Types of bristlecone. Weeds
Weeds belong to the Poa family (Poaceae)
Cultures.
They are most often found on row crops and grain crops, and in gardens.
Prevalence.
Everywhere, green - especially in the southern regions.
Description.
Green foxtail. The first and second leaves of the shoots are 8...16 mm long, 2...3 mm wide, broadly linear, the sheaths along the edges are covered with hairs. There are no ears, instead of a tongue there is a slightly protruding edge. The mesocotyl is well developed. The root is fibrous, penetrating into the soil by 75...170 cm, extending to the sides of the stem by 33...80 cm. The stem is straight (rough under the inflorescence), height 20...100 cm. The leaf blades are linear-lanceolate. The inflorescence is a thick cylindrical plume. The spikelets are ovoid-oval or elliptical, surrounded by green or dark purple bristles with serrations. The fruit is an oval-ovoid, one-sided convex yellow-brown membranous caryopsis, length 2...2.5, width 0.75...1.5, thickness 0.75...1 mm. Weight of 1000 membranous grains is 1...1.5 g.
Gray bristlecone. The first leaf of seedlings is 12...30 long, 2...3 mm wide, wide-linear. There are thin hairs at the base of the plate. The mesocotyl is well developed. The root is fibrous, penetrating into the soil by 105...173 cm and extending to the sides of the stem by 35...78 cm. The stem is straight (rough under the inflorescence), height 10...60 cm. The leaf blade is linear-lanceolate, on top rough. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical plume. Spikelets are awnless. The fruit is ovoid-oval, one-sided convex, transversely wrinkled, lemon-green or dark brown membranous, length 2...2.75, width 1.5...1.75, thickness 1 mm. Weight of 1000 membranous grains is 2...2.75 g.
Weed biology.
Spring annuals.
Green foxtail. Shoots appear in April - June (July - August). Blooms in June - September. Fruits in July - October. The maximum fertility is 2300 grains, which in a freshly ripened and unripe state germinate in the soil from a depth of no more than 12...14 cm, remain viable for more than 4 years. It grows in fields, gardens and orchards, in abundance on sandy and rocky soils.
Gray bristlecone. Shoots appear in April - May (June - July). Blooms in June - August (September). Fruits in July-September. The maximum fertility is 13,800 grains; freshly ripened and unripe ones germinate in the soil from a depth of no more than 16...18 cm. The grains remain viable for up to 30 years, and do not lose germination during a long stay in water. A more moisture-loving plant than green foxtail. It grows in fields and pastures, in abundance on loose sandy and loamy soils.
Conditions affecting weed development.
Green foxtail
Gray bristlecone. The minimum germination temperature of grains is 6...8 °C, optimal 20...24 °C, maximum 42...44 °C.
Preparations for protection.
Agrotechnical control measures
Compliance with agricultural technology.
Weeds
Gray bristlecone
Gray bristlecone -- Setaria glauca (L.) Bea-uv. - late spring weed. The plant is 5-50 cm high and usually grows as a bush. The stem is straight, bare. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, rough, glaucous above, smooth and green below. The tongue is in the form of a filmy edge. The vaginas are bare, compressed on the sides, and often the lower ones are reddish. The spikelets are 3-3.5 mm long, single-flowered, with red bristles at the base, 2-3 times larger than the spikelet and having forward-facing serrations. The inflorescence is a sultan. Root system concentrated in the arable layer, but can penetrate up to 1.5 m deep.
The fruit is an ovoid-oval membranous caryopsis, rounded-convex on the outside and flat on the inside. Flower scales are cartilaginous. The surface is clearly transversely wrinkled, smooth, matte at the edges, from greenish-straw to brownish-gray. The length of the grain is 2-3.5 mm, width 1.5-2 mm. Weight of 1000 seeds is 3-4 g.
The germinal sheath of the seedlings is short, lanceolate, and has two brownish-dark veins. The first leaf is 15-20 mm long and 2.5-3 mm wide, almost flat, broadly linear, with many longitudinal veins, sharp at the apex. The vagina is open, there is no tongue. The second leaf is similar to the first, longer and closer to the vagina has sparse, slightly wavy hairs. The seedlings are light green and often have an anthocyanin tint.
Blooms from June to August. One plant produces up to 5,500 seeds, which begin to germinate at a soil temperature of 15-20°C, and mass shoots appear at 30-35°C from a depth of up to 5 cm. Retains viability in the soil for up to 10-15 years. Propagated by seeds. However, under conditions of sufficient moisture, cut stems at the lower nodes often take root.
A plant of temperate and hot climates, unpretentious to the soil. A common weed of late and row crops, thinned alfalfa crops, and sometimes spring grains. Specialized weed killer for coriander. In grain crops it remains in the soil layer and develops as a stubble weed. Distributed everywhere.
