Test yourself on the Unified State Exam in Russian! With homogeneous members, the conjunctions neither and nor are repeated; not this, not that; this, that; or either; or or.
Dear friends, since many questions are elementary, I consider comments unnecessary. Ask questions if you don't understand how to solve a task.
A1 In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound correctly highlighted?
kilometer
pantry
selected
without instructions
A2 In which sentence should we use DIPLOMANT instead of the word DIPLOMAT?
Leonid Ivanovich was considered a real DIPLOMAT in communicating with people around him.
The success of a state's foreign policy largely depends on the experience and talent of DIPLOMATS.
You sound like a DIPLOMAT, but things aren't going well.
DIPLOMATS of the Moscow Ballet Competition took part in the final concert.
A3 Give an example of an error in form formation
more than five hundred people
engineers
the most difficult
on name day
A4 Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Fearing that the fashion for dueling would spread among the Russian nobility,
they were strictly prohibited by Peter I.
By decree of Peter I, not only duels, but also public insults were prohibited.
Peter I issued a decree banning fights.
Peter I banned fights by special decree.
A5 Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
Ch. Aitmatov once remarked that there are days when everything goes well and life is wonderful.
Passengers using suburban transport and having documents for the right to free travel pay the cost of transporting each piece of baggage on a general basis.
Everyone who studied the works of G.O. Vinokur, they know about his research in the field of linguapoetics
Thanks to the talent of the conductor, it was possible to feel the originality of P.I.’s music. Tchaikovsky.
Read the text and complete the tasks
A6 Which of the sentences below should come first in this text?
Personal computers are universal devices for processing information.
A computer can only process information presented in numerical form.
All information intended for long-term use is stored in files.
Information in a computer is stored in memory or on various media, such as floppy and hard disks.
(1) ... (2) All other information (sounds, images) must be converted into numerical form for processing on a computer. (3) Text information is processed on a computer in a similar way: when entered into the computer, each letter is encoded with a certain number, and when transferred to external devices, corresponding images of the letters are constructed from these numbers. (4) This correspondence between a set of letters and numbers is called a character encoding. (5) All numbers in a computer are represented using zeros and ones, and not ten digits, as is usual for people, (6)... computers usually work in the binary number system.
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the blank in the sixth sentence?
First of all
However
Besides.
In other words.
A8 (1) ... (2) All other information (sounds, images) for processing on a computer must be converted into numerical form. (3) Text information is processed on a computer in a similar way: when entered into the computer, each letter is encoded with a certain number, and when transferred to external devices, corresponding images of the letters are constructed from these numbers. (4) This correspondence between a set of letters and numbers is called a character encoding. (5) All numbers in a computer are represented using zeros and ones, and not ten digits, as is usual for people, (6)... computers usually work in the binary number system.
What words are the grammatical basis in the second (2) sentence of the text?
information for processing
information should
information must be converted
information converted
A9 (1)... (2) All other information (sounds, images) for processing on a computer must be converted into numerical form. (3) Text information is processed on a computer in a similar way: when entered into the computer, each letter is encoded with a certain number, and when transferred to external devices, corresponding images of the letters are constructed from these numbers. (4) This correspondence between a set of letters and numbers is called a character encoding. (5) All numbers in a computer are represented using zeros and ones, and not ten digits, as is usual for people, (6)... computers usually work in the binary number system.
Indicate the correct characteristic of the third (3) sentence of the text.
1)complex with non-conjunctive and conjunctive coordinating connections
2) compound
3) complex non-union
4) complex with non-union and allied subordination
A10 (1)... (2) All other information (sounds, images) for processing on a computer must be converted into numerical form. (3) Text information is processed on a computer in a similar way: when entered into the computer, each letter is encoded with a certain number, and when transferred to external devices, corresponding images of the letters are constructed from these numbers. (4) This correspondence between a set of letters and numbers is called a character encoding. (5) All numbers in a computer are represented using zeros and ones, and not ten digits, as is usual for people, (6)... computers usually work in the binary number system.
Indicate the correct morphological characteristic CONVERTED from the second (2) sentence of the text.
active participle
passive participle
short adjective
perfect participle
A11 (1)... (2) All other information (sounds, images) must be converted into numerical form for processing on a computer. (3) Text information is processed on a computer in a similar way: when entered into the computer, each letter is encoded with a certain number, and when transferred to external devices, corresponding images of the letters are constructed from these numbers. (4) This correspondence between a set of letters and numbers is called a character encoding. (5) All numbers in a computer are represented using zeros and ones, and not ten digits, as is usual for people, (6)... computers usually work in the binary number system.
