Strengthening royal power. Strengthening royal power in the 16th-17th centuries

Sections: History and social studies

Lesson objectives: to summarize the prerequisites for the transition to an absolute monarchy, to reveal its characteristic features using the example of France and England; develop the ability to analyze historical phenomena and establish connections between them; show the attitude of an absolute monarchy towards its people.

Lesson type: learning new material.

New terms: absolutism, class representation.

Lesson Plan

Organizational moment, goal setting.

Definition of the concept “absolutism”:

1. work with documents;
2. vocabulary work.

Consequences of absolutism:

1. heuristic conversation;
2. conclusion.

Authorities in the XVI-XVII centuries. in England and France and their functions.

1. working with textbook text;
2. drawing up diagrams;
3. comparison and conclusion.

The monarch is God's anointed.

(teacher's story).

Absolutism and personality.

1. working with a textbook;
2. drawing up a response plan.

VII. Homework p. 3, textbook “New History. 1500-1800.” Author A.Ya. Yudovskaya. Table “The meaning of establishing absolutism” for:

1. states; 2) personalities.

I. Today, we will get acquainted with the form of the feudal state characteristic of a number of countries in Western Europe, the Early Modern period - absolute monarchy or absolutism.

Let us consider and compare the emergence of absolutism and royal power in the XVI–XVII centuries. in England and France. It was in these states that it manifested itself most clearly.

Write down the topic of the lesson.

II. Definition of the concept “absolutism”.

What is absolutism or absolute monarchy? To find out, let's look at historical documents. (Annex 1)

Assignment: 1) “What are we talking about?”

“What is absolutism?”

2) cite passages that talk about the establishment of the absolute power of the king.

Conclusion: absolutism is the power of one person in the state.

What do they say about absolute power in the dictionary? (Working with dictionaries)

Recording the definition of “Absolutism” in notebooks.

Absolutism is a form of government in which supreme power unlimitedly belongs to one person - the monarch and is inherited.

III. Consequences of absolutism.

Questions for conversation:

1) What do you think will be the position of the feudal nobility under absolutism? Will they maintain their independence? Why?

2) Absolutism and internecine wars, is their coexistence possible? Why?

3) How, in your opinion, should a monarch in the era of absolutism treat class representative bodies? Why?

Summarizing student responses and additional teacher story.

Indeed, under absolutism, the annexation of outlying territories continues and the attempts of the old feudal nobility to maintain their independence are suppressed.

For example, in France, the provinces of Normandy and Burgundy were subordinated to royal power.

In England, Henry VIII Tudor stripped the northern counties and Wales of their independence and subjugated them to London.

In order to prevent the repetition of bloody events like the War of the Roses, the English kings disbanded the feudal troops and razed the castles of the rebellious feudal lords.

The strengthened monarchical power always sought to get rid of class-representative bodies.

Students draw a conclusion and then write it down in a notebook.

“The consequences of the strengthening of royal power in the 16th-17th centuries”:

1. The independence of the feudal nobility is eliminated.
2. Internecine wars stop.
3. The activities of estate representative bodies are limited.

IV. Authorities in the XVI-XVII centuries. in England and France and their functions.

Let us consider the authorities in England and France that existed in the 16th century - XVII centuries. (Figure 1, Figure 2)

Let's depict it in the form of diagrams for easy comparison.

1. – the class is divided into 2 groups: “England” and “France”;

– work with the text of the textbook;

– drawing up a diagram;

- writing in a notebook.

2. “English” - work on pages 24-27;

“French” - work on pages 28-29.

Figure 1. Authorities in the 16th-17th centuries. in England and their functions.

Figure 2. Authorities in the 16th-17th centuries. in France and their functions.

Compare and draw a conclusion.

1. In which state was the king's power stronger? Why?

Conclusion: FRANCE.

COMPARISON:

1. Parliament and Estates General:

a) powers;

b) when they were convened and how they were convened;

2) Privy Council - Council (government).

3) The judiciary of England and France;

4) Local government:

a) how you chose it;

b) powers.

