Series of panel houses of 14 floors. Series of panel and brick houses and apartment layouts

Standard panel houses still remain the most affordable type of urban residential real estate. Over more than half a century of history, more than one generation and several dozen series of “panels” have changed in the capital. How do the characteristics of the most popular series differ, and what are the rules for choosing an apartment in panel houses?

The history of Soviet standard panel housing construction began in the 50s of the 20th century. Then, in order to provide citizens with separate housing, while saving public funds, factories for the production of panels began to appear throughout the country. Soon, the first experimental panel block appeared on the outskirts of Moscow in the Novye Cheryomushki district. And by the early 1970s, about 400 million square meters had already been built throughout the country. meters of five-story buildings.

True, even then it was clear that mass housing would last no more than 25 years. The program started at the end of 1999 and continues to this day. Only one panel series, 1-515, escaped this fate, since it was considered quite comfortable and suitable for living.

Series 1-515

However, in the “Khrushchev” of the first episodes it is a risky business. Their fate is rather vague (there are known cases of liquidation of individual houses of unbearable series), and the disadvantages associated with a long service life are obvious.

Panel houses of the 60-70s – where to buy an apartment

Unlike their five-story counterparts, panel houses built in the 60s and 70s are not yet going to disappear from the map of the capital. Moreover, these nine- and twelve-story buildings have firmly occupied their niche in the secondary market of Moscow. According to experts, apartments in such buildings account for 10-17% of the supply.

The most common nine-story panel buildings in the capital are series II-18/9, 1605/9, I-515/9М, I-515/9Ш, II-49. These houses are similar in shape and layout to Khrushchev's five-story buildings, but there are some minor improvements. The ceiling height is 2.64 m, and the kitchen area is from 5.2 to 8.1 square meters. m. The houses have an elevator and a garbage chute. True, in some series, one-room and two-room apartments do not have a loggia, but in “three rubles” there are adjacent rooms.

Series II-49

As for the twelve-story panels of this period (series II-18/12, II-68-03, II-68-02/12K), they are distinguished by a wide variety of layouts. For example, on the market you can find both small-sized two-room apartments with an area of ​​about 37 square meters. m with a 6-meter kitchen, and more spacious options. However, the advantages and disadvantages of Brezhnev-era houses depend on the specific series.

Buyers of such real estate are primarily attracted by the developed infrastructure - houses of this period are located in populated areas, as well as by the low price (a small two-room apartment can be purchased for 7.5 - 8.5 million rubles). In addition, for many, panel “small size” apartments are the only opportunity to provide personal space for all family members.

High-rise buildings of modern series P-3, P-44, KOPE - advantages and disadvantages

According to experts, high-rise buildings built in the 80s are the most popular product on the secondary real estate market. They are widely used in practice and are in steady demand. These panels have undoubted advantages: they can still be considered modern, but at a price much more affordable than yesterday's new buildings. At the same time, the houses have quite convenient layouts: spacious kitchens and hallways, isolated rooms, etc.

Experts highlight the following features of the most common series of standard panels of the 80s. P-44 houses are distinguished by large kitchens, isolated rooms, and many have a place for a concierge. Among the shortcomings is the poor quality of installation of external slabs in some buildings, and in high-rise buildings of the early period (built in the late 70s) there are crooked balcony slabs. This series is most common in the areas of Krylatskoye, Strogino, Khovrino, Beskudnikovo, Izmailovo, Novokosino, Orekhovo-Borisovo, Tsaritsyno, Moskvorechye-Saburovo, Nagatino, Chertanovo, Zyuzino, Northern Butovo.

Another successful and durable series of panels is P-3. It was developed in the late 70s, and by the beginning of the 1980 Olympics the first facilities had been commissioned. The distribution area for houses of this series in Moscow is Yasenevo, Belyaevo, Olympic Village, Troparevo, Cheryomushki. Initially, P-3 high-rise buildings had 16 floors, but by the mid-80s another one was added. These houses, according to experts, are distinguished by competent layouts, spacious loggias, and another plus is the presence of a freight elevator.

Series P-3

The KOPE series (10-22 floors) dates back to the same period. The main advantages of these houses: variability of layouts (even within the same building), increased thermal insulation, structural strength. Disadvantages usually include low sound insulation and limited redevelopment possibilities. Most of the houses of the KOPE series are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Northern Butovo, Konkovo, Yasenevo, Obruchevsky, Kuntsevo, Fili, Strogino, Mitino, Tushino, Altufyevo.

New panel

Panel houses of the 21st century have practically nothing in common with their ancestors of the early 50s. From series to series, they eliminate the shortcomings of previous versions and introduce innovative technologies. In modern panels, buyers have access to a wide variety of layouts with the opportunity to remake the apartment to suit themselves, interesting architectural solutions, and better heat and sound insulation.

The most popular new series include KOPE-M Parus and KOPE-Tower. Their key features are spacious areas (including 4-room apartments), convenient layouts, the possibility of redevelopment during the construction stage of the house, the presence of 2 types of loggias (round and rectangular), bay windows, high ceilings (2.8 m), additional soundproofing on the floor. Among the disadvantages are the small size of the bathrooms and the presence of a large number of non-residential spaces, for which you need to pay as for residential ones.

Series KOPE-Tower

Also no less common are modifications of the P-44 series - P-44T, P-44TM and P-44K, P-44M. Experts consider them quite successful. These houses are much more comfortable than their predecessors: they have high-quality heat and sound insulation, the ceiling height is 2.7 m, there are bay windows, heating appliances with temperature controllers, in separate two- and three-room apartments the windows face different directions of the world, and the buildings have modern Technical buildings. The P-44K series includes “one-room apartments” and “two-room apartments” of increased area; in houses of the P-44M model, separate three-room apartments have guest bathrooms.

