Standards and certificates for lighting equipment and LED light sources. LED lighting devices in educational institutions
Also, it would seem that there are no clear instructions regarding the mandatory implementation LED sources light in general educational institutions and in the program “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency”, approved in 2010. You can verify this yourself:
https://docviewer.yandex.ru/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minenergo.gov.ru%2Fupload%2Fdocs%2Fee%2Fb612746a17...
Well, since there seem to be no clear regulatory documents, the LED industry immediately began to aggressively promote all its products to schools and universities, kindergartens and boarding schools, praising and proving their cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency in every way.
Some of the heads of educational institutions are in no hurry to replace the lighting with LED, some are waiting for clear explanations or orders from government agencies, and some are already forced to change lamps due to the expiration of the current lighting, and often without having a clear and transparent system of requirements, puts into its institutions something that essentially does not correspond even to the currently approved standards.
How to determine which LED lamps are allowed to be installed in educational institutions?
Let's turn on logic and read the current sanitary rules and regulations more thoughtfully in order to predict changes that will more correctly regulate the use of LED lamps in educational institutions when the Ministry of Health completes all work on the next amendments to the current Sanitary Regulations and Regulations.
What specific types of current LED luminaires most closely meet the requirements that are currently in place for lighting schools and kindergartens, as well as other educational institutions?
To do this, it is enough to analyze each sub-clause of the corresponding SanPin in more detail.
A number of today's manufacturers LED lighting This is limited to the first point:
7.2.1. In all premises of a general educational institution, levels of artificial illumination are provided in accordance with hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
That is, they receive a general CU certificate, which combines the previously used Certificate of Conformity and Hygienic Certificate. And with this document they are trying to prove to school directors that, supposedly, everything is in accordance with the standards.
But in fact, not all lamps are actually suitable for lighting in classrooms and auditoriums.
To do this, just carefully study the other points of SanPin.
For example, literally the following point should be analyzed with all care:
7.2.2. In classrooms, a general lighting system is provided ceiling lamps. Fluorescent lighting is provided using lamps according to the color spectrum: white, warm white, natural white.
Lighting fixtures used for artificial lighting classrooms must ensure a favorable distribution of brightness in the field of view, which is limited by the discomfort indicator (Mt). The discomfort index of a general lighting lighting installation for any workplace in a classroom should not exceed 40 units.
1) Color emission spectrum This paragraph is very unclear. It’s easy to guess what this is connected with at the moment - most of The current SanPiNa inherited the text from an earlier version, since there was no more specific classification for fluorescent lamps.
Now, with the advent of LED analogues and the variety of their color rendering, it is worth noting that in this case LED lamps with light color from 2700K to 5000K should be used. It is this range of color temperatures that is usually referred to as the values warm white(2700K-3500K), white(4000K-5000K), natural white(3500K-4500K).
What is this connected with?
This range is closest to natural light during the day, and is comfortably perceived by vision.
If the softer and more comfortable warm white (2700K-3500K) is more recommended for installation in preschool institutions, then all others (from 3500K to 5000K) are recommended for installation in school classrooms and university auditoriums.
This is directly related to the peculiarities of human perception - the warm white color of the glow has a calming, peaceful effect on us, and is associated with coziness and comfort, while natural white increases performance, perception, and tones up brain activity.
It should be noted that there is another variety - cold white(over 5000K). This glow is the brightest and has the highest contrast, but it increases fatigue and, with prolonged exposure during the day, has a depressing effect on a person. That's why lamps with color values over 5000K are not recommended for educational institutions.
2) Also a very important parameter - color rendering index Ra. It is not directly mentioned in the SanPiN itself (since it indirectly relates to paragraph 7.2.1), but there is a clear gradation of premises according to the characteristics of visual work. It is mentioned in a fairly old but valid document SNiP 23-05-95, to which this SanPiN refers:
http://www.docload.ru/Basesdoc/1/1898/#i772208
And, according to the table from this document, lamps in the premises of educational institutions must have an index of Ra>80.
3) Another extremely important detail - discomfort index Mt. This is a criterion for assessing uncomfortable brightness, which causes unpleasant sensations when the brightness is unevenly distributed in the field of view. The discomfort index (M) characterizes the degree of discomfort or tension in the presence of point sources of increased brightness in the field of view.
That is why all lighting devices (or light sources) in rooms where people stay for a long time have a matte protective shell. In the case of incandescent lamps, these are matte shades; in the case of fluorescent lamps, these are the bulbs of the lamps themselves.
Thus, in order to meet this indicator, all LED light sources in educational institutions must also be hidden behind a matte diffuser, since the spot brightness of LEDs is not comfortably leveled out by other types of diffusers (prism, microprism, crushed ice, etc.).