Yarutka field
Field grass - Thlaspi arvense L. - is a wintering weed. In the middle zone it is also widely represented by spring forms, and in the south by winter forms. A bare plant, with a heavy odor, 10-50 cm high. The stem is ribbed. Lower leaves petiolate, oblong-obovate, and the rest sessile, oblong-lanceolate, unequally notched-toothed along the edge. The flowers are small, white, collected in racemes. The root is spindle-shaped.
The fruit is a two-lobed pod with a wing-shaped keel. The seeds are obovate, flattened. The surface is shiny, parallel to the edge of the seed, covered with arched-wrinkled folds, dark brown. Seed length 1.5-2.3 mm, width 1.2-1.6 mm. Weight of 1000 seeds is about 1.5 g.
The cotyledons of the seedlings are round-oval, truncated at the apex, rounded at the base, petiolate, 5-8 mm long and 3-6 mm wide. The hypocotyledon is poorly developed. The first leaf is round-oval or ovate, obtuse at the apex, broadly wedge-shaped at the base, petiolate, with noticeable venation. The third leaf is oval-lanceolate, larger, with a sparse, distinct notched edge. The shoots are dark green, glabrous, rosette-shaped.
Blooms from May to late autumn. One plant produces from 900 to 2100 seeds. The germination rate of overwintered seeds increases significantly (up to 83-98%), the period of their germination is extended. Better seeds Field spring grass germinates from a depth of 0.5-1 cm, maintaining germination in the soil for about 10 years. The plant gravitates to moist habitats with loose and fertile loamy soils.
Table 3. Characteristics of weeds.
Conclusion: weeds are distributed throughout the globe. Several thousand species of weeds are known. The damage caused by weeds is varied. Weeds are suppressed cultivated plants, absorbing large amounts of water from the soil and nutrients, releasing harmful substances from the roots into the soil, depriving them of light; all this reduces the yield, and in some cases leads to the death of crops. Yield losses from weeds in cabbage amount to 17%.
Site map
Synonyms.
Panicum lutescens Weig., Setaria lutescens (Weig.) F.T. Hubb, S. glauca auct.Systematic position.
Family Poaceae Barnhart (Graminea Juss.), genus Setaria Beauv.Biological group.
Late spring annual.Morphology and biology.
The plant is 4-50 cm tall, more or less branched at the base. Stems are erect, glabrous, rough under the inflorescence. The leaves are broad-linear, bluish, up to 12 mm wide, rough on top. The inflorescence is cylindrical, dense, up to 10 cm long. Spikelets on short stalks, single-flowered, ovoid, about 3 mm long, surrounded by rough yellow or reddish bristles, 2-3 times larger than the spikelet. The flower scales of the fruits are cartilaginous, obtuse, and clearly transversely wrinkled on the outside. The roots are fibrous, penetrating to a depth of 30-50 cm (sometimes more than 1 m). One plant produces 3-4 thousand seeds. Propagated by seeds. Seeds germinate at high temperatures (20-30°C). Shoots appear from April to late autumn. Blooms from June, bears fruit from July. When the stems are torn off, shoots quickly grow from the remaining root part.Spreading.
European part of Russia, Caucasus, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Far East, Central Asia. Reaches the northern border of agriculture.Ecology.
Drought resistant. Prefers steppes and dry meadows, grows in fields and fallow lands, near roads, in populated areas, often on sandy soils.Economic importance.
Weed in crops mainly of row crops, as well as grains (wheat, oats). With continuous grass cover, it dries out the soil, making it difficult to cultivate. Control measures: soil peeling, harrowing, inter-row tillage in row crops, chemical weeding.Literature:
Botanical atlas. Ed. Shishkin B.K. M.-L.: Publishing house of agricultural literature and posters, 1963. P. 311.Grinko N.I., Titov A.Kh., Kvartin V.N., Semernikova A.I., Lapchenkov G.Ya., Dyatlenko V.A. Weeds and the fight against them in the Rostov region. Tutorial. Persianovka: Donskoy Agricultural Institute, 1987.102 p.
Gubanov I.A., K.V. Kiseleva, V.S. Novikov, V.N. Tikhomirov. Illustrated guide to plants of Central Russia, vol. 1. M.: Partnership of scientific publications KMK, Institute of Technological Research, 2002. P. 301.
Korchagina V.A., Penchukov V.M. Morozov N.A., Smashevskaya G.A., Kolomiytsev F.B., Trubeeva A.I., Baranova M.M. Weed control in the Far East. Khabarovsk: Khabarovsk Book Publishing House, 1972. P. 18
Nikitin V.V. Weeds of the Flora of the USSR. Leningrad: Nauka, Leningrad branch, 1983. 454 p.