Specify the meaning of the word CODED in the sentence (3)
plays in a certain sequence
constantly repeats itself
written as text
translated from one sign system to another
A12 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written? In the first paintings of I.N. Nikitin there is some simplification: figures are snatched (2) from the darkness of an indefinite (3) space by a beam of bright light and exist without connection with the environment.
2
1.2
1.2.3
A13 In which row in all words is the unstressed vowel of the root being tested missing?
evoking, raising, representative
owner stelin, steal, proclaim
subduing, za..rya, protector
compaction (concrete), k..zat, comp..nion
A14 In which row is the same letter missing in all three words?
pr..increase, pr..overcome, pr..hail
without..freely, without..biased, ra...encrypt
oh...distant, on...cracked, on...sawed
from..mother, mis...information, from..get away
A15 In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?
Caught up... shh, puzzled...
wake up...wash, wash...my
worried, shot...
whispering...whispering, clearing...
A16 Which answer option contains all the words where the letter E is missing?
A. endure
B. picky
B. aluminum
G. calm down
ABG
A B C
VG
AB
A17 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place I is written?
The worse someone’s disposition, the more he shouts and grumbles at people: he (1) sees the good ones, where he (2) turns, and the first he (3) gets along with with whom he (4) gets along.
“Your valiant life gives me the right to speak with you frankly... Having agreed to my son’s request. You sent him to Sevastopol not for awards and distinctions, driven by a sense of sacred duty that lies with every Russian... You blessed him for the feat... In Sevastopol, where the news of death almost no longer makes an impression, your son was one of the few , who received sincere condolences... P.S. Nakhimov."
1,2
2,3
3,4
A18 In which sentence are both highlighted words written together?
Ranevskaya comes from Paris to repent of her sins, and ALSO to find peace in her native estate.
The first few years he lived in Vienna became for Beethoven (TRULY) the happiest time of his life, BECAUSE it was here that he gained real fame.
Bashkirtseva’s passion for reading was insatiable, her ability to work was enormous, (WHERE) all subjects were food for her mind.
(APPARENTLY) Botticelli was a student of the famous painter Filippe Lippi, as well as the Florentine painter and sculptor Andrei Verrocchio.
A19 Indicate the correct explanation for the placement of a comma or its absence in a sentence: For the method of Dutch artists, the experience of direct contemplation () and its implementation in an artistic image is of decisive importance.
A simple sentence with homogeneous members, a comma is needed before the conjunction AND.
A complex sentence, a comma is needed before the conjunction AND.
A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction and no comma is needed.
Complex sentence, before the conjunction And there is no need for a comma.
A20 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
The era (1) that began (2) after the discoveries of Galileo Galilei (3) and ended with the work of Isaac Newton (4) marked a new stage in the development of science and technology.
2,4
1,3
1,4
A21 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences?
The language of poetry (1) as is known (2) cannot be ordinary, since the way of expressing itself in iambics and trochees is unusual. Therefore, poetry is (3) one might say (4) a miracle of transforming an ordinary word into a poetic word.
1,2
1,3
3,4
1,2,3,4
A22 Indicate a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
The writer’s individuality is manifested in his preference for one color epithet or another.
The forest rustled, sometimes soothingly and melodiously, sometimes impulsively and alarmingly.
A. Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and the location of houses, both ancient forests and cozy seaside towns.
Almost every French sculptor worked simultaneously in the historical-mythological, portrait and landscape genres.
A23 How to explain the placement of the colon in this sentence?
Music by P.I. Tchaikovsky excites listeners: the composer, with the skill of a psychologist, deeply penetrates into the complex and contradictory inner world of a person and, through the means of his art, reveals the spiritual and emotional life of people.
The first part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the condition for accomplishing what is said in the second part.
The first part of a non-union complex sentence is contrasted in content to the second part.
The second part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.
The first part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the time of occurrence of what is said in the second part.
A24 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
In Kyiv, on a high mountain on the banks of the Dnieper, a monument was erected (1) to Prince Vladimir (2) during whose reign (3) (4) the baptism of Rus' took place.
1,2
2
3,4
1,2,3,4
A25 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
At night, timber was brought to the river (1) and (2) when a white fog shrouded the banks (3) all eight companies laid planks (4) on the wreckage of the bridges.
1,3,4
1,4
2,3
1,2,3
A26 In which sentence the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot be replaced by a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase?