4) Indirectly, the indicator of discomfort should also include ripple factor. It characterizes the relative depth of illumination pulsation (in%) at a given point in the room when the lamps are powered from the mains alternating current. Uncontrolled pulsation of illumination leads to an increased risk of injury when working with moving and, in particular, rotating objects, as well as to visual fatigue. In Russian standards for most visual work it is established Kp value no more than 20.
As for LED light sources, they all work from DC voltage, and the ripple factor of LED lamps is usually related to how well the driver (power supply unit of the lamp) converts alternating current into direct current. In the vast majority of cases, pulsation coefficient of LED lamps<5% . Therefore, this criterion can practically be neglected when selecting lamps for educational institutions.
So, let's summarize.
According to current regulatory documents, in preschool, general education and higher educational institutions, LED lamps should be used, which, in addition to the necessary and sufficient values total luminous flux, power, degree of protection, dimensions and overhead installation method, correspond to the following parameters:
1) Light color: 2700K-3500K - for preschool institutions, 3500-5000K - for general education and higher educational institutions.
2) Diffuser type: opal, matte or milky white
3) Color rendering index Ra > 80
4) Ripple factor< 5%
Often, when selecting a lamp, the question of the diffuser material also arises. The regulatory documentation does not contain any instructions on the material of the diffuser for lamps, installed inside the premises of educational institutions, therefore the choice of diffuser material is left to the discretion of the management of the educational institution.
Different materials have different light transmittance and wear resistance, but In most cases, when the question comes down to the cost of the product, the choice falls on cheaper materials, such as lighting polystyrene or polyacrylic(PMMA). In cases where necessary durability of the diffuser to mechanical damage - we can use a more expensive one polycarbonate.
Project coordinator,
Zhivorykin A.N.
Currently, there are regulatory documents and Federal Laws that both prohibit and permit the use of LED light sources for lighting school classrooms. But, soon this conflict will probably be eliminated.
The use of LEDs is permitted in:
SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions” (as amended on November 24, 2015). In accordance with 7.2.2 of this SanPiN:
"7.2.2. In classrooms, the general lighting system is provided by ceiling lights with fluorescent lamps and LEDs. Lighting is provided using lamps according to the color spectrum: white, warm white, natural white.”
SP 52.13330.2016 "SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting." Put into effect for voluntary use on May 8, 2017 by Order of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2016 N 777/pr. This fundamental regulatory document does not prohibit the use of LED light sources for lighting schools.
The use of LEDs is prohibited:
SP 251.1325800.2016“Buildings of general education organizations. Design Rules". This set of rules allows the use of LED lamps only with a removed phosphor.
SP 256.132500.2016“Electrical installations of residential and public buildings. Rules for design and installation." In this set of rules, LED light sources for lighting schools are prohibited.
Currently, changes are being made to these sets of rules to bring their requirements for school lighting into compliance with the requirements of SP 52.13330.2016.
SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03 « Hygienic requirements to natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings.” In accordance with 3.1.5 (5 paragraph) of this SanPiN: “In institutions of preschool, school and vocational education, as well as in the main functional premises of medical institutions, discharge lamps and incandescent lamps should be used.”
In accordance with 1.4 and 1.6 SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03:
"1.4. Compliance with the requirements of these sanitary rules is mandatory for citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities involved in the design, construction, reconstruction and operation of buildings.
1.6. State sanitary and epidemiological supervision over the implementation of these sanitary rules is carried out by institutions of the state sanitary and epidemiological service of the Russian Federation.”
Thus, the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Authority has the right to prohibit the educational process in general education institutions in which LED lamps are installed, despite the fact that there are permitting regulatory documents.
Currently, some schools have installed LED lamps, despite existing bans. In the case of using LED lamps in schools, it would be a good idea to coordinate the accepted technical solutions with the regional department of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, so that their representatives give official permission for non-compliance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03.
SP 52.13330.2011"SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting."
Order of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation dated February 10, 2017 N 86/pr “On amendments to some orders of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation” states:
“Clause 2 of the order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated November 7, 2016 N 777/pr “On approval of SP 52.13330 “SNiP 23-05-95 * Natural and artificial lighting” should be stated as follows:
"2. From the moment of entry into force of SP 52.13330 "SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting", SP 52.13330.2011 "SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting", approved by order of the Ministry, shall be recognized as not subject to application regional development Russian Federation dated December 27, 2010 N 783, except for clauses SP 52.13330.2011"SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting", included in the List of national standards and codes of practice (parts of such standards and codes of practice), as a result of which on a mandatory basis compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2014 N 1521 (hereinafter referred to as the List), is ensured, until appropriate changes are made to the List."
