Positional changes in speech sounds. Positional changes in the area of ​​consonants

Positional changes of sounds

The positional change of sounds is their natural change in a word depending on the difference in phonetic conditions. So, for example, the sound [o] always alternates with the sound [L] if it appears in the first pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants (cf. [cat - kLta]).

In modern Russian literary language there are two fundamental differences: different types positional exchange of sounds.

The first type represents positional changes, in which parallel rows of sounds are formed. In words pat, sleep, sleeping, five the stressed sound [a] is in different phonetic conditions and therefore differs in quality: between hard consonants the sound [a] acts as a middle vowel [a], before a soft consonant it turns out to be more anterior at the end of its duration [a*], after a soft the consonant before the hard consonant becomes more forward at the beginning of its duration [*a], between soft consonants it moves forward and slightly upward throughout its duration [a]. Positional changes of the sound [a] in these phonetic positions are represented by a number of sounds: [a], [a*], [*a], [*a*].

In phonetic positions identical to the above positions of the sound [a], the sounds [o], [y] change in parallel in the same way: raft - flesh - whip - binding(raft - pl*t" - pl"o*tk - p"r"i e plst"b], court - judging - here - lisp[suda - su*d"b - s"*uda - s"yas"ukt"].

The second type is represented by positional changes of sounds, in which non-parallel rows of sounds are formed, intersecting with each other, having one or more common members. An example of non-parallel changes is the change of vowel sounds depending on the place in relation to stress. These are called variants of vowel phonemes.

The presence in the phonetic system of two types of positional exchange of sounds - parallel and non-parallel - is the basis for distinguishing the concepts of strong and weak phonemes, strong and weak positions.

Combinatorial changes in sounds

Combinatorial changes in sounds, the result of the influence of surrounding sounds in the speech stream.

assimilation ((from Latin assimilatio), assimilation, fusion, assimilation),

dissimilation (one of the types of combinatorial changes in sounds in the stream of speech, when one of two identical or similar speech sounds (adjacent or non-adjacent) is replaced by another sound, different or less similar to it),

accommodation (partial adaptation of the articulation of adjacent consonant and vowel, consisting in the fact that the excursion (i.e., the beginning of articulation) of the subsequent sound adapts to the recursion (i.e., the end of articulation) of the previous sound (progressive accommodation) or, conversely, the recursion of the previous sound adapts to the subsequent excursion (regressive accommodation).) - adaptation of consonants to vowels and vowels to consonants (“games - played out”), loss of sound (“sonce” instead of “sun”), haplology - loss of one of the same or similar syllables ( “standard-bearer” from “standard-bearer”), contraction of two adjacent vowels into one (Russian dialect “byvat” from “byvat”), apheresis - the loss of the initial vowel of a word after the final vowel of the preceding word, elision - the loss of the final vowel of a word before the initial vowel of the next word , epenthesis - insertion of sounds (colloquial “Larivon”, “radio”), metathesis - rearrangement (“Frol” from Latin Florus).

§10. Positional changes of vowel sounds
The alternation of vowel sounds depends primarily on their position in relation to the stressed syllable. In it, vowels sound most clearly, so the position of the vowel in a stressed syllable is called strong . In the strong position, the following vowels are distinguished: [a] - [dam], [o] - [house], [e] - [em] (letter name), [s] - [smoke], [i] - [im] , [y] – [mind].

In unstressed syllables, vowels are pronounced less clearly, shorter, therefore the position of the vowel in an unstressed syllable is called weak position. Let's compare the pronunciation of root vowels in words run, run, run out. In the first case, the vowel [e] is in a strong position, in a stressed syllable, and therefore is heard clearly. It cannot be confused with any other. In words run And run out vowels in the root are in a weak position, because the stress shifted to other syllables. We can no longer say that in this case we hear the vowel [e], because its sound weakens, decreases in duration, and its pronunciation approaches [and]. And in the word run out the vowel is pronounced even shorter, losing its main features. This positional change of vowels is called reduction .

^ Reduction is a weakening of the pronunciation of a vowel, associated with a change in its length and sound quality in a weak position. All vowels in unstressed syllables are subject to reduction, but the degree of reduction and its nature are different for different vowels. There are reductions quantitative and qualitative .

At quantitative reduction Although the vowels are not pronounced so clearly, losing part of their length (i.e. changing quantitatively), they do not lose their basic quality and do not become completely unclear: Pat t - pat yoú - Pat tevó th; lAnd tsa – lAnd tsó – lAnd tsevó th; etcy bend - prs jó k – yoú etcs bend. High vowels [i], [ы], [у] are subject to quantitative reduction. In any position they are pronounced quite recognizable.

