Examples of wiring for heating a private house. Do-it-yourself heating in a private house
If a country house is designed not only for the periodic arrival of its owners during the summer season, but for a long or even permanent residence in it, then you can’t do without a heating system. This issue is always carefully thought out even at the design stage of construction or reconstruction, and is taken into account when buying ready-made housing.
This question is extremely serious, requiring scrupulous consideration of all existing conditions: the periods of future operation of the building, the climatic zone of the area, the availability of power supply lines, utilities, building design features, the total estimated cost of implementing a particular project. And yet, most often, homeowners come to the conclusion that the best solution would be a closed-type water heating system in a private house.
This publication will review basic principles closed system, its differences from the open one, existing advantages and disadvantages. Attention will be drawn to the main elements of such a system with recommendations for their selection, typical wiring diagrams for the heating network in the house are given.
Closed heating system in a private house - main features
A private house can be heated in different ways.
- For a long time, the main source of heat was one or more stoves (fireplaces), each of which heated one or another part of the building. The disadvantages of this approach are obvious - uneven heating, the need to carry out regular fireboxes, monitor the combustion process, etc.
Furnace heating is already “yesterday” Currently, this type of heating is used less and less, and as a rule - with the absolute impossibility or complete inexpediency of using another, more efficient system.
- An electric heating system using convectors or oil coolers is extremely expensive to operate due to the high price of electricity and its high consumption.
True, alternative methods appear, in the form of film infrared elements, but they have not yet gained wide popularity.
- Most of the owners of private houses still stop at water heating. This is a proven efficient system, which, by the way, can operate from almost all sources of energy - natural gas, liquid or solid fuel, electricity, which makes it completely universal - the difference is only in the type of heating boiler. A well-calculated and properly installed water heating system ensures uniform distribution of heat throughout all rooms, and is easily adjustable.
Not so long ago, the main scheme for organizing water heating in a private house was open with the gravitational principle of moving the coolant through pipes and radiators. Compensation for the thermal expansion of water was due to the presence of a leaky one, which was installed at the highest point of the entire circuit of the heating system. The openness of the tank, of course, causes constant evaporation of water, so there is a need for constant monitoring of its required level.
The movement of the coolant through the pipes is ensured in this case by the difference in the density of cold and heated water - the denser cold one, as it were, pushes the hot one forward. To facilitate this process, an artificial slope of the pipes is created along their entire length, otherwise the effect of hydrostatic pressure may occur.
It is quite possible to embed a circulation pump into an open system - this will dramatically increase its efficiency. In this case, a system of valves is provided so that it is possible to switch from forced circulation to natural and vice versa if necessary, for example, during power outages.
The closed-type system is arranged somewhat differently. Instead of an expansion tank, a sealed compensation tank of a membrane or balloon type is installed on the pipe. It absorbs all thermal fluctuations in the volume of the coolant, maintaining one pressure level in a closed system.
The main difference between a closed system is the presence of a sealed expansion tank IN currently this the system is the most popular, as it has many significant advantages.
Advantages and disadvantages of a closed heating system
- First of all, there is no evaporation of the coolant. This gives one important advantage - you can use not only water, but also antifreeze in this capacity. Therefore, the possibility of freezing of the system during forced interruptions in its operation is eliminated, for example, if it is necessary to leave the house for a long time in winter.
- The compensation tank can be located almost anywhere in the system. Usually, a place is provided for it directly in the boiler room, in the immediate vicinity of the heater. This ensures the compactness of the system. An open-type expansion tank is often located at the highest point - in an unheated attic, which will require its mandatory thermal insulation. In a closed system, this problem does not exist.
- Forced circulation in a closed system provides heating of the premises much faster from the moment the boiler is started. No unnecessary losses of thermal energy in the area of the expansion tank.
- The system is flexible - you can adjust the heating temperature in each specific room, selectively turn off some sections of the general circuit.
- There is no such significant difference in the temperature of the coolant at the inlet and outlet - and this significantly increases the period of trouble-free operation of the equipment.
- For heating distribution, pipes of a much smaller diameter can be used than in an open system with natural circulation without any loss in heating efficiency. And this is both a significant simplification of installation work, and significant savings in material resources.
- The system is sealed, and with proper filling and normal operation of the valve system, there should simply be no air in it. This will eliminate the appearance of air pockets in pipelines and radiators. In addition, the lack of access to oxygen contained in the air does not allow corrosion processes to actively develop.
Underfloor heating can also be included in a closed heating system - The system is highly versatile: in addition to conventional heating radiators, water “warm floors” or convectors hidden in the floor surface can be connected to it. A domestic water heating circuit is easily connected to such a heating system - through an indirect heating boiler.
The disadvantages of a closed heating system are few:
- The expansion tank must have a larger volume than with an open system - this is due to the peculiarity of its internal design.
- Requires installation the so-called "security group"– safety valve systems.
- The correct operation of a closed heating system with forced circulation depends on the continuity of the power supply. It is possible, of course, to provide, as with the open type, switching to natural circulation, but this will require a completely different arrangement of pipes, which can reduce a number of the main advantages of the system to zero (for example, the use of "warm floors" is completely excluded). In addition, the heating efficiency will also decrease sharply. Therefore, natural circulation, if it can be considered, is only as an “emergency”, but most often a closed system is planned and installed specifically for the use of a circulation pump.
The main elements of a closed heating system
So, the composition of the general closed-type heating system for a private house includes:
- heating device - boiler;
- circulation pump;
— system of distributing pipes for heat carrier transfer;
- Expansion compensation tank of sealed type;
- heating radiators installed in the premises of the house, or other heat transfer devices (“warm floors” or convectors);
— safety group — valve system and air vents;
- necessary shut-off valves;
- in some cases - additional automatic control and management devices that optimize the operation of the system.
Heating boiler
- by the most widespread are . If a gas main is connected to the house or there is a real opportunity to lay it, then most owners without an alternative prefer this particular method of heating the coolant.
Gas boilers - the best solution if it is possible to install them Gas boilers are distinguished by high efficiency, ease of operation, reliability and cost-effectiveness in terms of paying for energy. Their disadvantage is the need to coordinate the installation project with the relevant organizations, since such a heating system has very special safety requirements.
The variety of gas boilers is very large - you can choose a floor or wall model, with one or two circuits, simple in device or saturated with electronics, requiring connection to a stationary chimney or equipped with a coaxial combustion products exhaust system.
- They are usually installed in those conditionswhen gas supply to the house is impossible for some reason. Such an installation will not require coordination - the main thing is that the requirements of electrical safety and compliance of the boiler power with the capabilities of the electrical network are observed. Such heaters are distinguished by compactness, simplicity and ease of adjustment.
Heating systems with electric boilers have a well-established reputation for being “uneconomical” due to the rather high cost of electricity. This is only partly true - modern electric heaters, thanks to new technologies for heating water, have a very high efficiency, and with reliable insulation at home should not burden the budget too much.
In addition to the well-known boilers with heating elements (which are really not very economical), modern developments are actively used.
"Battery" of three electrode boilers For example, they are widely used in which heating is carried out by flowing alternating current directly through the coolant (although a specially selected chemical composition of water in the system will be required here). By themselves, such boilers are inexpensive, but there are certain problems with adjustment.