Thus, the specified List still contains 7.18 of the set of rules SP 52.13330.2011, according to which:
“7.18 The selection of light sources according to color characteristics for public, residential and auxiliary premises should be made on the basis of Appendix I, taking into account 7.3 and 7.4.
In preschool institutions, school and vocational education, as well as in the main functional premises of medical institutions, fluorescent (including compact) lamps and halogen incandescent lamps should be used.
In other public premises, the use of halogen incandescent lamps for general lighting is permitted only to ensure architectural and artistic requirements.”
That is, until the code of rules SP 52.13330.2011 is replaced by SP 52.13330.2016 in the specified List, the use of LED lamps in schools is a direct violation of the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures”, adopted by the State Duma on December 23, 2009 and approved by the Federation Council December 25, 2009.
In the set of rules SP 52.13330.2016, which came into force on May 8, 2017, LED lamps in schools are not prohibited. But in 7.3.1 there is a ban on the use of LEDs in preschool educational institutions and in the main functional premises of medical and preventive institutions.
Considering that the set of rules SP 52.13330.2016 will eventually replace the set of rules SP 52.13330.2011 in the List of national standards and sets of rules (parts of such standards and sets of rules), as a result of which, mandatory basis compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures" is ensured, then in the coming years the use of LED lamps in kindergartens and in the main functional premises of medical and preventive institutions will be prohibited at the level of the Federal Law.
When defending the possibility of using LEDs in schools, they often refer to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 898 of August 28, 2015.
Government Decree No. 898 of August 28, 2015 contains no prohibition on the use fluorescent lamps in educational institutions (schools).
According to this Resolution (4 paragraph g)): “a ban on the purchase of lamps for double-ended fluorescent lamps with a G13 base, except for cases where for lighting in accordance with sanitary rules and regulations establishing requirements for artificial and mixed lighting, they cannot be used LED light sources."
In accordance with the sanitary rules and regulations of SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03, as noted above, discharge lamps and incandescent lamps should be used for school and vocational education institutions, as well as in the main functional premises of medical institutions.
Government Decree No. 898 of August 28, 2015 prohibits:
Purchase of double-ended fluorescent lamps with a diameter of 26-38 mm with calcium halophosphate phosphor and a color rendering index of less than 80 with a G13 base;
Prohibition on the purchase of non-electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps;
A ban on the purchase of luminaires for arc mercury fluorescent lamps.
Conclusion
Problems with the use of LEDs in schools, apparently, will begin after restrictions on their use are lifted in regulatory documents. Essentially, the set of rules SP 52.13330.2011 will soon be replaced in the List of Mandatory Documents by SP 52.13330.2016. And the only prohibitive document will be SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03. But in the near future, appropriate changes may be made to it.
Presumably, this SanPiN will include specific requirements for LED lighting in terms of color temperature, maximum LED power, etc. And many already installed LED lighting installations in schools may not meet these requirements.
It is worth paying attention to the standard of the Association of Manufacturers of LEDs and Systems Based on them STO.69159079-01-2017 “LED Lamps. Requirements for technical and operational parameters." This standard sets out many requirements for LED lamps for schools and it is highly advisable not to use lamps with parameters inferior to the recommendations of this document.
K (All articles on the site)
primary goal street lighting- ensuring the safety of traffic participants at night.
The main parameters that, according to Russian standards, are still decisive for street lighting:
- average road surface brightness,
- uniform distribution of road surface brightness,
- service life of lamps.
There are also additional parameters (luminous flux pulsation, color rendering coefficient, correlated color temperature), which certainly affect traffic safety, but, unfortunately, are still not standardized for street lighting. It should be noted that recently they have begun to pay more attention to them, and you need to be prepared for the fact that in the near future they will become part of the regulations.
Advantages of LED lamps compared to gas discharge lamps
The main task of developers and manufacturers of lamps is to ensure compliance with street lighting standards with minimal energy consumption and maximum service life.
This is precisely the main advantage of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps compared to gas-discharge lamps - high luminous efficiency and low energy consumption.
This is achieved by several factors: the LED itself is a very highly efficient converter of electricity to light. Now in mass production there are LEDs with an efficiency of more than 200 lm/W, and laboratory samples have an efficiency of about 300 lm/W. For comparison, commercially produced high-power sodium lamps have an efficiency of 130 lm/W, mercury lamps - no more than 60 lm/W, and low-power lamps have an even lower efficiency - 80 and 40 lm/W, respectively.
The second factor that allows street LED lamps to achieve high efficiency during operation is the direction of radiation. LEDs shine only in one direction, which allows the lamp to achieve efficiency of up to 96%!!! Gas discharge lamps shine in all directions and require a special reflector to redirect the light in right side, and this significantly reduces the efficiency of the device. Taking into account the protective glass, the efficiency of standard luminaires with gas-discharge lamps does not exceed 75%.