At quality reduction The very nature of the sound of vowels changes: they lose their basic quality, becoming practically unrecognizable. Yes, in words get sick And enemies there are no vowels [o] and [a] found in a strong position ([bol`], [vrak]). Instead, a sound similar to a weakened [a] is pronounced, and therefore, it needs its own designation - [] (a-tent). In a word price the vowel sound in a weak position is similar to both [s] and [e]. In transcription it is designated [ы е] ([ы] with the overtone [е]). If you compare the words painful,quarrel, price, it turns out that the vowels in the roots, being quite far from the stressed syllables, become very short and indistinguishable. In transcription, such a vowel is designated [ъ] (er). (By the way, changes in weak positions depend not only on the distance from the stressed syllable, but also on the position of the vowel after a hard or soft consonant. So, in the same position as hurt, enemies, in a word watch a sound is pronounced, middle between [and] and [e] - [and e], and in the word hourly- sound denoted [ь] (er)).

Thus, depending on the position of the vowel in relation to the stressed syllable, 2 types of qualitative reduction are distinguished: they are called the 1st degree of reduction (or 1st weak position) and the 2nd degree of reduction (2nd weak position).

1st degree reduction vowels in the following positions are affected:

a) 1st pre-stressed syllable: [пл`а́] (fields), [trava] (grass), [p`i so] (nickel), [shy e stand] (sixth);

b) 1st open syllable, regardless of distance from the stressed syllable: [d`in] (one), [d`inok`iy`] (lonely), [y e tash] (floor), [s tzhy] (floors);

c) adjacent identical vowels (the so-called “gap” of vowels): [zl`et`] (become pale), [ngmouth] (to the garden).

2nd degree reduction vowels are exposed in other cases:

a) 2nd, 3rd, etc. pre-stressed syllable: [karndash] (pencil), [karndshy] (pencils), [s'd'ina] (gray hair), [t`l`i e fon] (telephone);

b) all overstressed syllables: [mа́мъ] (Mother), [lozh'k] (spoon), [sea] (sea), [fighting] (we are fighting).

The designation in phonetic transcription of vowels subject to qualitative reduction can be schematically represented as follows:

Let us recall that the vowels [i], [s], [y] are not subject to qualitative reduction, therefore in phonetic transcription they will be designated in any position as [i], [s], [y]: [l`is`itsъ] (fox), [k`irp`ich`i] (bricks), [s`in`i`] (blue), [roar] (lever arm), [growl e zhok] (lever), [bald`] (bald), [corn] (corn).
Questions and tasks

1. 
   What causes positional alternation of vowels?
2. 
   What is reduction? What is it connected with?
3. 
   Name the types of reduction. What is the difference?
4. 
   Which vowels undergo quantitative reduction?
5. 
   What is the essence of quality reduction?
6. 
   What is the reason for the existence of two degrees of qualitative reduction?
7. 
   How are vowels of the 1st degree of reduction changed and indicated? vowels of the 2nd degree of reduction?
8. 
   Change the words or select words with the same root so that the vowels in the strong position first appear in the 1st weak position, and then in the 2nd weak position: house, six, king, stretches, whole, dark.
9. 
   Determine the positions of vowel sounds. Transcribe the words. Divide them into syllables: watery, carefree, gear, phenomenon, frozen, holiday, language, happiness, station, forget-me-not.
10. 
    What phonetic phenomenon underlies the appearance of homophones: company - campaign, dedicate - dedicate, awl - awl, caress - rinse, purity - frequency? Transcribe the words.
11. 
    Read the words. Write them down in letters: [l`ú l`k], [y`i uh ntá p`], [p`i uh shé n`i`y], [b`i uh p`ó skъ], [y`i uh w`:ó ], [razr`i uh d`í t`], [tsy uh Bý ch`k], [padr ladý t`]. Is only one type of letter writing possible in all cases?
12. 
    Transcribe text 1. Indicate cases of quantitative and qualitative reduction. Give full description vowel sounds in underlined words.

^ One day Dunno was walking around the city and wandered into a field. There wasn't a soul around. At that time was flying Chafer. HeI'll go blind ran into Dunno and hit him on the back of the head.Shorty rolled head over heels to the ground. The beetle immediately flew away and disappeared into the distance. Dunno jumped up, began to look around and see who hit him. But there was no one around.