Bottom line: from the diagrams you see that royal power stands above all powers: executive, legislative, judicial, and in France even legislative power was in the hands of the king.

In governing the state, monarchs relied on the army, police, and officials.

V. The monarch is God’s anointed.

In the 16th century, doctrines began to emerge that substantiated the need for absolutism.

The power of the king was proclaimed to be divine in origin. Religious teachings were also echoed by secular ones. In the 16th-17th centuries, the science of state and law was already developed in France, where the main provision was that the supreme legislative power was concentrated in the hands of the monarch.

In the 16th – 17th centuries, the cult of the king was highly developed. You can read about the life of the royal court, court service in Versailles, in France in the textbook (“Etiquette at the Court of Louis XIV”, p. 30).

VI. Absolutism and personality.

You and I have examined absolutism from the point of view of the state, whose interests it defended. Did absolutism protect the interests of people, individuals in the state?

Working with the textbook text, page 27.

We answer question 4, page 30. Did the strengthening of absolutism contribute to the strengthening of personal human rights in society?

VII. Homework item 3, table “The meaning of establishing absolutism” for:

1. states; 2) personalities.

VIII. Result: conclusions of students and teachers; grading.

Lesson objectives:

1. Find out what “absolutism” is?
2. Find out what the characteristic
features of absolutism.
3. What are its manifestations in European
countries?

Comment on the expression:

"God's will is
so that everyone born
obeyed his subjects without
reasoning"

Dictionary:

Absolutism - form
government under which
supreme power
unlimited
belongs to one person
- to the monarch.

1. Absolutism

"Born a subject
must obey" - meaning
absolutism.
Absolutism evolved into
late XV – XVI centuries.
Creation of a national apparatus
management, permanent professional
army, state tax system,
unified state legislation and
administrative structure, unified
state economic policy, etc.

2. One king - one country

WHAT DOES THIS STATEMENT MEAN?

2. One king - one country

To prevent the start of new feudal
strife among the old rebellious and wayward nobility
lands were taken away, castles were destroyed,
groups of feudal lords. Restrictions on freedoms affected
and cities that defended their ancient rights.
After the end of the Hundred Years' War in France there were
the old rights of the provinces were eliminated (Normandy,
Burgundy, etc.), they lost their independence
and came under the authority of the king.
In England, the king subjugated distant lands to his power.
northern counties and Wales (Northern Council created
and Welsh Council).

2. One king - one country

During the period of absolutism, organs
class representation
(English Parliament,

The Estates General) lose
its meaning. Kings strive
get rid of their influence.

(dukes, counts, barons,
marquises, baronets) in every possible way
resist these attempts.

Main features of absolutism:

- Under absolutism continues
annexation of outlying territories,
attempts of the old feudal
authorities to maintain their independence

How could my ancestors allow this...
In England the Tudors
had to reckon with
parliament. According to
English customs
kings had no right
collect taxes without them
permissions. Tudors
preferred
cooperate with
parliament, not
fight
Henry VIII Tudor (1509-1547)

Elizabeth I Tudor - Queen of England (1558-1603)

During the period of absolutism, the bodies of the class
representation (English Parliament,
Spanish Cortes, French
The Estates General) lose their
meaning. The kings are trying to get rid of
from their influence.
During the 37 years of Henry VIII's reign
Parliament met only 21 times, and
during the 45 years of his daughter's reign
Elizabeth - 13 times. Kings couldn't
get rid of parliament completely,
but they were significantly limited
influence, thereby strengthening its
absolute power.

"He who is born a subject must obey"
I don't understand how mine
ancestors could
allow this to happen
institution...
I have to put up with
what I can't do
get rid of...
James I Stuart king of England and Scotland (1603 – 1625)

3. Limitation of the role of class representation bodies

Ascended to the English throne
after Elizabeth James I Stuart
(1603-1625) throughout his entire life
the board fought with parliament,
limiting his role in every possible way.
James I Stuart
James I believed that parliament was harmful
affairs of state administration.
In his speech addressed to
the king declared to parliament in 1604,
that he is sovereign
master of the whole country: “I am the head,
and the island is my body, I am a shepherd,
and the island is my flock.”