“The Idiot” is a novel in which Dostoevsky’s creative principles are fully embodied, and his amazing mastery of plot reaches true flourishing.
Owing much to Kramskoy's participation, Shishkin called him an artist who had a beneficial influence on him.
The ambiguity of Salvador Dali's works excited the imagination of viewers who were accustomed to a world of calm landscapes and portraits.
Beethoven's Ninth Symphony served as a model for artists of the Romantic era, who were fascinated by the utopia of synthetic art.
A27 If you look at the map, you will see that Siberia is two-fifths of Asia. But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the largest treasury in the world in terms of oil, gas, coal reserves, energy resources, and huge forests. That is why much attention is paid to Siberia in Russia's economic development plans.
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
Siberia, which occupies two-fifths of Asia, receives much attention in Russia's economic development plans.
Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the largest treasury in the world in terms of mineral reserves.
In Russia's economic development plans, much attention is paid to Siberia because enormous natural resources are concentrated here.
In the development of the world economy, much attention is paid to Siberia, since this region occupies two-fifths of Asia and enormous natural resources are concentrated here.
A28 Read the text and complete tasks A28-AZ0;
(1) On the bank of the Moksha River sat an old man in a naval uniform. (2) The last pre-autumn dragonflies fluttered over him, some sat on worn epaulettes, took a breath and fluttered when the man occasionally moved. (3) He felt stuffy, he relaxed his long-unbuttoned collar with his hand and froze, peering with teary eyes into the palms of the small waves patting the river. (4) What did he see now in this shallow water? (5) What was he thinking about? (6) Until recently, he still knew that he had won great victories, that he had managed to break free from the captivity of old theories and discovered new laws of naval combat, that he had created more than one invincible squadron, and trained many glorious commanders and crews of warships. (7) But barely ten years passed after his resignation, and they tried to forget about him in the imperial palace, in the Admiralty, and in the headquarters of the fleets and naval schools. (8) So, forgotten by the authorities and naval commanders here, in the center of Russia, in the Tambov region, Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov, a disgraced Russian naval commander, was ending his life. (9) He conducted forty campaigns and was not defeated in a single battle. (10) The brilliant victories of the Russian fleet under his command made the name of Fyodor Ushakov legendary. (11) But few people remembered this in Russia then... (12) Contemporaries often do not notice the talent, genius, prophet in their environment. (13) They cannot, and if we recall history, they do not want to highlight the outstanding, superior abilities of their neighbor. (14) They speak with irritation about such a person, elevating him, at best, to the category of eccentrics and lucky people... (15) The sounds of that day were mixed in him. floated one on top of the other, causing us to tremble and look around. (16)0n remembered long campaigns and battles. (17) His eyes were open, but his gaze wandered somewhere out there, across distant roadsteads, bays and harbors, and came across fortress walls and coastal reefs. (18) The wind came, trying to wrap up and swaddle the lonely admiral, and he pushed him away with his hand, trying to hold back the visions of the past. (According to V. Ganichev)
A28 Which statement corresponds to the content of the text?
1) Russian admiral Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov served in the Admiralty.
2) Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov was born in the center of Russia, in the Tambov region.
3) Russian admiral Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov created one unique invincible squadron.
4) On the banks of the Moksha River, the disgraced Russian naval commander recalled past battles and campaigns.
A29 What type(s) of speech are presented in sentences 12-14?
1)reasoning
2) description
3) narration
4) narration and description
A30 Indicate the word that is used in the text in a figurative sense.
1) shabby (sentence 2)
2) stuffy (sentence 3)
3) shiny (sentence 10)
4) harbors (sentence 17)
Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) For an indifferent person, life quickly loses color and he is left alone with his well-being.
2) Almost every French sculptor worked simultaneously in the historical-mythological, portrait and landscape genres.
3) Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and the location of houses, both ancient forests and cozy seaside towns.
4) The forest rustled, sometimes soothingly and melodiously, sometimes impetuously and alarmingly.
5) Human thinking is formed with the help of language and turns out to be firmly connected with it.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's give the correct spelling.
1) Life for an indifferent person quickly loses color, and he is left alone with his well-being.
2) Almost every French sculptor worked simultaneously in the historical-mythological, portrait, and landscape genres.
3) Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and the location of houses, both ancient forests and cozy seaside towns.
4) The forest rustled, sometimes soothingly and melodiously, sometimes impulsively and alarmingly.
5) Human thinking is formed with the help of language and turns out to be firmly connected with it.
