You need to look for and solve original problems in order to learn to think and not be afraid if the problem seems incomprehensible at first.
Our problems (especially complex ones) were invented by our mathematicians Elena Evgenievna Bashtova and Alexey Sergeevich Shevchuk. The tasks are original, that is, unfamiliar. Just what you need. By solving them, you will learn to think and prepare for the Unified State Exam in mathematics in the best possible way!
Would you know how often we hear this phrase?! Why is this happening?! Because you haven’t adapted to stress, solving timed problems, you’re not used to controlling time.
Trial Unified State Exam in Mathematics
This part will allow you get used to stress, learn to control time and find out your real level.
You can take the test exam in mathematics unlimited. Each time the program selects a new version of problems from a database of 6000 problems.
The result of the trial Unified State Exam, answers to each problem and solutions you you will receive it immediately!
- I won't be able to force myself to study. I need someone who will help and motivate me!
- I'm not sure I have enough time. There is... nothing left until the exam!
- I need help. I don't like studying alone.
It's simple!
Parent's office
In the parent's office you can see all the statistics of your progress. It is impossible to deceive him. Only correctly solved problems are displayed.
You and your parents will be able to accurately estimate how much time you need to study per day in order to complete the entire Program before the exam.
Our authors: who are they?
What exactly will you get by purchasing our preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics and access to the textbook “For Dummies”
Preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics
- 25 modules on geometry;
- 25 modules on algebra;
- An entrance test that determines the student’s level and a training program adapted to his level;
- Just go like in a game, from module to module;
- Parent's office (to help the student).
A great option for those who want to study on their own.
Why great? Because the most budget (but very high quality!).
Because it was prepared by the best tutors in Moscow as an electronic replacement for a tutor.
If you complete the Program to the end, increase your results by an average of 40%(according to a student survey).
Problem solving simulators by topic and type:
- 6000 tasks in the database on each topic and each type;
- All problems with solutions and answers.
An excellent option for those who don’t need a program, but want to get their hands on tasks on a specific topic or type.
to don't make stupid mistakes in simple problems
to learn how to write the answer correctly
to achieve stability results
to step on all the mistakes and learn solve problems with traps(of which there will be many in the exam)
so that they are not afraid to solve unknown problems (our problems are unique, you can’t download them on the Internet)
The best way to prepare with a trainer?
You read the topic in our textbook “For Dummies”, solve all the problems on the topic, and then solve all the problems on the same topic in the simulator.
Trial Unified State Exam - unlimited.
- At any time you can sit down and write a trial Unified State Exam, temporarily. And immediately get the result and analysis of tasks.
- Our trial Unified State Exam is as close as possible to the real one.
You will know exactly what you are capable of.
And most importantly, you can feel exam stress(the test is for a while) and get used to it.
Parent's office.
You can help the student by complicating or, conversely, simplifying his program.
Can be assessed whether you have time to prepare for the exam or not, because all the student’s statistics are visible.
Textbook (written in human language)
You can understand any complex topic in mathematics simply by reading a chapter from a textbook.
Don't believe me?
Look at student reviews on any page of the textbook.
Where I live there is no good math teacher. I found your training course and studied on my own for about 5 months. Plus I read your textbook and solved problems from it. Passed with 78 points. This is a lot for me! This is just a miracle! I recommend you to everyone!
Galya Ferzhikova
I was looking for inexpensive math courses for my son so that I could understand and help him. I’m lucky that I came across your course by chance. Sometimes we studied together, sometimes separately, and now he is in his first year! I wish you and your project good luck!
Alexander Viktorovich Lovtsov
I took the Unified State Exam 2 years ago, when your course was free (thanks for that!). I was never good at math, but your textbook helped a lot! I realized that I could master any topic. It was difficult at first with the preparation program, because I lied on your entrance test and received an advanced program. She's really complicated. Then I took the entrance test again and everything went fine. The ability to understand the material myself was very useful at the institute. I'm still reading the textbook :)
Galina K.- Student
Who is our textbook and training program for?
It is for the very smart, for the independent.
For those who don't have much money to hire tutors.
For those for whom it is important to achieve everything themselves and then, at the institute, when there is no father, no mother, no tutors nearby, not to get confused and get out of any situation.
Of course, we like the idea of studying with a tutor. But what about those who don’t have a lot of money to hire them?
What should those do? who lives in a small village where there are no good tutors?
We think everyone should have a chance!
What don’t we like about other Unified State Exam preparation programs in mathematics and textbooks?
We don't like the HOW most math textbooks are written.
It feels like they were written by people who knew and could do everything right from birth, and no one taught them addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, or patiently explained tricky problems step by step. On fingers. In clear language.