P-44T series

Another quite comfortable and modern panel series is GMS-2001. Here, by increasing the steps of the transverse load-bearing walls, apartments with large common rooms appeared. In addition, houses of this type are distinguished by good sound insulation, modern entrance groups, and a wide range of apartments (from 1 to 4 rooms).

GMS-2001 series

The GMS-2001 series is especially widely represented in the Moscow region - Podolsk, Krasnogorsk, Zheleznodorozhny. In Moscow, such houses are located in the areas of Maryinsky Park, Novoe Kozhukhovo, Yuzhnoye Butovo, and Mitino.

As you can see, the choice of real estate in the standard housing construction segment is very extensive. Both in the secondary and primary markets you can find an option for the required footage, layout and price category. In conclusion, some advice for those who are planning to buy housing in a panel house:

• When looking for an apartment and studying offers, pay attention to the year the house was built and its series. For example, in typical “Khrushchev” and “Brezhnevka” buildings it is useless to look for housing with a spacious kitchen. And knowing the series of panel houses, you can study apartment layouts on the Internet.
• Be careful when buying an apartment on the ground floor in buildings of the Soviet period - their inhabitants often suffer from high humidity and freezing of the walls.
• Apartments on the upper floors are attractive due to the absence of noisy neighbors overhead, but with poor thermal insulation and the absence of an attic, their residents alternately suffer from cold and heat.
• One of the main problems of panel houses is poor sound insulation, and this problem occurs in buildings of different periods of construction. Therefore, when inspecting a property, pay attention to how well sounds can be heard from neighboring apartments.
• Apartments in “panel” buildings, especially if the house is not too old, usually do not require major repairs. But you will still have to replace the windows with modern double-glazed windows to reduce heat loss. In some cases, it may be necessary to insulate and install a new floor.

Also, when purchasing residential real estate in a standard building, it is important to clarify the possibility of redevelopment, pay attention to the condition of the seams between the panels and ask who occupies the neighboring apartments.

And resource-consuming raw materials industries.

The first four-story frame-panel house in the USSR was built in 1948 in Moscow on 5th Street. Falcon Mountain (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov). Currently, his address is Budyonny Avenue, 43. At this time, the country's leadership set the builders the task of creating the cheapest possible residential building project with the possibility of family occupancy (that is, with separate rather than communal apartments). The first stage of accomplishing this task was the introduction of the idea of ​​industrial panel housing construction with a load-bearing frame. In 1948-1951, M.V. Posokhin, A.A. Mndoyants and V.P. Lagutenko built a block in Moscow (Kuusinen, Sorge streets) with 10-story frame-panel houses. In the same year, a project for a frameless panel house was developed (built since 1950 in Magnitogorsk). In 1954 in Moscow on 6th street. A 7-story frameless panel house was built on Oktyabrsky Pole (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov, L. Wrangel, Z. Nesterova, N. A. Osterman). Khrushchev buildings, the design of which had been carried out since the late 1940s, went into series after the historical decree of 1955 “On the elimination of excesses in design and construction” (“the externally ostentatious side of architecture, replete with large excesses”, characteristic of the Stalin era, now “does not correspond line of the Party and the Government in architectural and construction work. ... Soviet architecture should be characterized by simplicity, rigor of form and economical solutions."

The ideological and scientific justification for the new course boiled down to the following points:

The turning point was the resolution “On measures for further industrialization, improving the quality and reducing the cost of construction” in 1956 and “On the Development of Housing Construction in the USSR” in 1957. The party's task to builders was to develop projects by the fall of 1956 that would dramatically reduce the cost of housing construction and make it affordable for workers. This is how the famous “Khrushchev buildings” appeared. The goal of the project was that in 1980 every Soviet family would meet communism in a separate apartment.

However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families had separate apartments: in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev pushed back the deadline by 15 years, putting forward the slogan “Every Soviet family will have a separate apartment by the year 2000.”

The prototype for the first “Khrushchev” buildings was block buildings (German. Plattenbau), built in Berlin and Dresden since the 1920s. The construction of Khrushchev-era residential buildings lasted from 1959 to 1985. In 1956-1965, more than 13 thousand [ ] residential buildings, and almost all are five-story buildings. This made it possible to introduce 110 million square meters of housing annually. An appropriate production base and infrastructure was created: house-building plants, reinforced concrete factories, etc. The first house-building plants were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroy system, and in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, during the period 1966-1970 in Leningrad, 942 thousand people received living space, with 809 thousand moving into new houses and 133 thousand receiving space in old houses. Since 1960, the construction of residential 9-story panel houses has been underway, and since 1963 - 12-story ones.

Technology

Among the typical ones, large-panel residential buildings are most widespread.

Components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs that are manufactured in factories. In factory conditions, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to existing GOSTs, so it is assumed that their quality should differ in a positive direction from products produced directly on the construction site. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders can only install. As a result, labor productivity in such a building is very high. The construction site area is much smaller than what is needed when building a brick house. The main advantage of panel housing construction over monolithic housing is the absence of large volumes of installation of reinforcement and concreting directly on the construction site.

List of residential building series

1940s

Since 1947, the USSR Academy of Architecture has been developing a fully prefabricated large-panel dwelling. Frame-panel and frameless houses are being built:

• 4-5 storeys (Moscow, Leningrad, Magnitogorsk)
• 8-storey with panels on two floors (Moscow)

1950s

The height of 5 floors was chosen because, according to the standards of that time, this was the highest number of storeys at which it was allowed to build houses without an elevator (however, sometimes houses with 6 floors were built - with a store on the ground floor).