Ramensky L.G., Tsatsenkin I.A., Chizhikov O.N., Antipin N.A. Ecological assessment of forage lands based on vegetation cover. Moscow: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1956. P. 409.
bristlecone(“fountain grass”, “ fox tail") - light-loving, cold-resistant, not demanding on soils drought-resistant plant about a meter high. Sowing of seeds is carried out in open ground in May by nesting method. Bristleflower grows very quickly and at first its leaves resemble corn. When spike-shaped inflorescences appear, turning yellow over time, it becomes very decorative and changes appearance garden in a few days.
bristlecone a genus of plants in the grass family. Perennial or annual herbs from 10 to 50 cm or more in height with flat leaf blades.
The inflorescence is a cylindrical, less often more or less lobed, spike-shaped panicle with very short branches.
The spikelets are two-flowered, surrounded by rough bristles (hence this gives the plant its name). And since the spikelet looks like a fox’s tail, this plant is also popularly called fox tail.
Over 120 species grow - in tropical, subtropical, warm-temperate, and rarely in temperate regions globe. There are 9 species in the USSR. Widespread are gray bristle grass, or mice (S. glauca), and green bristle grass (S. viridis) - weeds of fields, weeding mainly the crops of spring crops - millet and others; They are also found in vegetable gardens near roads, on riverine sands, pebbles, and in forests.
Young plants serve as pasture food for all domestic animals; the grain is well eaten by poultry. Such important cultivated plants as Gomi, Mogar, Chumiza belong to this genus.
Since bristlecone is a valuable forage plant, it is used to create pastures, as well as for green fodder, hay and silage. Average yield per fertile soils 60-70t/ha of green mass per 1ha, on poor soils it decreases to 20t, and with fertilization and irrigation it reaches 160t/ha. The green mass (on a dry matter basis) contains: 6.8-9.1% protein, 1.8-2.2% fat, 30.1-42.0% fiber, 36.1-47.7% BEV and 8.0-10.5% ash. Green mass and hay are well eaten by animals.
Bristlecone fashionable element of modern landscape design. Attractive at any time of the year, cereals experience their peak beauty during flowering, in late summer and autumn, and remain decorative throughout the cold season until spring. Resiliently withstanding harsh weather and piercing winds.
Fast-growing and low-maintenance, grass clumps look great next to many other plants or tapeworms, adding focus, dimension and texture to a space. Grains are good in wild or natural gardens, in rock gardens, near water, in gravel gardens, collected in a group with other ornamental grasses, in the middle of an open space, as well as on mixborders. Cut ears of cereals will add charm to bouquets and compositions of dried flowers.
Green foxtail.
The first and second leaves of the shoots are 8-16 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, broadly linear, covered with hairs along the edges. There are no ears, instead of a tongue there is a slightly protruding edge. The mesocotyl is well developed.
The root is fibrous, penetrating into the soil by 75-170 cm, extending to the sides of the stem by 33-80 cm. The stem is straight (rough under the inflorescence), height 20-100cm. Leaf blades are linear-lanceolate. The inflorescence is a thick cylindrical plume.
The spikelets are ovoid-oval or elliptical, surrounded by green or dark purple bristles with serrations. The fruit is an oval-ovoid, one-sided convex yellow-brown membranous caryopsis, length 2-2.5, width 0.75-1.5, thickness 0.75-1 mm. Weight of 1000 membranous grains is 1-1.5 g.
Shoots appear in April - June (July - August). Blooms in June - September. Fruits in July - October. The maximum fertility is 2300 grains, which in freshly ripened and unripe states germinate in the soil from a depth of no more than 12-14 cm, and remain viable for more than 4 years. It grows in fields, gardens and orchards, in abundance on sandy and rocky soils.
Gray bristlecone.
The first leaf of the shoots is 12-30 long, 2-3 mm wide, wide-linear. There are thin hairs at the base of the plate. The mesocotyl is well developed. The root is fibrous, penetrating the soil by 105-173 cm and extending to the sides of the stem by 35-78 cm. The stem is straight (rough under the inflorescence), height 10-60cm. The leaf blade is linear-lanceolate, rough on top. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical plume.
Spikelets are awnless. The fruit is ovoid-oval, one-sided convex, transversely wrinkled, lemon green or dark brown membranous, length 2-2.75, width 1.5-1.75, thickness 1 mm. Weight of 1000 membranous grains is 2-2.75 g.
Shoots appear in April - May (June - July). Blooms in June - August (September). Fruits in July-September. The maximum fertility is 13800 grains; freshly ripened and unripe ones germinate in the soil from a depth of no more than 16-18cm. The grains remain viable for up to 30 years and do not lose their viability after prolonged exposure to water. A more moisture-loving plant than green foxtail. It grows in fields and pastures, in abundance on loose sandy and loamy soils.