For example, an 85 W LED lamp produces the same luminous flux (9750 lm) as a 250 W mercury lamp, consuming 260 W power (3 times energy savings!!!)
It should also be taken into account that these efficiency values are achieved by new, newly installed lamps. But LED lamps also have another fundamental advantage: slower degradation of the luminous flux over time. Consequently, a smaller safety factor can be used in calculations.
Also, during actual operation, it turned out that the decrease in luminous flux caused by dust is an order of magnitude higher for gas-discharge lamps than for LED lamps, since LED lamps have only one surface susceptible to contamination (see figure).
It is important not only to produce the maximum luminous flux, but also to distribute it correctly. LED lamps also have an advantage over gas-discharge lamps. The small size of LEDs makes it possible to develop and produce lenses and reflectors for them that use the luminous flux more efficiently to ensure maximum uniformity of the brightness distribution of the road surface and maximum optical efficiency of the lamp compared to reflectors for bulky gas-discharge lamps.
The service life of LED lamps is more than 50,000 hours (over 12 years). All elements of the lamp are durable, unlike lamps with gas-discharge lamps. For comparison, the service life of mercury lamps of the DRL series is 8,000 hours, the best sodium lamps of the DNAT series are 20,000 hours.
Let's consider the additional advantages of LED lamps, which are also important for ensuring traffic safety:
- Low frequency light pulsations. In traditional gas-discharge lamps, the light pulsation is about 80-100%. This increases driver fatigue and causes a stroboscopic effect, which increases the likelihood of an accident. For most LED lamps, pulsations do not exceed 10-20%.
- Color rendering index. Color rendering index of LED lamps - 70-90, mercury lamps - 40-60, sodium lamps- 30-40. Taking into account the peculiarities of human twilight vision, the visibility of objects when illuminated by LED lamps is several times higher than when illuminated by sodium lamps. This increases the reaction speed of road users and reduces accidents on the roads.
- Correlated color temperature. A wide range of LED color temperatures (2400-10000 K) allows you to highlight sections of the road that are particularly important in terms of safety. For example, the main part of the road is illuminated with light with a color temperature of 6000K (cool color), and pedestrian crossings are highlighted with light with a color temperature of 3000K (warm color).
- Instant switching on when supply voltage is applied and stable performance at any temperature throughout the Russian Federation. Lamps with DRL and HPS lamps start up extremely unsatisfactorily at temperatures below -15°C, and it takes 10-20 minutes to reach the operating mode.
- Instant restart capability. In gas-discharge luminaires, the lamp will take several minutes to cool before it can be turned on again.
- No starting currents. The initial current of LED lamps exceeds the rated current by only 15-20%, the starting current of gas-discharge lamps is 2-3 times higher than the rated current.
- With an increased input voltage, the energy consumption of gas-discharge lamps sharply increases and their service life decreases; in LED lamps, the power is practically independent of the input voltage.
- LED lamps do not require special disposal conditions, since they do not contain mercury, its derivatives and other toxic, harmful or hazardous constituent materials and substances. All traditional gas-discharge lamps contain mercury or its compounds.
- LED lamps have the ability to reduce the level of luminous flux at night by reducing power consumption by 30-50%, which leads to significant energy savings.
FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION IN THE FIELD OF PROTECTION
CONSUMER RIGHTS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING
LETTER
ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION
SANITARY SUPERVISION OVER THE USE OF ENERGY-SAVING
LIGHT SOURCES
The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare reports that in accordance with Federal Law dated November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” from January 1 As of 2011, incandescent electric lamps with a power of one hundred watts or more, which can be used in alternating current circuits for lighting purposes, are not allowed for circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation. From January 1, 2011, it is not permitted to place orders for the supply of incandescent electric lamps for state or municipal needs that can be used in alternating current circuits for lighting purposes.
To organize general and local artificial lighting in public spaces, it is recommended to use fluorescent and LED bulbs.
On Russian market models of compact fluorescent lamps (hereinafter referred to as CFLs) from more than 40 manufacturers are presented, which differ in power, light characteristics, shapes, service life, size, and price. Consumption volume energy saving lamps in the Russian Federation is constantly increasing. Imports of compact fluorescent lamps reached 107 million units in 2011.
In connection with the development of modern energy-efficient light sources, including LEDs and lighting devices based on them, it is necessary to ensure hygienic lighting standards in general and primary institutions vocational education and in children's health organizations.
The most pressing issue in the use of CFLs is still the problem of their disposal and safety of use. Each such lamp can contain up to 3 - 5 mg of mercury, which is in the aggregate state in the form of vapor. The danger comes from careless handling of used lamps. A broken or damaged lamp bulb releases mercury vapor, which can cause severe poisoning.
