Presentation "Kalmyk folk holiday Tsagan Sar" presentation on the topic. Tsagan Sar - Kalmyk spring holiday Who and when invented the Tsagan Sar holiday

Tsagan is one of the most beloved national holidays of our people. Since ancient times, Kalmyks revered it as a holiday of the onset of spring, the awakening of nature. Therefore, when meeting on the days of the Tsagan holiday, the Kalmyks, after the generally accepted greeting, asked the question: “Have you had a good winter?” To which the usual answer was: “Yes, we overwintered well” or “Everything is fine, the cattle also overwintered without losses.”

Tsagan is celebrated two months after Zul, on the first day of the first spring month, and this month is called Tsagan Sar.

Kalmyks were looking forward to this day. Firstly, because apart from holidays, Kalmyks had no more days for fun and meetings. Secondly, with the onset of spring, the difficult winter with piercing winds and snow drifts ended, green grass appeared in the steppe, which means it was possible to drive cattle out to pasture.

The Kalmyks have a legend that nature gives a sign of the coming of spring by the appearance of a gopher from a hole. Many did not believe in him, went to the steppe to check, and were often convinced: as it was, the gopher emerged from the hole.

People took out their best clothes from their chests and dressed themselves with them; the most delicious dishes were prepared for the holiday to treat the guests. Everything is according to the proverb: “Wear the best clothes yourself, serve the best food to the guest.”

Tsagan Sar was celebrated by the Kalmyks before and now by the whole world, which is why it is called a national holiday. And everyone tried to celebrate the holiday widely and cheerfully, because there was a belief: as you celebrate spring, you will reap the harvest (meaning, the richer you celebrate, the richer the harvest will be). Therefore, the tables were crowded with delicious and rare dishes.

Children loved the Tsagan Sar holiday very much, because they were dressed beautifully and elegantly, often new clothes were sewn for them on the occasion of the holiday, and they were allowed to visit relatives. And when visiting, they were presented with delicacies and given money. And the children ate plenty of sweets, filled their pockets with them, brought them home, and hid them there, stretching out the sweet holiday for several more days.

They prepared for the holiday long before its onset: they cleaned the house, sewed new outfits, and did a lot of laundry. Before the holiday, women always washed their hair and put on beautiful shivrlg (hair covers) on their braids, which were made of black velvet, although not everyone could afford to buy this expensive material at that time. The fattest, well-fed sheep were chosen from the flock and slaughtered, because it was difficult to even imagine a festive table without meat, and besides, meat is a traditional dish festive table, covered in Tsagan Sar. Equally traditional dish there were also wrestlers who, on the occasion of the holiday, did different types and different shapes. For example, they baked: tselvg, horkha bortsg, ket, zhola, khutsyn tolga. Each type of wrestler carried its own meaning. For example, the Jorja Borcicos tried to bake as many as possible, because it was believed that their number would contribute to the growth of livestock numbers.

The evening before Tsagan Sar, they place a deezh, in which you must put three tselvg, several horkha bortsik, ket, khutsin tolga, zhola bortsg, sweets, and cookies. They light a zul (lamp) and finger their rosary, because on this day, the last day of winter, lunar calendar, is a day of prayer and purification.

The treasure placed in front of the shrine must be eaten within three days, and it must be eaten with the family; it must not be given to strangers.

The name of the holiday “Tsagan” has one translation - white, because the Kalmyks associate everything pure, bright and good with white. There is even a wish: “Have a safe journey for you,” which means wishing you good luck. Milk is white, and therefore the attitude towards it is special, if not respectful.

Finally, the first day of spring arrives - the first day of the month of Tsagan Sar. In the morning of this day, the mother brews Kalmyk tea, which on this day should be especially aromatic and tasty, so milk, butter, and nutmeg are added in full, without sparing. Then the mother takes things out of the chest and hangs them out on a pre-stretched rope to ventilate them, to refresh them in the first spring sun. After which the mother dressed herself up, putting on an elegant dress, and always with a white collar.

By the time the mother makes tea and takes care of the housework, the children wake up. Parents congratulate them on the holiday and kiss them on the right cheek, saying: “Be happy, live long, and next year I will kiss you on the left cheek.” The next year the procedure is repeated in the same order and the same words are pronounced. According to popular belief, this ritual made children live in joyful anticipation of the next holiday, and happy children are less likely to get sick. This ritual is called "tsagalgn".

A special, respectful attitude towards her father-in-law placed the daughter-in-law within strict limits that she was not allowed to cross. She had no right to show her father-in-law open parts of her body, except for her hands and face; the father-in-law, in turn, according to the same customs, had no right to touch his daughter-in-law. But on the day of the Tsagan holiday they had to congratulate each other. And it was done like this: the father-in-law handed it to his daughter-in-law right hand, the daughter-in-law put her hands to her father-in-law's hand, but covered with sleeves, and bowed to him three times.