No. They immediately knew how to “differentiate and integrate,” and immediately understood mathematical language as their native language.
Of course this was not the case. If they know math well, it means someone was messing with them, it means they had a good teacher.
What is a good teacher?
This is not the one who knows everything and constantly demonstrates it, but the one who descends to the level of the student and, together with him, climbs the steps of knowledge, step by step, helping him so that he does not stumble.
In order for you to learn something new, you need to first have it explained to you, then helped to consolidate it in practice, and only then you will be able to use this new skill very quickly yourself.
It doesn't work any other way.
So we tried to do this in our textbook.
What does our textbook and training program NOT do?
This is not just a theory. This is a focus on problem solving. Because at the Unified State Exam in mathematics you will be asked not for theory, but for problem solving. If you need an ordinary theory textbook, this is not for us.
They won't study for you. If you're not in the mood to prepare, don't buy anything from us. We can't help you.
Who is our textbook and training program NOT suitable for?
They are not suitable for you if you:
- unable to convince himself of the need to study;
- unable to regularly sit down, open a computer and study.
Or if you don't have someone to push you and motivate you.
These could be your parents (In this case, open a parent's account for them so that they can see all your statistics and, if you are behind, help you)
These could be your friends. You can agree with a friend and open a parent’s office for each other, compete with each other.
Thanks for the test exam!
I was very worried that my daughter would not be able to cope with her anxiety and that she would not have enough time for the real exam. And here is your training program! We actually studied with a tutor, but on your website we only took the trial Unified State Exam. Many many times.
The tasks were always different, but my daughter coped with them and this gave her confidence. Passed the Unified State Exam with 91!
Andrey Gusev
I've been using your sites since I was in 8th grade. Mainly textbook and training on topics. The school doesn't explain clearly, your textbook is better!
If something is not clear, I first look at the textbook and usually that’s enough. But, if not, I solve problems in the simulator on the same topic until I feel that I understand everything.
I passed the OGE without any problems. Now I will prepare for the Unified State Exam.
Irina Samoilova
Questions and answers:
What is on the site?
On the website there is our famous textbook “For Dummies”, written in human language, allowing you to understand the topic yourself. The explanation is carried out “on the fingers”, it is very clear. If you look at the reviews under each topic, you can see how many students figured out complex topics on their own.
What is on the website 100gia.ru?
The website 100gia.ru contains:
- A preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics and the Unified State Exam in mathematics, as well as preparation programs for grades 8 and 10 (for those who would like to prepare for exams in advance);
- Simulators for solving problems by topic and type. For those who do not need a full-fledged training program, but who need to get their hands on solving problems of a specific type or on a specific topic. The database contains more than 6,000 problems with solutions and answers.
- Trial Unified State Exam in mathematics and trial Unified State Exam in mathematics. For those who need to understand their real level, identify weaknesses, feel the stress associated with lack of time and get used to it.
For what period is access to the textbook (website) given?
We provide lifetime access to the textbook located on the website. It is limited only by the lifetime of the site.
For what period of time do you provide access to the 100gia.ru website?
We provide lifetime access to all services located on the website 100gia.ru. It is limited only by the lifetime of the site.
Are you preparing only for the Unified State Examination in mathematics?
Yes, we only prepare for the Unified State Exam and the Unified State Exam in mathematics.
How many options are available for the trial Unified State Exam in mathematics and the trial Unified State Exam in mathematics?
You can take the trial Unified State Exam and the trial Unified State Exam an unlimited number of times. The program generates a new list of tasks each time.
When are the results of the trial Unified State Exam in mathematics and the trial Unified State Exam in mathematics available if I take them on your website?
Results are available instantly. You can also look at the correct answers and solutions to problems and understand where you made a mistake and what topics you need to improve. These topics can then be trained on simulators by topic or type.
For what level of student preparation is your training program, located on the website 100gia.ru, suitable?
Our training program is suitable for any level of student. Before starting training, the student takes an entrance test and the system determines his level. Based on this level, the system develops a training program suitable for a particular student. Next, the student studies according to his program, according to the principle “from simple to complex,” step by step, module by module, going through the entire program.
Where did you get the tasks from?
We wrote all 6,000 problems in the database ourselves. Simple tasks are like simple tasks from other sources because it's hard to come up with something original. But complex tasks are unique. Our mathematicians worked on them. They cannot be Googled on the Internet. Therefore, solving these problems will teach you how to think and prepare you for the stress of the exam. It's no secret that during the exam all the tasks seem unfamiliar. So, there will be no such problem for you.
My child is cheating. How can you help with this?
To be honest, it is difficult to help in this situation. To get a high score on the Unified State Exam, you need to learn to think and not cheat. This takes time and work on your child's part. All that can be advised is to try to explain to the child the importance of the exam. It is most important. If you succeed, you can try to get as far along the training program as possible in the remaining time. You can open a parent’s account, see all his successes and help him, praise, encourage him...