Induction boiler - unpretentious and very economical The task of creating home heating with your own hands is difficult, but quite solvable. There can be many reasons why you have to choose such an option for arranging heating, ranging from the high cost of performing work by third-party organizations to the habit of doing everything yourself. But regardless of the motives that made us stop at this option, in order to successfully create heating, you need to know how it works.
About heating the house in general
Water heating of any private house consists of at least the following elements:
- heating boiler;
- expansion tank;
- heating radiators;
- pipelines;
- control valves.
And here the first feature appears - the circulation pump is not mentioned among the equipment. The fact is that for some options for creating home heating, whether it will be done with your own hands or not, a pump is not required. But in this case, there are other requirements that will be touched upon a little later.
Components of water heating
Therefore, when deciding on a future water heating system, it is necessary to start work from the main points - to decide what the heating scheme will be, and to choose the power of the heating boiler.
What boiler should be used?
This is a rather complex task, in the solution of which it is necessary to take into account many different points.
1. Choice of type of fuel. It is necessary to focus on affordable and cheap energy sources, the main gas is considered the best. In its absence, use other types of fuel:
- solid (coal, firewood, peat, pellets, etc.);
- liquid (solar oil);
- electrical or any other energy. Fuel should be chosen the cheapest and most affordable, given that these costs will determine your future home heating costs.
2. How the boiler will be used - only as an element of the heating system or also as a source of hot water. Depending on the purpose, you can choose a double-circuit or single-circuit boiler.
3. What area needs to be heated, creating home heating on their own, and the characteristics of the heated premises. In such a calculation, it is necessary to take into account almost everything:
- geographical location of the house;
- number of floors;
- the material from which the house is made, the thickness of the walls, the use of insulation during its construction, etc .;
- the frequency of operation of the boiler, the possibility of its operation in automatic mode;
- location, dimensions, possibility and necessity of routine maintenance and service;
- the presence or possibility of creating the necessary ventilation to remove combustion products.
The above questions represent only a small part of those that you must answer before you create a home heating system with your own hands.
About choosing a heating scheme
Heating can be performed according to a variety of schemes. In this case, for each specific case, its own, most suitable option can be applied. When choosing it, it is necessary to take into account the features inherent in various heating systems.
1. They come with natural (gravity) and forced circulation. A feature of gravity circulation is the ability to heat the house without the use of additional equipment, such as a circulation pump, and the ability to operate system elements at atmospheric pressure.
This approach makes it possible to reduce costs when creating heating, however, for this it is necessary to fulfill a number of additional requirements:
- the heating boiler must be located below the radiators, and the expansion tank above;
- pipelines must have a slope that creates a gravity flow of the coolant towards the radiators during the movement of hot water, and towards the boiler during the return;
- pipelines must be secured to prevent backflow;
- pipes for supplying hot water should be of a larger cross section than for the return.
The forced circulation heating system is the most versatile, and it does not require so many requirements to be created.
2. Installation of heating can be done in one-pipe and two-pipe way. The features of these heating schemes are shown in the photo
With a single-pipe system, water passes through the radiators one after the other and then returns to the heating boiler, and with a two-pipe system, water enters each radiator separately from the main and then returns there.
It is traditionally believed that a two-pipe heating scheme is the most efficient, but a single-pipe heating scheme also has its advantages, among which it must be admitted that this is the easiest and most affordable option for creating home heating, and also the cheapest.
As for the shortcomings inherent in the single-pipe scheme, its most popular type, called "Leningrad", thanks to the efforts of numerous heating specialists, has been largely spared from them.
If you look at the home-made heating being created in the house from this point of view - the simplicity and reasonable price of the entire system, then Leningradka can probably be considered one of the most suitable options.
You can learn more about the intricacies and features of this system using the video.
How to connect a heating radiator
An important factor ensuring the normal operation of the heating system are the radiators used. There are many varieties of such products, they are made in different shapes and from different materials, achieving maximum heat transfer from them, but other factors play the main role in heating the room:
1. Number of radiator sections. The established practice recommends using one section for heating three sq.m. area, while the temperature of the coolant should be seventy degrees.
However, the number of sections cannot be unlimited, do not forget that each element in the system creates resistance to the passage of water, and if it is too large, then the heating simply will not work.
2. How the radiator is connected to the heating system. The figure below will allow you to evaluate how much the heating efficiency differs with different ways of connecting batteries:
3. Where and how the radiator is installed.
These data should force us to take a closer look at the task of determining the location of the radiator. And if usually the battery is placed under the window opening (in the center), and this is quite the right decision, then the installation of any decorative screens or other decor items (curtains, curtains) worsens heat transfer and heating efficiency.
Although the creation of heating a private house must be considered a rather difficult task, nevertheless, it can be solved on its own.
The existing variety of options for the implementation of the heating system makes it possible for anyone to choose the best one that suits their own strengths, skills and means.
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How to make heating in a private house? Perhaps this will be the very first and most important question that you will ask yourself if you decide to move from a noisy city apartment to your own cozy house, or if you want to radically remake the stove heating system inherited from grandparents and replace it with something more modern and automated. The level of comfort, coziness and warmth in your home will depend on what decision you make now. What heating method will be the most efficient and economical? What type of heating suits you best? It's time for all these questions to be answered! And it would be best to start with general concepts and principles.
What heating to do in a private house
Modern heating systems must meet certain requirements.
- Ease of installation. The big advantage of the heating system will be the ease of installation and minimal spending for this. Sometimes, to install a heating system in a private house with your own hands, you need to buy special tools that may not be useful in the future.
Right Ratio prices and quality. Speaking of quality, we mean high efficiency, in which the maximum required amount of heat is given for the minimum possible amount of money.
The presence of a maximum of automation. Modern heating systems should not require frequent intervention in their work. Almost all homeowners want to set up their heating system once and not go near it. This is possible when using high-quality modern heating systems.
Reliability. Obviously, no one wants to repair the heating system every six months from failures and breakdowns. Also, in addition to the requirement for the quality of its parts and the system itself as a whole, it is worth mentioning the price - hardly anyone will give preference to such a heating system, the price of which is comparable to the cost of a house.
The cost of a heating system in a private house depends on the price of materials, the level of thermal insulation, the number of doors, windows, the fuel of the system itself, the warm floor and the complexity of the system.
External conditions are the factor that primarily affects the choice of a heating system for a private house. This also includes both subtleties in the installation of each heating system, and the ever-increasing price of fuel.
If you arrange energy resources in ascending order of price, then they will look like this:
-
Liquefied gas;
used oil;
Electricity.
main gas;
This list may change slightly depending on the region, but its general appearance will not change. Making gas heating in a private house will always be the cheapest option, while heating using electricity will require the greatest cost.
It is worth remembering that fossil resources are not endless, they will not fall much in price, and recently there has been a trend towards the transition to the use of renewable energy sources. At the moment, the heating system in a private house, based on such sources, has a rather high cost, but the operating costs will be extremely low.
How to make economical heating in a private house
Heating with wood and coal
Making stove heating is a traditional and widespread version of the heating system in private homes. Most often, a large Russian stove is found in village houses. Having a significant size and mass, it heats up for a long time, but it also gives off heat very slowly. The heating of the air in the house depends on the temperature of the stove itself and the remoteness of the rooms from it - the farther the room, the cooler it will be.
If a private house has a large area, then you can make stoves in every room. But heating them every day is not the easiest and fastest thing to do, moreover, each of the stoves will need regular cleaning. What is the solution for those who cannot afford heating with electricity and do not have access to the gas main?
