The majority of household waste is packaging. Modern problems of science and education
Introduction
Human life is associated with the emergence of a huge amount of various waste. The sharp increase in consumption in recent decades has led to a significant increase in education household waste.
Waste, when disposed of uncontrolledly, clogs and litters the natural landscape around us and is a source of harmful chemical, biological and biochemical substances entering the natural environment. This poses a certain threat to the health and life of the population.
The solution to the problem of waste recycling costs last years of paramount importance.
In conditions of constant deterioration of the environmental situation, the need to ensure the maximum possible harmlessness increases. technological processes and safe waste disposal.
Basic definitions of solid waste
Definition, classification, composition of solid waste
Solid household waste (MSW, household garbage) are objects or goods that have lost their consumer properties. Solid waste is also divided into waste (biological waste) and household waste itself (non-biological waste of artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often referred to simply as garbage at the household level.
According to its morphological characteristics, solid waste currently consists of the following components:
Biological waste:
· Food and plant waste (slops, garbage)
Synthetic waste:
· Old tires
Pulp processing:
· Paper - newspapers, magazines, packaging materials
· Wood
Petroleum products:
· Plastics
· Textiles
Leather, rubber
Various metals (non-ferrous and ferrous)
Fractional composition of solid waste (mass content of components passing through sieves with cells different sizes) affects both the collection and transportation of waste and the technology for their subsequent processing and sorting. The composition of solid waste differs in different countries, cities. It depends on many factors, including the welfare of the population, climate and amenities. The composition of garbage is significantly influenced by the city’s collection system for glass containers, waste paper, etc. It may change depending on the season and weather conditions. Thus, in autumn there is an increase in the amount of food waste, which is associated with a greater consumption of vegetables and fruits in the diet. And in winter and spring, the content of fine screenings (street waste) is reduced. Over time, the composition of solid waste changes somewhat. The share of paper and polymer materials is increasing.
Amount of solid waste generation
waste recycling household environmental
Municipal solid waste makes up the majority of all consumer waste. Every year the amount of municipal solid waste worldwide increases by 3%. In the CIS countries, 100 million tons of solid household waste are generated per year. And almost half of this volume comes from Russia.
The greatest problem is posed by municipal solid waste - MSW, which accounts for about 8-10% of the total amount of waste generated. This is due to the complex composition of solid waste and distributed sources of its formation.
In Russia, the share of the urban population is 73%, which is slightly lower than the level of European countries. But, despite this, the concentration of solid waste in large Russian cities has now increased sharply, especially in cities with a population of 500 thousand people and above. The volume of waste is increasing, and the territorial possibilities for its disposal and processing are decreasing. Delivery of waste from the places of its generation to disposal points requires more and more time and money.
Currently, in most cases, waste is simply collected for disposal in landfills, which leads to the alienation of vacant areas in suburban areas and limits the use of urban areas for the construction of residential buildings. Also joint burial various types waste can lead to the formation of hazardous compounds.
According to Rosprirodnadzor, about 35-40 million tons of solid household waste are generated annually in Russia and almost all of this volume is disposed of in solid waste landfills, authorized and unsanctioned landfills, and only 4-5% is involved in recycling. This is primarily due to both the lack of the necessary infrastructure and the lack of processing enterprises themselves, of which there are only about 400 units throughout the country. You should also pay attention to the fact that the number of specially equipped places for waste disposal - solid waste landfills in the country as a whole is about one and a half thousand (1399), which is several times less than even the authorized landfills of which there are slightly more than 7 thousand (7153). And the number of unauthorized landfills, which should be regarded as past environmental damage already accumulated over the past decades, as of August of this year exceeds the indicated figure by 2.5 times and amounts to 17.5 thousand. All of these solid waste disposal facilities occupy an area of more than 150.0 thousand hectares.
Legislation in the field of solid waste
In accordance with the "Fundamentals public policy in the field of environmental development Russian Federation for the period until 2030”, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2012 No. Pr-1102, the main directions of waste management are the prevention and reduction of waste generation, the development of infrastructure for their neutralization and the phased introduction of a ban on the disposal of waste that has not been sorted and processed in order to ensure environmental safety during storage and disposal.