• II-01
• II-02
• II-03
• II-04
• II-05
• II-08
• Mm 1-3. One of the not very well-known series of five-story residential buildings, built in 1956-1959. Cities of distribution - Moscow (north of the city), village. Rublevo.
• 1-440. Developer: Workshop named after. Vesnina, 1958. Cities of distribution - USSR (all-Union series).
• 1-149. Developers: Gorstroyproekt (Moscow) and post office box 53 (a construction company that serviced nuclear facilities). It is found in the centers of the nuclear industry (Sarov, Zheleznogorsk, Pervouralsk, etc.), as well as in the Novosibirsk Academic Town (a quarter of the historical housing stock of the Upper Zone).

The series developed during the reign of Khrushchev are often called “Khrushchevka”. They had a number of disadvantages:

• small and often irrational sizes of kitchens and living rooms,
• narrow corridors and staircases,
• low ceilings,
• walk-through rooms,
• combined bathrooms,
• poor sound insulation,
• insufficient thermal insulation - coolness in winter and, conversely, heat in summer (especially on the upper floors),
• a number of deficiencies during construction, which residents often had to fix on their own.

1960s

2000s

• GMS-1
• I-1723 - External walls - made of brick, internal structure - made of panels
• I-1724
• KOPE - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. The series represents houses from layout (catalog) volumetric planning elements (abbreviated as “KOPE”), representing a vertical block in the height of the house and part of a section in plan. The combined “KOPEs” form residential complexes of varied architecture.
• Kope-m-parus - More than 60% of the façade area is glass
• MES-84
• P-3M - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. Type - panel houses. Floors from 8 to 17.
• P-44T - modification of the P-44 series, main project DSK-1
• P-44TM - compared to P-44T, the area of ​​apartments has been increased
• PB-02 - both panels and blocks are used in construction
• Episode 75
• Episode 87 (Ukraine)
• Series 83 (111-83) Series 83 houses were intended to replace Series 1-468.
• Series 93m (111-93m) 1985 Developer: Murmanskgrazhdanproekt, 9-10 floors.
• Series 135 modified in 2012. Type - panel houses. Number of floors - from 3 to 9. Cross-wall structural system with load-bearing transverse walls, with two internal and two external longitudinal load-bearing walls (maximum pitch of load-bearing walls - 6.3 m), internal longitudinal walls are located continuously along the entire length of the building. Working drawings of standard modified projects were developed using the block-element method. For areas with seismicity 8 points, standard designs 135-014s-9 m, 135-015s-9 m, 135-014s-9 m, etc. are used.
• Episode 141 (121-141)
• Episode 182 "Mobile"
• Series 90LO and 90LO-m
• "Contact-SP"
• Series "Makarovskaya" or "Optima"

Series of monolithic houses

see also

• Barracks - In the USSR, barracks were one of the main types of housing for workers before the start of mass housing construction.
• Redevelopment
• Residential complex “Pruitt-Igoe” in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
• Walking on the rooftops
• MZHK ( youth residential complex)
• Organizational recruitment - In the 1980s, organizational recruitment was combined with the call of young people to fill the regional capacities of house-building plants as part of the programs for creating small housing complexes.
• Modular buildings are buildings assembled from one or more block modules with layout and finishing, placed without a foundation (up to two floors), and can be easily dismantled and transported to another location.

Notes

1. EIRTS VAO district Novokosino
2. although for many, a room in communal apartments in the first years of Soviet power was an improvement in living conditions, allowing them to move out of the corners and

The active construction of cities with panel houses began in the late 70s. The share of panel housing construction in St. Petersburg is about 15%, the share of brick houses is about 30%, and monolithic houses are more than 50%. Based on the time of construction and quality, panel houses are divided into several categories.

The cheapest of the panel houses are considered to be the so-called “ships” and the old 504 series; these are perhaps the most recognizable buildings of the 70s. “Ship” is a house with a kitchen of only 6.3 m2. with high windows, the designers believed that this arrangement of windows would help residents more rationally arrange furniture in such a small space. The premises in such houses are twice as large as ordinary ones. Basically, the “ships” were built in the Kirov and Krasnoselsky districts of St. Petersburg. Despite the walls of impressive thickness, such houses have very poor sound insulation. The outer walls are made of aerated concrete panels, and in the event of a heating failure, the interior quickly freezes.

The “medium” panels include the old 137, 600.11 and 606 series that appeared in the 80s. They are somewhat smaller in area (three-room apartment up to 69 square meters, kitchen 8-9 square meters). Despite serious competition from brick and monolithic housing construction, apartments in panel houses are selling quite well. Today every third family in St. Petersburg lives in such houses.

The category of “good panels” includes the new 137th series, 121st Gatchina and 504th “D”. Their special features are a kitchen of up to 9 square meters and relatively large apartments. There are many such houses in Kupchino, Primorsky and Vyborg districts. There are no gaps between the panels, however, panel houses are traditionally considered colder than brick houses; in the new series, this drawback has been practically eliminated due to the new heat supply standards prescribed in SNiPs. In new projects of houses of the Gatchina series, three-layer fencing panels are used using silicone sealant, which is used to seal the joints. The area of ​​the rooms and the height of the ceilings have increased.

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1-335

Houses of the 1-335 series were built before 1966, the apartments have a layout similar to the 1-507 series. The series represents “lightweight” five-story buildings with insulated external walls. Adjacent bathrooms. The apartments have very thin interior partitions and poor sound and heat insulation.

Year of construction: before 1966

Planning solution: apartment layouts are similar to series 1-507.

Kitchen area: 5 sq.m.

Building structures: the series represents “lightweight” five-story buildings with external walls insulated with a layer of mineral wool. A distinctive feature is adjacent bathrooms.

Advantages: the price of apartments in houses of this series is lower than in houses of the 1-507 series

Flaws:

• adjacent bathrooms;
• interior partitions are very thin;
• large heat losses;
• poor sound insulation.