Many in this situation heat private houses with water. Since often in remote settlements the most affordable type of fuel is coal and firewood, they are used to heat the stove, on which the boiler with water is mounted. Heated water moves through pipes from the boiler to separate rooms, in this way heating a private house is not very expensive.
If the task is to arrange heating in a small country house, which is not intended for permanent residence, then the best option for such housing is to install a "potbelly stove". Long-burning pyrolysis ovens are gaining popularity. A significant amount of firewood is placed in them, which do not immediately burn out due to the limited intake of air inside the furnace. In this way, the room is heated and kept warm without the need to frequently throw firewood into the stove.
Gas heating
Even in the absence of a central gas pipeline in a private house, it is realistic to make gas heating. In this case, an autonomous gas tank is installed near the house.
If gas is connected to the house (or there is such a possibility), then the owner of the house gets access to the cheapest fuel. Gas heating, as a rule, is a boiler and batteries in the house. Unlike a furnace system, a gas heating system can be set up once and no longer need to maintain the heating process. Automation will work, which needs to be controlled occasionally.
In a private house, you can arrange a one- or two-pipe heating system. The first will be cheaper by reducing the number of pipes themselves. In this article, we will also pay attention to how to make single-pipe heating in a private house, however, such a system is demanding on the temperature of heating water in batteries (at least 90 degrees Celsius) so that there is enough heat at the end of the heating circuit. For the same purpose, high pressure must be provided in such a system. These factors lead to increased wear of the entire system. Therefore, most often they use a two-pipe system for heating a private house. Its peculiarity lies in the presence of two pipes for each battery in the house - supply and return. In this way, uniform heating of all radiators is ensured and it becomes possible to set the required temperature in each room of the house. Naturally, the cost of such a system will be higher.
When using a generator boiler, the price of heating a private house depends on the specific fuel. In the case of using diesel fuel, heating will be relatively inexpensive, besides, liquid fuel is quite convenient to store and use. The diameter of the pipe also affects the savings. For forced circulation of the coolant, a smaller size is required than for natural circulation. Accordingly, pipes for a forced circulation system will be cheaper, but this option includes an electric pump, which adds to the cost of electricity.
Electric heating
Heating with electricity in a house in which people live all year round will not be cheap. If you make heating in a private house, the price of which will not exceed your cost plans, is a fundamental point for you, then it is better to try using other heating systems and purchase more expensive equipment. The advantages of electric convectors and electric boilers are that they have a low price and require simple installation. Compared to those heating systems that use wood or diesel fuel, electric heaters have a significantly lower fire hazard. They also allow you to manually adjust the temperature, which directly affects the economy.
However, heating with electricity is only good for houses that are visited occasionally, as installing a more expensive heating system will pay off for a very long time or may not be able to pay off at all. Also, the electric boiler is suitable as a backup or additional source of heat if the main source runs on coal or wood.
To save money, you can install solar panels, heat pumps or geothermal systems.
Summing up, we can say that the cheapest fuel for heating will be gas. Far behind it in this aspect, firewood and coal are located, liquid types of fuel will be even more expensive. Electricity will always be the most expensive. As for the heating systems themselves, it is impossible to draw unambiguous conclusions here. A lot will depend on the area of the house, the materials from which the house is built, the distance from the highway (in the case of gas heating).
In order to understand how best to make heating in a private house, you need to take into account fuel prices, the price of the equipment itself and its installation, the general ease of use of the heating system, as well as the need for heating itself. It is possible that the best option would be to spend a significant amount at the beginning of construction, and then save on operation, thereby recouping the costs. A prime example of this is alternative energy sources. For example, the cost of installing solar panels, heat pumps or geothermal systems in a private house will be very high, but after installation, the operation of these devices is completely free, which will lead to their quick payback.
Savings are not only in the right choice of heating system and low fuel prices. You can significantly reduce heating costs by insulating the house itself. It happens that already during the construction of a private house, people think about insulation. Automation also helps to save money, which will maintain a comfortable temperature in the house at minimal cost. If you are going to leave for a long time, then you can set the lower temperature threshold, which will not lead to freezing of the house and will significantly save on heat without spending it on heating an empty room.
How to make heating in a private house with your own hands and where to start
As they say, they dance from the stove. In modern permanent residences, you need to start with a heating boiler. However, the choice of a boiler is not an end in itself, its purchase must be justified by the project, taking into account the area where the private house is built, and the features of this house.
The project of the heating system of a private house
For the project of a house heating system, a floor plan of the heat supply design is required, indicating the necessary tolerances, dimensions and other parameters. As a rule, organizations involved in such projects make three-dimensional drawings of home heating. An example of such a project is shown below.
An integrated approach when designing a heating system for a home should take into account a number of important points.
Competent positioning of the building relative to the communications suitable for it, from the gas pipeline to the power grid.
The correct location of the building on the cardinal points - so that enough light enters the house through the windows.
Modern windows that do not allow heat to escape through the frame. As a rule, these are three-chamber windows with a ventilation valve.
Using the greenhouse effect: even with large windows, having a heat source in the room (for example, a fireplace), and provided that this room is on the sunny side, the temperature in it will not fall below 20–22 degrees Celsius even in severe frost. Also, there will be no need for additional heating devices.
You can also install a fireplace (even if it is electric), which will serve as an autonomous energy source, in addition, it creates additional comfort.
Not only the outer walls of the house should be insulated, but also the internal partitions - ceilings, walls, floors. If the house has several floors, then it is necessary to insulate the upper floors.
Upholstered furniture in the rooms perfectly retains heat.
When implementing the above conditions in his private house, its owner will be able to feel comfortable and not turn on the heating system for an extra two weeks. You can also turn off the heating system in such a house two weeks earlier without losing a comfortable temperature inside.
The heating project for the house assumes the presence of a heat supply system, which can be of the following types.
Air - this type does not require the installation of batteries and pipes. However, it may be difficult to maintain a constant temperature in the house, and the efficiency of such a system will not be stable due to the strong influence of the external environment. Nevertheless, this cottage heating project will be cheaper than all other options.
Electrical - such a system could be much more popular if it were not for the limited power of the power grid for many consumers. In general, a system designed to use electricity to heat a home will have an increased cost in both maintenance and use, since the price of electricity is quite high.
Infrared is the most modern type of design that fully meets all the requirements for heating systems. Plus, in recent years, such projects tend to become cheaper, as technologies do not stand still, but are constantly improving.
Pipeline is the most popular system and also the cheapest. For its application, it is necessary to install a mini-boiler room, which will contain sensors, pumps and a heating boiler.
The choice between these designs remains with the owner of a private house. However, in any case, consultation with specialists is required. If you try to solve this issue on your own, without having the necessary experience and knowledge, you can make many irreparable mistakes that will lead to increased waste of money and time.
Using an example, you can understand how to correctly calculate the heating for a house.
But that's not all: it is also necessary to take into account the heat loss through the windows of the house and because of the place where the house is built. To account for these factors, correction factors are used:
In the southern regions, a coefficient of 0.7–0.9 is used;
In the Moscow region - 1.2–1.5;
In the northern regions - 1.5–2.0.
If it is intended to use hot water for household needs, then when planning the heating system, it is necessary to increase the boiler output by at least a quarter.
This is not a definitive list of requirements for a heating boiler, but they will determine the necessary parameters of the heating system.
A complete and final calculation requires the possession of a special technique, taking into account additional factors and must be performed by an experienced and qualified specialist.