One of the main laws is “On Industrial and Consumption Waste” dated June 24, 1998 (with the latest amendments at the beginning of this year), which enshrines the basic principles of state policy in the field of waste management (except for radioactive waste), the procedure for determining ownership of them, as well as the basics of environmental control. In addition, this regulatory legal act places the organization of activities in the field of waste management within the competence of the authorities local government. This is also indicated by another Federal Law - No. 131 “On general principles organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation". Thus, the procedure for collecting solid waste, places for their sorting and disposal, sanitary standards and rules for landscaping are determined by local authorities.
A significant part of the regulatory framework regulating this area consists of laws such as: Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” (dated January 10, 2002), Federal Law “On the Protection of atmospheric air"(dated May 4, 1999), Federal Law "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" (dated March 30, 1999), Land Code of the Russian Federation and others.
As well as numerous methodological recommendations, SanPiNs, SPs and SNiPs (for example, SP 31-108-2002 “Garbage chutes for residential and public buildings and structures"; SanPiN 2.1.7.1322-03 " Hygienic requirements to the disposal and disposal of production and consumption waste”, etc.).
The current situation in the Russian Federation in the field of education, use, neutralization, storage and disposal of waste leads to dangerous environmental pollution, irrational use of natural resources, significant economic damage and poses a real threat to the health of current and future generations of the country.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is consumer waste generated as a result of household activities of the population. They consist of products and materials that are unsuitable for further use in everyday life.
This is waste that accumulates in housing, institutions, public enterprises (schools, entertainment and children's institutions, hotels, canteens, etc.).
Solid household waste taken into account by the accumulation rate includes waste generated in residential buildings, including waste from current repairs apartments, waste products of combustion in local heating devices, estimates, fallen leaves collected from courtyard areas and large household items.
The composition and volume of household waste is extremely varied and depends not only on the country and area, but also on the time of year and many other factors. The volumes of household waste for some countries are shown in the table. Paper and cardboard constitute the most significant part of solid waste (up to 40% in developed countries). The second largest category in Russia is the so-called organic, incl. food waste; metal, glass and plastic each account for 7-9% of the total waste. About 4% each comes from wood, textiles, rubber, etc. The amount of municipal waste in Russia is increasing, and its composition, especially in large cities, is approaching the composition of solid waste in Western countries with a relatively large share of paper waste and plastic.
The modern period of production development is characterized by an increasing volume and variety of final and intermediate products, an increase in the volume of natural resources involved in production activities, and an increase in the quantity and variety of waste discharged into the environment.
The volume of mineral extraction in our country practically doubles every 10 years, but at the same time no more than 5% of the extracted raw materials goes into finished products, while the overall coefficient of human economic activity is 1-2%. The rest of the mass - 95% - returns to the natural environment in the form of waste, polluting it.
In Russia alone, 4.5 billion tons of production and consumption waste are stored annually on the surface of the earth. The total amount of accumulated waste is 50 billion tons, and more than 250 thousand hectares of land are occupied for storage.
Toxic waste, which can contain toxic and harmful substances tens and hundreds of times more than permissible standards, poses a great threat to the environment and human health. According to academician B.N. Laskorin, their number in industrialized countries already in 1995 exceeded 30 billion tons by absolutely dry weight. In the Russian Federation, 76 million tons of hazardous industrial waste are generated annually.
All this confirms the conclusions of scientists that the main reason for the negative impact on the environment is not so much the growth of production, but the lack of comprehensive processing of minerals, as well as waste disposal.
The system of waste removal and recycling has developed differently in different countries. The level of this system was determined by the level of household and
technological culture.
For a long period, pollution of the natural environment by household and industrial waste was local in nature. The natural dispersion and chemical decomposition of waste was sufficient for natural systems to be completely freed of pollutants as a result of self-purification processes.
Until the 70s of this century, due to the lack of effective means of recycling industrial waste, methods of storing them in city landfills along with household waste or in specialized landfills that had a primitive arrangement were widespread, which causes environmental pollution.
The problem of increasing the use of industrial waste lies not only in its negative impact on the environment, but also in its potential value as a possible raw material.
To determine the efficiency of waste disposal and the capital investments required for this in order to plan their integrated use, the classification of solid waste is of particular importance.
