All grammatical errors in the Russian language table. Typical errors in the Russian language: grammatical, speech and spelling

grammatical error– this is a violation of the norms of word formation, inflection, construction of phrases and sentences.

grammatical error

I . Grammatical errors in word structure may be associated with incorrect word formation and morphology.

1) Errors in word formation are the incorrect formation of a word according to the models available in the language, when the writer or speaker uses the wrong suffix or the wrong prefix, “loses” a morpheme, invents words that do not exist in the language and does not motivate this in any way: fawns, mocks, slipped

2) Errors in the formation of word forms appear when the speaker or writer changes the word in a way that is not typical for him. Each part of speech has its own difficult cases of formation. Let's look at examples of errors.

a) Noun: form formation plural (engineer, contract); forms R.p. plural (hollows, bottoms, socks, stockings).

b) Adjective: formation of the form of degrees of comparison ( more impressive, deepest).

c) Pronouns: formation of possessive pronoun forms their(theirs, theirs); the use of the initial letter “n” in 3rd person pronouns ( thanks to him, instead of her).

d) Numeral name: declension of cardinal numerals ( with five hundred and sixty-seven subjects); Declension of ordinal numbers ( in two thousand eight); use of collective numerals ( two participants, both functions).

e) Verbs: use of colloquial forms ( measures, pinches); formation of forms of 1st person ( I'll win, I'll vacuum); formation of participles ( sleeping, eating).

II. Grammatical errors in the structure of the phrase.

a) Violation of approval norms: Described the types of essays used in Russian language lessons.

b) Violation of management norms, that is, placing the dependent word in a different case ( laughs at me, head of the department, I missed you), incorrect use of prepositions when forming the case form of a dependent word ( pay for participation in the conference).

III.Grammatical errors in sentence structure.

1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate ( Those whoresearched verbal aggression, came to the conclusion...; The relationship between the theme and the main idea of ​​the text becomes obvious to me.).

2) Violations of the way of expressing the predicate ( I found a quote in the article thatfriend ).

3) Errors in sentence construction with homogeneous members: the use of a common object with homogeneous predicates when they require different cases of the dependent word ( We love and are passionate about psychology); use as a homogeneous phrase and subordinate clause ( This was an article written by I. Brandt and which I studied).

4) Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrase (The data presented in the article...).

5) Errors in constructing sentences with adverbial verbs ( After reading the text, it seems to me that...; After studying the statistics, the conclusions have changed).

6) Errors in construction complex sentence (The research data is reflected in the publications that he received during many years of practice).

7) Errors in transmitting someone else’s speech ( Academician L. Shcherba wrote that: “Replicas are absolutely not characterized by complex sentences, which are the domain of only a monologue»).

8) Violation of word order in a sentence ( He not only studied written speech, but also oral).

Speech error– this is the incorrect use of a linguistic unit: a word, phraseological unit, phrase. Such errors are associated with a poor or passive vocabulary, the inability to choose the right word to express a thought, the use of speech cliches, and the inability to eliminate the possibility of ambiguous understanding of a phrase due to the context.

Types of grammatical errors

1.

• Prepositions according to, contrary to, thanks to, contrary to used with D. p. (not R. p.)

ERROR: according to schedule I , contrary to the order A

• Misuse case form of a noun with a preposition

• Remember the mistakes

Upon arrival, upon departure, upon departure

Upon completion, upon return, upon completion

NORMAL: upon arrival, upon arrival

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• The preposition software can be used from places. 1 and 2 l. in pp.

NORMA: I miss us, you.

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Omitting a preposition.

On water, land and air- we are everywhere

protected. (in the air)

• The meaning of the preposition.

Thanks to We stayed at home due to bad weather.

(as a result, due to)

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Management can be prepositional (belief in victory) and non-prepositional (slow down progress).

Error occurs when choosing incorrectly

case or preposition.

ERROR: peculiar to us,

confidence in victory, the problem of security.

• 2.

• Errors in sentences, the subordinate part of which begins with the conjunction words WHO, NOBODY.

WHO AND NOBODY is used with singular verbs.

Those, who have been to the city, could not help but admire

Those who has been to the city, couldn't help but admire

by sea.

• Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• The predicate must be in the plural if it is expressed by adj. or par.

ERROR: A number of scenes in the play are true and

interesting.

• Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• The predicate must be plural if the subject contains 2,3,4

ERROR: Three books are on the table.

• Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• The predicate coming after homogeneous subjects must be in the plural.

ERROR: Industry and agriculture is developing steadily.

• Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• If collected noun. does not have controlled words, then the predicate must be in the singular.

• 3. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

• The names of works, paintings, films, enclosed in quotation marks, do not change if there is a noun next to them. – genre designation.

ERROR: In the movie "War and Peace"

S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

• If adverbial noun is missing, the proper name is changed.

ERROR: In “War and Peace” S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• 4.

• If homogeneous predicates have one dependent word, you need to check whether they can control it.

ERROR: During the war, people hoped and

believed in victory.

(hoped to win)

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of the homogeneity of concepts.

The mountainside we were descending, covered with thick ferns, was very steep.

He remembered the taiga and how he hunted a bear.

I love football and swimming.

His conclusions are simple and clear.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Double conjunctions cannot be changed.

ERROR: They answered well as young men, but

also girls.

• It is necessary to check the place of homogeneous members in double unions.

ERROR: I not only read newspapers, but also magazines.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• You cannot mix generic and specific concepts or combine incompatible ones.

There were crucian carp, carp and fish in the boat.

He came with his wife and a bad mood.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of case forms of a generalizing word and one-word terms

ERROR: The meeting was attended by representatives of three countries: England, France, Italy.

• 5.

• A gerund phrase cannot be used if the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the gerund refer to different persons.

ERROR: Using a calculator, the calculation is done quickly.

• Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

• The adverbial phrase cannot be used in an impersonal sentence

ERROR: Walking in the evening, I didn’t feel well.

• Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

• The adverbial phrase cannot be used in a sentence with a passive construction.

ERROR: Having delivered the necessary medications, the plane will be inspected by technicians.

• Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

• An error occurs when the aspectual form of the verb and the gerund are not correlated.

ERROR: Meeting with the grandmaster, the young chess player won.

• 6.

• Breakup of the proverb by the defined word.

ERROR: Mom's pancakes were delicious.

• Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

• Violation of agreement with a defined word.

ERROR: We are proud of the players who defeated the English team.

• Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

• Replacing passive participles with active ones.

ERROR: The task we are performing does not cause any difficulties.

• You cannot use 1st and 2nd person pronouns in the subordinate clause.
• ERROR: The student said I'm not ready yet.

• Incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

• Redundancy of unions

ERROR: He was constantly asked if he would complete the work he started.

He asked where his things were.

• In the story “The Jumper,” Chekhov condemns idleness.
• He loved and was passionate about reading.
• Great care needs to be taken towards children.
• My desk neighbor asked who would go to football with me.
• came to our city and admired its provincial simplicity.
• The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.
• Having rested a little, the work began to be completed faster.

Check yourself I

1. In the story “The Jumper,” Chekhov condemns idleness.

violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

2. He loved and was passionate about reading.

error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

3. Great care must be taken towards children.

incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

4. My desk neighbor asked who would go to football with me.

incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

5. Whoever came to our city admired its provincial simplicity.

disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

6. The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.

violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

7. Having rested a little, the work began to be completed faster.

violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

Grammar errors Even literate people do it. It is easy to notice that some rules of Russian do not cause difficulties, while others regularly trip up the majority. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and peculiarities of application that their presentation takes up an entire page - it seems that it is impossible to learn them without being an academician.

Let's look at the most typical mistakes in the Russian language, made not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.

What is considered a grammatical error?

A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Grammar refers to any errors related to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is ​​used), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence

It is necessary to distinguish grammatical errors from spelling or speech errors.

The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:

1. Many people are accustomed to highlighting “however” with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as an error. More attentive people will notice that a comma after “however” is considered an error only when it appears at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to “still”, “nevertheless”, and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory and must be separated by commas. If it means “but”, as, for example, in the sentence “However, she did not understand him” (= “But she did not understand him”), then there is no need to put a comma.

2. There is often confusion with the dash and colon signs. Many, faced with a missing conjunction, intuitively understand that they need to use a more “solid” sign than a comma. But which one exactly? The rule is actually quite simple. You need to choose the most suitable words to replace the missing conjunction.

If words such as “what”, “namely” are suitable in meaning, then you need to put a colon. A colon is also placed if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.

I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet pipe was playing.

