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History topics briefly. How to prepare a message on a given topic? Soviet rear during the war

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Nicholas II

Saint Petersburg

Nicholas II, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna, ascended the throne after the death of his father. The coronation of Nicholas II was marked by the disaster on the Khodynka Field in Moscow, in which several hundred people died.

Nicholas II received a good education, he spoke French, English and German. In October 1890, Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich traveled to the Far East, heading through Vienna, Greece and Egypt to India, China and Japan. Nikolai Alexandrovich's return route lay across all of Siberia. The Emperor was simple and easily accessible. Contemporaries noted two shortcomings in his character - weak will and inconstancy.

The entire reign of Nicholas II passed in an atmosphere of growing revolutionary movement. At the beginning of 1905, a revolution broke out in Russia, marking the beginning of some reforms. On April 17, 1905, a Manifesto on Religious Tolerance was published, which allowed Russians to convert from Orthodoxy to other Christian religions and recognized the religious rights of schismatics. On October 17, 1905, a Manifesto was issued, which recognized the foundations of civil freedom: personal inviolability, freedom of speech, assembly and union. The State Duma was established (1906), without whose approval not a single law could enter into force.

The project carried out agrarian reform: peasants were allowed to freely dispose of their land and create farmsteads. An attempt was made to abolish the rural community, which was of great importance for the development of capitalist relations in the countryside.

In the field of foreign policy, Nicholas II took some steps to stabilize international relations. In 1898 Russian Emperor addressed the governments of Europe with proposals to sign agreements on preserving world peace and establishing limits to the constant growth of armaments. The Hague Peace Conferences took place in 1899 and 1907, some of whose decisions are still in effect today.

In 1904, Japan declared war on Russia, which ended in 1905 with the defeat of the Russian army. Under the terms of the peace treaty, Russia paid Japan about 200 million rubles for the maintenance of Russian prisoners of war and ceded to it half of the island of Sakhalin and the Kwantung region with the fortress of Port Arthur and the city of Dalniy. In 1914, Russia entered the First World War on the side of the Entente countries against Germany.

Failures at the front in the First World War, revolutionary propaganda in the rear and among the troops, devastation, ministerial leapfrog, etc. caused sharp dissatisfaction with the autocracy in various circles of society. The military reforms of 1905-12 were carried out after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, which revealed serious shortcomings in the central administration, organization, recruitment system, combat training and technical equipment of the army. In the first period of Military reforms (1905-08), the highest military administration was decentralized (the Main Directorate of the General Staff, independent of the War Ministry, was established, the State Defense Council was created, inspector generals were subordinated directly to the emperor), the terms of active service were reduced (in the infantry and field artillery from 5 to 3 years, in other branches of the military from 5 to 4 years, in the navy from 7 to 5 years), the officer corps was rejuvenated; The life of soldiers and sailors (food and clothing allowances) and the financial situation of officers and long-term servicemen were improved. the period of Military reforms (1909-12) the centralization of senior management was carried out (the Main Directorate of the General Staff was included in the Ministry of War, the Council of State Defense was abolished, inspector generals were subordinate to the Minister of War); Due to the combatively weak reserve and fortress troops, the field troops were strengthened (the number of army corps increased from 31 to 37), a reserve was created in the field units, which during mobilization was allocated for the deployment of secondary ones (including field artillery, engineering and railway troops, communications units) , machine gun teams were created in regiments and corps air detachments, cadet schools were transformed into military schools that received new programs, new regulations and instructions were introduced. At the beginning of March 1917, the Chairman of the State Duma told Nicholas II that the preservation of autocracy was possible only if the throne was transferred to Tsarevich Alexei under the regency of the Emperor's brother, Grand Duke Mikhail. On March 2, 1917, Nicholas II, given the poor health of his son Alexei, abdicated the throne in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich. Mikhail Alexandrovich also signed the Abdication Manifesto. The Republican era began in Russia. On May 5, 1905, the State Defense Council was approved; the idea of this institution was absolutely correct: there was a need for an institution in which the main issues of state defense would be concentrated, with the participation of representatives of the military and naval departments. Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich was appointed chairman, at the same time followed by the transformation of the War Ministry and the establishment of the post of infantry inspector; An adjutant general was appointed to this position. On the issue of transforming the War Ministry, it was proposed to create the post of Chief of the General Staff, independent of the Minister of War. Similarly, it was proposed to transform the Naval Ministry, namely, to establish the positions of fleet commanders and subordinate them to the Sovereign through the Council of State Defense. The project was rejected because the Council's performance was unsatisfactory.