One comma is needed:
in the 4th sentence, paired homogeneous members;
in the 1st sentence: it is complex. Contains two predicative parts that do not have a common secondary member of the sentence or introductory word and do not have a subordinate clause.
The correct answer is listed under number 4 and 1.
Answer: 41|14
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Punctuation marks in BSC and sentences with homogeneous members
Rule: Task 16. Punctuation marks in BSC and in sentences with homogeneous members
PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES AND IN SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
This task tests knowledge of two punctograms:
1. Commas in a simple sentence with homogeneous members.
2. Commas in a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions, in particular, the conjunction I.
Target: Find TWO sentences that require ONE comma in each. Not two, not three (but this happens!) commas, but one. In this case, you need to indicate the numbers of those sentences where the missing comma was PUT, since there are cases when the sentence already has a comma, for example, in an adverbial phrase. We don't count it.
You should not look for commas in various phrases, introductory words and in the IPP: according to the specification in this task, only the three indicated punctograms are checked. If the sentence requires commas for other rules, they will already be placed
The correct answer will be two numbers, from 1 to 5, in any sequence, without commas or spaces, for example: 15, 12, 34.
Legend:
OC - homogeneous members.
SSP is a compound sentence.
The algorithm for completing the task should be like this:
1. Determine the number of bases.
2. If the sentence is simple, then we find ALL rows of homogeneous members in it and turn to the rule.
3. If there are two basics, then this is a complex sentence, and each part is considered separately (see point 2).
Do not forget that homogeneous subjects and predicates create NOT a complex, but a simple complicated sentence.
15.1 PUNCTION MARKS FOR HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
Homogeneous members of a sentence are those members that answer the same question and relate to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members of a sentence (both main and secondary) are always connected by a coordinating connection, with or without a conjunction.
For example: In “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson,” S. Aksakov describes with truly poetic inspiration both summer and winter pictures of Russian nature.
In this sentence there is one row of meanings, these are two homogeneous definitions.
One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members. Yes, in a sentence Soon a heavy downpour hit and covered with the noise of rain streams and gusts of wind, and the groans of the pine forest two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and groans.
note: Each row of OCs has its own punctuation rules.
Let's look at various sentence patterns with OP and formulate the rules for placing commas.
15.1.1. A series of homogeneous members connected ONLY by intonation, without conjunctions.
General scheme: OOO .
Rule: if two or more words are connected only by intonation, a comma is placed between them.
Example: yellow, green, red apples.
15.1.2 Two homogeneous members are connected by the union AND, YES (in the meaning of AND), EITHER, OR
General scheme: O and/yes/either/or O .
Rule: if two words are connected by a single conjunction I/DA, no comma is placed between them.
Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.
Example 2: Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly.
Example 3: Only you and I will stay in this house.
Example 4: I will cook rice with vegetables or pilaf.
15.1.3 The last OC is joined by the union I.
General scheme: O, O and O.
Rule: If the last homogeneous member is joined by a conjunction and, then a comma is not placed in front of it.
Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.
15.1.4. There are more than two homogeneous members and a union AND repeated at least twice
Rule: For various combinations of union (clause 15.1.2) and non-union (clause 15.1.1) combinations of homogeneous members of a sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union AND is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous terms
General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.
General scheme: and O, and O, and O.
Example 1: The still life depicts yellow, and green, and red apples.
Example 2: The still life depicts and yellow, and green, and red apples.
More complex examples:
Example 3: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery- Long shadows ran far away from everything.
Two unions and, four och. Comma between och.
Example 4: It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the carriage. Three unions and, three och. Comma between och.
Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered with snow. Two unions and, three och. Comma between och.
Please note that there is no comma after the last och, because this is not between the och, but after it.
It is this scheme that is often perceived as erroneous and non-existent; keep this in mind when completing the task.
note: This rule only works if the conjunction AND is repeated in one row, and not in the entire sentence.
Let's look at examples.
Example 1: In the evenings they gathered around the table children and adults and read it aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read. The conjunction is not repeated in each row, it is used once. Therefore, commas are NOT placed according to rule 15.1.2.
Example 2: In the evening Vadim went to his room and sat down reread letter and write a response. Two rows: left and sat down; I sat down (why? for what purpose?) to re-read and write.
15.1.5 Homogeneous members are connected by the union A, BUT, YES (= but)
Scheme: O, a/no/da O
Rule: If there is a conjunction A, BUT, YES (= but), commas are added.
Example 1: The student writes quickly but sloppily.
Example 2: The baby no longer whimpered, but cried bitterly.
Example 3: Small spool but precious .
