The most ancient peoples. Which people are the most ancient on earth? The most ancient people in Egypt

Homer is a symbol of the Ancient World. The Ancient World is a period in human history, distinguished between the prehistoric period and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe. In other regions, the time boundaries of antiquity may differ from European ones. For example,... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see People (meanings). This article is about the peoples of Alagaësia. About the country itself, see the article Alagaesia Peoples of Alagaesia the peoples of the fictional country of Alagaesia, invented by Christopher Paolini in his ... ... Wikipedia

This is a service list of articles created to coordinate work on the development of the topic. It needs to be converted into an information list or glossary or transferred to one of the projects... Wikipedia

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Books

• Ancient world history. Antiquity. Textbook for universities, Nemirovsky Alexander Iosifovich. This work on the history of the Ancient World combines the previously, as a rule, separately presented history of Ancient Greece and the history of Ancient Rome, which emphasizes the integrity of the historical...
• History of the Ancient World Antiquity, Nemirovsky A.I.. In this work on the history of the Ancient World, the previously, as a rule, separately presented history of Ancient Greece and the history of Ancient Rome are combined, which emphasizes the integrity of the historical...

It has always been fashionable to “extend” your history. Therefore, every nation strives to demonstrate its ancestry, starting it from the ancient world, or even better, from the Stone Age. But there are peoples whose antiquity is beyond doubt.

Armenians (2nd millennium BC)

Among the most ancient peoples of the world, Armenians are perhaps the youngest. However, there are many blank spots in their ethnogenesis. For a long time, until the end of the 19th century, the canonical version of the origin of the Armenian people was their origin from the legendary King Hayk, who came from Mesopotamia in 2492 BC to the territory of Van. He was the first to outline the borders of the new state around Mount Ararat and became the founder of the Armenian kingdom. It is believed that it is from his name that the self-name of the Armenians “hai” comes from.

This version was replicated by the early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi. He mistook the ruins of the state of Urartra in the area of ​​Lake Van for early Armenian settlements. Today's official version says that the proto-Armenian tribes - the Mushki and the Urumeans - came to these territories in the second quarter of the 12th century. BC e., even before the formation of the Urartian state, after their destruction of the Hittite state. Here they mixed with the local tribes of the Hurrians, Urartians and Luwians.

According to historian Boris Piotrovsky, the beginnings of Armenian statehood should be sought during the time of the Hurrian kingdom of Arme-Shubria, known since the 1200s BC.

Jews (II-I millennium BC)

There are even more mysteries with the history of the Jewish people than with the history of Armenia. For a long time it was believed that the concept of “Jews” was more cultural than ethnic. That is, that “Jews” were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. There are still fierce discussions in science about what the Jews originally were - a people, a social class, a religious denomination. If you believe the main source on the ancient history of the Jewish people - the Old Testament,

Jews trace their origins to Abraham (XXI-XX centuries BC), who himself came from the Sumerian city of Ur in Ancient Mesopotamia.

Together with his father, he moved to Canaan, where his descendants subsequently captured the lands of local peoples (according to legend, the descendants of Noah’s son Ham) and called Canaan “the land of Israel.” According to another version, the Jewish people were formed during the “Exodus from Egypt.”

If we take the linguistic version of the origin of the Jews, then they separated from the Western Semitic-speaking group in the 2nd millennium BC. e. Their closest “language brothers” are the Amorites and Phoenicians. Recently, a “genetic version” of the origin of the Jewish people has emerged. According to it, the three main groups of Jews - Ashkenazi (America - Europe), Mizrahim (Middle East and North Africa) and Sephardim (Iberian Peninsula) have similar genetics, which confirms their common roots. According to the Abraham's Children in the Genome Era study, the ancestors of all three groups originated in Mesopotamia. 2500 years ago (approximately the reign of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar) they split into two groups, one of which went to Europe and North Africa, the other settled in the Middle East.