Districts: Kalininsky (Grazhdanka)

1 of 21-335

1 LG-600 (“Ship”)

The so-called “ships” are considered the cheapest of the panel houses; these are perhaps the most recognizable buildings of the 70s. “Ship” is a house with a kitchen of only 6.3 m2. with high windows, the designers believed that this arrangement of windows would help residents more rationally arrange furniture in such a small space. The premises in such houses are twice as large as ordinary ones. Despite the walls of impressive thickness, such houses have very poor sound insulation. The outer walls are made of aerated concrete panels, and in the event of a heating failure, the interior quickly freezes.

Year of construction: 1970s

House type: panel

Planning solution: the windows are narrow, differ in height, have an elongated shape almost from wall to wall, there are no window sills.

Number of storeys: 9, 12, 15

Building structures: design principle - block-sectional. The high strength of the house is achieved due to the rigid supporting frame. The disadvantage of this design is poor inter-apartment sound insulation.

Square:

• one-room apartment: 30.3-32.0
• two-room apartment: 44.0-46.0
• three-room apartment: 53
• kitchens: 6.2-6.3 sq.m.

Advantages: Perhaps the only advantage of the “ships” is the low cost of the apartment.

Flaws:

• no window sills;
• apartments are considered cold and have poor sound insulation;
• it is almost impossible to remodel apartments;
• External walls often leak and freeze.

1 of 4 1 LG-600 (“Ship”)

1-LG-606

Houses of the 1-606 series are considered the most comfortable. Improved sound insulation, parquet flooring, wide window sills, expanded landings, it is possible to separate part of it with a common door.

House type: panel

Year of construction: 1966-1980

Number of storeys: 9

Ceiling height: 2.7m

Building structures: hollow-core floors and decks providing decent sound insulation, thick external walls. All inter-apartment walls are load-bearing.

Square:

• one-room apartment: 36 sq.m.
• two-room apartment: 51-52 sq.m.
• three-room apartment: 70-72 sq.m
• kitchens: 8.5 sq. m

Advantages:

• high-quality parquet floors;
• good waterproofing in bathrooms;
• possibility of redevelopment;
• of all panel brezhnevkas - the best quality houses

Flaws:

Less quality and convenient compared to later types of construction - “modern panel”, brick and monolithic houses.

Districts: Kalininsky, Frunzensky

1 of 31-LG-606

1-LG-602

The houses in this series now have garbage chutes and elevators, separate bathrooms, and linoleum floors. Four apartments per floor. The disadvantages are the lack of storage rooms in small apartments and inconvenient kitchens.

House type: panel, built in the early 1970s.

Year of construction: since 1966

Planning solution: elevators and garbage chutes appeared. The floors in the rooms are linoleum. The windows on the landings are elongated in a horizontal plane.

Number of storeys: 9

Ceiling height: 2.7 m

Square:

• one-room apartment: 30.3-32 sq.m.
• two-room apartment: 44-46 sq.m.
• three-room apartment: 53 sq.m.
• kitchens: 7 sq.m.

Advantages: separate bathrooms

Flaws:

• there are no storage rooms in small apartments;
• inconvenient kitchens (layout impossible)

1 of 41-LG-602

1.090 (“Optima”)

Houses of the 1.090 series (“Optima”) began to be built after 1992, the ceiling height is more than 3 meters, the houses are 8-15 floors. External insulated three-layer walls are characterized by increased heat and sound insulation. Triple glazed windows, spacious apartments, large halls. All apartments have utility rooms and spacious bathrooms with space for a washing machine.

House type: panel

Year of construction: after 1992 (mid-90s)

Planning solution: All apartments have bathrooms ranging from 1.80-4.90 sq.m. with space for installing washing machines. Each apartment has utility storage rooms and large halls.

Number of storeys: 8-15

Ceiling height: more than 3 m

Building construction: with three-layer external walls with effective insulation, which provide greater heat savings compared to expanded clay concrete panels

Square:

• one-room apartment: 47-56 sq.m.
• two-room apartment: 72-86 sq.m.
• three-room apartment: more than 100 sq.m.
• kitchens: 16 sq.m.

Advantages:

• spacious apartments with large areas of rooms and kitchens; interfloor heat and sound insulation layer;
• triple glazed windows.

1 of 21,090 (“Optima”)

121

The houses of this series are distinguished by a large apartment area, good interior decoration, and veneered doors. The interpanel joints were carefully sealed, and accordingly the sound insulation was improved. There is a possibility of redevelopment. Relatively low cost of selling an apartment.

House type: panel, in the modern series - replacement of panel structures with monolithic ones.

Year of construction: mid-1990s

Planning solution: multi-section house with 1, 2, and 3 room apartments

Number of storeys: 9

Ceiling height: 2.6 - 3 m

Building construction: external walls - expanded clay panels 340 mm thick; internal - reinforced concrete 180 mm thick; ceilings - concrete panels 140 mm thick; partitions - 80 mm, interpanel joints are sealed with silicone sealant, which improves sound insulation

Square:

• one-room apartment: 41-46 sq.m.,
• two-room apartment: 62-68 sq.m.
• three-room apartment: 80-95 sq.m.
• kitchens: 9-14 sq.m.

Advantages:

• comfortable and modern apartment layouts;
• high quality internal “carpentry” (veneered doors) and decent finishing;
• natural exhaust ventilation in the kitchen and bathroom

Districts: Rzhevka, Primorsky district, Kupchino, the “new” part of the Vyborg district.

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137

One of the best and most popular series is the 137th; the cost of an apartment in such houses is often comparable to the cost of an apartment in a brick building. Large hallways, utility rooms and kitchens (10-15 meters), comfortable layouts, parquet floors, separate back staircase, 2 elevators in the house, loggias. However, the 137th series is different; the later it was built, the more expensive and more advanced it is relative to later versions.