3. Limitation of the role of class representation bodies

Francis I of Valois
France has an absolute monarchy
began to take shape by the 16th century.
King Francis I of Valois (1515-1547)
single-handedly accepted all the most important
decisions, on his decrees he wrote:
“For it pleases us so.” General
states in France
Not
have become permanent
acting body, but were going to
only in case of big
necessary by decision of the king. WITH
1614 to 1789 Estates General
never gathered.

Louis XIV - French "Sun King" (1643-1715)

In the process of the formation of absolutism, the following occurs:
Submission of the feudal nobility to the king.
Representation bodies lose
its meaning.
Idea of ​​divine origin
royal power.
Creation of nation states.

4. Centralization of the state

French
Estates General
in 1614
In England central
administrative and
the executive body was
Privy Council, whose members
were appointed by the king.
In France under the king
there was a council
considered the government
but its members also
appointed by the king and
carried out his will. Members
this government were
princes of the blood, high
clergy, financiers,
lawyers, but in the country there was
personal rule of the king.

Unified system of public administration
England
Central
administrative
and executive
body
became the Privy Council,
whose members
appointed by the monarch
France
Head of State
- king.
He had advice with him,
but the monarch
appointed him himself
members
and alone
took
solutions.

4. Centralization of the state

English lawyer of the 16th century.
In England most
there were two court cases
royal courts.
Behind justice and rebellion
the nobility watched Zvezdnaya
ward. In places
there were electives
justices of the peace (from the old
aristocracy and new
nobility), but they
were elected under control
government and secret
advice.

4. Centralization of the state

Louis XIV
In France the restriction
royal power
were the highest judicial
authorities in the provinces -
parliaments. They could
appeal the courts
and government
solutions. Kings acutely
were in conflict
with parliaments.
King Louis XIV in dispute
with the Paris Parliament
stated:
“The state is me!”

Unified judiciary
England
France
Star Chamber
Parliaments
judges
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
world
judges
Conduct litigation;
Unmask conspiracies;
Suppress riots;
Pursue vagabonds;
Collect taxes;
Collecting money for the poor.
1. Right to appeal
judicial and
government
solutions;
2. Appointment of a regent;
3. Review of contracts,
decrees

4. Centralization of the state

Governance of the country and
England and France
carried out by officials.
Official positions
were transmitted via
inheritance, bought.
Personal merits are not
played roles - it was important
availability of money. Majority
no officials received
payments from the state,
and lived off the population
(gifts, offerings,
bribes).

2. Monarchy and nobility

In emerging
centralized states
I don't like this principle
monarchs. They strive for
complete subjugation of everyone
classes of society.
Old aristocracy - feudal lords
(dukes, counts, barons,
marquises, baronets) in every possible way
resist these attempts.
To this end, the feudal lords are gradually deprived of their
privileges and influence. Kings recruit
nobles (a new class whose position
depends entirely on his service to the king)

Local authority
England
France
Officials
1000-1500
8000
Livelihood?
Salary + population payment for
services

"The Monarch is God's anointed"
Read the material on
pp. 32 – 33 and answer
to questions:
* Under which monarch
absolutism has reached
highest bloom?
How did it manifest itself?
supreme power
king?

3. Absolutism

Monarchs strive for maximum
possible centralization of management,
concentration of all levers of power in
in their own hands - an ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.

Creation of a professional army
England
(absence
regular army)
1. People's militia.
2. Detachments of noble volunteers.
France
(standing mercenary army)
taxes
straight
tax on
land and
property
indirect
tax on
salt

Common economic policy
Mercantilism
Protectionism
Policy aimed
to predominance
export of goods
over imports
Support
government
industry,
protection of internal
market from
foreign
interventions

Common economic policy

Mercantilism - economic
policy based on
the idea of ​​the predominance of the export of goods over
import for the purpose of accumulating gold.