From March 9 to August 14, 1917, the former emperor and members of his family were kept under arrest in Tsarskoe Selo, then they were transported to Tobolsk. On April 30, 1918, the prisoners were brought to Yekaterinburg, where on the night of July 17, 1918, by order of the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the former emperor, his wife and children, and the doctor and servants who remained with them were shot by security officers.

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Territory modern Russia was inhabited since prehistoric times by the Scythians - the most ancient ancestors of the Slavs. The culture of this particular people preceded the emergence of Kievan Rus. Thus, the history of Russia began long before the formation of the Roman Empire, and the tribes that inhabited it in the pre-Slavic period took an active part in the formation of ancient culture.

The ancestors of the Slavs lived mainly in Central Europe, but eventually moved to the east. By language they belonged to Indo-European group peoples The etymology of the country's name itself is interesting. The term "Russia" was first used in the 10th century by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII in his writings. This word was the Greek designation for Rus', that is, all East Slavic territories.

In the 7th century AD. The migration of Slavic peoples from Central Europe ended with the formation of a new nation - the Russians. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the Russian state was formed in 862 year. It was the largest state in Europe, stretching from the Black Sea to the Arctic. Soon, through the efforts of the Rurik dynasty, a new monarchical state was formed - Kievan Rus. It included not only all East Slavs, but also partially Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Baltic tribes. At the beginning of the 11th century, there was a disintegration into smaller principalities.

WITH 1237 years many areas Ancient Rus' were invaded by the Mongol-Tatars. And the northeastern territories paid tribute to the Tatar khans until the end of the 15th century. From the middle of the 15th century, a single geopolitical space was formed on the territory of Russia with its capital in Moscow. Ivan IV the Terrible is considered to be the first sovereign of Rus'. During his reign, Astrakhan and Kazan also joined the Moscow state. At the end of the 16th century, serfdom began to take shape in Rus'.

In the first half XVII Russia worried Time of Troubles, marked by Polish-Swedish intervention and political economic crisis. Having defended its independence, the country entered a new stage of development. IN 1613 year the kingdom was transferred to the Romanov dynasty. The first king from this dynasty was Mikhail Fedorovich. During his reign it was developed Eastern Siberia, many cities and settlements were founded (Kuznetsk, Yakutsk, etc.), including in Chukotka and the Amur region. During the reign of his son Alexei Mikhailovich, Western influence increased.

One of the most interesting periods in the history of Russia was the reign of Peter I (1682-1725). This emperor founded a new capital in St. Petersburg, returned Russian lands, strengthened the absolute monarchy and carried out a number of radical reforms to modernize the army and education. After his death, palace coups began in the country, which Elizabeth I was able to stop. (1741-1762). During the reign of Catherine II (1762-1796) Russia successfully fought with Turkey for access to the Black Sea.

At the end of the XVIII - early XIX century, the Napoleonic Wars began. Napoleon's troops occupied some European territories, but 1812 were defeated by the Russian army. It was an important year for Russia 1861st- the year of the abolition of serfdom. Rapid economic growth has emerged in late XIX- beginning of the 20th century. During the First World War, the monarchy was overthrown by the Provisional Revolutionary Government. Political chaos grew in the country, ending with the October Revolution 1917 of the year.

The Great War became a serious test for the country. Patriotic War 1941-1945 gg. The losses were colossal. During this war, more than 26 million people died and more than 70 thousand settlements were destroyed. The war ended in victory Soviet Union, but it took decades to restore the country's economy. IN 1991 year, the Soviet Union collapsed, forming the Russian Federation on the territory of the state.

Historical development of Russia went a completely different way. Russia did not go through the stage of urban economy, did not know the guild organization of industry - and this is the most fundamental, deepest difference between it and the West, the difference from which all the others arose as a natural consequence. Not knowing the urban economic system, Russia did not know that unique industrial culture, which was the starting point for the further economic history of the West; thanks to this, the social group that in the West was the main factor of economic progress - the bourgeoisie - could not receive significant development in Russia.