It is better to know and understand in advance how to install a heating system and use hot water for heating.
About coolant circulation
Usually hot water acts as a heat carrier. When installing heating in a private house, you need to consider how it will circulate - natural or forced.
- natural circulation. This method is based on the rise of hot water and the descent of cold. Thus, there is no need for special devices that move the coolant. In addition, heating based on this type of circulation is autonomous and does not depend on other resources. However, in this case, the necessary requirements for the installation of such a system arise:
The pipe for the return flow of the coolant must have a smaller cross section than the supply pipe;
The hot water tank must be higher than other elements of the system;
For water to enter the batteries by gravity, the pipes must be placed at an angle to them;
The boiler must be the lowest element of the heating system.
When choosing a heating system with natural circulation, it should be borne in mind that such heating is possible only for a not very large room - up to 150 square meters. m. But with this method there will be complete autonomy.
- Forced circulation. As the name of the method implies, the movement of the coolant in the system is carried out by a pump that pumps water through the heating circuit. It has no restrictions on the heated area and installation method.
Mounting types
The most common mounting types are as follows.
Single pipe. With this installation, the coolant moves sequentially through all the batteries, leaving part of the heat in each of them. As a result, the last radiators in the chain heat up much weaker than the first ones, and the temperature in such rooms is lower. The advantages of such a device are that installation is quite simple, and its price will be relatively low, since fewer pipes are required.
Two-pipe. In such a system, water from the central line enters each battery and returns. This type of installation is much more efficient than single-pipe installation, but making it is a more expensive and time-consuming process.
Installation methods
It will be much easier if you allow specialized companies to do this work. Despite the significant cost (tens of thousands of rubles), as a result, your home will have a high-quality heating system designed for your home and completed on a turnkey basis.
In principle, such work can be done independently. It is necessary to take into account a number of important factors, read videos on the Internet, read training materials and instructions in books. With this approach, the cost of installation will consist of purchased materials and equipment.
Heating a private house is a complex system. However, it is necessary to know its device and the requirements that it must meet in order to make the best decision when choosing a particular system for your own private home. Also, this knowledge will help to estimate the level of necessary costs.
How to make heating in a private house and avoid 5 typical mistakes during installation
It cannot be said that only five mistakes can be made when installing a heating system in a house. But we will talk about the most significant of them, the presence of which will lead to sad consequences. Here are the errors.
Error when choosing a heat source.
Incorrect piping of the heat generator.
Initially, the wrong heating system.
Poor installation of pipes and fittings.
Errors in the installation and connection of heating devices.
A typical mistake is choosing a boiler with insufficient power. As a rule, such a mistake can be made when it is provided not only for heating, but also for preparing water for hot water supply. When installing a boiler with insufficient power, the heat generator will not be able to function normally, and the water will not be of sufficient temperature either in the batteries or in the taps.
The boiler piping not only performs its immediate functions, but is also a safety element. So, the pump is installed, as a rule, on the return pipeline before the heat generator and on the bypass line. The pump shaft must be in a horizontal position. Another mistake is to install a tap between the boiler and the security group, which is strictly prohibited.
Important. When connecting a solid fuel boiler, the pump must not be placed in front of the three-way valve, but only after it (along the coolant).
You can calculate the size of the expansion tank based on the total volume of the coolant (as a rule, this is 10% of it). In an open circuit, the tank is mounted at the top point, in a closed circuit, in front of the pump on the return line. A sump is installed between them, while it must be in a horizontal position with the plug pointing down. The wall-mounted boiler is connected to pipes by American women.
Shortcomings in choosing a heating system for a private house lead to unnecessary financial costs - first you overpay for materials and installation, and then pay to bring the system into working condition. Most often, they make a mistake when choosing and installing single-pipe systems: they hang more than 5 batteries on one branch, poorly connect sections, choose the wrong angle and fittings.
How to make heating in a private house - video
What pipes to make heating in a private house
The tightness of the entire heating system will depend on the correct choice of pipes, so their quality cannot be neglected. The pipes are tasked not only with maintaining the selected temperature, but also with maintaining the coolant in a closed circuit. Thus, the selected pipes must have high strength characteristics.
Conventionally, pipes can be divided into two large groups:
Plastic-based pipes are in consistently high demand, especially those made from polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride. A distinctive feature of the first material is resistance to abrasion, the second - resistance to chemicals;
Metal pipes also do not lose popularity. Their advantage is high strength. Pipes made of copper or stainless steel have high corrosion resistance (which cannot be said about other materials in this group).
To conduct heating in a private house, you yourself need to opt for one type of pipe. Pipes such as:
-
From stainless steel;
Polypropylene;
Polyethylene (PEX, PE-RT);
Metal-plastic.
steel;
A pipeline made of "ferrous" metal has become a thing of the past, as it has low corrosion resistance and is prone to "overgrowth" of the section. In addition, in order to independently mount pipes from such material, you need to have a high welding skill to ensure the tightness of the joints. However, some owners of private houses do not refuse such pipes for their heating system.
Pipes made of copper or stainless steel can be a good choice, but you can’t call it a budget one. These materials show good resistance to high pressure and temperature. Thus, if there is sufficient finance, such pipes will be an excellent choice. Docking copper coolant elements will be more difficult, as soldering skills are required, but stainless steel ones are connected using press or collapsible fittings. If you want to make hidden pipe wiring, then it is better to choose the latter option.
Advice. Inside the boiler room, it is better to use metal pipes for piping the boiler and installing pipelines.
For a budget option for heating in a private house, you need to choose polypropylene (PPR) pipes. Of all their types, those reinforced with fiberglass or aluminum foil should be preferred. The installation of such elements is a difficult task and does not tolerate mistakes.
PPR pipes are joined by soldering fittings, while their quality cannot be verified. If the soldering was carried out at an insufficiently high temperature, then the joint will flow, but if overheating occurred, the passage channel will be blocked. The worst thing about this is that it is not possible to find out about errors during installation. The results of improper installation will only appear during operation. Another disadvantage is the deformation of the material due to heating. To prevent the pipe from getting a saber shape, when soldering, it is necessary to fix it in movable supports and provide a gap between the wall and the ends of the pipe.
The easiest self-assembly will be when using metal-plastic or polyethylene pipes. The price at the same time will be higher than that of PPR pipes. However, it will be quite easy for a beginner to make joints on these materials. Also, such pipes are suitable for laying in a screed or wall, but at the same time their joints must be made on press fittings, collapsible ones are not allowed.
Metal-plastic and polyethylene materials are used both for open and closed laying, as well as for the installation of underfloor heating. The disadvantage of PEX pipes is that this material tends to return to its original state. Outwardly, such an element will look slightly wavy. Metal-plastic and PE-RT pipes do not have such problems and can be bent at the required angle.
Note. At the moment, a composite material is gaining popularity - metal-plastic, combined in different layers. The metal base is inside, which allows you to maintain the desired shape.
How to make water (steam) heating in a private house
Various types of heat generators are suitable for water heating of a private house: stoves, boilers (gas, electric, solid fuel), and you can also use different methods of space heating: using batteries or underfloor heating. You need to opt for the option that will be optimal for your home.
At the moment, the most successful way of heating will be a gas boiler connected to the central gas pipeline.