Ethiopians (3rd millennium BC)

Ethiopia belongs to East Africa, the oldest region of human origin. Its mythological history begins with the legendary country of Punt (“Land of the Gods”), which the ancient Egyptians considered their ancestral home. Mentions of it are found in Egyptian sources of the 3rd millennium BC. n. e. However, if the location, as well as the existence of this legendary country, is a controversial issue, then the Nubian kingdom of Kush in the Nile Delta was a very real neighbor of Ancient Egypt, which more than once called the existence of the latter into question. Despite the fact that the heyday of the Kushite kingdom occurred in 300 BC. - 300 AD, civilization began here much earlier, back in the 2400s BC. along with the first Nubian kingdom of Kerma.

For some time, Ethiopia was a colony of the ancient Sabaean kingdom (Sheba), whose ruler was the legendary Queen of Sheba. Hence the legend of the “Solomon Dynasty,” which claims that the Ethiopian kings are direct descendants of Solomon and the Ethiopian Makeda (Ethiopian name for the Queen of Sheba).

Assyrians (IV-III millennium BC)

If the Jews came from the western group of Semitic tribes, then the Assyrians belonged to the northern. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they achieved dominance in the territory of Northern Mesopotamia, but, according to the historian Sadaev, their separation could have occurred even earlier - in the 4th millennium BC. The Assyrian Empire, which existed from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, is considered the first empire in human history.

Modern Assyrians consider themselves to be direct descendants of the population of Northern Mesopotamia, although this is a controversial fact in the scientific community. Some researchers support this point of view, some call the current Assyrians descendants of the Arameans.

Chinese (4500-2500 BC)

The Chinese people or Han make up 19% of the total world population today. It originated on the basis of Neolithic cultures that developed in the 5th-3rd millennia BC. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, in one of the centers of world civilizations. This is confirmed by archeology and linguistics. The latter distinguishes them into the Sino-Tibetan group of languages, which emerged in the middle of the 5th millennium BC. Subsequently, numerous tribes of the Mongoloid race took part in the further formation of the Han, speaking Tibetan, Indonesian, Thai, Altai and other languages, very different in culture. The history of the Han people is closely connected with the history of China, and to this day, they constitute the bulk of the country's population.

Basques (possibly XIV-X millennium BC)

A long time ago, in the 4th millennium BC, the migration of Indo-Europeans began, who settled most of Eurasia. Today, the languages ​​of the Indo-European family are spoken by almost all the peoples of modern Europe. All, except Euskadi, are more familiar to us by the name “Basques”. Their age, origin and language are one of the main mysteries of modern history. Some believe that the ancestors of the Basques were the first population of Europe, others say that they had a common homeland with the Caucasian peoples. But be that as it may,

The Basque language, Euskara, is considered the only relict pre-Indo-European language that does not belong to any currently existing language family. As for genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguish them from other peoples around them. According to scientists, this speaks in favor of the opinion that the proto-Basques emerged as a separate culture 16 thousand years ago, during the Paleolithic.

Khoisan peoples (100 thousand years ago)

A recent discovery by scientists has given first place in the list of ancient peoples to the Khoisan, a group of people in South Africa who speak so-called “clicking languages”. These include, among others, hunters - Bushmen and cattle breeders - Hohenthots.

A group of geneticists from Sweden found that they separated from the common tree of humanity 100 thousand years ago, that is, even before the exodus from Africa and the settlement of people around the world.

About 43 thousand years ago, the Khoisan people split into a southern and northern group. According to the researchers, part of the Khoisan population has retained its ancient roots; some, like the Khwe tribe, interbred for a long time with the alien Bantu peoples and lost their genetic identity.

The DNA of the Khoisan people is different from the genes of other peoples of the world. “Relict” genes were found in it that are responsible for increased muscle strength and endurance, as well as high vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation.