Year of construction: classical - until 1992, the rest - mid-1990s

House type: panel

Planning solution: multi-section residential buildings with 1, 2, 3 room apartments; large area of ​​the hallway, kitchen and lack of “pass-through” rooms

Number of storeys: 9-17 floors

Ceiling height: 2.7-2.8 m

Square:

• one-room apartment: 34-48 sq.m.
• two-room apartment: 46-60 sq.m.
• three-room apartment: 73-78 sq.m.
• four-room apartment: 100-108 sq.m.
• kitchens: 8 sq.m. and up to 15 sq.m. (in the first episodes)

Technical buildings: basement for placing utilities

Elevators: 2 (passenger and cargo)

Building construction: external and internal walls - expanded clay concrete blocks; partitions - gypsum concrete blocks 80 mm; ceilings - hollow-core panels 220 mm thick

Water supply: cold and hot water from the city network

Advantages:

• high-quality panel;
• good heat and sound insulation;
• interesting layout and large kitchens;
• the most prestigious series in panel housing construction;

Flaws:

• poor tightness of joints in the monolithic-panel version;
• in some areas there are unfinished houses

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504

It is practically no different from the “ship”, the main difference is that the windows are located at a normal level, and not under the ceiling. The floors are parquet, the apartments are small in size, and the 1-room apartments do not have a storage room. Apartments in this series are valued more than “Khrushchev” buildings, but less than the rest of the “panel”. They cost a little more than “ships”.

House type: panel

Planning solution: adjoining rooms/one-sided apartment; The area of ​​the apartment is the smallest of all panel apartments in general.

Number of storeys: 9-10

Ceiling height: 2.7 m.

Square:

• one-room apartment: 30.0-45.0 sq.m.
• two-room apartment: 43.0-57.0 sq.m.
• three-room apartment: 54-73.5 sq.m.
• four-room apartment: 70-80 sq.m.
• kitchens: 5-13 sq.m. depending on the number of rooms

Building construction: the inter-apartment walls are load-bearing, which provides good sound insulation.

Advantages:

• the windows are not located under the ceiling, but at a normal level;
• parquet floors instead of linoleum;
• there is an elevator.

House type: panel

Year of construction: mid 1990s

Planning solution: residential buildings consisting of 1, 2, 3 room apartments

Number of storeys: 9-10

Ceiling height: 2.7 m

Building construction: external walls - multilayer aerated concrete panels, 32 cm thick, painted with facade paint; step between supporting structures - 3 m

Square:

• one-room apartment: 36-40 sq.m. (modernized version - 40-45 sq.m.)
• two-room apartment: 55-60 sq.m. (60-66 sq.m.)
• three-room apartment: 72-80 sq.m. (80-90 sq.m.)
• kitchens: 11 sq.m.

Advantages:

• the total cost of such apartments is the lowest, despite the highest cost per square meter;







611

Houses of the 611 series are high-rise buildings from 5 to 17 floors with one-, two- and three-room apartments, wide-frame and large-panel. Ceiling height 2.7 meters. Two- and three-room apartments have 2 bathrooms. Houses of the 611 series have a technical floor for utilities and a boiler room. Three-layer external walls made of expanded clay concrete, insulated with polystyrene slabs 35 centimeters thick. Partitions - 12 centimeters. Reinforced concrete floors - 14 centimeters, heating from a gas boiler room, natural ventilation through special blocks in the bathroom and toilet

Having decided on their own home, any citizen of the Russian Federation wants to carry out the acquisition procedure with the highest possible quality. In addition to the financial component in this matter, there is another, no less important one - the choice of a new home. When it comes to buying a private house, there are no particular difficulties, but when purchasing an apartment there are noticeably more of them.

For the most part, the question of choosing an apartment revolves around housing and the type of apartment building it is built in.

For those people whose choice fell on 5, 9 and 10-story “panels” from the USSR, of which there are many in our country, our resource presents today’s material. We will talk about apartment buildings of this particular type and their characteristics below.

What are the most typical projects of apartment buildings built in the USSR? Photo No. 1

In the early 60s of the last century, the USSR authorities admitted that in terms of the general level of development the country was lagging behind its main Western competitors. To solve the problem, reforms followed in many areas of life of Soviet citizens. The most large-scale modification affected the living conditions of residents of the USSR.

The main “housing reform” of that time was to provide every citizen of the “unions” with housing using a minimum amount of funds. Taking this feature into account, thousands of the best construction engineers began to work on creating the cheapest but high-quality technologies for the construction of apartment buildings (MCD). The apogee of the specialists’ work was the five- to nine-story “panels.” By the way, the authorities expected to operate such houses and apartments in them until 2000, but the unique Soviet quality made it so that these buildings are still in use.

Soviet MKD projects had an innovative feature - they were brought to life by panel construction, the essence of which is the use of reinforced concrete slabs (panels) to assemble a house as a constructor, which significantly reduced the cost of construction work and significantly increased its speed.

In general, in the period from the 40s to the 90s, entire series of small apartment buildings were built in the USSR. The most common and popular were Stalinist, Khrushchev and Brezhnevka.

From here the entire series received the corresponding names, or rather:

• The Stalinist series of MKDs were distinguished by the predominance of Stalinist apartments, both the old format and the more modernized one.
• Khrushchevsky - standard format Khrushchev apartments. Almost all “sockets” of the 60s were built in the “Khrushchev style”.
• Brezhnevsky - Brezhnev apartments are also of a standard format. Their peak occurred in the 80s.

How do typical projects differ from each other? Photo No. 2

Note that most of the panel MKDs of the 60-90s are standard Khrushchev-era apartments, but among them there were also variations with Stalinist apartments and Brezhnevka apartments, since they were quite popular.