If for some reason it is impossible to provide access to the gas main, then an electric boiler should be used. The only question is whether it is possible to pay for expensive electricity to run it. In addition, a three-phase input will be required in the house in order to connect an electric boiler with a power of more than 4 kW. A device of lesser power is not enough for a large house.
If heating with electricity is also not suitable for you, you can consider a solid fuel boiler or a stove with a water circuit as an alternative.
You can also heat the house with water using bottled gas or liquid fuel, a solar plant or a heat pump, but these are quite rare methods.
There are cases when several different heat generators are connected to the heating system of the house, which work in turn or if necessary.
The choice of the type of water heating that you yourself will carry out in your home should be made before purchasing pipes and the necessary equipment. Each of these types has its own characteristics, which should be considered in order not to waste money. If you plan to lay metal pipes, then any boiler will do. If you prefer the more common plastic or metal-plastic pipes, you need to know in advance whether they are suitable for the type of heating system you have chosen.
Installation of water heating includes the following steps:
Installation of the boiler (or boilers);
Installing batteries;
pipe layout;
Installation of additional equipment;
A summary of the elements into a single system - welding (or soldering) of fittings, eyeliners.
Let's take a closer look at each of the stages.
Stage 1. Boiler installation
The boiler is installed in a place where it will be easiest to piping around the house at minimal cost. If the boiler is gas or electric, then you should take into account the location of the gas pipeline or wiring to the house.
If the boiler is solid fuel or a stove with a water circuit is planned, then the installation site is chosen based on the possibilities of installing a chimney in this place in the house.
The height of the boiler is a significant factor only when planning the natural circulation of the coolant. In this case, it is necessary to position the return inlet to the boiler as low as possible. A solid fuel boiler is ideally installed in the basement or basement of the house. In the case of furnace water heating, it is necessary to place the firebox with the heat exchanger at the lowest possible height, as far as the design of the furnace allows.
Stage 2. Installation of radiators
Typically, batteries are installed under windows or near the entrance to the house. Depending on the type of radiator, fasteners are chosen for it. The heavier the battery, the more secure the mounting must be.
The location of the battery is strictly horizontal, the minimum distance from the floor is 60 mm, from the window sill - 100 mm. It is advisable to equip each radiator with shut-off valves, an automatic air valve and a regulator. Shutoff valves (faucet) are needed to disconnect the battery from the general heating system if necessary. An air valve will be required to bleed air from the radiator - both when starting the system and during its operation.
Stage 3. Piping and installation of additional equipment
Before wiring, a wiring diagram is drawn up. Fittings suitable for a particular type of pipe are used for it.
The wiring can be open - the pipes are in plain sight, and hidden - the pipes are removed into grooves in the wall or floor and sealed with plaster or putty.
Stage 4. Welding of polypropylene pipes
When soldering PPR pipes, a rim should form at the joint. Be sure to need a uniform passage over the entire diameter of the pipe.
To make traces of linear extensions invisible, a compensator is used, which is mounted in an inconspicuous place.
Heating of the joined element with a soldering iron lasts no more than 5 seconds at a temperature of 270 degrees Celsius.
After docking, the parts must be held for some time in a certain position (as stated in the welding instructions).
Depending on the heating, the sleeve is shifted to the side, which leads to the formation of a special trace. Elements must be pressed against each other.
The soldering iron has two nozzles designed for different sides.
If welding is carried out on parts of large diameter, the heating time can be significantly increased. However, it is important to remember that prolonged heating of parts is contraindicated, as combustion may occur (determined by a brown tint). In addition, it is possible to overlap the internal section.
Together with the piping, they connect radiators and install additional equipment for the heating system. For closed systems with forced circulation, such equipment will be a circulation pump, a hydraulic storage tank, filters, and a safety unit. For open systems with natural circulation - an expansion tank (mounted at the highest point). If the open system has forced circulation, then the expansion tank is placed in front of the pump and installed as high as possible - in the attic or under the ceiling.
How to make electric heating in a private house
Electric heating can be of different types depending on the devices used in them. These devices are:
Electric convectors;
Oil coolers;
fan heaters;
Infrared heaters;
Warm floors (based on electricity);
Electric boilers.
For self-installation in your own home, any of the above equipment is suitable. Some of these devices only need to be connected to the mains and provide their own machine in the shield. More serious costs are required, for example, underfloor heating or an electric boiler, but such work is quite capable.
Water electric heating of a private house
For the device in the house of this type of heating, it is necessary to carry out water heating and install an electric boiler. It can be a heating element, induction or electrode. The advantage of heating with electricity is that it does not require heating devices in every room of the house. The electric boiler is mounted in a place convenient for piping, and pipes and a battery are brought into each room.
If the house initially has a water heating system, then it is enough to buy and connect an electric boiler to it. Its parallel operation together with the previous heating source or instead of it is possible. A small re-equipment of the entire system - and you're done.
The disadvantages of such a system for a private house will be the presence of water that can freeze or leak, and the need to install a pipeline (respectively, or batteries, taps, etc.).
Electric underfloor heating
This method of heating in a private house is gaining more and more popularity lately. With this option, direct heating is provided by an electric cable that can be hidden in a concrete screed or laid under the floor surface.
For independent laying of such a heating system, certain skills and knowledge are required.
First you need to choose the type of electric floor heating: heating cable, mats, ultra-thin film - each of them has its own connection and installation features.
Regardless of the type of floor, before installing it, it is necessary to carry out thermal insulation of its base so that the heat from the electric floor itself goes up, and not dissipates.
To regulate the heating from the floor, special thermostats are installed in each room. They can work both in automatic and manual mode.
Usually, electric underfloor heating is not installed in all rooms, but under the tiles of the bathroom or toilet or in the kitchen. Also, this type of heating is rarely used as the main one, more often it is combined with other types of heating systems.
How to make heating in a private house - scheme
Heating systems installed in private houses are one- and two-pipe.
Single pipe scheme implies the connection of radiators to a single collector, which simultaneously performs the functions of a return and supply, passing through all the batteries in the form of a closed ring.
In a two-pipe scheme the coolant enters the battery through one pipe, returns through the other.
For the correct choice of the heating scheme, it is advisable to contact a specialist. The two-pipe heating scheme is more modern and reliable. Moreover, despite the apparent simplicity and cheapness of a single-pipe scheme, it can be argued that it is both more expensive and more complicated than a two-pipe one.
Single pipe schemes
Since in this scheme the water, passing from the radiator to the radiator, loses more and more heat, it is necessary to increase the power by adding sections to the battery. In addition, the supply manifold must be of a larger diameter than the two-pipe manifold. Also, in a single-pipe circuit, it is difficult to establish automatic control due to the mutual influence of radiators.
For a country house or a small house, where there will be no more than five batteries, it is well suited one-pipe horizontal scheme(or, as it is also called, Leningradka). If there are more than five radiators, then the functionality of this circuit will decrease to zero, since the last batteries will be cold.
Another option is to use single-pipe vertical risers in a two story house. This is a relatively common scheme that has proven effective.
Two-pipe schemes
At two-pipe wiring the coolant delivers water of the same temperature to all radiators, which allows not to increase the number of sections. Since the lines are divided into return and supply lines, it is possible to implement automatic battery control using a thermostatic valve.
In such a scheme, the diameter of the pipeline will be smaller, and the scheme itself will be simpler. Two-pipe schemes are of the following varieties:
dead end: the pipeline is divided into branches in which the coolant moves towards each other;
Associated two-pipe system: in it, the return manifold acts as a supply, and the coolant flows in one direction, making a ring out of the circuit;
Collector (beam). This scheme is the most expensive - the pipes from the collector go separately to each battery in a hidden way - through the floor.