15.1.6 With homogeneous members, conjunctions are repeated NO NO; NOT THIS, NOT THAT; THAT, THAT; OR EITHER; OR OR
Scheme: O, or O, or O
Rule: when repeating other conjunctions (except I) twice, neither, nor; not this, not that; this, that; or either; or, or a comma is always used:
Example 1: And the old man walked around the room and either hummed psalms in a low voice or impressively lectured his daughter.
Please note that the sentence also contains homogeneous circumstances and additions, but we do not highlight them for a clearer picture.
There is no comma after the predicate “paced”! But if instead of the union AND THEN, AND THEN there was simply AND, there would be three whole commas (according to rule 15.1.4)
15.1.7. With homogeneous members there are double unions.
Rule: In double conjunctions, a comma is placed before the second part. These are unions of both... and; not only but; not so much... but; how much... so much; although and... but; if not... then; not that... but; not that... but; not only not, but rather... than others.
Examples: I have an errand How from the judge So equals And from all our friends.
Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot, But It was still And a very subtle psychologist.
Mother not really angry, But I was still unhappy.
There are fogs in London if not every day , That every other day for sure.
He was not so much disappointed , How many surprised by the current situation.
Please note that each part of a double conjunction is BEFORE OC, which is very important to take into account when completing task 7 (type “error on homogeneous members”), we have already encountered these conjunctions.
15.1.8. Often homogeneous members are connected in pairs
General scheme: Scheme: O and O, O and O
Rule: When combining minor members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (the conjunction AND acts locally, only within groups):
Example1: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage.
Example 2: The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the day that has passed and the day to come.
Example 3: Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria.
15.1.9. They are not homogeneous, therefore they are not separated by commas:
A number of repetitions that have an intensifying connotation are not homogeneous members.
And it snowed and snowed.
Simple complicated predicates are also not homogeneous
That's what he said, I'll go check it out.
Phraseologisms with repeating conjunctions are not homogeneous members
Neither this nor that, neither fish nor meat; neither light nor dawn; neither day nor night
If the offer contains heterogeneous definitions, which stand before the word being explained and characterize one object from different sides, it is impossible to insert a conjunction between them and.
A sleepy golden bumblebee suddenly rose from the depths of the flower.
15.2. PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
Complex sentences are complex sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.
Example: Three times he wintered in Mirny, and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.
Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:
1) SSP with connecting conjunctions (and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both..., and);
2) BSC with dividing conjunctions (that..., that; not that..., not that; or; either; either..., or);
3) SSP with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, but, but then, only, the same).
15.2.1 The basic rule for placing a comma in the BSC.
A comma between parts of a complex sentence is placed according to the basic rule, that is, ALWAYS, with the exception of special conditions, which limit the application of this rule. These conditions are discussed in the second part of the rule. In any case, to determine whether a sentence is complex, you need to find its grammatical basis. What to consider when doing this:
a) Not always every simple sentence can have both a subject and a predicate. So, the frequency of sentences with one impersonal part, with a predicate in vague personal proposal. For example: He had a lot of work ahead of him, and he knew it.
Scheme: [is coming], and [he knew].
The doorbell rang and no one moved.
Scheme: [they called], and [no one moved].
b) The subject can be expressed by pronouns, both personal and other categories: I suddenly heard a painfully familiar voice, and it brought me back to life.
Scheme: [I heard], and [it returned]. Don't lose a pronoun as a subject if it duplicates the subject from the first part! These are two sentences, each with its own basis, for example: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests, and he was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.
Scheme: [The artist was familiar], and [he was surprised]. Let's compare with a similar construction in a simple sentence: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests and was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.[O Skaz and O Skaz].
c) Since a complex sentence consists of two simple ones, it is quite likely that each of them can have homogeneous members in its composition. Commas are placed both according to the rule of homogeneous members and according to the rule of complex sentences. For example: Leaves crimson, gold They fell quietly to the ground, and the wind circled them in the air and threw them up. Sentence pattern: [Leaves fell], and [wind O Skaz and O Skaz].
15.2.2 Special conditions for placing signs in a complex sentence
In a school course of the Russian language, the only condition under which a comma is not placed between parts of a complex sentence is the presence common minor member.
The most difficult thing for students is to understand whether there is common minor clause, which will give the right not to put a comma between parts, or there is none. General means that it relates simultaneously to both the first part and the second. If there is a common member, a comma is not placed between the parts of the BSC. If it exists, then in the second part there cannot be a similar minor member, there is only one, it is at the very beginning of the sentence. Let's consider simple cases:
Example 1: A year later, my daughter went to school and my mother was able to go to work..