After performing all the above-mentioned rituals, the family sat down to drink tea. At the same time, the eldest in the family had to say yoryal, congratulating everyone on the advent of Tsagan, wishing the family happiness, health and long life.

And after morning tea, the Kalmyks went to visit themselves or received guests at home. Among the guests were relatives, friends, and neighbors. And everything that was most delicious in the house was presented to the guests so that they would go home full and satisfied, so that they would say from the heart a yoryal calling prosperity to your home.

In Tsagan, children must visit their parents’ house and congratulate them on the holiday. In former times, a daughter-in-law, going to the house of her husband’s parents, carried with her tea already brewed at home and, entering her father-in-law’s house, poured it into bowls and treated her. And the old people said yoryal in response.

Tsagan Sar lasts for a whole month, so you could visit every day, throughout the month.

This year, the Kalmyk spring holiday Tsagan Sar (White Month) was celebrated on February 27. According to the Kalmyk lunar calendar, this day traditionally falls on the first day of the first spring month. Despite the fact that you can celebrate for a whole month, as reflected in the name of the holiday, the main events take place in the first seven days.

According to the ideological picture of the world, a person occupies a certain position in space and time, therefore all the objects around him “must awaken” together with him from the winter period. Therefore, Kalmyks have a tradition of shaking and hanging the clothes of all household members inside the home on the first day of the holiday.

The celebration of Tsagan Sar takes place in every home. They prepare for the celebrations in advance, preparing a large amount of meat and dairy food, and flour products. On the day of the holiday, at dawn, the ritual “Zul ɵ rgh” is performed: after lighting the lamp on the altar and making an offering of freshly prepared food to the dej, the head of the family sprinkles milk tea on the spirits of the ancestors and the White Elder, crossing the threshold of his house with one foot. After this, all family members gather for morning festive tea.

On Tsagan Sar, Kalmyks prepare a large number of flour products boortsg of various shapes, which have their own symbolism and meaning. For example, the flat cake havtha symbolizes the sun and the earth, and zhola symbolizes the bridle of a horseman-cattle breeder. The first portion of boortsg is placed on the altar: one boortsg of each shape is placed on a flat cake. This symbolizes the awakening of all living things during this festive period and asking for well-being from the ancestors. Boortsg were used to make special sets for presenting to relatives during holiday visits - ik gerin and bichkn gerin boortsg.

On Tsagan Sara days, etiquette also presupposes certain symbolism of gestures corresponding to age etiquette. Peers extend both hands to each other, clasping the right hand of the person being greeted up to the elbow on both sides. The elder gives only his right hand to the younger, which he must clasp with both hands. At the same time, according to tradition, for greeting, the sleeves go down below the wrist, especially for women. This is connected with the legend about the deity Okon Tengri, who defeated the evil Mangas and saved people. She returned to her native nomads on the first day of the first spring month, but the poison that entered her body during the fight with the mangas spread throughout her body and began to poison everything she touched. Therefore, in order not to harm her relatives, she lowered the cuffs of her sleeves while greeting. This is how the tradition of a ritual handshake appeared among the Kalmyks on Tsagan Sar.

Tatyana Sharaeva, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Researcher at the Department of Ethnology, Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Similar news:

• Scientists of Kalmykia will petition for the transfer of documents about the Shiroklag residents to the National Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan
• Baatr Kitinov - about his participation in the conference “Mongols within the Mongolian World” at the National University of Australia
• In 2019, the Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences is preparing a number of unique books for publication
• The textbook “Bibliographic Index of the Mass Media of Kalmykia” was published in Kalmykia

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

2 slide

Slide description:

Contents 1 History of the holiday 1.1 Origin 1.2 Tsagan Sar in the 13th century. 1.3 Buddhist traditions of celebration 1.3.1 Rituals 1.3.2 Popular mythology 1.4 Tsagan Sar in modern times 1.5 Holiday in modern times 2 Traditions and rituals of celebration 2.1 Ritual mutual greeting 2.2 Visiting 2.3 Gifts 2.4 Offerings 3.TSAGAN SAR - KALMYK SPRING HOLIDAY

3 slide

Slide description:

History of the holiday Origin The Tsagan Sar holiday dates back to the ancient national and religious traditions of the Mongolian peoples. It is a symbol of renewal of man and nature, openness and purity of thoughts, hope and good expectations. The name of the holiday comes from the words “tsagaan” - white and “sar” - month. "White Month" was originally considered a holiday of dairy products and was celebrated in the fall. At this time, the preparation of dairy products for future use, which were consumed during the holidays, was completed.