Currently, lamps using Amalgam technology are produced in the Russian Federation. In the composition of such a lamp, mercury is not in its pure form (liquid and/or vapor state), but in the form of an amalgam - a chemical solution of mercury in another metal, i.e. in a solid state of aggregation. When the amalgam is heated to 60 °C or higher, mercury vapor is released and participates in the process of luminescence of the lamp. This technological solution prevents mercury vapor from entering a room at room temperature if the integrity of the glass flask is damaged.
In addition, CFLs made in a silicone circuit on top of the lamp are available for sale. The silicone gasket protects the tube and flask, acts as a shock softener when dropped, and limits the spread of mercury.
To minimize contamination closed premises If CFLs are damaged, it is recommended to use lamps manufactured using the specified technologies.
In addition to compact fluorescent lamps, LED lighting sources have been offered on the lighting equipment market of the Russian Federation since 2010, which have a number of advantages. LED lamps are economical and have energy consumption 80% less than incandescent lamps, and have high shock and vibration resistance. LED lamps do not contain gas, they hardly heat up, and their service life can reach up to 100,000 hours. Such lamps do not contain mercury, which makes them safe in terms of environmental pollution.
In order to determine the possibility of using LED lighting and LED lamps of the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents of the RAMS Institution of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Center for Children's Health" of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences with the participation of employees of the State Enterprise "Scientific and Technological Center for Unique Instrument Making of the Russian Academy of Sciences" and the Research Institute of Building Physics Russian Academy Architecture and building sciences have conducted research on the psychophysiological effects of LED lighting and LED lamps on the human body.
The conducted studies showed the possibility of using LED lighting and LED lamps in residential and public buildings.
In this regard, educational authorities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, educational and children's health organizations, design organizations must be notified of the possibility of ensuring hygienic lighting standards established by SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions", SanPiN 2.4.3.1186-03 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization of the educational and production process in educational institutions of primary vocational education" and SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03 "Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings", in institutions of general and primary vocational education, as well as in children's health institutions, by using LED light sources and lighting devices based on them, subject to a number of conditions.
When used in general lighting systems in public buildings and in the educational process, LED lamps must comply with a number of qualitative and quantitative lighting indicators.
School LED lamps from the manufacturer with a guarantee of up to 6 years.
1. The conditional protective angle of luminaires must be at least 90°. This parameter imposes requirements on design features lighting fixtures to limit the glare of LED lamps and is measured with a protractor and a square.
2. The overall brightness of lamps should not exceed 5000 cd/m2. Due to the fact that the overall brightness of open LEDs is extremely high, it is impossible to use a luminaire with open LEDs for general lighting of premises. Lighting fixtures must include effective diffusers that reduce overall brightness to the above values. This parameter is measured by a brightness meter.
3. The permissible unevenness in the brightness of the outlet of luminaires Lmax:Lmin should be no more than 5:1. It can be estimated after measurements with a brightness meter as the ratio of the maximum measured brightness to the minimum.
4. The color correlated temperature of white light LEDs should not exceed 4000°K. You can estimate the color temperature of an LED source by the markings on the base or packaging of the lamp.
Color temperature is the temperature of a black body (Planck radiator) at which its radiation has the same color as the radiation of the object in question. It determines the color tone (warm, neutral or cool) of the space illuminated by these sources.
The passport data for luminaires with LEDs intended for general and local lighting installations in institutions of general and primary vocational education must contain information about the overall brightness value, brightness unevenness across the luminaire outlet and the value of the correlated color temperature.
In connection with the entry into force of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union “On the safety of low-voltage equipment” (hereinafter referred to as TR CU 004/2011) on February 15, 2013, changes are being made in Russia to the procedure for confirming the conformity of lighting products. The article provides short review national and interstate standards for LED products that have recently been introduced and which are in development, as well as information on certification procedures for LED products.
The creation of white LEDs made it possible to use a fundamentally new, energy-efficient light source in lighting systems and marked the beginning of the rapid development of technologies and the production of new generation lighting products. Scientific research conducted by leading companies were aimed at increasing the efficiency of the luminous flux of semiconductor light sources, reducing their cost, and increasing their service life. Since 2005, the first domestic LED lighting systems have appeared. In 2008-2009 Serial production of domestic LEDs begins, and competition arises on the Russian market for manufacturers of LED lighting systems. Currently, according to various estimates, more than 90% of the components imported into Russia are used for the production of LED lighting systems. However, the internal infrastructure for the production of LEDs and lighting products based on them is gradually being created in Russia. One of the main problems of the Russian LED lighting market is the low quality of products. This is due to the fact that mass production is just being mastered, manufacturing technologies are being developed, the market is just emerging, the regulatory framework is being formed, certification requirements for LED products are being introduced, metrology testing centers are being created and gaining experience. A number of events in the field of LED lighting systems that have been taking place in our country recently give rise to optimism.