Who owns the words?
“I don’t understand how my ancestors could allow such an institution.
I have to put up with what I can’t get rid of.”
“In my person, God has sent you a blessing. I'm a husband, and all
the island is my lawful wife. I am the head, and the island is my body. I
the shepherd, and the island is my flock.” (from a speech at the first parliament).
“This is my good will, for this is what we desire.”
“Did you think, gentlemen, that the state is you?
You are wrong. The state is ME!”

Summing up the lesson
§ 32
Questions on page 35
Know the terms

Strengthening the royal
power in the XVI-XVII centuries.
Absolutism in Europe

LESSON PLAN

Absolutism
One king - one country
Limitation of the role of class representation bodies
Centralization of the state

1. Formation of centralized states

At the beginning of the New Age, large states emerged in Europe.
How is it different from the Middle Ages?
England
France
Spain
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russian state

1. Absolutism

“He who is born a subject must obey” is the meaning of absolutism. Absolutism is a form of government in which supreme power belongs unlimitedly to one person - the monarch.
Absolutism developed at the end of the 15th – 16th centuries.

Creation of a nationwide administrative apparatus, a permanent professional army, a state tax system, a unified state legislation and administrative structure, a unified state economic policy, etc.

2. One king - one country

WHAT DOES THIS STATEMENT MEAN?

2. One king - one country

After the end of the Hundred Years' War in France, the old rights of the provinces (Normandy, Burgundy, etc.) were eliminated, they lost their independence and came under the authority of the king. In England, the king brought the remote northern counties and Wales under his authority (the Council of the North and the Council of Wales were created).

To prevent the outbreak of new feudal strife, lands were taken away from the old rebellious and wayward nobility, castles were destroyed, and detachments of feudal lords were disbanded. Restrictions on freedoms also affected cities that defended their ancient rights.

2. One king - one country

During the period of absolutism, the bodies of class representation (the English Parliament, the Spanish Cortes, the French Estates General) lose their importance. Kings seek to get rid of their influence.

During the 37 years of Henry VIII's reign, Parliament met only 21 times, and during the 45 years of the reign of his daughter Elizabeth - 13 times. The kings could not get rid of parliament completely, but they significantly limited their influence, thereby strengthening their absolute power.

3. Limitation of the role of class representation bodies

James I Stuart (1603-1625), who ascended the English throne after Elizabeth, fought against parliament throughout his reign, limiting its role in every possible way.

James I believed that parliament was harmful to the affairs of government. In his speech addressed to parliament in 1604, the king declared that he was the sovereign master of the entire country: “I am the head, and the island is my body, I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.”

James I Stuart

Slide No. 10

3. Limitation of the role of class representation bodies

In France, an absolute monarchy began to take shape by the 16th century. King Francis I of Valois (1515-1547) single-handedly made all the most important decisions; on his decrees he wrote: “For it pleases us so.” The Estates General in France did not become a permanent body, but met only in cases of great need by decision of the king. From 1614 to 1789, the Estates General never met.

Francis I of Valois

Slide No. 11

4. Centralization of the state

In England, the central administrative and executive body was the Privy Council, whose members were appointed by the king. In France, under the king, there was a council, considered the government, but its members were also appointed by the king and carried out his will. The members of this government were princes of the blood, high clergy, financiers, lawyers, but the country had the personal rule of the king.

French
Estates General
in 1614

Slide No. 12

4. Centralization of the state

In England, most legal cases were conducted by two royal courts. Justice and the rebellious nobility were monitored by the Star Chamber. There were locally elected justices of the peace (from the old aristocracy and the new nobility), but they were elected under the control of the government and the Privy Council.

English lawyer of the 16th century.

Slide No. 13

4. Centralization of the state

In France, the limitation of royal power was the highest judicial bodies in the provinces - parliaments. They could appeal court and government decisions. Kings were in sharp conflict with parliaments. King Louis XIV, in a dispute with the Paris Parliament, declared: “The State is me!”

Louis XIV

Slide No. 14

4. Centralization of the state

The government of the country in both England and France was carried out by officials. Official positions were inherited and purchased. Personal merits did not play a role - what was important was the availability of money. Most officials did not receive payment from the state, but lived at the expense of the population (gifts, offerings, bribes).