He was a complex person (namely): hot-tempered, bilious, gloomy.

I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.

I see: a barge is floating, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and the very next second he waves his hand at me.

If you can insert words such as “a”, “but”, “and”, “as if”, “it”, “therefore”, “as if”, then you need to use a dash.

He took a wide step - his pants tore.

Across the sea, the heifer (this) is half a piece, and carries a ruble.

The wind blew - (therefore) the old forest groaned and creaked.

A dash is also used when the words “if” or “when” can be added at the beginning of a sentence.

(When) I thought about Grisha - he was right there.

(If) I get a fee, we’ll go to sea!

Grammatical errors related to morphology

Difficulties arise with the “nn” in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, and wood); it is especially difficult to deal with the double “n” in adverbs. And also many people are confused by the use of particles not/nor. Quite a few educated people, unbeknownst to themselves, make mistakes in management. Which is correct, “control for” or “control over”? Confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:

• quality control;
• control over the execution of orders;
• water level control.

Which option is correct? All. This or that type of control in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, “control over” is used before verbal nouns (perform - execution). There are other subtleties.

This article does not cover all common grammatical errors. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope we have been able to demonstrate that learning the secrets native language- it’s a fascinating thing, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with the rule is enough to realize all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you noticed the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the headings “examples”.

1. One of the facts of the biography of A.P. Chekhov, which recently became known, was the construction of four

rural schools.

2. Andryushin remained on the terrace for a long time, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden.

3. Everyone really liked the illustrations for the stories sent to the competition.

4. V.G. Belinsky wrote about 20 articles and reviews specifically dedicated to the work of N.V. Gogol.

5. Some students of preparatory courses attend film lectures interested in gaining knowledge.

6. In " Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language" V.I. Dahl contains more than 80 thousand words that have not been previously written down.

7. Schoolchildren from our village willingly helped a group of archaeologists who came from Novgorod.

8. To the right of the steering wheel there was a compass with a circle of indicator covered with cracked and partly peeled off enamel, dotted with numerous divisions.

9. In these wonderful books, dedicated to the most interesting events and facts in a person’s life, you will find the answers

to many questions that interest you.

10. At the end of the 18th century, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that laid eggs and incubated them: it was the platypus.

11. The page of the passport containing encoded information about its owner will be filled out using laser engraving.

12. I read this work by Vasil Bykov in the summer, dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.

13. One of the wonders on the Kuril ridge, which attracts tourists from all over the world, is connected

with volcanoes.

14. The girl who sat by the window and who sang well was remembered by everyone.

15. Among the houses built on this street there were several multi-story ones.

16. The football player who played in attack and who scored two goals was a student famous trainer.

17. One of the independent types of art that has existed since the end of the 15th century is graphics.

18. One of the main features that characterize Natasha Rostova is honesty in relationships with people.

19. A good speaker, having carefully prepared for the speech, has a figurative, emotional and at the same time logical speech.

20. The city has created a special commission for urban planning, coordinating the work of all construction companies.

21. In autumn, ears of wheat wait for that hour, heavy with ripened grains, when combine harvesters appear in the field.

22. The Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was established by Peter I in 1698, issued only in rare, exceptional cases.

23. F.I. Tyutchev wrote his first poem at the age of eleven, which became the largest representative of Russian philosophical poetry.

24. The main source of energy for every living creature inhabiting our planet is the energy of the sun.

25. Nowadays, the volume of information transmitted over global trunk communication lines is constantly growing.

26. All the students who came to the elective lesson understood the complex topic.

27. Forest glades were covered with bright strawberry stars blooming profusely this year.

28. Among those built on this street there were several multi-storey buildings.

The most common mistakes in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammar errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logical errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling errors.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

grammatical error– this is an error in the structure of a linguistic unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; This is a violation of any grammatical norm: word formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility– here an error was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or suffix was used;
• no comment, go instead of go,more easier– the form of the word is formed incorrectly, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay for travel, awarded– the structure of the phrase is broken (management standards are not followed);
• After skating on the skating rink, my legs hurt; In the essay I wanted to show the importance of sports and why I love it– sentences with participles (1) and homogeneous members (2) are constructed incorrectly, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammatical speech errors– these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word. These are mainly violations of lexical norms, for example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters in Goncharov’s novel of the same name “Oblomov”;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can only be noticed in context, this is what distinguishes it from a grammatical error, for the detection of which context is not needed.