The State Unitary Enterprise of the Republic of Moldova “NIIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin”, in turn, is actively involved in this process and is carrying out certain work in the LED area:
- development and production of LED lamps for direct replacement of incandescent lamps general purpose power 25, 40 and 60 W;
- standardization of LED light sources and methods for monitoring their parameters within the framework of the Technical Committee TK 332 “Lighting Products” created on the basis of VNISI LLC (Moscow), of which the State Unitary Enterprise RM “NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin” is a member;
- metrological support for testing, testing and measurements of LED products;
- certification of LED products.
LED bulbs
In 2012, the State Unitary Enterprise RM “NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin” developed the design and manufacturing technology of a series of energy-saving, environmentally friendly LED lamps with white LEDs with a power of 3, 5, 7 W, with an E27 base. In terms of their lighting and dimensional characteristics, they correspond to general-purpose incandescent lamps with a power of 25, 40 and 60 W and can replace them in household lighting installations. The service life of LED lamps is at least 30 thousand hours (or 10 years). In Fig. 1 and 2 show the appearance of the developed LED lamps; Table 1 shows their parameters. At the same time, samples of LED lamps with the phosphor removed were manufactured and tested for efficiency. According to the measurement results, LED lamps with removed phosphor have an 8-10% higher luminous flux compared to lamps with white LEDs. All work was carried out with the support of the Government of the Republic of Mordovia, the Ministry of Industry, Science and New Technologies of the Republic of Mordovia.
Rice. 1. Appearance LED lamps with E27 base: a) SDL-E27-3; b) SDL-E27-5; c) SDL-E27-7
Rice. 2. Appearance of lamps with E27 base
Table 1. Lamp parameters
| Lamp type | Power, W |
Nominal operating current**, A |
Nominal luminous flux, lm |
Color temperature, K |
Dimensions (no more), mm | Weight (no more), g | Base type | ||
| Nominal* | Maximum deviation | D | L | ||||||
| SDL-E27-3 | 3,0 | +0,5 | 0,350 | 250 | 2700-4000 | 48 | 50 | 60 | E27 |
| SDL-E27-5 | 5,0 | +0,5 | 0,350 | 400 | 60 | 108 | 113 | ||
| SDL-E27-7 | 7,0 | +0,5 | 0,350 | 600 | 60 | 132 | 150 | ||
Note:* - the lower power value and the upper value of the luminous flux are not limited; **—reference value.
Standards for LED lamps
In 2011, the State Unitary Enterprise of the Republic of Moldova “NIIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin” developed three standards for LED products:
- GOST R 54814-2011/IEC/TS 62504:2011 “LEDs and LED modules for general lighting. Terms and Definitions";
- GOST R IEC 62560-2011 “LED lamps with built-in control device for general lighting for voltages above 50 V. Safety requirements”;
- GOST R 54815-2011/IEC/PAS 62612:2009 “LED lamps with built-in control device for general lighting for voltages above 50 V. Operational requirements.”
More detailed information about these standards is given in.
The procedure for examination, release of a typographic version and implementation of standards lags behind the development of scientific and technological progress in the field of LED technologies. GOSTs adopted in 2011 need to be revised, since changes have already been made to the IEC standards, on the basis of which national standards were developed. Update required for:
- GOST R 54814-2011, since a new edition of the IEC 62504 standard was released in July 2012;
- GOST R IEC 62560-2011, since there is a change from October 2012 in the IEC 62560 standard regarding terms and tests;
- GOST R 54815-2011 - change in the IEC 62612 standard from February 2012.
In 2012, the State Unitary Enterprise RM “NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin” continued work (final editions) on the development of standards that are related to LED products:
- GOST R “Electric light sources. Methods for determining light and electrical parameters»;
- GOST R “Electric light sources. Methods for determining spectral and color characteristics";
- GOST R IEC 62471 “Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems” (IEC 62471:2006 Photobiological safety lamps and lamp systems (IDT)).
In 2012, the first drafts of the following standards were developed with notification of their placement on the Rosstandart website:
- GOST R IEC 62663-1 “LED lamps with a socket without a control device. Part 1. Safety requirements";
- GOST R IEC 62663-2 “LED lamps with a socket without a control device. Part 2. Operational requirements";
- GOST R IEC 62707-1 “LEDs. Part 1. General requirements to binning and chromaticity coordinate grid for white LEDs";
- GOST R IEC 62717 “LED modules for general lighting. Operational requirements."
The development of national standards for LED products will allow manufacturers, consumers and other interested organizations:
- uniformly classify LED light sources;
- provide a unified approach to assessing the quality and safety of manufactured and purchased LED light sources;
- apply objective methods for measuring light, color and electrical parameters, monitoring and predicting service life, etc.