Slide No. 15

2. Monarchy and nobility

In the emerging centralized states, this principle does not suit the monarchs. They strive for complete subjugation of all classes of society.

To this end, the feudal lords are gradually deprived of their privileges and influence. Kings recruit nobles (a new class whose position depends entirely on their service to the king)

The old aristocracy - feudal lords (dukes, counts, barons, marquises, baronets) resist these attempts in every possible way.

Slide No. 16

3. Absolutism

Monarchs strive for the maximum possible centralization of control, concentration of all levers of power in their hands - an ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.

Slide No. 17

3. Absolutism

To substantiate the king’s claims, the theory of ROYAL SOVEREIGNTY is put forward: the king does not share his powers and authority with anyone.

The king unites in his hands all branches of power EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIARY resolved all major issues of domestic and foreign policy

Sun King

Slide No. 18

3. “Bureaucratic” monarchy

Open page 79 and read the section “Bureacratic” monarchy"

1. What is bureaucracy? What functions does it perform?

2. Why were kings forced to endure the stubbornness and red tape of government officials?

3. What was the result of the strengthening of the bureaucratic apparatus in France?

Slide No. 19

4. Aristocratic opposition

Henry of Navarre

France became a model of absolutism. Henry IV restored religious peace, acting as supreme judge.
In 1610 he was killed by a religious fanatic. Power passed into the hands of Marie de Medici. Catholic aristocrats demanded the restoration of all their privileges. The Troubles began, which lasted 10 years.

Progress of the centralization process

By the beginning of the 14th century, the process of centralization was coming to an end in France. It is based on the formation of class representation in the state while maintaining the monarchical form of government. The form of monarchy could be class or feudal.

By this time, the territorial possessions of the royal domain were increasing.

Definition 1

The royal domain is the hereditary possession of the French king. The basis of the royal domain is personal possessions Hugo Capeta in Ile-de-France and Orleans. In the XIV century, the royal domain included the lands of small knights who swore allegiance to the king. When a centralized state is formed, the entire territory of the country is considered a domain.

The long-term struggle for the territories of the English and French kings ended in the victory of the latter. The French court expanded its rights:

1. in 1308-1309 in Languedoc (County of Toulouse), most Aquitaine, areas along the Dordogne and Garonne rivers;
2. in 1285 to Navarre.

The British retained only the coast of the Biscay Sea.

In 1284, the County of Champagne was ceded to France. Reason: King Philip IV married the only daughter and heiress of the Count of Champagne, Countess Jeanne I. In 1307, the rich trading and craft city of Lyon, located in the center of the country, became the royal domain. Thus, by the beginning of the 14th century, three-quarters of the kingdom’s lands were already under the rule of the French king.

The King's Aspirations

Owning the majority of territories in the state, the king strives to turn the population of the entire country into his subjects. He wishes to become the supreme sovereign in the kingdom. Philip IV begins to strengthen his position by destroying the existing hierarchy of feudal relations. The feudal ladder prevented the strengthening of royal power. Therefore, the king establishes connections with his vassals directly, bypassing the intermediate steps.

The next direction towards the goal: strengthening the royal court and introducing a single tax on the entire French people. Thus, the sphere of political activity of the royal court included the peasantry, which was in land or personal dependence on secular and church feudal lords.

Results of the transformations of Philip IV

Note 1

Philip IV laid the foundations for strong royal power in France. Under him, the role of the royal court and the Parisian parliament changed. The King's Court becomes the highest court. The judicial powers of secular and ecclesiastical feudal lords were reduced. The same fate befell the city courts.

By the middle of the 14th century, parliament turned into a permanent body. The number of members of the Parisian Parliament is strictly fixed - 100 people. These are advisers, prosecutors and lawyers. The main goal of his activities was to smooth out local customs and their subordination to the developed national law.