What's the best way to learn using our sites?
Option 1. You read the topic in our textbook “For Dummies”, solve all the problems on the topic, and then solve all the problems on the same topic in the simulator of the Unified State Exam Preparation Program in Mathematics.
Option 2. Follow the Preparation Program for the Unified State Exam in Mathematics and, if the topic is not clear, read the materials in the textbook “For Dummies” on this topic.
And now the story that I promised is that you should not give up under any circumstances.
1991 My friend is 24 years old. He is a 3rd year student. He just had a child, the country has lowered prices, and if he starts working in his profession after graduating from college, the money he will earn will not be enough for food... My wife and child live in a hostel in another city. That is, he and his family also have nowhere to live.
I don't know who told him, but he's in this situation for some reason I started learning English. In those days it was not as easy as it is now, there were no good textbooks, courses, and the teachers themselves could not always speak English well. But he took whatever textbooks he could get his hands on and studied them from cover to cover.
When he announced to everyone that he would be entering the International University They laughed at him openly. The university was supervised by Russian President Yeltsin and Moscow Mayor Popov. The university provided a hotel room for two for out-of-towners. Nobody believed that you could get there “from the street.”
Next, what my friend did... He understood that he has no objective chance of getting in because of English. He also knew that the exam would include an essay in English on a free topic. And he thought that the topic might be: “Why do you want to study at the International University?”
Again, what were the chances that he would get it right? Very small...
My friend hired a tutor, wrote an essay on this topic with him and memorized it down to the comma. He would like to write a few more essays on other topics, but he no longer had money for a tutor.
And then he took and for some reason corrected one sentence in this essay - made it more complex grammatically, the same as in one grammar textbook...
Exam
English was the last exam. And - a miracle! Indeed, there was such a topic in the essay and my friend carefully rewrote everything to the comma received 23 points out of 25 possible!
Did it help him?
Despite all efforts, he was 12th on the list of 10 budget places. It seemed like I could give up. He did everything he could. But this guy wasn't like that.
He went to challenge the paper in English, because that was the only thing that could be challenged (mathematics and Russian could not be challenged). Although even if he was given 25 points out of 25, he would still not be enough to get into the top ten lucky ones. But he went...
He asked why he was given 23 points and not 25? The teacher replied that the essay was excellent, but it had one stylistic error and pointed to the SAME sentence that my friend had corrected!
Imagine what a shame! Myself, with my own hands messed up everything! End?
Yeah... right now!
A friend finds that same grammar textbook right there in the department, opens it to a page with an example of that very complex grammatical structure and shows the teacher: “This is not a mistake, but a stylistic device.”
The teacher looks and is inspired: “Oh, so that’s what you meant! This is interesting... Okay. I’ll give you 25 points... and I’ll add 2 more points for my deep knowledge of the English language!”
Bingo! 27 points out of 25 possible! Just unbelieveble!
The guy got in?!
Not so. He became 11th on the list of 10 budget places...
And then he had a dilemma. It was possible to transfer to another faculty, where he would have enough points, but this faculty, as he thought then, was not so interesting and he decided not to twitch, hoping that someone in front of him would drop out of the race...
If you don’t give up and do everything to make you lucky, you will be lucky until the end!
And so it happened. Two friends before him transferred to that same easier faculty. They wanted to study together, but one of them failed...
And he became 10th...
The International University changed everything in his life. He built an excellent career and everything is fine with him now.
Conclusion?
NEVER GIVE UP, MY FRIEND!
NEVER GIVE UP MY FRIEND!
You have... 3 months left.
Or already 2 or even 1...day! - doesn't matter!
Do not give up!
Take our textbook and study as much as you can before the exam. Learn to solve problems in our simulator. Or take the Training Program and complete it as much as you can.
Try your best. Do not give up!
One day left?
Learn ONE topic and learn to solve problems on it.
Perhaps this topic will give you those 27 points out of 25 that will decide EVERYTHING.
Main State Exam (OGE) – final certification form for 9th grade graduates high school RF. The OGE is a prerequisite for moving to 10th grade. The exam result affects the certification grades.
Ninth-graders take two core subjects (Russian language and mathematics) and two elective subjects (among them: social studies, history, literature, geography, biology, chemistry, computer science, foreign language).
9th grade students are offered uniform tasks compiled in accordance with the educational standard of the Russian Federation.
Until 2016, the control and measuring materials of the OGE included three parts (A, B, C). Subsequently, Part A tasks that offered a choice of one correct answer from several proposed ones were excluded. Part B is a test-type task where the student must give a short answer. Part C is a detailed answer in the form of a statement, an essay on the problem posed or step by step solution mathematical, physical problem.