Origin. Modern Russian historical science believes that the ancestors of the Slavs separated from the ancient/Indo-European unity that inhabited most Eurasia, no earlier than the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. The initial area of their settlement was from the Baltic states in the north to the Carpathians in the south. Some scientists /eg. Academician B. Rybakov/ believe that those mentioned by Herodotus /V century. BC/"Scythians-plowmen" - this is it pre-Slavs. Others add to them another people mentioned by Herodotus - the Neuroi, who lived in the forests north of the Scythians.

According to the Norman theory , based on an incorrect interpretation of Russian chronicles, Kievan Rus was created by the Swedish Vikings, subjugating the East Slavic tribes and constituting the dominant class of ancient Russian society, led by the Rurik princes. For two centuries, Russian-Scandinavian relations of the 9th-11th centuries. were the subject of heated debate between Normanists and anti-Normanists.

Kievan Rus one of the largest states of the Middle Ages in the 9th-12th centuries. Unlike other countries, both Eastern and Western, the process of statehood formation had its own specific features - spatial and geopolitical. During its formation, Rus' acquired the features of both Eastern and Western state formations, since it occupied a middle position between Europe and Asia and did not have pronounced natural geographical boundaries within the vast plain space (the double-headed eagle, approved as the state emblem by Ivan III and symbolizing the Eurasian unity of Rus', was introduced more than four centuries earlier by Yaroslav the Wise). The need for constant protection from external enemies of a large territory forced peoples with different types of development, religion, culture, language to unite and create a strong state power . In 988 Vladimir himself was baptized, he baptized his children, the boyars, and under fear of punishment he forced the people of Kiev and all Russians in general to be baptized. The Russian Church played a complex and multifaceted role in the history of Rus'. Its usefulness as an organization that helped the young Russian statehood in the era of the rapid development of feudalism is undoubted. Its role in the development is also undoubted Russian culture, in familiarization with the cultural riches of Byzantium, in the spread of education and the creation of major literary and artistic values.

Tatar-Mongol invasion in the 13th century led to the destruction of many cultural values and to a long break in creative activity for a number of centuries. Mongol-Tatar invasion and the yoke of the Golden Horde that followed the invasion played huge role in the history of our country. After all, the rule of the nomads lasted for almost two and a half centuries and during this time the yoke managed to put a significant imprint on the fate of the Russian people. This period in the history of our country is very important, since it predetermined the further development of Ancient Rus'. In order to most fully reflect what happened in the 12th century on Russian soil, you need to clearly imagine with what forces the warring parties approached, their economic and cultural development, and state structure.

Ivan III achieved unification of Russian lands within a single states . But the structure and appearance of this state were finally determined only under his grandson Ivan IV Vasilyevich, who received the nickname Grozny.

In our history the reign Ivan the Terrible constitutes half of the 16th century and is one of the most important and turning points of our state. It is important both for the expansion of territories and for major significant events and changes in the internal life of the country. Much was accomplished during this half-century period, glorious, bright and great in its consequences, but even more gloomy, bloody and disgusting. It is clear that with such opposing qualities of many important phenomena, the character and actions of the main figure, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, seems mysterious. It was with this riddle that Ivan the Terrible entered history.

The second half of the 18th century in Russia is associated with the names of the empress, whose reign constituted an era in the history of the country. Although Catherine II ascended the throne in 1762, already from 1744, from the moment of her appearance in the Russian capital, she influenced the course of events in the vast empire. True, in the first years of her life in St. Petersburg, the young German princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst (born April 21 (May 2), 1729), married to the heir to the throne (the future Emperor Peter III) under the name of Catherine, seemed nothing more than a toy in in someone else's hands. At the same time, the future empress also engaged in a lot of self-education, read the works of French educators and persistently mastered the Russian language. Thus, by a palace coup on June 28, 1762, a non-random woman was elevated to the Russian throne, as has happened more than once in history Russia XVIII c., but a person who has been preparing for a long time and purposefully for the role he has assumed.