4 slide

Slide description:

5 slide

Slide description:

Tsagan Sar in the 13th century. The grandson of Genghis Khan, the Great Khan of the Yuan Dynasty Kublai, moved the New Year celebration from autumn to late winter under the influence of Chinese astrology. Thus, the Mongolian Tsagan Sar was timed to coincide with the beginning of the year on a twelve-year cycle. The court “white holiday” is described as follows by his witness and contemporary of Kublai, Marco Polo:<<Год у них начинается в феврале; великий хан и все его подданные празднуют вот как: по обычаю все одеваются в белое, и мужчины и женщины, всякий как может. Белая одежда почитается у них счастливой, поэтому они и делают это, одеваются в белое, чтобы во весь год было счастье и благополучие… Приносят ему большие дары… чтобы во весь год у великого хана богатства было много и было бы ему радостно и весело. Скажу вам ещё, князья и рыцари, да и весь народ друг другу дарят белые вещи, обнимаются, веселятся, пируют, и делается это для того, чтобы счастливо и по добру прожить весь год. В этот день, знайте ещё, дарят великому хану более ста тысяч славных и дорогих белых коней. В этот же день выводят пять тысяч слонов под белыми, зверями и птицами вышитыми, попонами; у каждого слона на спине по два красивых и дорогих ларца, а в них посуда великого хана и богатая сбруя для этого белого сборища. Выводят еще многое множество верблюдов; они также под попонами и навьючены всем нужным для дара. И слоны, и верблюды проходят перед великим ханом, и такой красоты нигде не видано! …А когда великий государь пересмотрит все дары, расставляются столы, и все садятся за них… А после обеда приходят фокусники и потешают двор, что вы уже прежде слышали; когда все это кончится, идут все к себе домой.>>

6 slide

Slide description:

Buddhist celebration traditions With the beginning of the widespread spread of Tibetan Buddhism among the Mongolian peoples in the 17th century, the Mongolian Tsagan Sar incorporated Buddhist rituals and mythology. Rituals The main imperative of all Buddhist rituals associated with the New Year was getting rid of all sins and defilements accumulated in the previous year. The central ritual still remains a one-day penitential fast (Tib. Sojong), accompanied by a ceremony of burning “sor” - a black pyramid symbolizing accumulated evil, sacrificed to the spirits of the area. The rituals of the first two weeks of the new month are associated, firstly, with the celebration of the new year, and secondly, with the “fifteen great miracles” of Buddha Shakyamuni and his victories over six non-religious teachers. Thus, the celebration of the new year in Buddhist Mongolia came in accordance with canons of the celebration of the Tibetan New Year celebration - Losar.

7 slide

Slide description:

8 slide

Slide description:

Popular mythology Buddhist popular mythology connects the holiday of Tsagan Sar, the beginning of spring, with the name of the Buddhist deity Dharmapala, the goddess Baldan Lhamo. According to legend, every year after another victory over the mangus and saving the sun, swallowed by the lord of hell Yama (Mongolian: Erleg nomyn khaan), she descends to the earth, warms it with her warmth, and spring begins. The cold weather is receding, the winter lack of food is disappearing, new season V economic activity pastoralists. They count the losses caused by winter and rejoice at the approaching warm season. The image of an angry Buddhist goddess is sometimes adjacent to the image of the White Old Man (Mongolian: Tsagaan өvgon), the traditional Buddhist embodiment of fertility and longevity. Tsagan Sar in Modern Times Since the 19th century, with the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, Tsagan Sar in Kalmykia was not celebrated precisely as the beginning calendar year, however, among the Volga Kalmyks, who migrated in 1771 from Russian Empire, traditional rituals have been preserved: their descendants living in Xinjiang (PRC) celebrate Tsagan Sar as the New Year. The strengthening of the New Year's character of the spring celebration was facilitated by the fact that the Chinese celebrate the traditional New Year at the same time. Holiday in modern times In the 1930s, the celebration of Tsagan Sar in the USSR was prohibited. The revival of the celebration traditions occurred only in the post-war period; the status of a national holiday was received only in 1990. Today, the first day of Sagaalgan in Buryatia and in the territories of ABAO and UOBAO was declared a day off. It is also celebrated and is a day off in Tyva, the Altai Republic and Kalmykia.

Slide 9

Slide description:

10 slide

Slide description:

Traditions and rituals of the celebration Meat and sweets - modern treats on the Tsagan Sar holiday They prepared for the celebrations in advance, slaughtered livestock for future use, since it was forbidden to do this directly on the days of the holiday. Celebrations took place in every home. They hung new outfits on the line and shook out all the clothes. They cooked meat - lamb, beef or horse meat, and prepared buuzas. Ritual mutual greeting Traditional greeting was an important ritual with which two people who met on that day addressed each other. The meaning of this greeting is so great and the duration of its effect is so long that, for example, Tuvans could not say hello for a whole year, arguing that they had already said hello during the White Month. When meeting Kalmyks, they asked: “Did your members and livestock come out of winter safely?” The pronunciation of these words was accompanied by special gestures, depending on the gender and age of those greeting. During the White Month, Mongols, Buryats and Tuvans made the following gesture: the younger one extends both hands to the older one (woman to man, if they are the same age), palms up, the older one puts his hands on top of them, palms down, the younger one supports the older one under the elbows. This gesture contains both respect and a promise, if necessary, of help and support. The Kalmyks made similar greeting gestures differently. The younger one extended both hands to the older one. The elder gave him one right hand. The younger one wrapped his arms around her on both sides. Both bowed their heads in a slight bow. The elder could offer both hands; in this case, the two made exactly the same gestures, clasping each other’s right hands. This gesture could be used to greet people of equal age. In this welcoming gesture, the woman was obliged to lower her sleeves as much as possible in order to completely hide her hands in them. In someone else's house, congratulations were made as follows: the greeter got down on his right knee, raised his folded palms to his forehead and said the traditional greeting: “We have come out of winter safely!”

11 slide

Slide description:

12 slide

Slide description:

Visiting Visiting is an indispensable component of the Tsagan Sar holiday. Even those living far away these days came to meet their relatives. There were certain norms: the order of visits and the nature of gifts depended on the person’s position. They visited their parents and maternal relatives - they always enjoyed special veneration; daughters-in-law came to the house of their husband's parents with their children to worship their ancestors and patrons. An indispensable element of holiday gifts was a bunch of wrestlers. Gifts A traditional ritual gift is the national flour dish “bortsok”. Bortsoki were made from rich unleavened dough and fried in boiling fat. They were used to make sets for presenting the “first portion” to Buddhas, as well as gift sets for giving to relatives during holiday visits. The shape of the wrestlers included in the sets had a symbolic meaning: the animal figurines expressed the wish for the offspring of the corresponding livestock; in the form of a reason - good luck. Thus, the “khuts” wrestlers, sculpted in the form of a ram figurine, meant the wish for a large offspring of this type of livestock and reflected to some extent ancient rite animal sacrifices, that is, they replaced the real sacrifice with its image. A similar role was played by the wrestlers “kit”, the shape of which resembled part of a horse’s entrails, and the wrestlers “Ovrte tokhsh”, symbolizing cattle. Wrestlers "moshkmr" - twisted, reminiscent National dish from boiled lamb entrails, small “horja” (literal translation: insects). The “jola” wrestlers, depicting a rein, were supposed to invoke endless luck. And by offering the wrestler “shoshhr”, they expressed the desire to live as a united family, and also to have protection from enemies.

Slide 13

Slide description:

Offerings Early in the morning on the day of the holiday, the ritual of sprinkling was performed (kalm. zulg orgh): having crossed the threshold of the house, the owner sprinkled the first cup of freshly brewed tea around as an offering to the ancestors and the White Elder. Bortsoks in the form of the sun and lotus were used as symbolic offerings to the Burkhans. Among the Don Kalmyks, the type of wrestlers “burkhan zala”, or “tsatsg”, in the form of a tassel, symbolizing a lotus, was especially popular. He was placed at the top of “Deeji boortsg”. Bortsoks in the shape of the sun are large flat cakes, called “khavtha” in some ethnic groups, and “tselvg” in others. “Khavtha” is a whole flatbread with tucks along the edges or with four holes in the center; the “tselvg” wrestlers have smooth edges, and small holes are located radially around their circumference. “Khavtha” or “tselvg” was prepared first and was invariably placed as deeji. All the other wrestlers listed above were also included in this set.

Slide 14

Slide description:

TSAHAN SAR - KALMYK SPRING HOLIDAY The most solemn and important holiday of the Kalmyks is Tsahan Sar (White Month). The name had several meanings: white, happy, month of greetings, congratulations. The main content of the holiday is the welcoming of spring, the beginning of the time of migration to new pastures. It was considered a great sin to remain in the same place after the holiday for longer than seven to eight days. Tsahan Sar began on the first day of the first spring month of Lu (dragon) and lasted the entire month, but the main events took place in the first seven to eight days. They prepared for the celebrations in advance, slaughtering livestock for future use, since it was forbidden to do this directly on the days of the holiday. Celebrations took place in every home. They hung new outfits on the line and shook out all the clothes. They cooked meat - lamb, beef or horse meat. An important moment of the holiday was the preparation of the national flour dish - boortsg (a type of flatbread). Boortsg was prepared from rich unleavened dough and fried in boiling fat. They were used to make sets of “deeҗ boortsg” for presenting “deeҗ” - the first portion to the Burkhans and gift “gerə belg” - for presenting to relatives during holiday visits. The shape of the boortsg included in the sets had a symbolic, sometimes deep, meaning.