How is the OGE conducted in various subjects?
The procedure for conducting the OGE is very similar to conducting the Unified State Exam in 11th grade. The venue must be equipped with a video surveillance system and approved by the local municipality and the Ministry of Education.
At 9.00, graduates are distributed to special examination points (PEP), and at 10.00 the exam itself begins.
Each student is given his own place to perform CIMs. Before the exam, all graduates are given instructions on how to fill out exam forms, the rules for conducting the exam, and the time of certification in a particular subject.
Exam various subjects has its own characteristics. For example, a physics exam includes an experimental part. Chemistry requires a graduate to choose whether to use a real experiment or not. On the exam foreign language present oral part, where the student’s ability to express himself in the target language is tested. The computer science exam involves the use of computer technology.
What do you need to take with you to the OGE?
For ninth-graders attending the exam, it is mandatory to have an identification document (birth certificate or passport). A few black gel pens are welcome. You must also bring to the exam the tools necessary for certification in a specific subject: rulers for mathematics, geography, physics, a calculator for physics and chemistry, etc.
You can take it with you drinking water, light food, medications (if necessary). Students with special educational needs may attend the exam with special equipment.
Telephones and other means of communication are not allowed at the OGE. They are located in a specially designated area at the entrance to the PES.
If the exam rules are violated, the student may be removed from the classroom.
If absent from the exam for a valid reason, the ninth grader may take it later.
What happens if you receive an unsatisfactory grade on the OGE?
If a 9th grade graduate received a “D” in one or more subjects at the OGE, he is given the opportunity to retake the exam in the same year at a set time.
If it is not possible to correct the grade in this case, the retake will be postponed to the next year, and the student will receive a certificate of completion. At the request of parents or guardians, the student can re-take classes in 9th grade.
Task No. 3.
VISUAL AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE AND SPEECH
| Term | Definition | Examples |
| Allegory (allegory) | Representation of an abstract concept through a concrete image | In fables there is an allegorical embodiment: the fox - cunning, the hare - cowardice, the wolf - anger and greed, the donkey - stupidity. |
| Antithesis (opposition) | Contrast, opposition of phenomena, concepts, images, states, etc. Often expressed using antonyms. | Poetry And prose, ice And flame Not so different from each other. (A. Pushkin). « War And world"(L. Tolstoy), " Crime And punishment"(F. Dostoevsky). |
| Hyperbole (exaggeration) | Excessive exaggeration of the properties of an object; quantitative enhancement of the characteristics of an object, phenomenon, action. | One hundred and forty suns the sunset was burning, Summer was rolling into July. (V. Mayakovsky). A million, a million red roses from the window, from the window you see (Song). |
| Inversion | Intentional violation of the usual (direct) word order. | Woven scarlet on the lake light dawn On the forest with bells wood grouse are crying(S. Yesenin). He is from Germany foggy brought fruits of learning. (A. Pushkin.) |
| Irony (hidden mockery) | Using a word or statement in a sense opposite to its intended meaning. The opposite meaning can be given to a larger context or an entire work. | Why, smart one, are you delirious? (I. Krylov). An example of an ironic work is M. Lermontov’s poem “Gratitude” (here irony reaches sarcasm - the highest degree of manifestation of irony). |
| Litotes | Understating the subject (reverse hyperbole). | Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no bigger than a thimble (A. Griboyedov). |
| Metaphor | The word has a figurative meaning; transfer is based on the likening of one object to another by similarity or contrast; hidden comparison. | In the garden lit Rowan bonfire. (S. Yesenin). Scattered cranberries in the swamps They're burning out V ashes frost (N. Kolychev). |
| Oxymoron (oxymoron) | A combination of words that are opposite in meaning for the purpose of unusually expressing a new concept or idea (combination of the incongruous) | But beauty their ugly/ I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Lermontov). "Living Relics"(I. Turgenev), "Living Dead"(L. Tolstoy). |
| Personification | Transferring the properties of a person (person) to inanimate objects, natural phenomena or animals. | Moon laughed, like a clown (S. Yesenin). Midnight through my city window Enters with night gifts (A. Tvardovsky). |
| Comparison | A comparison of two concepts, objects, phenomena with the aim of explaining one of them with the help of the other. | Like a tree silently shedding its leaves, So I drop sad words. (S. Yesenin). Dew drops are white, like milk, but illuminated by a fiery spark. (V. Soloukhin). |
| Epithet | A word or phrase that serves as a figurative characteristic of a person, phenomenon or object (most often a metaphorical adjective); "colorful" definition. | Droplets crystal moisture; gray-haired dewy meadow. (V. Soloukhin). From the oars to the shore curly the trail was running. |
BRIEF DICTIONARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY
Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having the opposite lexical meaning. For example: altruist - egoist, hyperbole - litotes, cheerful - sad, far - close, getting up - sitting down.