At dawn on June 24, 1812, Napoleon's troops crossed the Neman River without declaring war and invaded Russia. Napoleon's army, which he himself called the “Great Army,” numbered over 600,000 people and 1,420 guns. In addition to the French, it included the national corps of the European countries conquered by Napoleon, as well as the Polish corps of Marshal J. Poniatowski. The invading enemy was resisted 220 - 240 thousand Russian soldiers with 942 guns - 3 times less than the enemy had. In addition, the Russian troops were divided: the 1st Western Army under the command of the Minister of War, General of Infantry M.B. Barclay de Tolly (110 - 127 thousand people with 558 guns) stretched over more than 200 kilometers from Lithuania to Grodno in Belarus; 2nd Western Army led by Infantry General P.I. Bagration (45 - 48 thousand people with 216 guns) occupied a line up to 100 kilometers east of Bialystok; 3rd Western Army of Cavalry General A.P. Tormasova (46,000 men with 168 guns) stood in Volyn near Lutsk. On the right flank of the Russian troops (in Finland) was the corps of Lieutenant General F.F. Steingel, on the left flank - the Danube Army of Admiral P.V. Chichagova.

Preconditions of the movement 1 The objective basis is the aggravation of the contradictions of the feudal-serf system, the obvious discrepancy between the power of Russia, the rise of its culture and barbaric serfdom. Awareness of this contradiction contributed to the widespread dissemination in Russia of the ideology of the Enlightenment (Montesquieu, Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau). Especially Novikov’s publishing activities. These problems were posed with all their severity in Radishchev’s book (1790). 2 .A number of historical events that contributed to the awareness of the need for change. French revolution, War of 1812, Refusal of reforms by the ruling circles undermined the reformist orientations of some participants in the movement, increased the desire for extreme methods, Tradition of a military, guards coup and regicide

Liberalism as a current of political thought developed in Russia in the middle of the 19th century. His appearance was associated with activity" Westerners "The 40s. It should be noted that the bourgeoisie itself, i.e. commercial and industrial circles, in principle for a long time remained alien to liberalism, politically inert. This was a consequence of its well-known immaturity, economic dependence on the autocracy, which developed during the forced industrialization of the country. In the autocracy, the bourgeoisie saw her defender from the growing labor movement. Under these conditions, “society” became the bearer of liberal ideology - part of the nobility, the intelligentsia. Liberalism in Russia did not have a strong and definite social base and, as an ideological and political movement, was formed, in a certain respect, under the influence of Western European models - earlier , than the internal prerequisites for its occurrence have fully developed. Slavophiles were keen on the psychological aspects of speaking and social factors. The most outstanding among the Slavophile linguists were Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov (1817-1860) and Alexander Fedorovich Hilferding (1831-1872).

In the 50s, two centers were formed that led the revolutionary democratic movement in the country. At the head first (emigrant) stood A.I. Herzen, who founded the “Free Russian Printing House” in London (1853). Since 1855, he began publishing the non-periodical collection “Polar Star”. Second center originated in St. Petersburg. It was headed by the leading employees of the Sovremennik magazine N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Dobrolyubov, around whom like-minded people from the revolutionary-democratic camp rallied (M.L. Mikhailov, N.A. Serno-Solovyevich, N.V. Shelgunov and etc.) The censored articles of N.G. Chernyshevsky were not as frank as the publications of A.I. Herzen, but they were distinguished by their consistency. N.G. Chernyshevsky believed that upon the liberation of the peasants, the land should be transferred to them without ransom; the liquidation of the autocracy in Russia would occur through revolutionary means.

The populism of the 70s also underwent a certain evolution. Starting from ideas M. Bakunina , who considered the peasant to be a born rebel who did not require any significant efforts on the part of the intelligentsia in order to incite a peasant revolt, revolutionary theory was first forced to admit, in the person of P. Lavrova , insufficient readiness of the peasantry to act, so that then P. Tkachev and completely denied him any revolutionary spirit, identifying the intellectual as the main force of the revolution. Moreover, all these ideas were the populists of the 70s. tested in practice. “Walking to the People” and propaganda activities of the new “Land and Freedom”

Alexander II - Emperor of All Russia, the eldest son of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, was born in Moscow on April 17, 1818. A big role in the life of Alexander II was played by a visit to Darmstadt, where he met Princess Maximilian-Wilhelmina-Augusta-Sophia-Maria (born July 27, 1824). ), adopted daughter of Duke Louis II of Hesse, who soon became the crown prince's wife, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. Alexander II ascended the throne on February 19, 1855 at the age of 36. He was to go down in history under the name of the Liberator. Already on the day of coronation, August 26, the new manifesto of the sovereign was marked by a number of favors. Recruitment was suspended for three years, all government arrears, charges, etc. were forgiven;

The government of Alexander II in January 1857 created a Secret Committee “to discuss measures for organizing the life of the landowner peasants.” Somewhat earlier, in the summer of 1856, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, comrade (deputy) minister A.I. Levshin, developed a government program of peasant reform, which, although it gave serfs civil rights, retained all the land in the ownership of the landowner and provided the latter with patrimonial power on the estate.