In general, the housing reform became quite successful and the USSR authorities completely solved their main task - providing Soviet citizens with innovative housing. Surprisingly, many citizens of modern Russia still use and purchase this type of housing.

Characteristics of buildings

In the previous paragraph of the article, the main series of MKDs in the USSR were briefly mentioned. To better understand the concept of such, let's look at their characteristics in the following table:

MKD series	Stalin's	Khrushchevskys	Brezhnevsky
type of structure	brick	panel, brick	panel, brick
number of storeys
availability of elevator/garbage chute	absent	absent
number of rooms in apartments
apartment features	large size, combination of bathrooms, wooden base of floors, insulation of rooms, small kitchens, high shelves and large area	small size, combined bathrooms, no room insulation, the walls in the house are mostly load-bearing, small kitchens, low ceilings and small area	average dimensions, separate bathrooms, isolation of rooms, mostly non-load-bearing walls, average kitchens, average ceilings and average-large area
price	medium-high
heat capacity	medium-high	low-medium	consistently average

It is worth noting that the housing stock from these series is mostly worn out, so there is no need to talk about the reliability of the buildings.

Regarding the general operational characteristics, we can say that Khrushchev buildings fully justify their status as social housing and do not differ in particular comfort, but Stalin buildings (at the moment practically not for sale due to severe wear and tear) and Khrushchev buildings are more comfortable housing, aimed not just at providing housing human needs, namely the comfort of his life.

About MKD series

Why were serial names assigned to apartment buildings? Photo No. 3

Popular series in the USSR did not have any special features, with the exception of Khrushchev’s “panels”. Due to the fact that this housing was built in huge quantities, it was given a serial name.

By the way, there were quite a lot of series, since each of them reflected certain changes in the concept of construction of apartment buildings of a particular period. Surprisingly, in 25 years - from the late 50s to the early 90s, almost a hundred series of houses were produced.

The most common of them were:

• Series 1-500 – typical panel MKDs from the times of Khrushchev. They were distinguished by 5 floors and one- and two-room apartments of a nondescript nature.
• Series 1-468 – improved panel houses. They were distinguished by 5-10 storeys and more comfortable apartments with 1-4 rooms.
• Series 83, 90 and 97 are the apogees of the Khrushchev era of MKD construction. They had a similar number of floors to the 1-468 series, but were more comfortable in terms of use.

Let us repeat, many series of MKDs were produced on the territory of the USSR in the 50-90s. Some of them were distinguished by their prevalence (described above), some by greater solidity (602, series-PP, etc.), and others by the number of floors (series-II up to 18 tiers, for example). There are several ways to more accurately find out the serial number of your specific MKD:

• having carefully studied the technical documentation for the apartment;
• by contacting the BTI at your place of residence with a corresponding request;
• by going to the official website of the housing control of the Russian Federation or another resource, where there is information about all series of apartment buildings being built in our country.

As a rule, series of houses are recognized to consider the specific features of their home. However, the wear and tear of most houses from the Stalin, Khrushchev and even Brezhnev series calls into question the relevance of this issue. Let's finish here. We hope the material presented above was useful to you.

You can learn about the history of the construction of Khrushchev houses in the USSR by watching the video:

Write a question to a housing lawyer in the form below see also Phone numbers for consultation

11 Sep 2017 101

Discussion: 6 comments

A nine-story panel building is not the worst option, I live in one myself, but it can’t be called excellent either. The main complaint is sound insulation. Yes, she simply doesn’t exist! You can hear conversations not only from neighbors above or below, but sometimes even across the floor. It feels like the houses are made of thick cardboard and not for people, but for chickens and geese.

Answer

You can’t even argue that your own, private house is best, but if you choose, then Stalin’s houses are better, they are built conscientiously and strong, they will last for many years, the main thing is that these houses belong to the city and are not ghost houses that are not occupied by anyone other than the owners .

Answer

It’s better what you have money for, although in my opinion it would be better if the house is recently built and new, in any case, it is not in danger of being demolished for a long time. In the USSR, houses were built conscientiously, the most budget option was the Khrushchev building.

Answer

I live in Khrushchevka. The house is brick, but the walls between the apartments are made of plaster blocks. Soundproofing is disgusting. If you stand under the wall and cough, your neighbors will hear you, not to mention laughter and children’s crying. The size of the rooms is small, the kitchen is tiny. But the sound insulation between floors is not that bad.

Answer

When we moved from the Brezhnev nine-story building, we chose a 12-story building from the same era, since the layout there had already been more or less improved. And the kitchen is 2 meters larger. I think the 12-story buildings are the most successful from the Brezhnev era.

Answer

, block and brick.

Story

Due to political, ideological and demographic reasons, the period of Khrushchev’s “thaw” was the first in the history of the Soviet planned economy, when, along with the development of heavy industry, a significant increase in the production of consumer goods and everything related in one way or another to the needs of people was expected, and the non-military-industrial complex and resource-consuming raw materials industries.

The first four-story frame-panel house in the USSR was built in 1948 in Moscow on 5th Street. Falcon Mountain (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov). Currently, his address is Budyonny Avenue, 43. At this time, the country's leadership set the builders the task of creating the cheapest possible residential building project with the possibility of family occupancy (that is, with separate rather than communal apartments). The first stage of accomplishing this task was the introduction of the idea of ​​industrial panel housing construction with a load-bearing frame. In 1948-1951 M. V. Posokhin, A. A. Mndoyants and V. P. Lagutenko built a block in Moscow (Kuusinen, Sorge streets) with 10-story frame-panel houses. In the same year, a project for a frameless panel house was developed (built since 1950 in Magnitogorsk). In 1954 in Moscow on the 6th street. A 7-story frameless panel house was built on Oktyabrsky Field (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov, L. Wrangel, Z. Nesterova, N. A. Osterman). Khrushchev buildings, which were designed since the late 1940s, went into production after a historical decree 1955 “On the elimination of excesses in design and construction” (“the externally ostentatious side of architecture, replete with great excesses”, characteristic of the Stalin era, now “does not correspond to the line of the Party and the Government in architectural and construction matters. ... Soviet architecture should be characterized by simplicity and rigor forms and cost-effectiveness of solutions").