Synonyms – These are words of the same part of speech, close in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. For example: scarlet - red
Phraseologisms- these are stable combinations of words that express a holistic meaning and are correlated in function with a separate word. In a sentence they are one member. For example : get into trouble, blood and milk, soul to soul, rip off like a stick, neither light nor dawn; everything flows, everything changes.
| Spelling of prefixes. Task No. 4 Immutable consoles (always written the same way, regardless of pronunciation) | Prefixes for z-, s- (Spellingdependsfromsonority-voicelessnessdependsfrom | pre - at |
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| Spelling does not depend on stress - on Onwrite | SpellingNotdepends onsonority-voicelessnesssubsequent consonant // Notdepends onsubsequent consonant) pre- With- With pour, With give, With sew | beforevowels andvoiced consonantsroot is writtenat the end of the console-z | before voiceless consonantsrootis writtenat the end of the console-With | ||
| voz- (vz-) de- times- (rose-) through- (through) (fromR drive ) | sun- (sun-) provide race- (grown-) through- (over-) (fromP disgust ) | pre= re pre tear- re tear pre= Very pre wicked - Very wicked |
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| ● accession: at glue ● approximation: at run ●“ a little”, a little, incompleteness of action: at was burning ● next to something, near, nearby: at school at maritime |
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| Remember! Unclear meaning! |
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| chase let stumbling perverse (changeable, unfaithful) deceive neglect | adventure claim oath bizarre follower presence cook |
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| Words vary in meaning |
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| pre give (give someone away) pre create (realize) pre bow (respect) pre step (disturb) pre to be (to be somewhere) pre emnik (continuator) pre walking(temporary) | at give (add) at create (close) at bend over (bend over) at step (start) at to come (to come) at receptacle (device, apparatus) at walking (who comes) |
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IN uncertain And negative pronouns, as well as in negative adverbs under stress the prefix is written NOT-, no accent – NI: Not" what can I say - neither what "didn't do, didn't" at no one to ask at I didn’t ask who.
Task 5. Spelling suffixes.
Spelling N and NN in adjective suffixes (which one?)
| 1.If adj. formed using suffixes - ENN-, -HE N- (station he N oh, cranberries enne y) Excl..: wind en y (but: without wind enne y) | 1.If adj. formed using suffixes - AN-, - YANG-, - IN- (sand en oh, silver yang y) Excl..: glass Jann oh, tin Jann y, tree Jann th |
| 2.If adj. formed from noun. Withbasis on N (Oldn n oh - old man, karman n th - pocket, sheepn n y - sheepskin, weren n y - epic, really NN y) | 2.If adj. educated no suffixes (Yunoh, blushingnoh, sirnoh, come onnoh, rightnoh, greennoh, sinyay, ryanoh, drinkingnoh, crimsonny) |
| The road is long NN and interest n a (a short adjective contains as many Ns as a full adjective) |
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Spelling Н and НН in suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives. (Which? what's done?)
| NN (full participle) | |
| Participles have a prefixand (except for the prefix NOT) : With broken branch. Exceptions : sworn brother, imprisoned father, smart, dowry, ForgivenSunday. In participles formed from perfective verbs: solved problem. Exception:wounded. Dependent words:knitted girls gloves Presence of suffixes– ova- - - Eve-: ballova NNth child. Exceptions:forged, chewed. | Short Communion: work not completedenA. Verbal adjective (no prefix, no dependent word, imperfect form): knitted gloves, madly n oh wolf, vyale n oh vobla, smoother n gold trousers n y products, scrap n th line, puta n th answer, riva n oh wound, sowing n y herbs, washing n oh underwear . In combinationsironed trousers, patched and patched fur coat. Exceptions: sacredNNoh, I wishNNoh, no wayNNoh, bad luckNNoh, unseenNNoh, unheard ofNNoh, slow downNNoh, unexpectedlyNNoh, surpriseNNoh, readNNth |
N-, -NN- in adverbs ending with -O (-E) (How?)