Original taken from servicefree in post Oleg Timofeevich Vinogradov, an outstanding Russian surgeon and writer, served in the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union for more than 30 years, awarded 15 medals and one order. Since 1980, he began to study professionally the ancient history of the Slavs.
Monograph by Vinogradov "Ancient Vedic Rus' is the basis of existence" was published in 2008 and immediately sold out. In order to declare the book extremist, in 2011 the author was accused of standard “Russian typing” under Article 282

Drawing from a book
...in best quality:
http://lib.rus.ec/i/47/229447/doc2fb_image_02000001.jpg

Book "Ancient Vedic Rus' - the basis of existence"(download) :
http://narod.ru/disk/36694522001/vinogradov_drevn.zip.html

Russian spirit.

The scientific data below is a terrible secret. Formally, this data is not classified, since it was obtained by American scientists outside the field of defense research, and was even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around it is unprecedented. The atomic project at its initial stage cannot even be compared: then some things still leaked into the press, and in this case, nothing at all.
What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo? This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people.

Agnation.

Why information is hidden - more on that later. First, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists.

There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, half of which he inherits from his father, half from his mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that is passed on from generation to generation without any changes for thousands of years. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has in his DNA exactly the same haplogroup as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, etc. for many generations.

The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all people of the same biological origin, that is, for men of the same nation. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic mark. In the biblical system of concepts, one can imagine the matter in such a way that the Lord God, when He divided humanity into different nations, marked each of them with a unique set of nucleotides in the Y-chromosome of DNA. (Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in the mitochondrial DNA rings.) .

Of course, there is nothing absolutely unchangeable in nature, for movement is a form of existence of matter. Haplogroups also change (in biology such changes are called mutations), but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. Thus, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred 4,500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned a genetic classification R1a1. Paternal R1a mutated and a new one arose R1a1.

The mutation turned out to be very viable. The R1a1 genus, which was started by this same boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and multiplied over a vast area. Currently, holders of haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is “Russianness” from a genetic point of view.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form were born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago. A boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men now living on earth whose DNA contains this haplogroup. All of them are his biological or, as they used to say, blood descendants and among themselves - blood relatives, together making up a single people - the Russians.

Biology is an exact science.

It does not allow for double interpretation, and genetic conclusions to establish kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, genetic and statistical analysis of population structure, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, allows us to trace the historical paths of peoples much more reliably than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.

Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She's either one or the other. And if a statistically significant number of indigenous inhabitants of a territory have a certain haplogroup, we can say with one hundred percent certainty that these people descend from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.

Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in questions of origin, began to wander around the world, take tests from people and look for biological “roots”, their own and others. What they accomplished is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many established myths.

So, having emerged 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain (the place of maximum concentration of R1a1 - an ethnic focus), the Russian people quickly multiplied and began to expand their habitat. They looked then exactly the same as we do now; the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid or other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated the appearance of a young woman from the “civilization of cities” from bone remains: the result is a typical Russian beauty, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.

Haplogroup R1a1 in the ancient world.

3500 years ago, haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the Russians’ arrival in India is known better than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic.

It is known that the ancient Rus were called Aryans at that time (as they are recorded in Indian texts). It is also known that it was not the local Hindus who gave them this name, but that it is a self-name. Convincing evidence of this has been preserved in hydronymy and toponymy - the Ariyka River, the villages of Upper Ariy and Lower Ariy in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.

It is also known that the appearance of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 on the territory of India 3500 years ago (the time of birth of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists called Harappan based on the site of the first excavations. Before their disappearance, this people, who had populous cities at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications apparently did not help, and the Harappan period of Indian history gave way to the Aryan.

The first monument of the Indian epic, which talks about the appearance of the Aryans, was written down 400 years later, in the 11th century. BC e., and in the 3rd century. BC e. in its completed form, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit emerged, surprisingly similar to the modern Russian language.

Now men of the Russian genus R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the upper castes there are almost half of them - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the upper castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidian).

Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the Iranian population is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in its opinion about the Aryan (i.e. Russian) roots of ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings loved to emphasize their Aryan origin, as eloquently evidenced, in particular, by the popular name Darius. This means that there were Russians there in ancient times.

Our ancestors migrated not only to the east and south (to India and Iran), but also to the west - to where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, holders of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12 %, and in England - the least (3%).