The tax system is being changed to generate more revenue for the royal treasury. Philip IV introduced an indirect tax, which the people called bad. It was levied on all goods sold in the country. The king could also use direct robberies. For example, he reduced the share of precious metal in coins. For this he received the nickname of a counterfeiter. The king lashed out at the Jewish moneylenders several times. He expelled them from the state, and confiscated their property in favor of the treasury. The king would then allow them to return to France after paying a significant fee. Philip IV demanded loans from the free cities for state needs. But he did not repay the debts. So he ruined the city treasury and subordinated the city administration to his own official. By depriving the city of communal liberties, the king strengthened his power.

The features of the fief system, the military-political dominance of the central government due to the conquest, determined the formation of new powers of the crown, significant strengthening the state position of royal power.

In addition to the powers transferred from the ancient Anglo-Saxon monarchy to land grants (now free from the consent of the Whitans) and to legislation, the Norman kings during the 11th - 12th centuries. secured significant new rights. The king became the bearer of supreme military power: the flax militia was in the position of the king’s squad, he alone determined the time of convening and the number of militias; in this regard, the ancient rights of the military commander of the Anglo-Saxon kings were also revived on a new basis. The judicial supremacy of the king was established - not only in the form of the rights to his own royal court, but also to determine all the judges in the kingdom, to review the decisions of lower courts, even those related to communal traditions. The administrative and police supremacy of the crown became especially significant: the government carried out mandatory censuses and audits of land and population, prohibited or limited the movement of the population for these purposes, and on behalf of the crown, offenders were taken on bail, which freed them temporarily or forever from responsibility. , representatives of the king began to take a mandatory part in the investigation of crimes on the ground, and from the 13th century. investigative commissions operated under the command of the vice-count (a commissioner appointed by the king). The financial rights of the crown appeared as the organizer of state taxation: the Normans introduced direct taxes, the king had the right to special fees from his vassals, the right to ransom from military service, and to customs duties; additional income to the crown was provided by receipts from the royal domains and from national forests (this was also recognized as a royal prerogative), from the minting of coins. Finally, dominance over the church developed (in place of the previous patronage of Anglo-Saxon times): the kings approved church decrees, landholdings of the church were transferred only as royal grants, from which the clergy were obliged to perform military service and other duties.

Under the first Norman kings they were revived feudal assemblies(meetings of the Whitans), however, they became irregular and more numerous (at one of the meetings of the 11th century all the landowners of England were present - up to 60 thousand people), their significance for the authorities was small. began to play an incomparably greater role royal court(curia regis). Here was the true center of military, judicial, police, financial and ecclesiastical supremacy in the country, although its institutionalization was still weak. The court also existed as a meeting of vassals close to the king, as court congresses (it was believed that the laws of the country could be changed only with the consent of the country's representatives); from the 12th century operates non-periodically General advice the king consisting of 20 - 36 of his closest servants and stewards. The courtyard by the middle of the 12th century. became the administrative central body of the country. The only stable institution in its composition so far was only the treasury, which consisted of two departments: Accounting and Reception. The Treasury was located in a special room in the Palace of Westminster. It was headed by a permanent treasurer, who had professional officials at his disposal. At the court there were special judicial commissions where royal justice was administered. Finally, from the assignments to the persons of the royal court, special management functions gradually began to emerge - both palace and national. Among such persons, the first place belonged to the governor general, or justiciar of all England. The affairs of the court were in charge of the seneschal and majordomo, and other court ranks and ranks arose. The royal household was administered by the Lord 1st Chamberlain.
Posted on ref.rf
The command of the permanent part of the army was given to the constable; in addition, there was also the title of Marshal of England. Diplomatic and special administrative affairs were led by the chancellor, usually from among the clergy. Other officials or institutions periodically appeared and disappeared (for example, the Chamber of ʼʼ chessboardʼʼ in the 12th century. to collect revenue), the administrative powers of which also stemmed mainly from the domain rights of the king. Many positions and institutions traced their origins to the Frankish monarchy and the Duchy of Normandy. Local government was also subordinated to the central government. The position of ealdorman (earl) turned into a high viceroy or military commander. The main burden of local government (in counties) passed to the vice-count, or sheriff; He was both the king's military manager, and the chairman of the local justice system, and a police official, and a manager of domains.

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