Solid waste includes lump-like, dusty, pasty waste generated during production and consumption, as well as waste collected by treatment facilities during emissions into the atmosphere and discharges into water bodies. This also includes liquid waste that is prohibited from being accepted into the sewerage network and treatment plants.
Generalization and analysis of literature data show that currently the classification of industrial waste is based on their systematization by industry. Each industry has its own classification of waste, which creates difficulties for its integrated management.
For practical purposes, waste classification is most often used according to the place of its generation, while distinguishing waste and secondary resources. Since waste is generated as a result of production activities and during consumption, they are accordingly divided into production and consumption waste.
Industrial waste is the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, chemical compounds formed during the production of products or performance of work and which have lost completely or partially their original properties.
Consumer waste is products and materials that have lost, in whole or in part, their consumer properties as a result of physical or moral wear and tear and human activity.
Among classification characteristics The degree of impact of waste on the environment is important. Harmful (toxic) waste includes waste that has a harmful effect on the environment, polluting, poisoning and destroying it, creating a danger for living organisms.
Toxic waste is waste containing or contaminated with materials of such a nature, in such quantities or in such concentrations that they pose a hazard to human health and the natural environment.
According to GOST 12.1.0007-76 "Harmful substances. Classification and General requirements safety", all toxic waste is divided into four hazard classes.
The presence of mercury, potassium chromate, antimony trichloride, benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic oxide and other highly toxic substances in waste allows us to classify it as the first hazard class.
The presence of copper chloride, nickel chloride, lead nitrate and other toxic substances in the waste gives grounds to classify these wastes as the second hazard class.
The presence of copper sulfate, lead oxide, carbon tetrachloride and other substances in waste allows us to classify it as the third hazard class.
The presence of manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, and zinc chloride in waste gives grounds to classify them as the fourth hazard class.
Production and consumption waste, if possible, can be divided, on the one hand, into secondary material resources that are already being processed or the processing of which is planned, and, on the other hand, into waste that is not at this stage economic development is impractical to process and which inevitably form irrecoverable losses.
Secondary material resources are production and consumption waste that can currently be used in the national economy.
Secondary material resources are classified according to two criteria: source of formation and direction of use. Wastes characterized by similar physicochemical properties, making it possible to use them in the same directions, can be classified into main types (groups). For example, the group “Waste of plastics and polymers” includes nylon, caprolactam, lavsan, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene film, polypropylene, polystyrene, artificial leather waste. The Wood Waste group combines waste from wood harvesting and processing (boughs, branches, stumps, roots, bark, sawdust, shavings, trimmings).
Enlarged classification of secondary material resources divides waste into 28 groups, which provides data for the development and organizational and methodological measures to involve them in the sphere of material production.
Among consumer waste, as a rule, housing and communal waste is distinguished, where a significant part is made up of household solid waste (MSW).
Solid waste includes waste from household activities (cooking, cleaning and repairing apartments), including waste from local heating devices, large household items, packaging, waste, and fallen leaves.
Solid waste is generated in residential buildings, institutions, organizations, public enterprises (food, trade, utilities, consumer services, culture, sports, recreation, hotels, train stations, marinas, educational establishments), in places of public recreation, on the streets and courtyards.
Any classification of waste, no matter what the criteria, must provide the data necessary for the development of organizational and technical measures to reduce the amount of waste and its disposal.
Currently, more than 20 methods for neutralizing and processing municipal solid waste (MSW) are known in the world. According to the final goal, they are divided into liquidation and recycling, according to the technological principle into biological, chemical, thermal and mechanical. The main trends in the liquidation and processing of solid waste are: storage in landfills and landfills - 66%, incineration - 30%, composting - 3%, chemical methods - 1%.
The following factors influence the total accumulation of solid waste:
· degree of improvement of buildings/presence of garbage chutes, heating systems, thermal energy for cooking, water supply and sewerage);
· network development Catering and household services;
· level of production of consumer goods and trade culture;
· level of coverage of communal cleaning of cultural, everyday and public organizations;
· climatic conditions.
According to the latest data, solid waste production fluctuates between 0.5 and 1.2 kilograms per person per day.
Currently, the most common method of solid waste disposal is landfills. However, this simple method comes with the following problems:
Excessively rapid overflow of existing landfills due to the large volume and low density of disposed waste. Without pre-compaction, the average density of solid waste is 200-220 kg/m3, which reaches only 450-500 kg/m3 after compaction using garbage trucks.