THE CONSIGNMENT - is a political public organization that fights for power or for participation in the exercise of power. Thus, by 1905 in the upper echelons of power, two approaches to solving the problems of Russian reality have emerged: 1) strengthening existing system authorities, mainly by force; 2) gradual and slow reform of traditionalist power due to economic transformations. The third way, rejected by Nicholas II, was proposed by zemstvos: expanding the rights of local governments and strengthening their influence on government decision-making.

Causes a. The agrarian question: agrarian overpopulation, the preservation of large landowner estates and extensive orders. b. Labor issue: low wages and long working hours. c. The archaic nature of the political structure (autocracy has long since become obsolete). d. Lack of guarantees of fundamental rights and freedoms. e. The hardest economic crisis(due to Russo-Japanese War), turned into depression. f. Unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War.

Within a week of the announcement of the war against Serbia by Austria-Hungary on July 28, 1914, almost all the great powers of Europe were drawn into it. Immediately after the start of the war, Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the USA, and a number of states rushed to declare their neutrality Latin America and Asia, as well as the allies of the Austro-German bloc - Italy and Romania Russia entered the war with Germany and Austria-Hungary, seeking free access of the Black Sea Fleet through the Bosporus and Dardanelles to the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the annexation of Galicia and the gentle current of the Neman. By 1917 in Russia a revolution happened and one war smoothly flowed into another.

The beginning of 1917 was marked by the most powerful wave of strikes during the entire period of the World War. In January, 270 thousand people took part in strikes, and almost half of all strikers were workers from Petrograd and the Petrograd province. On February 14, the opening day of the Duma session, there was a strike by workers at 60 factories in the capital and a demonstration under revolutionary slogans. An extremely tense situation was developing in Petrograd. On February 18, the workers of the Putilov plant spoke out. And then the roads took off, rumors began to spread about famine and all that.

Great October Socialist Revolution , the first victorious socialist revolution in history, carried out in 1917 by the working class of Russia in alliance with the poor peasantry under the leadership of the Communist Party [former name - Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks)] led by V.I. Lenin. The name “Oktyabrskaya” comes from the date of October 25 (in the new style - November 7) - the overthrow of the Provisional Government of Russia and the transfer of state power into the hands of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. As a result of the October Revolution, the power of the bourgeoisie and landowners was overthrown in Russia and established dictatorship of the proletariat, The Soviet socialist state was created. The Great October Socialist Revolution was the triumph of Marxism-Leninism and opened a new era in the history of mankind - the era of transition from capitalism to socialism and communism.

Civil war and military intervention 1918-20 in Russia, the struggle of the workers and working peasants of Soviet Russia under the leadership of the Communist Party for the gains of the Great October Socialist Revolution, freedom and independence of the Soviet Motherland against the forces of internal and external counter-revolution. Great October Socialist Revolution 1917, which marked the beginning of the world socialist revolution, aroused decisive resistance not only from the overthrown exploiting classes within the country, but also from the entire world imperialism. The Communist Party and the Soviet government headed by V.I. Lenin managed to raise, organize and lead workers and peasants in defense of Soviet power.

"War communism" economic policy of the Soviet state during the Civil War and military intervention 1918-20. Military intervention and the Civil War disrupted the creative work of the dictatorship of the proletariat that had begun. All National economy the military order had to be rebuilt. The Soviet country was in a difficult situation: it was surrounded by fronts, deprived the most important sources raw materials and food, Donetsk coal, Baku and Grozny oil, southern and Ural metal, Siberian, Kuban and Ukrainian bread, Turkestan cotton. The difficult economic situation of the Soviet country required the exertion of all the forces of the people.