The ideological and scientific justification for the new course boiled down to the following points:

• The communal apartment was not a project of the Soviet government, but was the result of cost savings during industrialization;
• living of several families in one apartment is abnormal and is a social problem;
• communal apartments are an economically unprofitable type of housing that does not meet modern requirements;
• The problem of communal apartments can be solved through mass construction using new technologies.

The turning point was the resolution “On measures for further industrialization, improving the quality and reducing the cost of construction” in 1956 and “On the Development of Housing Construction in the USSR” in 1957. The party's task to builders was to develop projects by the fall of 1956 that would dramatically reduce the cost of housing construction and make it affordable for workers. This is how the famous “Khrushchev buildings” appeared. The goal of the project was that in 1980 every Soviet family would encounter communism in a separate apartment.

However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families had separate apartments: in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev pushed back the deadline by 15 years, putting forward the slogan “Every Soviet family - a separate apartment by the year 2000.”

The prototype for the first “Khrushchev” buildings was steel block buildings (German). Plattenbau ), built in Berlin and Dresden since the 1920s. The construction of Khrushchev-era residential buildings lasted from 1959 to 1985. In 1956-1965, more than 13 thousand residential buildings were built in the USSR, and almost all were five-story buildings. This made it possible to introduce 110 million square meters of housing annually. An appropriate production base and infrastructure was created: house-building factories, reinforced concrete factories, etc. The first house-building factories were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroy system, and in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, during the period 1966-1970 in Leningrad, 942 thousand people received living space, with 809 thousand moving into new houses and 133 thousand receiving space in old houses. Since 1960, the construction of residential 9-story panel houses has been underway, and since 1963 - 12-story ones.

Technology

Among the typical ones, large-panel residential buildings are most widespread.

Prefabricated panel house components

Components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs that are manufactured in factories. In factory conditions, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to existing GOSTs, so it is assumed that their quality should differ in a positive direction from products produced directly on the construction site. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders can only install. As a result, labor productivity in such a building is very high. The construction site area is much smaller than what is needed when building a brick house. Such lengthy and labor-intensive processes as installing reinforcement or concreting, which are typical for monolithic housing construction, are completely excluded. This is precisely where experts see the main advantage of panel housing construction over other types of construction.

List of residential building series

1940s

Since 1947, the Academy of Architecture of the USSR has been developing a fully prefabricated large-panel dwelling. Frame-panel and frameless houses are being built:

• 4-5 storeys (Moscow, Leningrad, Magnitogorsk)
• 8-storey with panels on two floors (Moscow)

1950s

The height of 5 floors was chosen because, according to the standards of that time, this was the highest number of storeys at which it was allowed to build houses without an elevator (however, sometimes houses with 6 floors were built - with a store on the ground floor).

Stalinka:

• II-01
• II-02
• II-03
• II-04
• II-05
• II-08
• Mm 1-3. One of the not very well-known series of five-story residential buildings, built in 1956-1959. Cities of distribution - Moscow (north of the city), village. Rublevo.
• 1-440. Developer: Workshop named after. Vesnina, 1958. Cities of distribution - USSR (all-Union series).
• 1-149. Developers: Gorstroyproekt (Moscow) and post office box 53 (a construction company that serviced nuclear facilities). It is found in the centers of the nuclear industry (Sarov, Zheleznogorsk, Pervouralsk, etc.), as well as in the Novosibirsk Academic Town (a quarter of the historical housing stock of the Upper Zone).

Since 1957, the construction of panel houses - the so-called Khrushchev houses - began. People began to call them “Khrushchev” for a number of certain inconveniences:

• small and often irrational sizes of kitchens and living rooms,
• narrow corridors and staircases,
• low ceilings,
• walk-through rooms,
• combined bathrooms,
• poor sound insulation,
• insufficient thermal insulation - coolness in winter and, conversely, heat in summer (especially on the upper floors),
• a number of deficiencies during construction, which residents often had to fix on their own.

1960s

• 1-510 Block five-story house.
• 1-511 Brick five-story house.
• 1-447 Brick five-story house.
• K-6 Five-story panel house.

• K-7 Five-story panel house. In Moscow they have been demolishing them since the late 1990s. The panels from which these houses were built were, in most cases, lined with white square tiles with a side of about 5 cm. Houses of this and similar types were popularly called “Khrushchobs.” Another feature is the protruding frame elements in the corners of the rooms. Basically, houses in this series were built with 1-, 2- and 3-room apartments, three apartments per floor. In the 1st and 2nd microdistricts of Zelenograd there were also houses of this series with 4-room apartments (for example, buildings 101-103, but now they are all demolished). Ceiling height - 2.48 m (according to other sources 2.59 m). Vertical pitch - approximately 2.85 m. Horizontal pitch - 3.20 m. External walls are made of slag-ceramsite concrete blocks 400 mm thick. Internal concrete panels 270 mm thick. Partitions - gypsum concrete panels 80 mm thick. Floors - reinforced concrete panels 220 mm thick. In St. Petersburg the series was called “OD”.
• II-32- a series of panel five-story multi-section residential buildings, one of the first series of industrial housing construction, the basis of some areas of mass residential development of the 60s. In Moscow they have been demolishing them since the late 1990s.
• II-29 Brick 9-storey house. In Moscow, one house of this series stands inside the Boulevard Ring (Khokhlovsky Lane, building 10, building 7)
• 1-318 Brick 5-storey residential building. Houses of this series have been built since 1958 (Ukraine, Lithuania, Estonia)
• 1-335 Panel 5-storey residential building. The most common series of panel 5-story residential buildings throughout the former USSR. Houses of this series were built from 1958 to 1966, after which they moved on to the construction of modernized series 1-335a and 1-335d, which were produced until 1976 inclusive.
• 1-464 Panel 5-storey residential building (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia).
• BM-4 A series of residential buildings for regional centers and small towns (Belarus).
• Shch-5416 Brick 12-storey 84-apartment building of gray color. A series of houses were built with funds from housing construction cooperatives in different areas of St. Petersburg.