Negative factors for the environment: contamination of groundwater with leachable products, the release of an unpleasant odor, waste scattering by wind, spontaneous combustion of landfills, uncontrolled methane formation and unaesthetic appearance are only part of the problems that concern environmentalists and cause serious objections from local authorities.
Lack of areas suitable for placing landfills at a convenient distance from large cities. The expansion of cities is pushing landfills to ever greater distances. This factor, combined with rising land prices, increases the cost of transporting solid waste.
Inability to eliminate polygons. Despite the use of the most modern technologies, our society will always need to use them to destroy non-transformable fractions: ash, tires, scrap metal, construction waste.
Most of us buy drinks in plastic bottles. Some more often, some less often. But few people hand over these bottles to special collection points. And some people, including officials dealing with the problem of waste, are confident that processing such raw materials in Russia is a matter of the distant future.
The majority of household waste consists of used packaging, including plastic bottles. We went to the first Russian plant for processing plastic bottles, Plarus, and found out how old packaging is converted into raw materials for new ones.
"Plarus" is the first Russian plant that operates using bottle-to-bottle technology. Recycled plastic is no different in quality from what comes to the enterprise. The finished raw materials are used to produce new plastic bottles.
Plastic bottles made from polyethylene terephthalate or PET. Statistically, it is the most recycled plastic in the world. The bottle recycling process includes three stages, for which three workshops are responsible at the plant.
Collection of raw materials
Raw materials are purchased from landfills, waste sorting plants and private collections. Purchase price: 25 rubles per kilogram. In one hour, the plant processes 1,200 kilograms of plastic bottles.
Processing is a seasonal process. From May to September the number of used PET bottles increases due to natural reasons.
Sorting
The most labor-intensive process is sorting plastic by color. Plastic bottles fall into a drum, where dirt is beaten off and ferrous metals are separated. The computer then determines the color of the bottle and sends it to the appropriate bin.
There are only four colors: natural, blue, brown and green. After processing, you will get plastic of these colors. This is why recycled plastic is in great demand among packaging manufacturers: the raw materials are already colored and there is no need to spend money on expensive dye.
The dirtier the container, the more difficult it is to determine its color, so one bottle can go through the sorting stage several times. The plastic is then pressed into cubes weighing 200 kilograms each and sent to the second workshop.
Washing
In the second workshop, the cube is broken, the bottle again passes through the metal detector and ends up in a washer with cold water, where dirt and sand are washed off.
In a washer with hot water the label comes off. Already clean bottles fall onto the conveyor belt and are checked manually.
The flakes accumulate in the intermediate silo before the next wash. The process is reminiscent of laundry: the flakes are washed with lye and detergent, rinse twice, wring out. Bottle caps float and end up in another container because it separate species plastic, which after processing is purchased by manufacturers of household goods.
The flakes undergo final sorting: the computer selects rejected flakes of a different color.
Granulation
In the third workshop, the flakes are cut in a grinder. Dust is completely sifted out mechanically, so workers do without respirators. Flex melts at a temperature of 280 degrees, harmful substances and large elements are drawn out of the molten material. Then a special machine (die) extrudes thin plastic threads (strands).
They are cooled and cut into transparent granules.
The granulate ends up in a 50-meter tower, where under the influence of nitrogen and high temperature the plastic becomes cloudy and gains mass and viscosity.
The product spends 16 hours in the tower, is cooled and packaged.
The finished product is packaged in bags, then the granules are sent to customers.
MSW - Municipal Solid Waste.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is goods that have lost their consumer properties, the largest part consumer waste or just garbage. The amount of garbage is growing by 3% annually. In the CIS alone, the amount of solid waste is about 100 million tons/year, with Russia accounting for more than a quarter of this volume. The problem of solid waste is especially acute in megacities. There is a science to study methods of recycling solid waste - Garbology. Grarbology examines each method of disposal in order to study the harm to the Environment. Studying the properties of solid waste is associated with significant difficulties due to the large number of constituent components. This number varies depending on climatic conditions, time of year, terrain features, etc. At the same time, the morphological composition of solid waste varies significantly from year to year. This is connected, of course, with the socio-economic situation of the population, etc. In the autumn-winter period, the content of food waste exceeds the average value.