15 slide

Slide description:

Thus, boortsg “khuts”, sculpted in the form of a figurine of a ram, meant the wish for a large offspring of this type of livestock and reflected to some extent the ancient ritual of animal sacrifice, that is, they replaced the real sacrifice with its image. A similar role was played by the boortsg “whale”, the shape of which resembled part of a horse’s entrails, and the boortsg “өvrtə tokhsh”, symbolizing cattle. The wish for a rich offspring - the most important thing for a cattle breeder - is embedded in the symbolism of many forms. This meaning was also carried by boortsg “moshkmr” - twisted, small “horja” (literal translation: insects), reminiscent of the national dish of boiled lamb entrails. Boortsg "Khola", depicting the occasion, was supposed to invoke endless luck. And by offering boortsg “shoshhr”, they expressed the desire to live as a united family, and also to have protection from enemies. Among the Don Kalmyks, a particularly favorite type was the boortsg “burkhn zala”, or “tsatsg”, in the form of a tassel, symbolizing a lotus. He was placed at the top of “Deeҗ boortsg”. But the most obligatory thing was to make a boortsg in the form of the sun. These are large flatbreads, called “khavtha” in some ethnic groups, and “tselvg” in others. “Khavtha” is a solid flatbread with tucks along the edges or with four holes in the center; the boortsg “tselvg” has smooth edges, and small holes are located radially around their circumference. “Khavtha” or “tselvg” was prepared first and was invariably placed as deeҗ. All the other boortsg listed above were also placed in this set. True, the sets differed in different subethnic groups. When preparing “gerə belg”, one “havtha” or “tselvg”, one “Khola”, one “moshkmr”, three “shoshhr”, one “kit”, six “өvrtə tokhsh”, and one “khuts” were strung on a white thread. . Large boortsg were made for adults, and smaller ones for children.

16 slide

Slide description:

Slide 17

Slide description:

Early in the morning on the day of the holiday, they performed the “zulg orgh” ritual: having crossed the threshold of the tent, the owner of the house sprinkled the first cup of freshly brewed tea around; “Tsatsl”, or sprinkling, is a kind of offering to the ancestors and the White Elder - Tzahan aav. Congratulations took place in the house - the greeter got down on his right knee, brought his folded palms to his forehead and said the traditional greeting: “Uvləs sən harvt!” (“We came out of winter safely!”). On the day of Tsagan Cap, people say the good wishes - yorel:

18 slide

Slide description:

Oh, khairkhan, Okon Tengri, many Almighty Ones! Let us appease the spirit of Okon Tengri, Let people live in peace and prosperity! Let's celebrate Tsagan Sar together, Let's bow to Okon Tengri, Prepare hot food, Let's dedicate the deeji to Okon Tengri, Let there be plenty of food and drink, Let's live in peace and prosperity at all times, Without itching and bad weather, without poverty and disease. We will emerge from winter completely safe with people and livestock. We will greet each other: “Mende!” Let's live without fear and disease! At all times we will observe the laws and customs of our ancestors! Let everything you plan come true in accordance with what has been said! Let us appease our Burkhans, Let us appease the spirits of earth and water. Let the eul lit on this holiday Illumine us! Live in prosperity, May the Almighty protect you! And we, the elderly, who have lived our lives, We will look at your happiness, We will live long, We will teach the young the laws of our ancestors, We will live without showing bad traits. Khairkhan! Let's meet on this holiday Tsagan Sara, When the earth has already thawed after a long winter!

Slide 19

Slide description:

Visiting is an indispensable part of any holiday, this is especially typical for Tsahan Sara. Even those living far away these days came to meet their relatives. There were certain norms: the order of visits; the nature of the gifts depended on the person's position. They visited their parents and maternal relatives - they always enjoyed special veneration; daughters-in-law came to the house of their husband's parents with their children to worship their ancestors and patrons. An indispensable element of holiday gifts was a bunch of boortsg. The etiquette of the holiday also included symbolism of gestures based on age. Peers and people of the same social rank extended both hands to each other, wrapping them around the right arm of the person being greeted up to the elbow on both sides. The elder gave one hand to the younger, who clasped it with both hands. At the same time, women who wore traditionally cut formal clothes for the holiday lowered the cuffs of their sleeves, thus covering their hands. On the one hand, hiding your hands is a tribute to the tradition of modest behavior. On the other hand, thanks to this, the woman’s costume acquired a complete look, because in the complex symbolism of a woman’s costume, every detail was significant, and the cut of the dress included sleeves covering the hands. According to researchers, the sleeve of a woman’s dress “terlg” with lowered cuffs is semantically associated with the image of a deer; the outer dress “tsegdg” symbolizes the swan, which was especially revered by the Mongolian peoples. Traditional costume for a married woman included both dresses, and a girl’s Kalmyk dress, cut with a sleeve similar to the “terlg” sleeve, was usually trimmed with lace and fringe, which is also apparently associated with ornithozoomorphic symbolism.