In adverbs on - O And - e so much is written N, how many are in the adjectives and participles from which they are formed.
| N- derived from adj. With N | NN – formed from the verb. adj. With NN |
| miracles n
oh - miracles n
O | scattering NN
y - scattering NN
O |
N-, -NN- in nouns (who what?)
is written –НН- and –Н-, as in the adjective or participle from which they are formed:
Task 7. Word combination.
| Methods subordinating connection words |
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| coordination | control | adjacency |
| The dependent word is placed in the same form as the main word. Questions: which one? which? which? which? whose? whose? | The dependent word is placed with the main word in a certain indirect case with or without a preposition Questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? whom? What? by whom? how? (o) whom? (about what? | Dependent word - immutable word(adverb, gerund and NF verb) |
| ADJ. + NOUN | VERB + NOUN NOUN + NOUN ADJ. (ADV.) + NOUN | |
| dependent word can be expressed: adjective (difficult task) - difficult tasks), pronoun-adjective(our Friend - our friend), communion (advancing wave - oncoming wave), ordinal number (second entrance - second entrance) | dependent word can be expressed: noun (break vase - smashed vase, hit in the back - blow in the back, × crimson out of shame ), pronoun-noun (say to him) , cardinal number (divide by five ), | dependent word can be expressed: adverb (loud crying), N.F. verb(ready help ), × participle(work without ceasing ), comparative form of an adjective or adverb (boy older , come up closer ), unchangeable possessive pronouns (her girlfriend). |
Task 8. The grammatical basis of a sentence.
SUBJECT AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION
The subject can be expressed:
- noun in them P.: Fog turns silver.
- places in them P. : ALL tired.
- infinite(n.f. ch.): enemy destroy - big merit.
- whole phrase: Two drops splashed in face. My friend and I great together we live. One of us already been there in the museum.
- adj., prib. : Brave to victory strives. Future belongs people of honest work.
- adv.. : Light Tomorrow in our hands, friends!
- counts.: Five - My lovely number.
3. PREDICATE AND WAYS OF EXPRESSING IT
| Simple verbal predicate | Compound verb predicate |
| Expressed in one verb form: Unsown grains won't sprout (withdrawal n.); - I wolf would gnaw it out bureaucracy ( conditional n.); - Let it shine Sun (led. n.); - I I will sing (bud. complex); - He easily found mutual language (phraseolog., in which there is a conjugated verb form). | ( auxiliary verb or short adjective glad, ready, able, should, intends + infinitive) wished wanted I'll start + infinitive I'll continue I'll finish mustMonkey got it into my head work . |
| Compound nominal predicate |
|
| linking verb + - to be, become, do, appear, become, He is an engineer . - verbs of motion, states: Autumn it came rainy. | nominal part(noun, adj., number, place, short parable, adverb) - Greenery – is a song land. Sky was V smallclouds . - Youth Always selfless . Is it true lighter sun. All room amber shine illuminated. - Five plus five it will be ten . - Yes You who it? - To me sad. |
Types of one-part sentences
Main member - predicate
- Definitely personal : predicate - verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person singular. or more numbers of present or future tense; in led. tilt..
Waiting (waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting) news from you (I, we, you, you).
- Vaguely personal: predicate - verb in the form of the 3rd letter. plural present and bud. vr. and in plural form. past vr.
Knocking (knocking) in the door.
- Impersonal: with a predicate there is no subject.
It's getting dark.
| Two-Part Sentences | Impersonal offers | How is the predicate expressed in an impersonal sentence? |
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| It's getting light. | Impersonal verb |
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| (state of nature) | |||
| Nicesmells bird cherry. | Nicesmells bird cherry. (state of environment) | Personal verb in impersonal meaning |
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| I Not sleeping | To mecan't sleep. (human condition) | Reflexive verb in impersonal meaning |
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| Will storm! | Be thunderstorm! (inevitability) | N.F. verb |
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| Eat beast stronger cats. | Stronger than the cat of the beastNo. (lack of something) | There is no unchangeable verb form |
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| In the forestAll quiet | In the forestquiet. (state of nature) | State word |
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| I sad | To mesad | State word |
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| No smoking! | State word (necessary, possible, impossible, necessary+ N.F. verb) |
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Task No. 9. Isolation of minor members of the sentence.
Separating agreed definitions
Agreed Definitions (dependent word consistent with the mainr., h., p. ): before wooden house, at my sisters - agreement.
Separate Consensus Definitions are expressed :
1. Participial phrases or single participles:
A) Cloud, / tight-fitting half the sky / , gradually dissipated.
B)/ Excited / ( single ), He spoke for a long time.
2) Common and single adjectives:
A) Sky , / full of thunder / (a common adjective), everything trembled in the lightning.
B) This thought / simple and clear / (single adjective), did not give rest.
Separating inconsistent definitions
Inconsistent definitions - noun in R. p. with and without preposition and other case forms with various prepositions: branches (which ?) birch trees ; boat (what kind?) with sail ).
Segregation of applications
Application - definition, expressed by name noun, agreed upon with a defined word in case. The application gives a different name that characterizes the item.
Freezing-voivode goes around his possessions on patrol.
He came with son, / ten year old boy /, to the exhibition.