Both simple sentences can equally qualify for the time adverbial “in a year.” What's happened in a year? My daughter went to school. Mom was able to go to work.
Moving the common member to the end of the sentence changes the meaning: My daughter went to school, and my mother was able to go to work a year later. And now this minor member is no longer general, but relates only to the second simple sentence. That is why it is so important for us, firstly, the place of the common member, just the beginning of a sentence , and secondly, the general meaning of the sentence.
Example 2:By evening the wind died down and it started to freeze. What happened By the evening? The wind died down. It started to freeze.
Now more complex example 1: On the outskirts of the city the snow had already begun to melt, and it was already quite a spring picture here. There are two circumstances in the sentence, each simple has its own. That's why comma added. There is no common minor member. Thus, the presence of a second minor member of the same type (place, time, purpose) in the second sentence gives the right to insert a comma.
Example 2: By nightfall, my mother’s temperature rose even more, and we did not sleep all night. There is no reason to attribute the adverbial “to the night” to the second part of a complex sentence, therefore a comma is placed.
It should be noted that there are other cases in which a comma is not placed between parts of a complex sentence. These include the presence of a common introductory word, a common subordinate clause, as well as two sentences that are indefinitely personal, impersonal, identical in structure, and exclamatory. But these cases were not included in the Unified State Examination tasks, and they are not presented in manuals and are not studied in the school course.
- Walking or talking with a friend was equally enjoyable for me.
- The dusk hid the outlines of Olga’s face and figure and threw a blanket over her.
- Life on earth was not easy and that’s why I really fell in love with the bottomless sky.
- Study and work will grind everything down.
- In college, he enthusiastically studied both the humanities and natural and mathematical disciplines.
- Some watercolor works relate to both painting and graphics.
- The ocean seems to have stopped and rumbles quietly and insinuatingly.
- You can give your answers either orally or in writing.
- The watermelon is ripe and sugary and very tasty.
- On the street side, a lush crimson maple stood by the picket fence and dropped its leaves into the small garden.
- For an indifferent person, life quickly loses color and he is left alone with his well-being.
- Almost every French sculptor worked simultaneously in the historical-mythological and portrait and landscape genres.
- Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and the location of houses, both ancient forests and cozy seaside towns.
- The forest rustled, sometimes soothingly and melodiously, sometimes impulsively and alarmingly.
- Human thinking is formed with the help of language and is firmly connected with it.
- Bright lightning shook the sky and I saw a smoky cloud bank above the window.
- The ideal nobleman was supposed to resemble the hero of chivalric novels and a character from ancient history and a Christian preacher.
- The art teacher paid attention to the boy’s abilities and inclinations and convinced the parents to send the child to a painting school.
- Summer residents lazily walk under umbrellas or sit in the shade of trees.
- Antiquity in Greece appeared before V.A. Serov in its purest form and the artist perceived this country as a realized dream of great art.. Parts of a complex sentence are connected by a conjunction AND
. They do not have a common secondary member of the sentence or an introductory word, they do not have a common subordinate clause, which means that in a complex sentence we put a comma before the conjunction: Bright lightning shook the sky, and I saw a smoky cloud bank above the window.
The second sentence is simple - it has one grammatical basis: (who?) nobleman (what did you do?) should have been like . There are homogeneous members of the sentence - additions: should have been like(on whom?) on the hero , (on whom?) per character , (on whom?) on the preacher . Complements are connected by repeating conjunctions And...And , but a homogeneous series begins before the first conjunction, so we put commas before it and before the next one: The ideal nobleman was supposed to resemble a hero of chivalric novels, a character from ancient history, and a Christian preacher.
The third sentence is simple - it has one grammatical basis, but with homogeneous predicates: (who?) teacher (What did you do?) noticed , (What did you do?) convinced me to give it away . Predicates are connected by a single conjunction AND , before which we do not place a comma. There are also similar additions: noticed(for what?) on ability , (for what?) inclinations . They are also connected by a single union AND , before which we do not put a comma: The art teacher paid attention to the boy’s abilities and inclinations and convinced the parents to send the child to a painting school.
The fourth sentence is simple - one grammatical basis, but with homogeneous predicates: (who?) summer residents (what are they doing?) walking , (what are they doing?) sitting . Predicates are connected by a single conjunction OR , before which we do not put a comma: Summer residents lazily walk under umbrellas or sit in the shade of trees.