Unfortunately, there is no ethnogenetic information on the European patrimonial aristocracy yet, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed across all social strata of the population or, as in India and, presumably, Iran, the Aryans made up the nobility in the lands where they came . The only reliable evidence in favor of the latter version was a by-product of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y chromosomes of the king and heir Alexei turned out to be identical to samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. This means that at least one royal house of Europe, namely the house of the German Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.

However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) in any case are our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the Northern Slavs (haplogroup N) and the Southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13,000 years ago.

The settlement of the Russian-Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further to the north; and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became a biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group - the so-called. "Indo-European" (Correct: Slavic-Aryan). These are almost all European languages, some languages ​​of modern Iran and India and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for the obvious reason: in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian language) they stand next to the original source - Aryan the proto-language from which all other “Indo-European” languages ​​grew.
Note - more about European languages ​​as remakes - “How “national” remake languages ​​were created in the 18th-19th centuries”- http://ladstas.livejournal.com/71015.html

“It’s impossible to argue. You need to shut up.”

The above are irrefutable natural scientific facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Disputing them is the same as disagreeing with the results of a blood test in a clinic. They are not disputed. They are simply kept silent. They are hushed up unanimously and stubbornly, they are hushed up, one might say, completely. And there are reasons for this.

The first such reason is quite trivial and boils down to scientific false solidarity. Too many theories, concepts and scientific reputations will have to be refuted if they are revised in the light of the latest discoveries of ethnogenetics.

For example, we will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus'. The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the mass rape of local women. Traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained in the blood of the male part of the Russian population. But they are not there! Solid R1a1 - and nothing more, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Rus' was not at all what is commonly thought of it: if the Mongols were present there, then in statistically insignificant numbers, and it is generally unclear who was called “Tatars”. Well, which scientist will refute scientific foundations, supported by mountains of literature and great authorities?!
see Myth of the Tatar-Mongol yoke- http://ladstas.livejournal.com/16811.html
No one wants to spoil relationships with colleagues and be branded an extremist by destroying established myths. In an academic environment, this happens all the time: if the facts do not correspond to the theory, so much the worse for the facts.

The second reason, incomparably more significant, relates to the sphere of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences.

Throughout modern history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought proceeded from the idea of ​​Russians as barbarians who had recently climbed down from the trees, naturally backward and incapable of creative work. And suddenly it turns out that Russians are the ones arias, which had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and Europe itself! That Europeans owe a lot to Russians for their prosperous lives, starting with the languages ​​they speak. It is no coincidence that in recent history, a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belong to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It is no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon and then Hitler. Etc.

Great historical tradition

It is no coincidence that behind all this there is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remaining in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifesting itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. Manifesting itself with iron inevitability due to the fact that it grew on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which remains unchanged for four and a half millennia.

Western politicians and ideologists have a lot to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of the historical circumstances discovered by geneticists. But they don’t want to think or change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan topic.

The Russian situation itself

The main thing is the very statement of the existence of the Russian people as a biologically integral and genetically homogeneous entity. The main thesis of the Russophobic propaganda of the Bolsheviks and current liberals is precisely the denial of this fact. The scientific community is dominated by the idea formulated by Lev Gumilyov in his theory of ethnogenesis: “From a mixture of Alans, Ugrians, Slavs and Turks, the Great Russian people developed.” The “national leader” repeats the common saying “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar.” Etc.

Why do the enemies of the Russian nation need this? The answer is obvious. If the Russian people as such do not exist, but some kind of amorphous “mixture” exists, then anyone can control this “mixture”: be it Germans, be it African pygmies, or even Martians. The denial of the biological existence of the Russian people is the ideological justification for the dominance of the non-Russian “elite” in Russia (formerly Soviet, now liberal).

But then the Americans with their genetics intervene, and it turns out that there is no “mixture”, that the Russian people have existed unchanged for 4500 years, that Alans and Turks and many others also live in Russia, but these are separate, distinctive peoples, etc. etc. And the question immediately arises: why then are Russia not ruled by Russians for almost a century? Illogical and wrong, Russians should be controlled by Russians.