Two-pipe scheme of an open system. When laying horizontal lines of large diameter at a slope of 3–4 mm per 1 m, the system can operate by gravity. Such a scheme does not require a circulation pump, it is completely non-volatile. Both single-pipe and two-pipe systems can work without a pump, as long as there is an opportunity for natural circulation.
Two-pipe scheme of a closed system. For an open heating system, you need to install an expansion tank at the highest point, which will communicate with the atmosphere. This is a solution for gravity networks, otherwise it is impossible to do it in them. If an expansion tank of a membrane type is installed on the return line (not far from the boiler), then the system will be closed, operating under excess pressure. This option is more modern and is used in networks with forced circulation of the coolant.
Advice. If you own a small, up to 150 sq. m, a house, then the usual two-pipe scheme with forced circulation of the coolant is perfect for you. The diameters of the main pipeline will not exceed 25 mm, branches - 20 mm, and connections - 15 mm.
How to make heating wiring in a private house
Single pipe heating system
As we said above, with a single-pipe system, one working pipe is used, which is looped on the heating boiler. Since the last battery in the cycle will heat up the worst, this problem needs to be addressed. There are several exits.
Go by increasing the sections in the last radiators, increasing the heat transfer area.
Install adjustable radiators in the rooms. Such batteries have a control device - a thermostatic valve (balancing valve, etc.). With their help, the supply of coolant to the first batteries of the cycle can be regulated. When the flow in them decreases, the flow in the remaining radiators increases.
Install a circulation pump that will give a slight pressure in the system. In this way, the balance of the coolant in each battery will be achieved.
Many professionals consider the latter option to be the most optimal, but it is not without its drawback. The circulation pump will be powered by electricity, thus increasing the cost of operating the heating system and making it dependent on the supply of electricity.
Horizontal one-pipe system (Leningradka)
This heating system has a fairly simple design with the only feature in the form of pipe laying: in a horizontal system, the pipe is mounted with a slope towards the movement of the coolant. In this case, the batteries themselves are installed at the same level and strictly horizontally.
As a rule, the pipeline in this system is laid inside the floor or at its level. If the pipe is laid in the first way, then its thermal and waterproofing is necessary.
If this option is provided for a house with two or more floors, then hot water regulation will be provided by a valve mounted at the entrance to the first battery on the first floor. By closing this valve, you can increase the pressure in the riser, which supplies the coolant to the upper floors. Thus, it is possible to increase the amount of coolant in the batteries of other floors by increasing the heat transfer in them.
Vertical single pipe system
It cannot be said that such a system will be particularly complex or effective. This heating scheme does an excellent job of its functions without the use of a circulation pump. But when laying such a system, the verticality of the risers must be taken into account. To ensure that the effectiveness of this scheme is not lost, it is necessary to use pipes of a larger diameter than in the case of a horizontal system. This will increase the initial costs. In addition, it is necessary to ensure the exact slope of the upper horizontal pipe, through which the coolant enters the risers. If it is not done, then the performance of the entire system will be disrupted.
Also, this system does not have the most aesthetic appearance, it is quite difficult to hide it, which means that camouflage of this scheme will cost more.
Two-pipe heating system
The installation of such a heating system in your home will require high costs for materials and installation. Accordingly, the cost of the system will be higher. However, a two-pipe system pays off well, as it allows you to efficiently and evenly supply heat to all areas of the house. When choosing this option, you will be able to regulate the heat in each battery, for which you need to install shutoff valves on them.
For the trouble-free functioning of this system, it is necessary to install bleed valves on the upper radiators. This is especially important if the natural circulation of the coolant is implemented.
Also, the efficiency of a two-pipe system depends on the way the batteries are connected - side, diagonal or bottom. Currently, all of the above methods are used, however, a diagonal one with an upper connection is considered more correct. It provides maximum heat transfer.
How much does heating cost in a private house
The installation of a heating system in a house is not an easy task, since heating is a complex engineering system. Its cost will consist of two parameters:
The cost of the selected equipment: boiler, batteries;
Prices for consumables and installation work.
Also, to calculate the cost of the heating system, you need to consider the following:
type of house;
Its area;
Windows - how many and what size;
Battery type;
Boiler type.
When calculating the cost of heating, it is necessary to take into account not only the price of the boiler, but also the price of the fuel that the boiler consumes. So, electric boilers have one of the lowest prices, but the costs and cost of electricity for the operation of such a boiler make the electric heating system the most expensive. The situation is reversed with gas boilers - with the highest cost of the boiler itself and its installation, the costs and cost of gas make such a system quite attractive in terms of payback.
Another factor affecting the cost of a heating system is the readiness of the home. If the heating installation is carried out during construction, this greatly simplifies the process and allows you to apply the most effective solutions for installing the heating system. At this stage, the easiest way is to calculate the cost of heating and draw up a heating system project, since you can take into account all the technical nuances of the house, all the requirements for the system - from the boiler room to underfloor heating (the presence of a boiler room is mandatory when using floor-standing boilers).
At the stage of building a house, it is easy to take into account the possibility of integration with other engineering systems, such as ventilation. Installing heated supply and exhaust ventilation allows you to consume less electricity, as the dependence of the microclimate on air conditioning systems is reduced. Also, the development of a heating system project at the stage of building a house allows you to optimally install the necessary equipment, especially hidden, which will allow you not to spend money on repairing finished premises in the future.
If you calculate the cost of a heating system for a finished house that is already in operation, then you need to understand that the amount on the calculator may differ from the actual costs. Wall chasing, drilling of holes, etc. may be required to install the necessary equipment. It is not always possible to make hidden installation of pipes or other elements of the heating system. After all the work has been completed, it is very likely that repairs will also be carried out in the premises. Thus, when calculating the cost of a heating system, it is worth considering costs that are not directly related to it.
Approximate prices for home heating design
Approximate prices for installing a heating system when contacting a specialized company
Installation of wall-mounted gas boilers
|
No. p / p |
Name of works |
Boiler power |
Price, rub.) |
|
Installation of a wall-mounted boiler |
Not more than 30 kW |
15 000 |
|
|
Over 30 kW |
20 000 |
||
|
Not more than 30 kW |
20 000 |
||
|
25 000 |
|||
|
Over 50 kW |
35 000 |
||
|
Installation of a boiler with a built-in tank |
5 000 |
||
|
10 000 |
Installation of floor gas boilers
|
No. p / p |
Name of works |
Boiler power |
Price, rub.) |
|
Boiler installation |
Not more than 30 kW |
25 000 |
|
|
35 000 |
|||
|
71–100 kW |
40 000 |
||
|
101–150 kW |
45 000 |
||
|
151–200 kW |
50 000 |
||
|
201–300 kW |
55 000 |
||
|
301–400 kW |
60 000 |
||
|
401–500 kW |
70 000 |
||
|
Installation of a condensing boiler |
5 000 |
||
|
Connecting the DHW line to the heating boiler |
10 000 |
Installation of heating radiators
|
Name of works |
Unit |
Price, rub.) |
|
|
Installation of radiators with the installation of shut-off and control valves |
1500 |
||
|
Installation of floor convectors with installation of shut-off and control valves |
2500 |
Installation of heating pipes
|
Name of works |
Unit |
Price, rub.) |
|
|
Laying, placement, fixation of polyethylene pipes with a diameter of 16–50 mm |
running meter |
150–400 |
|
|
Laying, placement, fixation of polypropylene pipes with a diameter of 20–50 mm |
running meter |
150–350 |
|
|
Laying, placement, fixation of metal-plastic pipes with a diameter of 25–50 mm |
running meter |
250–400 |
|
|
Laying, placement, fixing of steel pipes with a diameter of 20–50 mm |
running meter |
250–450 |
|
|
Laying, placement, fixing of copper pipes with a diameter of 15–42 mm |
running meter |
100–400 |
|
|
Pipe thermal insulation device inner diameter 18–40 mm |
running meter |
20–40 |
What you need to remember if you decide to independently install the heating system in your own house? Regardless of the choice of heating scheme in the house, the quality will be determined not only by the installation performed, but also by the selected pipes and equipment. You should purchase only proven and high-quality materials from reputable suppliers. The SantekhStandard company successfully sells the necessary equipment for installing a heating system in a private house. The materials and equipment offered by the company are approved by the company's specialists and have been certified according to the GOST R system.