Whorled bristlecone.
Stems 15-60cm, straight, glabrous, rough under the inflorescence. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, up to 1.5 cm wide, rough along the edges. The tongue is short, ciliated. The inflorescence is cylindrical, up to 15 cm long, discontinuous in the lower part. Spikelets are about 2.5 mm long, surrounded by a few setae. The bristles have backward-facing serrations. Of the glumes, the lower one is equal to 1/3 the length of the next two. Floral scales with vague dotted wrinkles, light green, 1.8-2.5 mm long. The caryopsis is oblong, white, and disappears along with the flower scales after flowering.
Shoots: the first leaf is oval or broadly linear, 10-15 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, pointed at the apex.
The seedlings are very similar to the seedlings of chicken millet, from which they can only be distinguished by the remains of the fruit, usually found at the soil surface. The seedlings of this species differ from the seedlings of other bristlecones in the absence of hairs.
It reproduces exclusively by seeds, of which each inflorescence produces from 300-2000.
These seeds are sometimes easily carried over long distances, thanks to the tenacious bristles surrounding the spikelets, which cling so tightly to human clothing or animal fur that they are easily torn off with the straw and carried away. It is somewhat more demanding of moisture than other types of bristleweed, which is why it is distributed mainly in vegetable gardens and in fields located in depressions; in this respect, it is, to some extent, similar to cock millet. It develops especially well in rice fields with periodic flooding. Blossoms and bears fruit in July - August. It germinates late, when the earth has already warmed up significantly.
Grows along river banks, on sandy soil, and also often in weedy places, in irrigated crops, in vegetable gardens and tea plantations. It is found much less frequently than other species of bristlecone, mainly in the southern regions.
Synonyms.
Panicum lutescens Weig., Setaria lutescens (Weig.) F.T. Hubb, S. glauca auct.
Systematic position.
Family Poaceae Barnhart (Graminea Juss.), genus Setaria Beauv.
Biological group.
Late spring annual.
Morphology and biology.
The plant is 4-50 cm tall, more or less branched at the base. Stems are erect, glabrous, rough under the inflorescence. The leaves are broad-linear, bluish, up to 12 mm wide, rough on top. The inflorescence is cylindrical, dense, up to 10 cm long. Spikelets on short stalks, single-flowered, ovoid, about 3 mm long, surrounded by rough yellow or reddish bristles, 2-3 times larger than the spikelet. The flower scales of the fruits are cartilaginous, obtuse, and clearly transversely wrinkled on the outside. The roots are fibrous, penetrating to a depth of 30-50 cm (sometimes more than 1 m). One plant produces 3-4 thousand seeds. Propagated by seeds. Seeds germinate at high temperatures (20-30°C). Shoots appear from April to late autumn. Blooms from June, bears fruit from July. When the stems are torn off, shoots quickly grow from the remaining root part.
Spreading.
European part of Russia, Caucasus, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Far East, Central Asia. Reaches the northern border of agriculture.
Ecology.
Drought resistant. Prefers steppes and dry meadows, grows in fields and fallow lands, near roads, in populated areas, often on sandy soils.
Economic importance.
Weed in crops mainly of row crops, as well as grains (wheat, oats). With continuous grass cover, it dries out the soil, making it difficult to cultivate. Control measures: soil peeling, harrowing, inter-row tillage in row crops, chemical weeding.
Literature:
Botanical atlas. Ed. Shishkin B.K. M.-L.: Publishing house of agricultural literature and posters, 1963. P. 311.
Grinko N.I., Titov A.Kh., Kvartin V.N., Semernikova A.I., Lapchenkov G.Ya., Dyatlenko V.A. Weeds and their control in the Rostov region. Study guide. Persianovka: Donskoy Agricultural Institute, 1987.102 p.
Gubanov I.A., K.V. Kiseleva, V.S. Novikov, V.N. Tikhomirov. Illustrated guide to plants of Central Russia, vol. 1. M.: Partnership of scientific publications KMK, Institute of Technological Research, 2002. P. 301.
Korchagina V.A., Penchukov V.M. Morozov N.A., Smashevskaya G.A., Kolomiytsev F.B., Trubeeva A.I., Baranova M.M. Weed control in the Far East. Khabarovsk: Khabarovsk Book Publishing House, 1972. P. 18
Nikitin V.V. Weeds of the Flora of the USSR. Leningrad: Nauka, Leningrad branch, 1983. 454 p.
Ramensky L.G., Tsatsenkin I.A., Chizhikov O.N., Antipin N.A. Ecological assessment of forage lands based on vegetation cover. Moscow: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1956. P. 409.