Composition of solid waste
The following components currently predominate in solid waste:
- Paper - newspapers, magazines, cardboard, packaging materials
- Plastics
- Food and vegetable waste
- Various metals (non-ferrous and ferrous)
- Glass
- Textile
- Wood, leaf
- Rubber
Impact on wildlife
Household waste dumps serve as a source of food for synanthropic species - carriers of infection, primarily rats. Jars, bottles and other containers with organic residues can act as traps for wild animals and insects.
Technologies for burial, processing and disposal of waste
Separate collection of different categories of solid waste
Separate collection of different categories of waste determines the efficiency and cost of recycling individual components. The most inconvenient waste for disposal is mixed waste containing a mixture of biodegradable wet food waste, plastics, metals, glass and other components.
Burial
The cheapest way to get rid of waste is to bury it. This method goes back to the simplest way - throwing something out of the house, into a landfill.
History has shown that simply throwing out unusable items from the house cannot solve the problem. In the 20th century, we had to move from the spontaneous creation of landfills to the design and implementation of special engineering facilities and landfills for disposal of household waste. The project provides for minimization of damage environment, strict compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements.
Burning
The most common method of solid waste disposal is incineration followed by disposal of the resulting ash in a special landfill. The method has serious disadvantages, such as the formation of highly toxic chemical compounds, such as dioxins and furans. To neutralize them, a special temperature jump is required, the so-called “afterburning” (a sharp decrease in temperature by 700-800 degrees). There are quite a few technologies for burning waste - chamber, layer, fluidized bed. Garbage can be burned mixed with natural fuel. The most dangerous from an environmental point of view is low-temperature combustion in boilers
Recycling industrial and consumer waste is one of the most significant problems in modern world. It is also very relevant for Russia. With a clearly growing interest in the problem of recycling household waste, a unified, systematized terminology on this issue has not yet been developed, a methodology for research and assessment of household solid waste (MSW) has not been formed, there is no generally accepted classification of household resources, the structure of the relationship “waste - resources - raw materials” suffers from gaps, and the very concept of “anthropogenic raw materials” is interpreted ambiguously. In view of the obvious relevance of many of the outlined problems, we will try to understand at least some of them. The article discusses the structure and composition of municipal solid waste. Characteristics are given and differences between concepts such as “waste” / “resources” / “raw materials” are identified. An analysis of the relationships between these concepts is carried out. The concepts of anthropogenic resources and anthropogenic raw materials are clarified separately. A classification of anthropogenic household resources is given, built on the basis of systematized characteristics that reflect the effectiveness of their use as raw materials.
municipal solid waste
structure of solid waste
anthropogenic resources
anthropogenic raw materials
1. Bryantseva O.S. Development of methodological tools for assessing the efficiency of using technogenic metallurgical raw materials / Abstract of the dissertation for academic competition. Ph.D. degrees econ. Sciences, Ekaterinburg – 2012.
2. Scientific research center on problems of resource conservation and waste management. URL: http://www.fgunitspuro.ru
3. Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedovat N.Yu. Dictionary Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Cultural Foundation. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional – M.: AZ, 1994.
5. Churkin N.P. Formation of the waste processing industry and its legislative support / N.P. Churkin, V.V. Zhukov // Ecological Bulletin of Russia. – 2012. - No. 6.
Recycling industrial and consumer waste is one of the most significant problems in the modern world. It is also very relevant for Russia. The scale and rate of waste generation in the Russian Federation are impressive: from 3.9 billion tons in 2007, their amount increased to 5.0 billion tons in 2012. The total volume of accumulated non-recycled waste is estimated at approximately 90 billion tons. In our country, waste, landfills, and burials of highly toxic and toxic substances cause enormous environmental damage. There are about 12 thousand landfills and landfills on the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the average level of waste use for economic purposes is no more than 36%, the average level of recycling industrial waste is about 35%, household solids - 3-4% .