Pushkin, / great Russian poet / , born in Moscow.
Isolation of circumstances
Circumstances answer the following questions: Where? When? for what reason? for what purpose? How? etc.
Separate circumstances are expressed:
1. Participles
Participle- This
an uninflected form of a verb that answers questions doing what? what did you do? The gerunds signal are suffixes -I (A), -B, -lice(readI, careI, readV).
Single gerunds and participial phrases are almost always isolated.
The fire has long since burned out and, | raspa lice sit on the coals | , was fading .
2. Nouns with prepositions:
A) Nouns with prepositionsDESPITE, DESPITE:
/Despite the approaching storm / , shewent into the mountains.
B) Circumstances causes with prepositions thanks to, as a result of, in view of, for lack of, according to, by chance, by virtue of.
IN) Concessive circumstances with a pretext contrary to
D) Circumstances conditions with prepositions if present, if absent.
3. Clarifyingmembers(members of a sentence that clarify the previous member of the sentence and perform the same syntactic function as it.
Clarifying words on the letter separated by commas.
Examples:
In the basement (Where?), /under the shelves
/
(where exactly?), grandfather kept his tools.
ABOUTseparation of additions
Additions with prepositions: except, besides, instead of, excluding, apart from, over, along with, including.
* Except schoolchildren , parents participated in the evening.
10. Appeal - a word or combination of words that names the one to whom or what is being addressed.
A) This workVania , was terribly huge.
B) Neighbor, my light! Please eat.
IN) Oh heaven , blue above us! So this is the fate of your sons, O Rome, O great power.
G) Hello,Sun Yes fun morning!
Introductory words - these are words or a combination of words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he reports, points to sequence of thoughts, indicates to the source of the message.
| Basic groups of introductory words | Introductory words |
| Confidence | of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, certainly, without a doubt, indeed |
| Uncertainty | It seems, maybe, probably, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, apparently, apparently, in all likelihood, should be |
| Different feelings of the speaker regarding the message | fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to horror, unfortunately, to surprise, to chagrin |
| Message source | say, report, according to, in my opinion, in opinion, according to information, according to statement |
| Order of thoughts, sequence of presentation | so, therefore, firstly, finally, by the way, means, for example, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary |
| Method of formatting expressed thoughts | in a word, in general, in other words, so to speak, it is better to say |
| Appeal to attract attention to the message | do you see, understand, please, let's say, let's say |
Remember:
Introductory words are not parts of the sentence; they are separated in writing by commas.
Tasks No. 12,14Difficult sentence
| Union Means of communication: conjunctions, allied words, intonation | Bessoyuznoe Means of communication: intonation |
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| compound | complex |
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| Means of communication: intonation, coordinating conjunctions unions:and, or, a, but (coordinating conjunctions also connect homogeneous members offers) Parts of a sentence equal rights : [Ascended young month], And [All all around sank in a fantastic light]. | Means of communication: intonation, subordinating conjunctions, allied words (relative pronouns and adverbs) unions:what, what, if, when allied words:which, who, what, where, where, where, whence, how Parts of a sentence unequal : There is main part And dependent (clause) , from the main to the dependent part the question is asked , (conjunctive word) [I have a dream], ( What I sleep soundly). | Means of communication: intonation Parts of a sentence equal rights (often – formally equal) [Everybody knows] : [elephants are a curiosity among us]. |
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Complex sentence - is a sentence in which two or more simple clauses are connected by coordinating conjunctions ( and, a, yes, but, or).
[Breeze restless shuddered in dark trees], And[somewhere far away grumbledthunder]. , And .
(Coordinating conjunctions are located between simple sentences and do not refer to any part.)
[Comrades belonged hostile towards him], [ soldiers or loved truly]. ( Also, also, same occupy an unusual place: they are located inside the second part.)
Connecting
Coordinating Conjunctions
| |
| And, yes (= and), not only... but also, also, also, and... and, neither... nor, both... and |
| Separating |
| or, or... or, either, or... or, then... then, or... or, not that... not that |
| Nasty |
| A, yes (= but), But, but, however, however, same, only, not only... but also |
The difference between a compound sentence and a simple sentence.
North breathes by the wind of the night And sagebrush sways (simple sentence).
if parts of a complex sentence have common minor term or common clause :
There is no comma in a complex sentence with single conjunctions and, yes (meaning “and”), or, or V following cases:
| [In September forest less often] And[avian vote quiet]. When the sun rose , [the dew has dried]And[ the grass has turned green]. |
| if the parts of a complex sentence are motivating, interrogative or exclamation marks offers: Where will the meeting take place?And who is its chairman? How quiet it is aroundAnd how pure the starry sky! |
Between parts of a complex sentence is putdash, if the sentence contains a sharp contrast or indicates a rapid change of events, an unexpected result:
You put a stick on the water -And she will go with the flow.