Towards the end of the Civil War The country was experiencing extreme economic devastation, aggravated by a bad harvest in 1920 and famine. Due to the demobilization of the army, unemployment created. Massive hesitations arose again among the peasantry, which was dissatisfied with the system of “military communism” and wanted the abolition of surplus appropriation and the opportunity to freely dispose of the surplus of its production. The difficulties and hardships that had been endured for granted during the Civil War now caused discontent not only among the peasants, but also among the working class.

New economic policy, NEP, was carried out by the CPSU and the Soviet state during the transition period from capitalism to socialism; called new, in contrast to the economic policy of the Civil War period of 1918-20. Began to be implemented in 1921 by decision Tenth Congress of the RCP(b) , ended in the 2nd half of the 30s. victory of socialism in the USSR. The essence of the NEP was the strengthening of the alliance of the working class with the peasantry on an economic basis, the establishment of a connection between socialist industry and small-scale peasant farming through the widespread use of commodity-money relations, the involvement of peasants in socialist construction, “... the maximum rise in productive forces and the improvement of the situation of workers and peasants...” (Lenin V. I., Complete Works, 5th ed., vol. 43, p. 398). The NEP allowed for some development of capitalist elements while maintaining the commanding heights of the national economy in the hands of the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat; ensured the rise of productive forces based on the growth of socialist elements and the displacement of capitalist elements, the transformation of a multi-structured economy into a single socialist one based on the industrialization of the country and the cooperation of agriculture.

Education USSR During the civil war, 2 forms of national statehood emerged: 1st, a federation based on autonomy, and 2nd, a federation based on a confederation. Another form of federation began to take shape based on the unity of other nations. The unification began to take place first on a military basis. In its infancy it was a form of confederation. But in practice, this confederation was under the dictates of the USSR.

A single Communist Party was preserved, clear centralization remained, and complete subordination took place through the Communist Party. The decisive political condition for the unification was their unity political system- as a result of the revolution

The dictatorship of the proletariat was established in all republics.

In the struggle for power, Stalin used very sophisticated methods. He removed Lenin from political life. He carefully removed all his competitors. The personality cult of Stalin in the USSR existed for a long time. Stalin was elevated to the rank of god and was presented to people as a superman.

Forced industrialization of the country , which was carried out largely due to the overstrain of payment of the Silsel population, aggravated the situation of the Russian peasantry .Capitalist I. - creation of large-scale machine production under the dominance of capitalist production relations, formation of the material and technical base of capitalist countries. The prerequisites of capitalist innovation are associated with the so-called initial accumulation of capital , forced expropriation of direct producers, increased exploitation of workers and the formation of reserves of free labor.

One of the forms of collectivization is Collectivization Agriculture in the USSR, the transformation of small, individual peasant farms into large public socialist farms through cooperation.

Fascism (Italian fascismo, from fascio - bundle, bundle, association), a political movement that arose in capitalist countries during the period of the general crisis of capitalism and expresses the interests of the most reactionary and aggressive forces of the imperialist bourgeoisie. F. in power is a terrorist dictatorship of the very reactionary forces of monopoly capital, carried out with the aim of preserving the capitalist system. The most important distinctive features of F. are the use of extreme forms of violence to suppress the working class and all working people, militant anti-communism, chauvinism, and racism.

Second World War 1939-1945 , a war prepared by the forces of international imperialist reaction and unleashed by the main aggressive states - fascist Germany, fascist Italy and militaristic Japan. The World War, like the first, arose due to the law of uneven development of capitalist countries under imperialism and was the result of a sharp aggravation of inter-imperialist contradictions, the struggle for sales markets, sources of raw materials, spheres of influence and investment of capital. The war began in conditions when capitalism was no longer a comprehensive system when the world's first socialist state, the USSR, existed and grew stronger.

Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-45, a just, liberation war of the Soviet people for freedom and independence of the socialist Motherland against fascist Germany and its allies (Italy, Hungary, Romania, Finland, and in 1945 Japan). The war against the USSR was unleashed by German fascism - the dictatorship of the most reactionary and aggressive forces of imperialism, which sought to destroy the world's first socialist state. Was the most important and decisive component World War II 1939-45.