MONGOLIAN HOLIDAYS

WHITE MONTH (TSAGAAN-SAR)

Tsagaan sar– this is both the New Year’s Eve and the first month of the year, which opens the spring-summer season, the long-awaited end of wintering and migration to spring pastures. Translated from Mongolian, “Tsagaan sar” means White Moon. Tsagaan Sar has long occupied an important place in the traditional life of the Mongols, carrying a colossal emotional charge. It gives ideas about good and evil, and is perceived as the most important date of the year, as a special sacred time. The name White Month is associated with the symbolism of the color white as a symbol of happiness and goodness among the Mongols, as well as the use of a large number of milk products.

There is no fixed date for the start of the New Year according to the lunar calendar. It shifts every time and can fall from January to early March, but most often it occurs in February. Until 1267, the Mongols celebrated Tsagaan Sar in September. The ancient Mongols New Year started in the fall.

According to some sources, spring has been considered the beginning of the year since the reign of Genghis Khan. As written in the writings of Lama Agvaaniyam. Genghis conquered Tibet in the spring. Many princes of the conquered country. and not only they, but also other tribes and nationalities recognized Genghis as their emperor and organized a big holiday in honor of this event. Upon arrival at home, Chinggis again celebrated the beginning of the year. Since then, the tradition of celebrating the New Year in the spring has been established. The sage Sumbe Khambo Ishbalzhir introduced his own calendar, which he called “Tutsbuyant”, which all monasteries in Mongolia still follow.

According to other sources, the holiday was moved to February only under Kublai, the grandson of Genghis Khan, the first emperor of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which ruled in China from 1271-1368. Evidence of the celebration of Tsagaan Sar was left in his notes by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who was present at the celebration of the White Month at the Beijing court in the 13th century.

With the establishment of the country's autonomy and sovereignty in 1911, Bogdo Khaan declared this calendar to be the state calendar. "Tugsbuyant" became both a religious and a state calendar. During the years of repression, "Tugsbuyant" was the calendar of livestock breeders, but since 1944, when the Gandan monastery was revived and the need arose to conduct services according to the established order, the "Tugsbuyant" calendar was revived. There was a datsan in which astrology was taught as a science and its graduates were responsible for writing the lunar calendar. During the years of socialism Tsagaan sar took place under a different name, consonant with the ideology of that time - the holiday of the “livestock breeder” according to the same calendar.

After the adoption of Buddhism and the introduction of the lamas of their calendar, the white month was moved to the end of winter and combined with the date of the victory of the founder of Buddhism over other schools. White color symbolizes prosperity for the Mongols, and white foods are a must for celebrations Tsagaan Sarah.

Tsagaan sar - New Year according to the lunar calendar, that is, according to eastern horoscope, celebrated on the first day of spring. According to this calendar, it falls on different days and even months in different years. Depending on the location of the moon in a particular zodiac, astrologers use an algorithm to calculate the first day of spring or the day of Tsagaan Sara. As the astrologers of the Gandantegchlen monastery say, the most correct and suitable astrology for Mongolia is Tugs Buyant. It was developed by the famous astrologer lamas Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir and Luvsandanzanzhantsan, who lived in the 18th century, in relation to climatic conditions our country. After all, yellow or, as it is also called, Chinese astrology corresponds to the climatic conditions of China and other countries of North and Southeast Asia. The climate there is warmer than ours, so spring comes much earlier.

Traditionally, on New Year's Eve, the most respected and revered lamas make astrological forecasts for the country's residents for the coming year. On the eve of the New Year, a cleansing ritual and a special prayer service are performed in churches and datsans. The main services take place in the largest Buddhist monastery, Gandantegchlen. Services lasting 15 days make up the New Year's prayer service. It includes a service in honor of deities, a ritual for removing obstacles (held the day before the end of the old year), a prayer service in honor of the miracles performed by the Buddha to spread the sacred teachings, wishes for peace and prosperity, and other rituals. Many residents of the capital these days are trying to get to churches to pray for happiness and good luck in the coming year for themselves and their families.

From the 15th-16th centuries, as Buddhism spread and strengthened in Mongolia, this holiday was sacralized on the occasion of the memory of the performance of various miracles by Buddha Shigamuni on these days as proof of the truth of the faith he preached and the divinity of its origin. On the eve of the holiday and the first two weeks, great khurals are celebrated in the monasteries of Mongolia. e. Buddhist services/. They pray for a happy new year. After the prayer service, fires are lit, in the flames of which old things are burned and sacrifices are made to the fire.

The celebration of the White Month consists of three main parts: the pre-holiday preparations, the last day of the old year and the first days of the white month and the rest of the white month. On the pre-holiday days, the Mongols clean up all the rubbish and get rid of accumulated dirt and rubbish. Women sew a new deel (traditional Mongolian robe) for all members of their family. They also try to pay off all debts, since it is considered unfavorable to celebrate the New Year with debts.