1970s

In 1970 it was adopted Unified catalog of construction parts, on the basis of which standard projects were subsequently developed.

• 1-515/9sh Multi-sectional panel house with row sections. The house has 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. The project includes balconies. Number of floors: 9 floors. Height of living quarters: 2.64 m.
• 1605/9 Multi-sectional panel house with row and end sections, 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. Number of floors: 9 floors. Height of living quarters: 2.64 m.
• 1605/12 similar to 1605/9 with the number of floors increased to 12
• II-18/9 - a series of block 9- and, initially, 8-story single-section (single-entrance) residential buildings, one of the first series of high-rise buildings in industrial housing construction.
• II-29 - Brick multi-section residential building with row and end sections. The house has 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. Number of storeys: 9. Height of residential premises: 2.64 m.
• II-32
• P-46
• II-49 - Multi-sectional panel house with row and end sections. With 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-room apartments. Various options for the layout of apartments in sections are possible. Number of storeys - 9. Height of residential premises: 2.64 m.
• II-57 - Multi-section panel house. Number of floors: 9 (early representatives of the series), 12 and 17 floors (experimental, 2 such houses were built, the so-called “houses on legs”). Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. Expanded clay concrete floors - 140 mm (slab "per room"), transverse load-bearing walls, longitudinal expanded clay concrete diaphragms - 120 (9-, 12-story), 160 (12-, 17-story) mm, external expanded clay concrete panels - 350 mm, 320 mm (17-storey).
• II-66 - a series of residential 9-story brick houses.
• II-68 - a series of single-entrance 16-storey buildings. A special feature of this series are thickened walls, consisting of two panels, as well as improved noise and heat insulation due to expanded clay flooring. Buildings of this series with a height of 14 floors are less common. Houses in this series were built virtually unchanged for 30 years. Number of floors: 16 floors. Ceiling height: 2.48 m.
• II-68-03 Multi-section block residential building with row and end sections. The house has 1 (only on the ground floor), 2-, 3-room apartments. Number of storeys: 12. Height of residential premises: 2.50 m. Technical premises: Technical underground for the placement of utilities. Elevators: Passenger with a carrying capacity of 400 kg, cargo-passenger.
• 1LG-600 (Avtovsky DSK) - the so-called “house-ships”.
• 111-90 - a series of large-panel multi-section residential buildings for industrial housing construction. The series was developed by TsNIIEP Dwellings in the late 1960s. The series was launched into industrial production in 1971.
• III-96 - a series of large-panel 9-story houses for Ukraine.
• M111-90 - a series of large-panel 9-, 12-, 16-story buildings for Belarus.
• 111-108 - a series of large-panel 5-, 9- and 10-story buildings (Vitebsk, Veliky Novgorod, Luga, Tosno, Cherepovets, Smolensk, Vologda and the cities of Bashkiria - Ufa, Salavat, Ishimbay and Beloretsk).
• 111-120V - a series of large-panel 5-storey houses (Vilnius).
• 111-121 - (series 121) apartments stand out for their relatively good layouts.
• M-464 - a series of large-panel 9-story houses (Minsk, Minsk region).
• 1-LG-606
• Complex series 135 - Complex series 135 includes projects of large-panel buildings for various purposes for construction in the city, as well as in rural areas. Projects have been developed for one-, two-, three-, four-, five-, nine-, twelve-story buildings and a different set of block sections for them, allowing the arrangement of houses of various configurations and lengths, hostels of various capacities, dormitory buildings of sanatoriums, rest houses, schools, kindergartens, nurseries, houses with built-in shops and other public premises.
• 4570-73/75 Developed by the 1st Central Military Project of the Moscow Region. Typical 5-storey buildings for the construction of military garrisons.

1980s

• P-44
• P-43
• P-4

In the early 1980s, a design developed under the guidance of architect A. was proposed in Moscow. G. Rochegov series KOPE (composite space-planning elements), designed for the construction of “buffer zones” between new buildings and protected areas of architectural monuments and areas of mass development, as well as for the “revitalization” of existing areas. The first houses of this series were erected in 1982 near Vorontsovsky Park. The project provided for the possibility of building houses up to 22 floors. At the same time, standard panel houses continued to be built in many areas of Moscow and other cities of the USSR.

1990s

Ruins of a demolished Khrushchev building in Moscow

The areas of demolished 5-storey panel houses are being built up with 17-25-storey residential buildings, mainly new series of panel houses. Also continuing to build panel houses of the 1988-1991 series, since 1995 they began to build brick panel houses with beige polygonal clapboard triangles.

2000s

• GMS-1
• IP-46S
• I-155
• I-1723 - External walls - made of brick, internal structure - made of panels
• I-1724
• KOPE - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. The series represents houses from layout (catalog) volumetric planning elements (abbreviated as “KOPE”), representing a vertical block in the height of the house and part of a section in plan. The combined “KOPEs” form residential complexes of varied architecture.
• Kope-m-parus - More than 60% of the façade area is glass
• MES-84
• MPSM
• P-3M - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. Type - panel houses. Floors from 8 to 17.
• P-44T - modification of the P-44 series, main project DSK-1