The fifth sentence is complex, it has two stems: (what?) antiquity (what did you do?) appeared and who?) artist (What did you do?) perceived . Parts of a complex sentence are connected by a conjunction AND . They do not have a common secondary member of the sentence or an introductory word, there is no common subordinate clause. This means that in a complex sentence we put a comma before the conjunction: Antiquity in Greece appeared before V.A. Serov in its purest form, and the artist perceived this country as a realized dream of great art.
Therefore, the correct answer is sentences 1 and 5.
Exercise 1
Specify two sentences that require ONE comma.
Explanation
The first sentence is simple because it has one grammatical basis with homogeneous subjects: (what?) walk , (What?) the conversation was pleasant OR . This means we don’t put a comma in this sentence: Walking or talking with a friend was equally enjoyable for me.
The second sentence is also simple, because it has one stem with homogeneous predicates: dusk (What did you do?) hid , (What did you do?)threw . Predicates are connected by a single conjunction AND . We do not put a comma in front of it. And there are homogeneous additions: outlines(what?) faces , (what?) figures , which are also connected by a single conjunction AND , before which we do not place a comma. This means there are no commas in this sentence: The dusk hid the outlines of Olga’s face and figure and threw a blanket over her.
The third sentence is complex because it has two grammatical bases: the first - lived (consists of one predicate), the second - I love . Parts of a complex sentence are connected by a conjunction AND . They do not have a common secondary member of the sentence or an introductory word, there is no common subordinate clause. This means that in a compound sentence before the conjunction AND put a comma: Life on earth was not easy, and that’s why I really fell in love with the bottomless sky.
The fourth sentence is simple because it has one grammatical basis with homogeneous subjects: (what?) study , (What?) labor will be crushed . Subjects are connected by a single conjunction YES in meaning AND Study and work will grind everything down.
The fifth sentence is simple because it has one basis: he was studying disciplines(which ones?) humanitarian , (which ones?) natural and mathematical HOW , SO AND . We put a comma before the second part of the conjunction: In college, he was passionate about both the humanities and science and mathematics.
Therefore, the correct answer is sentences 3 and 5.
Explanation
When completing this task, first of all, determine the grammatical stems in a sentence: one stem is a simple sentence, two or more are complex. Then determine whether the sentence has homogeneous members, whether they are connected by an allied or non-union connection, and depending on this, apply the appropriate rule.
Let's consider each proposal.
The first sentence is simple because it has the same grammatical basis, but with homogeneous subjects and homogeneous predicates: (who?) children , (Who?) adults (what they were doing?) were going to , (what they were doing?) read . Homogeneous subjects are connected by a single conjunction AND , before which we do not place a comma. And homogeneous predicates are connected by a single conjunction AND , before which we do not place a comma. This means there are no commas in this sentence: In the evenings, children and adults gathered around the table and read aloud.
The second sentence is simple because it has the same grammatical basis: intonation lies . The sentence has homogeneous members - additions: on the verge(what?) verbal , (what?) non-verbal , (what?) what was said , (what?) untold . They are grouped in pairs, and in each pair the words are connected by a single conjunction AND , which is not preceded by a comma. But these pairs are connected by a non-union connection, which means that a comma must be placed between them (before the second pair of words): Intonation always lies on the border between verbal and non-verbal, said and unsaid.
The third sentence is complex: it contains two grammatical bases - silence reigned And the sun was sinking . The parts of the sentence are connected by a conjunction AND , they do not have a common secondary member of the sentence or an introductory word, there is no common subordinate clause. So, before the union AND In a complex sentence we put a comma: Silence reigned and the sun sank into the ashes of the clouds.
The fourth sentence is simple because it has the same grammatical basis: Ivan was sleepy and lazy . Adjectives sleepy , lazy included in a compound nominal predicate, connected by a single conjunction YES in meaning AND , no comma is placed before it: Ivan was almost always sleepy and lazy.
The fifth sentence is simple because it has one grammatical basis, consisting only of a predicate: I wanted to catch . There are homogeneous members of the sentence - circumstances: I wanted to catch(Where?) in the clearing , (Where?) on the shore . They are connected by a single union OR , which is not preceded by a comma: I wanted to catch the bear somewhere in a clearing or fishing on the river bank.
Therefore, the correct answer is sentences 2 and 3.
Task 3
Explanation
When completing this task, first of all, determine the grammatical stems in a sentence: one stem is a simple sentence, two or more are complex. Then determine whether the sentence has homogeneous members, whether they are connected by an allied or non-union connection, and depending on this, apply the appropriate rule.