In addition, the Mongols prepare various treats and gifts for guests in advance. The Tsagaan Sar treat is a real feast, since the Mongols believe that it is during Tsagaan Sar that a person should eat his fill. Traditional Mongolian food during Tsagaan Sar is manti and dumplings, a whole boiled rump of a fat sheep with its head, traditional bast-shaped shortcakes - ul boov with sweets, rice with raisins. There is also a large assortment of products made from milk: “Bislag” cheese, “Arul” dried cottage cheese, “Tarak” curdled milk, “Uryum” foam, “Arhi” milk vodka, “Ayrag” kumis.

On the eve of Tsagaan Sarah Houses are being cleaned extensively. On New Year's Eve, every family bids farewell to the outgoing year - "bituuleg". People must pay off all their debts, especially those that can be counted, for example. If you were in a quarrel with someone, didn’t get along with someone, offended someone, then exchanging a “chooreg” (a snuff box with snuff) is intended to improve your relationship. With this action, you seem to ask each other for forgiveness. That is, you need to enter the New Year as purified as possible, leaving all the bad things behind.

The celebration of Tsagaan Sar begins with last day old year, which is called “bitun”. “Bituun” means “closed”. In “bitun”, every Mongol should be at home, not go to visit and eat to the full of closed food, i.e. manti and dumplings. It is also believed that people over 13 years of age should not sleep during “bituun”, since the Buddhist goddess Lham, flying around the entire planet on her horse that day, can count the person who has fallen asleep among the dead. In the evening, on New Year's Eve, every Mongolian family holds a bituuleg - farewell to the passing year. On the last evening of the passing year, children gather at their parents' hearth to spend the old year and celebrate the new year together over a generous meal. The rump of a fat sheep, buuz (manty), dairy and flour dishes are prepared for the New Year's table. The Mongolian New Year's feast is a whole ritual, as ancient as the tradition of celebrating Tsagaan Sar. In Bituun it is customary to eat to your fill. The feast had its own characteristics. The old people were located in the northern part of the home, where the most honored guests were usually seated. Younger men are on the right side, women are on the left.

Also, the Mongols put 3 transparent pieces above the door of the yurt in “bitun”. river ice- this is a drink for the goddess’s horse, and weeds, thorns on the left ceiling of the yurt, so that they cannot enter the house evil spirits. On the last day of the old year, many actively visit Buddhist monasteries and perform a ritual of cleansing from the sins of the outgoing year. The redemptive and cleansing functions of such New Year's prayers are enhanced by the idea that the transition point from one year to another is a special, sacred time, a time when there is a break between good and evil.

The New Year celebration begins not at midnight, as is customary here, but early in the morning, on the first day of the new year. The first day of the new year according to the lunar calendar begins early in the morning from 3 to 5 o'clock. On the first morning of the New Year, at sunrise, family members dress in everything new and congratulate first the elders in the family, then the neighbors. However, according to Mongolian custom, spouses do not exchange greetings. This morning the hostess offers the first cup to the gods. Then they visit their older relatives, performing the “zolgokh” ritual, in which the younger one stretches out his hands, palms up, and supports the older one under the elbows, and he, in turn, puts his outstretched hands with his palms down. The ritual is performed, as a rule, in national clothes, and men must have a headdress on their heads. When all the rituals are completed, it is customary to visit, exchange congratulations and gifts, and feast

The festive feast begins with a lamb rump, which the owner of the house hands over in thin pieces strictly according to the rules. The more plentiful the New Year's table is, the more prosperous the coming year will be. It is considered a good omen if there are guests in the yurt. Each guest, while drinking wine, must express a wish for happiness to the owner. A large assortment of products made from milk is displayed on the table: “Bislag” cheese, “Arul” dried cottage cheese, “Tarak” curdled milk, “Uryum” foam, “Arhi” milk vodka, “Ayrag” kumiss, etc. In addition to treats, the hosts give small gifts to guests and sweets to children.

And hadag for Mongols is the best gift. Hadags come in different lengths, colors, and patterns. Hadag, which is called Ayush has images of people, is given to the most respected people, parents or the eldest. The folded hadag is served with the open side towards the recipient with a bow. The one who received the hadag also bows respectfully and carefully folds it and keeps it with him. Hadag is the symbolic pinnacle of spiritual and material wealth. And for a long time there has been a custom to keep five-colored “hadags” as a good sign of prosperity and tranquility. Blue hadag - the color of the blue sky - is a sign of harmony and calm. Green is a symbol of reproduction, productivity. Red is a symbol of fire - a sign of the safety and security of the hearth. Yellow - removes all bad things and is a sign of elevation in position, professional growth, knowledge and the spread of Buddhist philosophy. White - the color of mother's milk, personifies the clear wisdom of the Buddha and good deeds, generosity.