She breathed in a little air -And smelled of the cold sea.
I'm hurrying there -A the whole city is already there.
Complex sentence. Types of subordinate clauses.
| Kinds subordinate clause, questions | Examples of connecting conjunctions and allied words | Example sentences |
| Definitive. | Conjunctive words: which, what, where, where, which, when, where, whose | Huge cloud (what?), which moving slowly across the sky, forced us to abandon our walk. She ran into the room (which one?), Where her whole life has passed. |
| Explanatory. Questions of indirect cases. | Unions: what, as if, in order, whether, as if not. Conjunctive words: when, where, how much, what, how | I know that?), What have to go. The boss asked (about what?), that’s it whether ready for the meeting. Gotta feel (what?) When we need to start talking. |
| Degree and mode of action. In what degree? How much? How? How? | Unions: that, that, as if, as if, as if, exactly. Conjunctive words: how, how much, how much | The work was done like this (how?) to then don't be ashamed. She was so smart (how smart?) to don't notice it. |
| Comparative. | Unions: as if, as if, as if, exactly, just like | He was calm (how?) How quiet water. Life has passed (how?), as if the arrow flew by. |
| Where? Where? Where? | Conjunctive words: where, where, where. | I arrived there (where?) Where I was referred. Everywhere is dear to me (where?), Where breathes freely. |
| Time. When? How long? Since when? How long? | Unions: when, while, barely, as soon as, while, since then, after | Bye tourists were preparing for hikes, they were studying the rules of conduct in the forest. (When?) |
| Goals. For what? For what purpose? | Unions: so that, in order to, then in order to, in order to. | I take a compass with me (why?), to don't get lost in the forest. |
| Causes. Why? From what? | Unions: for, because that, since, because, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, since | We agreed to go on Friday (why?), because wanted to arrive at the meeting on time. |
| Consequences. What happened as a result of it? | Union: So | It was light from the lanterns (as a result of what happened?), So we were able to read the ad |
| Conditions. Under what conditions? | Unions: when, if, if, if, once. | I am ready to meet with you (under what conditions?), If do not you mind. |
| Concessions. Despite what? | Unions: although, despite the fact that, let it be for nothing. Conjunctive words: no matter where, no matter how, no matter when, no matter how much, no matter what, no matter who. | I'm staying at home (no matter what?) Although good weather. |
Punctuation marks before the conjunction HOW
Comparative turnover :
A comma is placed
Her eyes sparkled, green, like gooseberries .
Introductory combination as usual, as always, as a rule :
On the way, as always, we stopped at a cafe.
Application with reasons. meaning :
You, like first love, The heart will not forget Russia!
There is a correlation in the sentence. words so, so, that, so :
The Lyceum gave Russia such people as Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig.
After this follows:
Trees, like people, have their own destiny.
Before comparative turnover there is Not or words completely, completely, almost , ...:
There is no comma
The newspaper did not come out as usual.
Turnover as part of the predicate :
There was a forest like a dream and snow like a dream.
Turnover = "as":
Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom.
With a double union, both... and...:
This topic is covered as in poetry, so in prose.
Punctuation marks in the non-union complex sentence .
Comma:
between parts of the relationship enumeration or simultaneity; a complex sentence can be divided into several simple ones . Greenstracks everything seems to be in the forestsmoking , fog everywhererises water bubblessits down on the leaves. The proposal consists of three parts.
The events are simply listed,
therefore between the parts it is placed
COMMA.
Semicolon:
Between the parts there is a relationship of enumeration or simultaneity, but parts are complicated(have separate members, homogeneous members, addresses, introductory words) or the parts are completely unrelated to each other. 1)Blackshadows and redglare moved on the ground, /replacing each other /; 2) They Thatwere deleted from the fire, thenwere approaching close to him.
Colon in a non-union complex sentence
(): cause(because)
Love a book: it will help you sort out the confusion of life.
(): explains (namely)
The picture changed: there was snow, the damp earth was smoking.
(): complements(What)
Suddenly I feel: someone is pulling me to the side.
(): in the first sentence the words are omitted:and saw, and heard, and felt:
Seryozhka looked around: the fire was engulfing the school more and more.
Dash in a non-union complex sentence
() - () (= and)
rapid change of events, unexpected result:
The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.
() - ()
(ah, but)
opposition
:
I have been serving for sixteen years - this has never happened to me.
time, action condition - () :
(when, if)
The forest is being cut down and the chips are flying.
() - result, output:
(therefore, so)
The smoky sun rises - it will be a hot day.
() - ()
(as if, as if, as)
comparison:
Says a word - the nightingale sings.