Czech Jan Hus

Czech Jan Hus, a professor at the University of Prague, argued in a similar way 600 years ago:
“The Czechs in the Kingdom of Bohemia, by law and by the dictates of nature, must be first in positions, just like the French in France and the Germans in their lands.”
This statement of his was considered politically incorrect, intolerant, inciting ethnic hatred, and the professor was burned at the stake.

Now morals have softened, professors are not being burned, but so that people are not tempted to succumb to Hussite logic, in Russia the non-Russian government simply “cancelled” the Russian people: “a mixture,” they say. And everything would have been fine, but the Americans jumped out from somewhere with their analyzes - and ruined the whole thing. There is nothing to cover them up with, all that remains is to hush up the scientific results, which is done to the hoarse sounds of an old and hackneyed Russophobic propaganda record.

The collapse of the myth of the Russian people

The collapse of the myth of the Russian people as an ethnic mixture automatically destroys another myth - the myth of the multinationality of Russia.
Until now, they have tried to present the ethno-demographic structure of our country as a vinaigrette from the Russian “you won’t understand what the mixture is” and many indigenous peoples and newcomer diasporas. With such a structure, all its components are approximately equal in size, so Russia is supposedly “multinational.”

But genetic studies provide a completely different picture. If you believe the Americans (and there is no reason not to believe them: they are authoritative scientists, they value their reputation, and they have no reason to lie in such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the entire male population of Russia are purebred Russians. According to the data of the penultimate census, 80% of respondents consider themselves Russian, i.e. 10% more are Russified representatives of other nations (it is these 10%, if you “scrub”, that you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living on the territory of the Russian Federation. Total: Russia is a mono-ethnic country, albeit multi-ethnic, with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. This is where Jan Hus' logic comes into play.

About backwardness

Next - about backwardness. Judeo-Christian churchmen thoroughly contributed to this myth: they say that before the baptism of Rus', people lived in complete savagery. Wow, "wildness"! They mastered half the world, built great civilizations, taught the aborigines their language, and all this long before the so-called. “The Nativity of Christ”... The real story does not fit, does not fit in any way with its Judeo-Christian church version. There is something primordial, natural in the Russian people that cannot be reduced to their religious life.

Of course, biology and the social sphere cannot be equated. There are undoubtedly points of contact between them, but how one passes into the other, how the material becomes ideal, is unknown to science. In any case, it is obvious that under the same conditions different peoples have different patterns of life activity. In the north-east of Europe, in addition to the Russians, many peoples lived and now live, but none of them created anything even remotely similar to the great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of the Russian-Aryans in ancient times. Natural conditions are different everywhere, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore the civilizations built by our ancestors are not the same, but there is something common to all of them: they are great on the historical scale of values ​​and far surpass the achievements of their neighbors.

“Everything flows, everything changes,” “...except the human soul.”

The father of dialectics, the ancient Greek Heraclitus, is known as the author of the saying “Everything flows, everything changes.” Less known is the continuation of this phrase of his: “...except for the human soul.” While a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged (what happens to it in the afterlife is not for us to judge). The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than man - for the people. The people's soul is unchanged as long as the people's body is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature with a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as there are people on earth with haplogroup R1a1 on the Y chromosome, their people retain their souls unchanged.

The language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs change, but the Russian soul remains the same for all 4500 years of the existence of the people in its current genetic form. And together, the body and soul, constituting a single biosocial entity under the name “Russian people,” have a natural ability for great achievements on a civilizational scale. The Russian people have demonstrated this many times in the past; this potential remains in the present and will always exist as long as the people live.

It is very important to know this and, through the prism of knowledge, to evaluate current events, words and actions of people, to determine one’s own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called the “Russian nation.” Knowledge of the history of a people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the most terrible thing for the enemies of the Russian nation. That's why they try to hide this knowledge. And we are trying to make it publicly available.