Let's consider each proposal.
The first sentence is simple because it has the same grammatical basis: (what?) works (what are they doing?) relate relate(for what?) to painting , (for what?) to graphics . They are connected by a double union HOW , SO AND . We put a comma before the second part of this conjunction: Some watercolor works belong to both painting and graphics.
The second sentence is simple, because there is one grammatical basis, but with homogeneous predicates: the ocean seemed to stand still and roar AND , which is not preceded by a comma. There are also homogeneous members - circumstances: rumbles(How?) quiet , (How?) ingratiatingly AND , which is not preceded by a comma: The ocean seems to have stopped and rumbles quietly and insinuatingly.
The third sentence is simple - it has one grammatical basis: (who?) You (what you are doing?) can give . There are homogeneous members of the sentence - definitions: in the shape of(Which?) oral , (Which?) written OR OR , which means we put a comma before the second conjunction: You can give your answers either orally or in writing.
The fourth sentence is simple, it has one grammatical basis with homogeneous predicates: (what?) watermelon (what?) sang , (what?) sugar player , (what?) delicious . (Short adjectives act as predicates.) All three homogeneous predicates are connected by repeating conjunctions And...And , we put commas before the second and third conjunctions: The watermelon is both mellow and sugary, and very tasty.
The fifth sentence is simple, it has one grammatical basis with homogeneous predicates: (what?) maple (what did you do?) stood , (what did you do?) dropped AND , before which we do not place a comma. Pay attention to the definitions of the word maple: lush And scarlet . They are not homogeneous, since they characterize an object according to different characteristics: shape - lush, color - scarlet. This means we don’t put a comma: On the street side, a lush crimson maple stood by the picket fence and dropped its leaves into the small garden.
Therefore, the correct answer is sentences 1 and 3.
Task 4
List two sentences that require ONE comma.
Explanation
When completing this task, first of all, determine the grammatical stems in a sentence: one stem is a simple sentence, two or more are complex. Then determine whether the sentence has homogeneous members, whether they are connected by an allied or non-union connection, and depending on this, apply the appropriate rule.
Let's consider each proposal.
The first sentence is complex because it has two grammatical stems: (what?) life (what is he doing?) loses and who?) He (what is he doing?) remains . Parts of a complex sentence are connected by a single conjunction AND , they do not have a common secondary member of the sentence or an introductory word and do not have a common subordinate clause. This means that in a complex sentence we put a comma before the conjunction: For an indifferent person, life quickly loses color, and he is left alone with his well-being.
each of the sculptors (what did you do?) have worked . There are homogeneous definitions for the word genres:(which one?) historical-mythological , (which?) portrait , (which?) landscape . They are connected by repeating conjunctions And...And , but the homogeneous series began before the first conjunction, so we put commas before it and the next one: Almost every French sculptor worked simultaneously in the historical-mythological, portrait, and landscape genres.
The third sentence is simple - one grammatical basis: (who?) Green (what did you do?) could describe . The sentence contains homogeneous members - additions: could describe (what?) bend , (What?) location , (What?) forests , (What?) cities . These additions are grouped into two pairs. In the first pair the words are connected by a double conjunction HOW , SO AND (How bend, so and location), we place a comma before the second part of the conjunction. In the second pair, the words are also connected by a double conjunction HOW , SO AND (How forests, so and cities), we also put a comma. These pairs of homogeneous additions are connected by a non-union connection, which means we put a comma between them. There are three commas in this sentence: Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and the location of houses, both ancient forests and cozy seaside towns.
The fourth sentence is simple because it has the same grammatical basis: (what?) forest (what did you do?) made noise . There are homogeneous members of the sentence - circumstances: made noise(How?) soothingly , (How?) melodiously , (How?) impetuously , (How?) alarming . These circumstances are grouped into two pairs. In the first pair the words are connected by a single conjunction AND (soothing And melodiously), before which we do not place a comma. In the second pair there is also a single union AND (impetuously And alarming), we do not put a comma. These pairs are connected to each other by repeating unions TO...TO , we put a comma before the second conjunction: The forest rustled, sometimes soothingly and melodiously, sometimes impetuously and alarmingly.
The fifth sentence is simple - it has one grammatical basis, but with homogeneous predicates: (what?) thinking (what is he doing?) is being formed , (what is he doing?) turns out to be connected. Predicates are connected by a single conjunction AND Human thinking is formed with the help of language and is firmly connected with it.
Therefore, the correct answer is sentences 1 and 4.
Task 5
List two sentences that require ONE comma.