The cycle of appearance and life of garbage looks like this. First, an item that has value is made in a factory, and the product is sold to the buyer. The consumer uses the product and throws it away when the value of the product to the buyer becomes zero. Garbage falls from the trash can into trash can. Then it is taken out of the city on garbage trucks and loaded onto landfills outside the city. And there the garbage lives out its life. Thus, from the point of view of our planet trash doesn't go away, it simply moves from factories and households to landfills. An alternative to burial, which does not generate any income, is recycling of household waste, recycling.
Purpose of the study
With clearly growing interest in the problem processing household waste unified systematized terminology has not yet been developed on this issue, methodology for research and assessment of municipal solid waste (MSW) not formed generally accepted classification of household resources absent , structure of relationships “waste - resources - raw materials” suffers from spaces , and the very concept of “anthropogenic raw materials” is interpreted ambiguously . In view of the obvious relevance of many of the outlined problems, we will try to understand at least some of them.
1. Structure of municipal solid waste (MSW)
All Products produced in the country almost completely fall into the category waste after its use by consumers both in the sphere of production and services, and in the process of final consumption. A significant amount of waste is generated in wastewater treatment plants, both in the manufacturing and utility sectors of the economy.
Globally all waste are divided into 2 types - waste production And household consumption. The second type includes municipal solid waste (MSW) - object of further study. This includes packaging waste, worn-out clothing and shoes, used batteries, galvanic cells and fluorescent lamps, as well as furniture, household appliances and Appliances, motor vehicles, electrical and radio equipment, waste oils and process fluids, etc.
The country annually produces (according to the estimates of the Federal State Institution NITsPURO):
- waste industrial production - 3 billion tons; more than 90% of industrial waste arises during the extraction and processing of minerals;
- pig manure and poultry litter (humidity 95-97%) - 100 million tons;
- construction waste, including demolition waste and littered soil - 100 million tons;
- municipal solid waste (MSW)- 40 million tons.
Special mention should be made waste from medical institutions, which make up a seemingly insignificant share in the structure of solid waste - only about 2%. However, this group of waste dangerous epidemiologically, since, in addition to toxic chemicals, they contain pathogenic bacteria and viruses, including tuberculosis, plague, anthrax, hepatitis, helminth eggs, and radioactive substances. The amount of hazardous and especially hazardous medical waste in Russia is about 1 million tons per year. In Moscow alone, about 100 thousand tons of them are formed annually. Moreover, if over the past 10-15 years their number has increased by 3-4% per year, then currently there is a tendency towards their more intensive growth. However, the system for their collection, removal, processing and disposal is currently far from perfect.
Compound urban Solid waste (according to studies conducted in the USA) is approximately as follows (in%):
- paper (including cardboard, Tetrapak packaging, toilet waste) - 41;
- Food (organic) waste - 21;
- glass (including bottles) - 12;
- iron and its alloys (iron cans, batteries) - 10;
- plastics (thin and thick plastic) - 5;
- wood - 5;
- rubber and leather - 3;
- textiles (fabric) - 2;
- aluminum and other metals - 1.3.
As seen, home (household) garbage is very diverse in its composition. The majority of household waste (about 40-60%) consists of polymers and plastics, which practically do not decompose. But many wastes can also be used for recycling. This applies to almost all types of solid waste, except organic (food) waste.
2. The relationship between the concepts of “waste”, “resources” and “raw materials”
Understanding and conducting economic assessments of various types of raw materials is complicated by the existing fragmentation of terms, which predetermines the need clarification of terminology in this area of environmental management.
In studies devoted to the processing of secondary raw materials, the terms “ raw materials”, “resources”, “waste”. However, the issue of differentiating these concepts is not fully covered in the literature. Often this or that concept is used only in context, which requires focusing attention on this issue and research carried out systematically and logically.
The concepts of “resources” and “raw materials” are far from equivalent. Indeed, forest resources(for example, a forest) is difficult to perceive as raw materials: This concept corresponds to the term “ wood". At the same time, the existing classification raw materials far from perfect. Primary raw materials, used in various industries, most often - natural, obtained as a result of the development of deposits (minerals) or the processing of natural resources: forest, water, furs, etc. However, as far as recycled materials, you need to be more precise.
Recycled raw materials usually divided into man-made And hard household waste (MSW). However, even semantically such a division is imperfect, since raw materials And waste- unequal concepts.