In connection with the adoption of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union “On the safety of low-voltage equipment” (TR TS 004/2011), approved. By decision of the Customs Union Commission dated August 16, 2011 No. 768, interstate status standards GOST IEC, GOST IEC, STB IEC, STB IEC were introduced on the territory of three countries (Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan) to confirm compliance. Today, for example, for LED light sources, in addition to national standards, interstate standards of the Customs Union apply on the territory of the Russian Federation:
Many specialists, and not only lighting engineers, are wondering about the future relevance of standards in the GOST R status during the transition to certification of LED products according to interstate standards. The answer is obvious: national standards for GOST R status will gradually be abolished, as is now happening with standards for other types of lamps. For example, GOST R 53881-2010 “Lamps with built-in ballasts for general lighting. Safety requirements" by order of Rosstandart dated November 29, 2012 No. 1409 is canceled from January 2014 due to the introduction of the interstate standard GOST 31999-2012 (IEC 60968:1988) "Lamps with built-in ballasts for general lighting. Safety requirements. General technical conditions".
Measurements and tests
The accredited testing laboratory of the State Unitary Enterprise RM “NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin” (reg. No. ROSS RU.0001.22ME33) carries out measurements of electrical and light parameters, colorimetric characteristics and other tests of LED products. Regularly conducted comparative tests allowed specialists from the State Unitary Enterprise RM "NIIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin" together with LLC "VNISI", FSUE "VNIIOFI", LLC "Archilight", the company "Optogan", CJSC "Svetlana-Optoelectronics" 127 methods for monitoring the parameters of LEDs and LED light sources, which were subsequently included in the GOST R projects “Electric light sources. Methods for determining light and electrical parameters", GOST R "Electric light sources. Methods for determining spectral and color characteristics." These GOST R projects are currently at the examination stage.
Specialists of the State Unitary Enterprise RM “NIIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin” photometer not only electric LED light sources, they have also mastered the measurements of photoluminescent evacuation systems, the main lighting parameter of which is brightness. To evaluate it, in 2012, a Konica Minolta LS-100 brightness meter was purchased, which allows one to estimate the brightness value from 1 cd/m2 and higher. This device allows you to measure the brightness of LED lamps and light sources.
LED Product Certification
On February 15, 2013, TR CU 004/2011 was put into effect, developed in accordance with the Agreement on common principles and rules of technical regulation in the Republics of Belarus and Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation dated November 18, 2010 with the aim of establishing a Customs Union on a single customs territory unified mandatory requirements for the application and implementation of low-voltage equipment (LV) and ensuring the free movement of LV released into circulation in the single customs territory of the Customs Union.
If other technical regulations of the Customs Union have been adopted in relation to the DO, establishing requirements for it, then the DO must comply with the requirements of these technical regulations of the Customs Union, which apply to it. For example, these include the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union “Electromagnetic compatibility technical means"(TR TS 020/2011), approved. Decision of the Customs Union Commission of December 9, 2011 No. 879.
NO includes electrical equipment intended for use at a rated voltage of 50-1000 V (inclusive) alternating current and 75-1500 V (inclusive) direct current.
The list of BUT, subject to confirmation of conformity in the form of certification in accordance with TR CU 004/2011, includes lighting equipment and light sources, including LEDs.
Thus, confirmation of conformity (certification) of lighting equipment and light sources in the Customs Union will be carried out in accordance with:
The standards for LED lamps and modules have been listed above. List of standards from [,], which establish safety requirements for the most common LED lamps:
- STB IEC 60598-1-2008 “Lamps. Part 1. General requirements and test methods";
- GOST IEC 60598-2-1-2011 “Lamps. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 1. Stationary lamps for general purpose";
- STB IEC 598-2-1-99 “Lamps. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 1. Stationary lamps for general purpose";
- GOST R IEC 598-2-1-97 “Lamps. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 1. Stationary lamps for general purpose";
- STB IEC 60598-2-2-99 “Lamps. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 2. Recessed lamps";
- GOST R IEC 60598-2-2-99 “Lamps. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 2. Recessed lamps";
- STB IEC 60598-2-3-2009 “Lamps. Part 2-3. Additional requirements to lamps for illuminating streets and roads";
- GOST IEC 60598-2-5-2012 “Lamps. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 5. Floodlight Spotlights";
- GOST R IEC 60598-2-5-99 “Lamps. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 5. Floodlight Spotlights";
- STB IEC 60598-2-5-2002 “Lamps. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 5. Floodlight Spotlights.”