Spirin Vladimir Georgievich

Today there are 257 countries in the world, 193 of which are members of the UN, while others have a certain status. Many of these countries became independent only recently, while others are just fighting for their right to be sovereign.
Historians are well aware of the dates of the founding of young states, and as for the first countries on planet Earth, their history is shrouded in the darkness of millennia, hidden under a layer of ancient dust.
There is a lot of controversy over the very methodology for determining the most ancient states. After all, every nation has its own myths and legends about the founding of their state. For example, the legendary foundation of one of the smallest modern states, San Marino, dates back to the beginning of the 4th century. According to legend, in 301, a member of one of the first Christian communities found refuge in the Apennines, on the top of Monte Titano. Thus, formally San Marino has been considered an independent state since September 3, 301. In fact, we can talk about some kind of independence of the founded settlement only from the 6th century, when Italy broke up into many dependent and independent territories.
According to Japanese myths, the Land of the Rising Sun was founded back in 660 BC. e., but the first state on Japanese territory, Yamato, arose during the Kofu period, which dates back to 250 - 538.
Ancient Greece is considered one of the most ancient civilizations, the cradle of philosophy, culture, and science. But Greece became a truly independent country only in 1821 after it left the Ottoman Empire.
Therefore, in order to compile a correct rating, we took into account only those forms of organization of society that correspond to the modern characteristics of the state: sovereignty, own territory, state symbols, language, and so on. In addition, only those states that are on the modern world map were taken into account.
So, the rating of the most ancient states was made up of 10 modern countries from three continents.

1. Elam, 3200 BC e. (Iran)

The modern state in southwest Asia - the Islamic Republic of Iran was founded on April 1, 1979 as a result of the Islamic Revolution. But the history of statehood in Iran is one of the oldest in the world. For centuries, this country played a key role in the East. The first state on the territory of Iran - Elam - arose in 3200 BC. e. The Persian Empire under Darius I extended from Greece and Libya to the Indus River. In the Middle Ages, Persia was a strong and influential state.

2. Egypt, 3000 BC e.

Egypt is the oldest state in the world, about the history of which a lot of interesting information has been preserved. It was in this mysterious and mysterious country of the pharaohs that many types and forms of art were born, which subsequently developed in Asia and Europe. They served as the basis for ancient aesthetics - the starting point of all the arts of our time.
Egypt is the largest country in the Arab East, one of the centers of its political and cultural life, the “tourist Mecca” of the world. Egypt occupies a unique geographical position, located at the junction of three continents - Africa, Asia and Europe and two of the world's largest civilizations - Christian and Islamic.
Egypt arose on the territory where one of the most powerful and mysterious civilizations once existed, the history of which dates back centuries and millennia. In 3000 BC. e. Pharaoh Mines united the Egyptian lands and created a state that Egyptologists today call the Early Kingdom.
Echoes of that era are the Great Egyptian Pyramids, the mysterious Sphinxes and the grandiose Temples of the Pharaohs.

3. Wanglang, 2897 BC e. (Vietnam)

Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia located on the Indochina Peninsula. The name of the country consists of two words and is translated as “the country of the Vietnamese in the South.” The Viet civilization arose in the Red River basin. According to legend, the Viet were descended from a dragon and a fairy bird. The first state on the territory of Vietnam, Van Lang, appeared in 2897 BC. e. For some time, Vietnam was part of China. In the second half of the 19th century, Vietnam became colonially dependent on France. In the summer of 1954, Vietnam became an independent state.

4. Shang-Yin, 1600 BC e. (China)

China is a state in East Asia, the largest state in the world by population (over 1.3 billion); ranks third in the world in terms of territory, behind Russia and Canada.
Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. According to Chinese scientists, its age may be five thousand years, while the available written sources cover a period of at least 3,500 years. The long-standing presence of administrative systems, which were improved by successive dynasties, created obvious advantages for the Chinese state, whose economy was based on developed agriculture, compared to its more backward nomadic and mountaineer neighbors. Chinese civilization was further strengthened by the introduction of Confucianism as a state ideology (1st century BC) and a unified writing system (2nd century BC).
The Shang-Yin state, which existed from 1600 to 1027 BC on the territory of modern China, is the first state formation, the reality of whose existence is confirmed not only by archaeological finds, but also by narrative and epigraphic written sources.
In 221 BC. e. Emperor Qin Shi Huang united all Chinese lands and created the Qin Empire, the territory of which corresponds to modern China.