In the SantekhStandard catalog you will find everything you need to install a heating system in your home: from metal-plastic and PPR pipes of the required diameters to circulation pumps, batteries, fittings and soldering equipment.
When choosing SantekhStandard as a supplier of equipment for the heating system of your home, you do not have to worry about the quality and compatibility of the purchased materials.
Saint Petersburg
st. Sofia, 72
We have prepared for you an overview of the main heating schemes for private houses, comparative characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each system. Consider the gravitational and forced systems for moving the coolant, one-pipe and two-pipe wiring diagrams, embedding underfloor heating in the heating system.
Heating system schemes are very diverse. Moreover, the choice of one of them should be made based on the design and size of the house, the number of heating elements, depending on the power supply.
Systems that differ in the way they circulate
In a system with natural circulation, the movement of the coolant is based on the action of gravity, which is why they are also called gravity or gravity. The density of hot water is lower, and it rises up, displaced by cold water, which enters the boiler, is heated and the cycle is repeated. Forced circulation - in systems using pumping equipment.
Gravity system
The gravity system does not come out cheaper, as developers expect. On the contrary, as a rule, it costs 2 or even 3 times more than the forced one. This scheme requires pipes of a larger diameter. For its operation, slopes are required, and for the boiler to stand below the radiators, i.e., installation in a pit or basement is required. And even during normal operation of the system, the battery on the second floor is always hotter than on the first. To balance this imbalance, measures are required that make the system much more expensive:
- bypass device (additional material and welding work);
- balancing cranes on the second floor.
For a building with three floors, this system is poorly suited. The movement of the coolant is “lazy”, as the masters say. For a two-story house, it works when the second floor is full, the same as the first, plus there is an attic. An expansion tank is installed in the attic, to which the main riser, preferably strictly vertical, is supplied from the boiler, installed in a deep pit or in the basement. If in some places you have to bend the riser, this worsens the work of gravity.
From the main riser, horizontal pipelines (beds) are bred with a slope, from which the risers are lowered, going into the return line, which returns to the boiler.
Gravity heating: 1 - boiler; 2 - expansion tank; 3 - feed slope; 4 - radiators; 5 - return slope
Gravity systems are good in buildings like a Russian hut and in one-story modern cottages. Although the cost of the system will be more expensive, but it does not depend on the availability of power sources.
When the house is attic, the installation of an expansion tank causes a placement problem - it has to be mounted directly in the living room. If the house is not permanently inhabited, then the coolant is not water, but a non-freezing liquid, the vapors of which will fall directly into the residential area. To avoid this, you can take the tank to the roof, which will lead to additional expenses, or you need to close the top of the tank tightly and lead the vent pipe from the cover outside the living space.
Forced system
The forced circulation system is distinguished by the presence of injection equipment, and is now very widespread. Among the disadvantages of the method, one can note the dependence on power supply, which is solved by purchasing a generator for autonomous power supply when the network is turned off. Of the advantages, it should be noted greater adjustability, reliability and the ability, in some cases, to save money on organizing heating.
Pump connection: 1 - boiler; 2 - filter; 3 - circulation pump; 4 - taps
Various connection schemes for pressure heating systems
For forced circulation systems, there are several connection schemes. Consider the advantages, disadvantages and recommendations of the masters for choosing a scheme for various buildings and systems.
One-pipe system ("Leningradka")
The so-called Leningradka is complex in calculations and difficult to implement.
Single-pipe pressure heating system: 1 - boiler; 2 - security group; 3 - radiators; 4 - needle valve; 5 - expansion tank; 6 - drain; 7 - plumbing; 8 - filter; 9 - pump; 10 - ball valves
With such a system, the filling of the radiator is reduced, which reduces the speed of movement of the medium in the battery and increases the temperature difference to 20 ° C (the water has time to cool down). When installing radiators in series in a single-pipe circuit, there is a large difference in coolant temperatures between the first and all subsequent radiators. If there are 10 or more batteries in the system, then water cooled to 40-45 ° C enters the last one. To compensate for the lack of heat dissipation, all radiators, except for the first one, must have a large heat transfer area. That is, if we take the first radiator as a standard of 100% power, then the area of the subsequent ones should be larger by 10%, 15%, 20%, etc., to compensate for the cooling of the coolant. It is difficult to predict and calculate the required area without experience in performing such work, and leading, ultimately, to a rise in the cost of the system.
With the classic Leningradka, the radiators are connected from the main pipe Ø 40 mm with a bypass Ø 16 mm. In this case, the coolant after the radiator returns to the line. A big mistake is to connect the radiators not in transit, but directly from the radiator to the radiator. This is the cheapest way to assemble a piping system: short lengths of pipes and fittings, 2 pieces per battery. However, with such a system, half of the radiators are barely warm and do not provide sufficient heat transfer. Reason: there is no mixing of the coolant after the radiator with the main pipeline. The way out: an increase (significant) in the area of \u200b\u200bradiators and installing a powerful pump.
Two-pipe collector (beam) heating wiring diagram
It is a comb, from which two pipes extend to each radiator. It is advisable to install the comb at an equidistant distance from all radiators, in the center of the house. Otherwise, with a significant difference in the length of the pipes to the batteries, the system will be unbalanced. This will require balancing (tuning) with cranes, which is quite difficult to perform. In addition, the system pump in this case must be of greater power in order to compensate for the increased resistance of the balancing valves on the radiators.
Collector scheme: 1 - boiler; 2 - expansion tank; 3 - supply manifold; 4 - heating radiators; 5 - return manifold; 6 - pump
The second disadvantage of the collector system is the large number of pipes.
The third drawback: pipes are not laid along the walls, but across the premises.
Benefits of the scheme:
- lack of connections in the floor;
- all pipes of the same diameter, most often - 16 mm;
- the connection scheme is the simplest of all.
Two-pipe shoulder (dead-end) system
If the house is small (no more than two floors, with a total area of up to 200 m 2 ), it makes no sense to build a ride. The coolant will reach and so on to each radiator. It is highly desirable to think over and install the boiler in such a way that the “shoulders” - separate heating branches, are approximately the same in length and have approximately the same heat transfer capacity. At the same time, up to the tees that divide the flow into two arms, pipes Ø 26 mm are enough, after the tees - Ø 20 mm, and on the line to the last radiator in the row and taps to each radiator - Ø 16 mm. Tees are selected corresponding to the diameters of the connected pipes. Such a change in diameters is a balancing of the system, which does not require adjustment of each radiator separately.