In dictionaries the concept resources defined as " available supplies, funds that are used if necessary", and the concept raw materials means " mined or produced material, designed for further industrial processing and production of the finished product.” Thus, resources are potential raw materials, and resources become raw materials if a series of conditions relating to the efficiency of their processing.
The essential difference between these two concepts entails a difference in their classifications. In economic research in the field of environmental management resources usually divided into natural And man-made(i.e. created by human activity).
Technogenic resources are most general concept , denoting the theoretically possible volume and raw materials potential industrial waste , which can be used for processing in industrial quantities.
Usually technogenic raw materials defined as part technogenic resources, obtained from waste industrial production. Human participation here is indirect. The main character is manufacturing enterprise one or another product. This definition is quite consistent with generally accepted ideas.
Thus, the chain “industrial waste” - “technogenic resources” - “technogenic raw materials” looks quite logical, which cannot be said about the solid waste chain. Therefore, in order to replenish and improve the classification of resources, we further introduce the concepts of “anthropogenic resources” and “anthropogenic raw materials” (Fig. 1).
Anthropogenic resources - that Part solid household waste, which satisfies a number of criteria , allowing their use as secondary anthropogenic raw materials. This waste is produced by the population (Human) as a result of its vital activity, carried out in the natural environment and households (not in production). The source of anthropogenic resources is Not all solid waste, but only approximately 80% of its composition (with the exception of food waste) (see Fig. 1).
The analysis of economic studies devoted to the issues of involving household waste in recycling allowed us to formulate the following characteristics anthropogenic resources , influencing the feasibility of their use:
1) concentration in areas where large cities are located;
2) deterioration of the environmental situation in areas where anthropogenic resources are located, increasing over time;
3) complex multicomponent complex composition anthropogenic resources, due to the specifics of household consumption;
4) the uniqueness of each type of anthropogenic resource separately, which necessitates special research into the composition and development of specific processing technology;
5) accumulation of valuable components in anthropogenic resources, of interest as raw materials for various industries;
6) low level of use of anthropogenic resources in the presence of already developed technologies.
It is advisable to take into account the identified features when assessing efficiency of use of anthropogenic raw materials.
So, under anthropogenic raw materials is understood that part of anthropogenic resources, which corresponds to the definition edlenn th technical requirements or quality standards requirements for secondary raw materials, and the use of which in recycling technologically feasible and cost effective.
The described differences in terms and their relationships are reflected in the diagram in Figure 1.
Rice. 1. Scheme for the formation of secondary raw materials based on anthropogenic and technogenic resources
3. Classification of anthropogenic resources
For efficient development and use of resources, development practical recommendations in this area, it is necessary to group anthropogenic resources based on identifying a number of basic classification characteristics according to technical, chemical, environmental and other characteristics. Systematization of anthropogenic resources is also important to ensure the necessary and sufficient degree of accuracy in the economic assessment of the feasibility of their use.
However, an analysis of existing classifications of household waste showed that there are no classification signs signs reflecting the efficiency of their processing . In this regard, it is of practical interest to identify classification features that reflect their resource value as raw materials, highlighting the benefits and economic efficiency its use. Classification will allow us to identify the most profitable sources of anthropogenic raw materials.
It is logical to assume that value of anthropogenic (domestic) resources determined by the possibility of their direct use for processing. In accordance with this premise and the scheme shown in Figure 1, where an anthropogenic resource serves as a source of anthropogenic raw materials, it is proposed (by analogy with the characteristics highlighted in for man-made resources) use the following classification characteristics:
1) scale of resource formation: volumes of accumulation of resources identical in technological characteristics;
2)its demand: level of market demand for the resource;
3)technical identity: technical capabilities of using the resource within the existing production capacities;
4) complexity of use: possible degree of use everyone useful components of the resource;
5) profitability of use: the ratio of profit to the cost of production obtained from using the resource;
6) environmental and economic efficiency use of anthropogenic raw materials: the ratio of the total environmental and economic effect from the use of an anthropogenic resource to the corresponding costs of preparing it for use.
Table 1
Classification of anthropogenic resources reflecting their value as raw materials
|
Sign |
Types of resources |
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Scale resource formation |
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Demand |
|
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Technical identity |
|
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Complexity of use |
|
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Profitability of use |
|
|
Environmental and economic efficiency of use |
|