It is customary these days among men to treat each other with snuff from a snuff box, which the recipient, having accepted with his right hand, opens the cap with his left and pours a snuff of tobacco onto the back of his right hand and sniffs. At the same time, snuff boxes made from jade and other valuable stones should not rub against each other and their lids should be slightly open. As in most other cases, gifts are given by hosts to guests, not by guests to hosts.

At home they perform the “zolgolt” ritual. This is a kind of New Year's greeting when younger Mongolians extend their hands to older ones, palms up, and older ones place their hands on top of them, palms down. At this time, the younger ones support the older ones by the elbows. This unique gesture of greeting expresses respect for the elders and a promise of help and support if necessary. During the White Month, all younger family members should be the first to congratulate the older members. It is also customary to treat all guests to a hearty meal, as this is a special holiday when the stomach should be full. Then they present all the guests who come with gifts. “Zolgolt” is the most important ritual of the White Month. The Mongols still have a belief: the more guests who visit a house or yurt on the first day of the New Year, for zolgolt, the happier the coming year will be.

On the first day of the New Year, the country's top officials in the central temple of Gandantegchilin participate in the ritual of worshiping the deity Zhanrayseg and the ceremony of entrusting the fate of the people to the deity Ochirdar, with wishes for well-being. They also perform the ritual of “zolgokh” (greetings) with high-ranking lamas. Then they pay respect to the shrines of our monastery. Next, the “zolgokh” ritual is performed at the State Residence, where the leaders of our monastery also perform the “zolgokh” ritual with the head of state and other high-ranking officials.

The celebration officially lasts 3 days, but usually lasts at least a week. Within a few days after completion Tsagaan Sarah business life is gradually returning to its normal course. Mongols attach great importance to the celebration of this holiday. At this time, people in Mongolian national costumes are everywhere on the streets.

SEE ALSO

PHOTO ALBUM PAGES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Materials from the newspaper "News of Mongolia" were used. No. 5-6 dated February 7, 2013. Scanning and processing by E. Kulakov.

MUNICIPAL STATE PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION D/S "GERL" Kalmyk holiday of welcoming spring - Tsa h an sar. The presentation was prepared by: Ovkadzhieva Danara Talyevna, teacher in Ergeninsky village, 2018.

Kalmyk holiday Tsagan Sar Tsagan-Sar is one of the most beloved national holidays of our people. Since ancient times, Kalmyks revered it as a holiday of the onset of spring, the awakening of nature. With the onset of spring, the Kalmyks ended their difficult winter, green grass appeared in the steppe, which meant it was possible to drive their cattle out to pasture. The Kalmyks have a legend that nature gives a sign of the coming of spring by the appearance of a gopher from a hole.

Kalmyk holiday Tsagan Sar In the fragrant, clean month of Tsagan. Spring has just arrived in Kalmykia! The steppes are breathing again The gopher has awakened from sleep!

Kalmyk holiday Tsagan Sar Tsagan Sar means “white” or “happy” month. It was a long time ago, when the Volga banks had not yet become a shelter for thousands of tents, when they were still roaming the endless steppes of western Mongolia, when there was no name Kalmyk, but there were Oirat tribes, even then, under Genghis Khan, the people celebrated the Tsagan Sar holiday, rejoicing at the first the whistle of a gopher and the first rays of the spring sun. We prepared for the Tsagan Sar holiday in advance. They slaughtered a ram, cooked the meat, a mutton head and legs, and fried the wrestlers. They took out outfits from the chests and hung them in the tent. They dressed in their best clothes, visited each other, drank tea, and gave gifts. The traditional gift was a bunch of wrestlers. And relatives on the maternal side were given shiir - legs of lamb.

Kalmyk holiday Tsagan Sar

Kalmyk holiday Tsagan Sar Bortsoki was prepared from rich unleavened dough and fried in boiling fat. They were used to make sets of “deeji boortsg” for presenting “deeji” - the first portion to the Burkhans, and gift “ger belg” - for presenting to relatives during holiday visits. The uniform of the wrestlers included in the sets had a symbolic meaning.

Types of wrestlers

Types of wrestlers

Types of wrestlers

Types of wrestlers

Types of wrestlers

Kalmyk holiday Tsagan Sar The biggest fun began in the evening, when the cattle were driven into the bases, the cows were milked and fed. Then people gathered in one house and had a party: the dombra played, songs were sung, and they started dancing. In a word, we had fun from the heart. Tsagan-Sar lasts for a whole month, so you could visit every day, throughout the whole month.

Kalmyk holiday Tsagan Sar

Kalmyk holiday Tsagan Sar The holiday Tsagan Sar is the most fun Kalmyk holiday. This holiday was celebrated three days earlier. We walked and had fun, played games and competitions.

Thank you for your attention!