5. Kush, 1070 BC e. (Sudan)

The modern state of Sudan in northeast Africa is equal in area to the entire Western Europe, and its population is only 29.5 million people. The country is located in the middle reaches of the Nile River with surrounding plains, plateaus and the adjacent Red Sea coast.
Kush (Meroitic Kingdom) is an ancient kingdom that existed in the northern part of modern Sudan from 1070 to 350 BC. e. The existence of the kingdom of Kush is confirmed in the remains of temples, sculptures of gods and kings. There is evidence that writing, astronomy and medicine were already developed in Kush at that time.

6. Sri Lanka, 377 BC e.

Sri Lanka (“Blessed Land”) is a state in South Asia, on the island of the same name off the southeastern coast of Hindustan. The history of Sri Lanka begins with the Neolithic period when the first settlements were discovered in Sri Lanka. Written history begins with the arrival of the Aryans from India, who spread the rudiments of knowledge of metallurgy, navigation, and writing among the local population.
In 247 BC. e. Buddhism penetrated into Sri Lanka, which had a decisive influence on the formation of the country and its political system.
In 377 BC. A kingdom arose on the island with its capital in the ancient city of Anuradhapura.

7. Chin, 300 BC. e. (Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Republic of Korea)

Korea is a geographical territory that includes the Korean Peninsula and adjacent islands and is united by a common cultural and historical heritage. In the past there was a single state. In 1945, after the defeat of Japan in World War II, the territory of Korea, which was at that time a Japanese colony, was delimited into two zones of military responsibility: the Soviet zone - north of the parallel of 38 ° N. w. and the American one to the south of it. Subsequently, in 1948, two states emerged on the territory of these zones: the Republic of Korea in the south and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north.
According to legend, the first Korean state was founded by the son of a bear woman and a celestial being, Tangun, in 2333 BC. e. Historians call the earliest stage of Korean history the period of the Ko Joseon state. Most modern historians agree that the date is 2333 BC. e. is greatly exaggerated, since it is not confirmed by any historical documents other than individual medieval Korean chronicles.
It is believed that at the dawn of its development, Ancient Joseon was a tribal union consisting of separately governed city-states, and it became a centralized state in 300 BC. e. Around the same time, the proto-state of Chin was formed in the south of the peninsula.

7. Iberia, 299 BC e. (Georgia)

Modern Georgia is considered a young independent state. But the history of the formation of Georgian statehood goes back to antiquity. Georgia is one of the places where the most ancient monuments of human civilization were discovered.
Historians believe that the first states on the territory of Georgia were formed back in the 3rd-2nd millennium BC. e. These were the kingdom of Colchis, located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, and Iberia, modern eastern Georgia. In 299 BC. e. Pharnavaz came to power in Iberia. During the reign of Farnavaz and his immediate descendants, Iberia achieved great power and became a state with significant territories. In the 9th century, a new united state arose on the territory of Georgia, the ruler of which was a king from the Bagrationi dynasty.

8. Greater Armenia, 190 BC e. (Armenia)

The first mentions of Armenia are found in the cuneiform writings of the Persian king Darius I, who reigned from 522 to 486. BC e., also in Herodotus (5th century BC) and Xenophon (5th century BC). On the maps of the largest historians and geographers of antiquity, Armenia is marked along with Persia, Syria and other ancient states. After the collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great, the Armenian kingdoms arose: Greater Armenia, Lesser Armenia and Sophene.
Greater Armenia, a large state stretching from Palestine to the Caspian Sea, created in 190 BC. Historians call it the first state on the territory of the modern republic.