V.O.V.ends the complete victory of the peoples of the USSR over fascism, which in its significance and consequences is the most important event in world history. In a bloody and destructive war, the Soviet Union defended socialist gains, the most advanced social system, and defended its freedom and independence. “The victory of the Soviet people in this war confirmed that there are no forces in the world that could stop the progressive development of socialist society” (CPSU Program, 1969, p. 17). The enormous opportunities inherent in the socialist system allowed the Soviet Union to overcome the extreme difficulties of wartime and, despite heavy losses, emerge from the war strong and powerful. The victory of the USSR revealed to the working people of the whole world the greatness and invincible power of the socialist state

"Cold War" a term that became widespread after the 2nd World War 1939-45 to designate the policy of reactionary and aggressive circles of the West towards the Soviet Union and other socialist countries, as well as peoples fighting for national independence, peace, democracy and socialism. Politics "H. “, aimed at exacerbating and maintaining the state of international tension, at creating and maintaining the danger of a “hot war” (“brinkmanship”), aims to justify an unrestrained arms race, an increase in military spending, an increase in reaction and persecution of progressive forces in capitalist countries. Politics "H. V." was openly proclaimed in W. Churchill’s keynote speech on March 5, 1946 (in Fulton, USA), in which he called for the creation of an Anglo-American alliance to fight “world communism led by Soviet Russia”

March 5, 1953 Stalin number. Just before his death, Stalin began preparing a new purge. Stalin was buried with honor. His body was placed next to Lenin in the mausoleum on Red Square. Immediately after his death, a struggle for power began in the Kremlin. In this struggle, three candidates came forward: the all-powerful chief of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, Beria, Stalin’s favorite Malenkov and Khrushchev. All members of the Presidium were afraid of Beria: they believed that he could become the second Stalin, using the powerful apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. He was lured into a trap at a meeting of the Presidium in the Kremlin and killed there

XX Congress of the CPSU and him historical meaning. Measures to eliminate violations of socialist legality and strengthen law and order. Expansion of the sovereign rights of the union republics. Restoration of national autonomy of a number of peoples.

Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich (b. 12/19/1906), leader of the Communist Party and the Soviet state, the international communist and labor movement, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. Born into the family of a metallurgist in the village of Kamenskoye (now Dneprodzerzhinsk). After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the party sent L. I. Brezhnev to lead the work of restoring the national economy. From August 1946 he was the first secretary of Zaporozhye, and from November 1947 he was the first secretary of the Dnepropetrovsk regional party committee. In July 1950 L.I. Brezhnev is elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova At the 20th Congress of the CPSU L.I. Brezhnev was elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee, at the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee (February 1956) - a candidate member of the Presidium and Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, at the same time since 1958 - deputy. Chairman of the Bureau of the CPSU Central Committee for the RSFSR. November 3, 1967 On duty General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee L.I. Brezhnev showed himself as a political figure of the Leninist type

Peace program , a system of measures aimed at radically improving the current international situation and fundamentally restructuring relations between states, set out by L. I. Brezhnev in the Report of the Central Committee of the Party and adopted by the 24th Congress of the CPSU (1971). P. m. based on the Nalenin principle peaceful coexistence states with different social systems. It sets the following tasks: 1. Eliminate military hotspots in Southeast Asia and the Middle East and promote a political settlement in these areas based on respect for the legitimate rights of states and peoples 2.Conclude treaties banning nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons; to seek a cessation of nuclear weapons testing everywhere and by all 3. Activate the fight to end the arms race of all types 4. Completely implement UN decisions on the elimination of colonial regimes

For the period 60-90s of the 19th century. there are such important phenomena in the country's economy as the completion of the industrial revolution and the rapid development of a number of important industries, the gradual perestroika in a new capitalist way of the agricultural sector, the formation of the proletariat and the Russian industrial bourgeoisie.

Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich (b. March 2, 1931, Privolnoye village, Krasnogvardeisky district, Stavropol Territory), Soviet party leader. Member of the CPSU since 1952. From peasants. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University (1955), Stavropol Agricultural University. Institute (1967, in absentia). In 1946-50, assistant combine operator of MTS. In 1956-62, 1st secretary of the Stavropol city committee, 2nd, 1st secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol. In 1966-70, 1st Secretary of the Stavropol City Committee, 2nd in 1970-78, 1st Secretary of the Regional Committee of the CPSU. Since November 1978, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Member of the CPSU Central Committee since 1971. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 8th-9th convocations. Awarded 2 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, 2 other orders, as well as medals.