Below are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Erroneous word formation - Trudol beam oh, over laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of a noun form - Many miracles A technology, not enough time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the adjective form - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the numeral form - WITH five hundred rubles
5. Erroneous formation of the pronoun form - Theirs pathos , ihi children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.
8. Impaired control - You need to make your nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
    Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - Country loved And was proud poet.
    In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing sentences with participles - Reading the text , there is such a feeling...
13. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
14. Errors in the construction of complex sentences - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.
15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said, that I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
16. Violation of supply boundaries - When the hero came to his senses. It was already late.
17. Violation of type-temporal correlation of verb forms - Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it - We were shocked wonderful acting.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix - My attitude to this problem is not has changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
3. Non-distinction of synonymous words - IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to guide people A little to another track.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always succeed burn others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility - ​​​​​​ Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of funds).
8. The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques.Young young man, Very beautiful.
9. The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology) - In this the story is told about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of a word - Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he’s done.
11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editorial office , he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Poor use of pronouns - This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style.I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of verbs, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by a feeling of compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately(follows: ...give.., teach... or...gives.., teaches...);
3. Errors in the use of active and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: flowing);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: going out);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author here was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with violations of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntax errors :

1. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
2. Errors associated with the use of particles, for example, unjustified repetition: It would be nice if the artist’s signature was on the picture; separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it relates (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems"(the restrictive particle “total” must come before the subject: “... only two problems”);
3. Unjustified omission of a subject (ellipsis): His courage (?) to stand up for honor and justice attracts the author of the text;
4. Incorrect construction of a complex sentence: The author of the text understands intelligence not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also with the concept of “smart” the idea of ​​free-thinking was associated.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are disorders associated with underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, clericalism, non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; polysemy not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

1. Non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look at the Philosophical Dictionary(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "to" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb take a look(“quickly or furtively look somewhere, look in order to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, controls a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
2. Errors in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known its synonym was mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes significant space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us(in this case, instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; And non-lingual word impresses also requires synonymous replacement);
3. Errors in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motif makes us think(antithesis requires precision when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words “cheerful” and “major” are not antonyms;
4. Destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Do not put your finger in the mouth of this undoubtedly talented writer Zoshchenko, but just let him make the reader laugh.

Logical errors

Logical errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

1. comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence;
2. as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition and text errors

1. Bad start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...
2. Errors in the main part.
   • Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
   • Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.
   • The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.
3. Bad ending. Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors

Factual errors- a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

1. Distortion of the content of a literary work, incorrect interpretation, poor choice of examples.
2. Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.
3. Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.
4. Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters. Distortions in names literary works, their genres, an error in the indication of the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

Errors are taken into account when testing literacy (K7-K8)

1. To the rules learned;
2. Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
   • in exceptions to the rules;
   • in writing capital letters in compound proper names;
   • in cases of separate and continuous writing not with adjectives and participles,
   • acting as a predicate;
   • in writing And And s after prefixes;
   • in difficult cases of distinguishing between not and neither ( Where did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than...etc.);
   • in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
   • in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If an error is repeated in the same word or in the roots of words with the same root, then it is counted as one error.

1. Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per one rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
   • The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.
   • Errors for such a rule are not considered to be of the same type, in which, to clarify
2. Repetitive(a repetition in the same word or in the root of words with the same root is considered one mistake)

Spelling errors

1. ­ In word wrapping;
2. ­ Letters e/e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names (Marietta);
3. ­ Uppercase or lowercase letters
   • in names associated with religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
   • with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
   • in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling surnames with first
   • parts of Don, Van, Saint... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
4. Integrated / hyphenated / separate spelling
   • in names, with in complex nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
   • to rules that are not included in school curriculum. For example: in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, scattered);

Punctuation errors

• Dash in incomplete sentence;
• Isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns noun;
• Commas in restrictive and emphatic phrases;
• Distinguishing between homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
• In the transmission of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors– various techniques for abbreviating words, using spaces between words, various underlinings and font selections. These include: various clerical errors and misprints caused by the inattentiveness of the writer or haste in writing.

Common graphic errors:

• Omission of letters, for example: the entire novel is based on this conflict (follows: built);
• Rearranging letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
• Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Ice battle(follows: legendary);
• Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions...(follows: even).