9. Yamato, 250 (Japan)

Japan is an island nation in East Asia located in the Pacific Ocean on the Japanese Archipelago, consisting of 6,852 islands. According to Japanese legend, in 660 BC. e. Jimmu founded the Land of the Rising Sun and became its first emperor.
The first written mentions of ancient Japan as a single state are contained in historical chronicles of the 1st century AD. e. Chinese Han Empire. In the 3rd century compendium of the Chinese Wei Empire, 30 Japanese countries are mentioned, among which Yamatai is the most powerful. Its ruler, Himiko, is reported to have maintained power using "charms."
From 250 - 538 , Kofun period, the Yamato state emerges. It is assumed that Yamato was a federation.
The Kofun period is so named because of the Kofun mound culture that was prevalent in Japan for five centuries. The photo shows the Daisenryo Mound, the tomb of Emperor Nintoku, early 5th century.

10. Great Bulgaria, 632 (Bulgaria)

Bulgaria is a state in South-Eastern Europe, in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The first state of the Bulgarians about which accurate historical information has been preserved was Great Bulgaria, a state that united the tribes of the proto-Bulgarians and existed in the Black Sea and Azov steppes for only a few decades from 632 to 671. The capital of the state was the city of Phanagoria, and its founder and ruler was Khan Kubrat. This is where the history of Bulgaria as a state began.

Unknown tribes

There are a lot of assumptions about which ancient people really appeared first. The right to be the oldest is claimed by the Chinese, Jews, long-gone Sumerians and Egyptians.

Archeology cannot give an exact answer to this question. If we take into account the age of surviving cultural monuments and written sources, the Jewish people can be called the most ancient. However, written sources mentioning the first Jew also say that at that time more than 70 peoples lived on Earth. Consequently, it is not the Jews, but unknown tribes who left no architectural monuments behind them, who should be considered the most ancient.

Khoisan peoples

The recent discovery probably made it possible to identify such a people, one of the oldest on the planet. In the south of the African continent live the Khoisan peoples, who, judging by existing research, appeared more than 100,000 years ago. years

back. They are a group of small tribes that use a special clicking language to speak. In particular, among these tribes are Bushmen hunters and Hottentot herders, who survived on the territory of such African states as, for example, South Africa.

By the way, the origin of the Khoisan peoples is a special scientific mystery. It is still unknown where the peculiar clicking language used by the tribes came from. Such speech has not been found in any other culture. Moreover, even neighboring tribes living in close proximity to the Khoisan peoples speak completely different languages.

Recently, a group of scientists led by Caroline Schlebusch from Sweden offered the world scientific community evidence of the primacy of the Khoisan tribes. Having deciphered their genome and compared it with the genomes of other representatives of the African continent, Caroline Shebush came to the conclusion that the Khoisan are the most ancient people.

100,000 years ago

The genomes of 220 volunteers recruited from 11 Hottentot and Bushmen tribes were studied. Their blood samples were thoroughly analyzed. To calculate the kinship of tribes with other peoples, 2,200,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified, the differences between which were only one “letter”.

It turned out that the Khoisans separated from a single tree more than 100,000 years ago. years ago, before the migration of humanity from Africa to other continents began. The division of the people into northern and southern groups occurred approximately 43,000 years

back. At the same time, a small part of the population retained its roots, and other representatives, like the Khe tribe, lost their ethnic characteristics, interbreeding with the alien Bantus.

It is curious that the Khoisan genome has characteristic differences. Special genes, which are still carried by Bushmen, provide endurance and muscle strength. In addition, representatives of these tribes are highly vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation.

Khoisan genome

This discovery caused confusion among archaeologists. It turns out that humanity did not originate from a single group, as previously assumed, but from several. This significantly complicates the search for the homeland of the first people who theoretically arose in Africa. Of course, not all scientists were happy about this discovery, since it casts doubt on their merits.

Soon, Caroline Schlebusch plans to open access to information about the Khoisan genome. This will help make the research of anthropologists and paleogeneticists interested in this topic more effective. Perhaps the joint work will allow us to get closer to solving the riddle of how, over the course of 100,000 years

the genome of individual branches of humanity changed.

The question of the ancient people still remains open. Any theory can be challenged by new facts. It is unknown what other surprises science will present to humanity in the future.