The difference in connecting dead-end and passing circuits
Additional advantages of the system:
- minimum number of pipes;
- laying pipes around the perimeter of the premises.
Joints "sewn" into the floor must be made of cross-linked polyethylene or metal-plastic (metal-polymer pipes). It's a tried and tested design.
Two-pipe associated system (Tichelmann loop)
This is a system that does not have to be adjusted after installation. This is achieved due to the fact that all radiators are in the same hydraulic conditions: the sum of the lengths of all pipes (supply + return) to each radiator is the same.
The connection scheme of one heating loop: single-level (at the same static height), with equal power radiators, is very simple and reliable. The supply line (except for the supply to the last radiator) is made of pipes Ø 26 mm, the return pipeline (except for the outlet from the first battery) is also made of pipes Ø 26 mm. The rest of the pipes are Ø 16 mm. The system also includes:
- balancing taps, if the batteries differ in power from each other;
- ball valves if the batteries are the same.
The Tichelman loop is somewhat more expensive than the collector and dead end systems. It is desirable to design such a system if the number of radiators exceeds 10 pcs. For a smaller number, you can choose a dead-end system, but subject to the possibility of a balanced separation of the "shoulders".
When choosing this scheme, you need to pay attention to the possibility of laying pipes around the perimeter of the house so as not to cross doorways. Otherwise, the pipe will have to be turned 180 °, leading it back along the heating system. Thus, in some areas, not two pipes, but three will be laid nearby. Such a system is sometimes referred to as a "three-pipe". In this case, the ride becomes unnecessarily expensive, cumbersome, and it is worth considering other heating schemes, for example, dividing it into several "shoulders" of the dead-end system.
Connection to the heating system of water heated floors
Most often, underfloor heating is an addition to the main heating system, but sometimes they are the only heaters. If the heat generator for underfloor heating and radiators is the same boiler, then piping on the floor is best done on the return line, on the cooled coolant. If the floor heating system is powered by a separate heat generator, you need to set the temperature according to the recommendations for the selected floor heating.
The connection of this system goes through a collector, which consists of two parts. The first is equipped with valve control inserts, the other part is equipped with rotameters - that is, coolant flow meters. Rotameters are available in two types: with installation on the supply and on the return. Masters advise: if during installation you forgot which rotameter you bought, navigate in the direction of flow - the fluid supply should always go “under the saddle”, opening the valve, and not closing it.
Connection of underfloor heating on the return: 1 - ball valves; 2 - check valve; 3 - three-way mixer; 4 - circulation pump; 5 - bypass valve; 6 - collector; 7 - to the boiler
When planning a heating system in your home, you need to weigh the pros and cons of each scheme in relation to the design of the house itself.
A heating scheme is a graphic document on which, with the help of symbols, all elements of the heating system are presented, as well as the connections between them. The choice of the scheme means the choice of the method of connecting heating devices, their location, as well as the choice of the direction of movement of the coolant.
In a small private house, a heating scheme can be developed independently. To do this, you need to know what. In its primitive form, it can be represented as a ring of pipes, through which hot water (coolant) moves from the boiler, enters the heating devices, lingers in them for some time, while giving away thermal energy to the environment, and then re-enters the boiler . Then the cycle repeats.
At the same time, they say that water, also called a coolant, circulates along the contour of the heating system, which includes the following components:
- Boiler
- Radiators (batteries)
- Connecting pipes
- Expansion tank
- Valves and gate valves
- Circulation pump (only for systems with forced circulation of the coolant)
The movement of the coolant in the heating circuit can be:
- Gravity, occurring due to natural convection. In this case, they speak of a gravity-flow heating system and the natural circulation of the coolant.
- Forced, occurring due to the operation of the circulation pump. In this case, they talk about a heating system with forced circulation of the coolant.
Pros and cons of a gravity heating scheme
In a gravity heating system, the water heated in the boiler rushes up, and then enters the heating devices, passes through them, giving off heat, and flows into the return pipeline, through which it is sent back to the boiler. The movement of water is also ensured by a slight slope of the supply and return pipelines, as well as the use of pipes of different diameters, larger for the return and smaller for supplying hot water.
For reference: return or return pipeline through which the cooled coolant enters the boiler. The supply is the pipeline through which hot water exits the boiler.
A distinctive feature of a gravity heating system is the presence of an open expansion tank that communicates with the atmosphere, installed at the very top of the pipeline. It is designed to collect part of the coolant when it is heated, which is inevitably accompanied by an increase in the volume of liquid. With the help of an expansion tank filled with water, a hydraulic pressure is created in the heating circuit, which is necessary for the movement of the liquid.
As the coolant cools, its volume decreases. In this case, part of the liquid from the expansion tank re-enters the system, ensuring the integrity and continuity of the circulating coolant flow.
Among advantages of a gravity system heating should be distinguished:
- Uniform heat distribution
- Sustainability
- Independence from the electrical network
- Alas, the disadvantages of such a system are much more than advantages:
- The complexity of the installation: it is necessary to observe the angle of inclination of the pipelines
- Long pipeline length and the need to use pipes of different diameters
- High inertia of the system, which reduces the ability to control the heating process
- The need to heat the coolant to high temperatures, which prevents the use of modern materials
- Large internal volume of the system
- impossibility
Forced movement of the coolant in the house
In a private house, you can also use heating circuits with forced movement of the coolant created by a circulation pump connected to the electrical network. For its implementation, you can use any pipes, including polypropylene, as well as any method of connecting heating devices.
In systems with forced movement of the coolant, a closed expansion tank is used, which can be mounted anywhere, but in most cases it is installed in close proximity to the boiler. Such heating systems of a private house are also called closed, in contrast to systems with natural movement of the coolant, called open.
It should be noted that the scheme for connecting radiators in closed systems can be any.
Schemes for connecting radiators in a private house
Two-pipe vertical scheme
This principle of connecting heating devices is most often used in multi-storey buildings. Hot water is supplied through a vertical pipe up (down the riser), passes through the radiators, and then flows down. The scheme is applicable in systems with forced and natural circulation of the coolant, but is more efficient in the presence of a circulation pump.
Its undoubted advantage is the possibility of separate regulation of heating of heating devices. To do this, a control valve is installed on the supply pipe, which allows you to change the flow rate of the coolant. Shutoff equipment on the return pipe is not installed.
The disadvantage of this wiring is the double consumption of pipes for supply and return.
For one-story private houses, two-pipe horizontal schemes are more acceptable.
Collector heating circuit
In it, the coolant is distributed to the radiators through the collector, which ensures uniform heating of the premises, and also allows you to heat houses of almost any configuration and area. The collector circuit also allows you to adjust the degree of heating of heating devices, changing the flow rate of the coolant and the speed of its movement using shut-off equipment.
One-pipe heating scheme
This method of distributing the coolant is the simplest and at the same time effective. The scheme is simple to implement, but its disadvantage is the uneven heating of the room. The fact is that the coolant cools down as it moves and is supplied to the last heater with a much lower temperature than to the first.
You can correct the situation by adding a bypass (bypass) line of smaller diameter and installing an adjusting valve on each heater. Such a system is often called "Leningrad".
Video review - types, types of radiator heating at home