Table 2. Description of procedures in accordance with certification schemes
| Procedures | ||
| Scheme 1s | Scheme 3c | Scheme 4c |
| Submission by the applicant to the product certification body of an application for certification with attached technical documentation | ||
| Consideration of the application and adoption by the product certification body of a decision on product certification | ||
| Selection by the product certification body of samples for testing | - | |
| Testing of product samples by an accredited testing laboratory | Testing of each product unit by an accredited testing laboratory | |
| Conducting an analysis of the state of production by the product certification body | - | - |
| Generalization by the product certification body of test results and analysis of the state of production, issuance of a certificate of conformity to the applicant | Analysis of test results and issuance of a certificate of conformity to the applicant | |
| Labeling of a batch of products with a single circulation mark | Applying a single circulation sign | |
| Inspection control of certified products | - | - |
The issuance of a certificate of conformity with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union is carried out in accordance with the document “Unified form of a certificate of conformity with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union and the rules for its execution”, approved. By decision of the Board of the Eurasian Economic Commission dated December 25, 2012 No. 293. Copies of issued certificates of conformity, if necessary, are made by the applicant on white A4 paper (210×297 mm), certified by his signature and seal.
Certificate forms are produced in the member states of the Customs Union by printing. At the same time, the printing number of the form produced in the Republic of Belarus contains the designation “Series BY”, in the Republic of Kazakhstan - “Series KZ”, in the Russian Federation - “Series RU”. Forms are filled out in Russian using electronic printing devices. If necessary, the name of the manufacturer, its location, including the actual address (except for the name of the state), and information about the product (type, brand, model, product article, etc.) can be indicated using letters of the Latin alphabet. The reverse side of the certificate of conformity can be filled out in the language of one of the member states of the Customs Union on a voluntary basis.
Certificates of compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union are issued by certification bodies included in the Unified Register of Certification Bodies and Testing Laboratories (Centers) of the Customs Union. Tests for certification purposes are carried out by accredited testing laboratories (centers), also included in the Unified Register of the Customs Union.
Market rules
Lighting equipment is put into circulation on the market if it complies with TR CU 004/2011, as well as other technical regulations of the Customs Union that apply to it, and provided that it has been confirmed as conforming to TR CU.
Equipment that meets the requirements of TR CU 004/2011 and has passed confirmation of conformity must be marked with a single sign of product circulation on the market of the member states of the Customs Union, approved by the Decision of the Customs Union Commission dated July 15, 2011 No. 711 (subject to changes approved by the Decision of the Commission Customs Union dated September 23, 2011 No. 800) (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Image of a single sign of product circulation on the market of member states of the Customs Union
Lighting equipment, the compliance of which with the requirements of TR CU 004/2011 has not been confirmed, should not be marked with a single product circulation mark and is not allowed to be put into circulation on the market of the Customs Union. A certificate of conformity for the requirements of the Customs Union will be issued for a period of up to 5 years for mass-produced products; for a batch (single product), the validity period of the certificate of conformity is not established.
When switching to confirmation of compliance with the requirements of the CU TR, manufacturing enterprises will face some innovations in the procedure and problems, including:
- The need to acquire interstate standards and implement them at enterprises.
- The need for certification of LED lighting products, which before the introduction of the CU TR were not subject to mandatory certification and for which manufacturers received a voluntary certificate (street lamps, spotlights, LED lamps and modules) or sold without a certificate.
- Certification schemes for mass-produced products according to the CU TR require a mandatory analysis of the state of production or the presence of a certified quality management system, which will lead to an increase in certification costs for manufacturing enterprises that until now do not have a certified quality management system according to ISO 9000 series standards.
In addition, the tightening of Rosaccreditation requirements for certification bodies (CBs) and testing laboratories (TL) will also indirectly affect market participants.
In October 2012, new Accreditation Criteria were established, and currently, instead of six criteria for IL, 94 are presented, and for OS, instead of five, 65 criteria are presented. The purpose of establishing new criteria is to bring the organization of work of OS and IL closer to the requirements of international standards.
One of the conditions for inclusion of laboratory tests in the Register of Laboratories of the Customs Union is the status of the laboratory as both technically competent and independent, that is, laboratory tests created at manufacturing enterprises and accredited in the GOST R Certification System, if they want to continue their activities, will have to decide on their legal status.
OS and IL, which often issued certificates very cheaply without proper testing, will either leave the market or will be forced to conduct tests in full, and an increase in the actual labor intensity when conducting tests in these IL will inevitably lead to an increase in testing costs and may lead to an increase cost of certification services.
In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that today the process of introducing LED lighting is taking on a civilized form, that is, it is proceeding systematically, although, perhaps, not as quickly as we would like. The emergence of standards for LED products will create favorable conditions for the introduction of energy-efficient LED-based products into lighting systems. A positive aspect is the increasing pace of domestic development of lamp designs, carrying out work on measuring and assessing the quality of products and issuing certificates confirming the quality and safety of LED products.