(N. Nosov)

§eleven. Positional changes of consonants
Positional alternations of consonants are associated with the position of the sound in a word, as well as with the influence of sounds on each other. As with vowel sounds, consonants also have strong and weak positions. However, consonants can coincide or differ in sound according to two characteristics: sonority-dullness and hardness-softness. The position in which paired consonants differ is called strong.

Usually, strong positions in terms of voicedness-voicelessness and hardness-softness do not coincide, however, in the position before a vowel sound, the consonants differ in both characteristics. This position is called absolutely strong . The following consonants can be distinguished in it: [d] – [house] (house), [d`] – [id`om] (let's go), [t] – [current] (current), [t`] – [t`ok] (tek), [z] – [umbrella] (umbrella), [з`] – [з`ornъ] (grains), [s] – [som] (som), [s`] – [s`ol] (villages), [b] – [cheerful] (cheerfully), [b`] – [b`odr] (hips), [p] – [sweat] (sweat), [p`] – [p`neg] (Peter), [v] – [ox] (ox), [v`] – [v`ol] (led), [f] – [background] (background), [f`] – [f`odar] (Fedor), [g] – [goal] (Goal), [g`] – [g`en`iy`] (genius), [k] – [cat] (cat), [k`] – [tk`ot] (weaves), [m] – [mol] (they say), [m`] – [m`ol] (chalk), [n] – [nose] (nose), [n`]- [n`os] (carried), [r] – [rof] (moat), [р`] – [р`of] (roar), [l] – [lot] (lot), [l`] – [l`ot] (ice), [x] – [hot] (move), [x`] – [x`itry`] (cunning), [f] – [zhok] (burned), [zh`:] – [zh`:from] (burns), [sh] – [shock] (wOK), [w`:] – [sh`:ok`i] (cheeks), [ch`] – [ch`olk] (bang), [ts] – [tsokt] (clatter), [y`] – [y`ok] (yogi).

In addition to an absolutely strong position, there are strong positions for different groups of paired consonants. So, for noisy consonants, paired in voicedness-voicelessness, the following positions are also strong:

• 
  before a sonorant consonant: [s`l`it`] – [z`l`it`] (to drain - to anger), [pros`it] – [throws`it] (asks - leaves), [sm`i e y`as`] – [zm`i e y`as`] (laughing - snaking), [whip] – [bend] (whip - bend);
• 
  before [v], [v`]: [dvr`ets] – [tvr`ets] (the palace is the creator), [zv`er`] – [sv`er`] (beast - check).

In identifying strong positions for consonants paired in hardness and softness, there are certain difficulties associated, firstly, with changes in pronunciation norms (compare the outdated [t`p`it`] (take a sip) and normative [tp`it`]), and secondly, with the possibility of pronunciation options (compare [s`m`eh] and [sm`eh] (laughter), [d`v`er`] and [dv`er`] (door) etc.). In the scientific literature there are sometimes conflicting information regarding strong positions on hardness and softness, so we will limit ourselves to only listing those positions that a primary school teacher needs to rely on:

• 
  at the end of the word: [con] (con)– [kon`] (horse), [m'el] (chalk)– [m`el`] (stranded), [throne] (throne)– [throne`] (touch);
• 
  before a hard consonant: [l`ink] (Linka)– [l`in`k] (molting), [bridge] (bridge), [proz`b] (request). For dental consonants - also before soft labials, which is due to the permissible spelling standards variability: [s`m`at`] – [sm`at`] (crumple), [t`v`ordy`] – [tv`ordy`] (solid);
• 
  for [l] and [l`] – all positions are strong: [mal`v] (mallow)– [mlva] (rumor), [pl`a] (crawl)– [n`i e l`z`a] (it is forbidden).

Positional changes of consonants in weak positions include deafening and assimilation.

Stun due to the fact that in Russian a voiced consonant cannot be pronounced at the end of a word: [gr`ip] (flu or mushroom) , [l'es] ( forest or climbed), [stock] ( drain or stack), [nosh] ( knife or burden– R.p. plural), [p`at`] ( five or span) etc. When changing a word, when the corresponding consonant falls into a strong position, it becomes clear whether there is a positional alternation in this word: [gr`ip] – [gr`iby] (mushroom - mushrooms)– [p] // [b], [l`es] – [l`ezu] (climb - climb)– [s] // [z], [stock] – [stga] (stack - haystack) – [k] // [g] etc.

Assimilation - this is the likening of sounds to each other within one phonetic word. Assimilation occurs as a result of the fact that the articulation of one of the adjacent consonants extends to the other. The interaction of sounds, as a result of which they become the same, is called complete assimilation ([zh:at`] – compress, [b`i e s:na] – without sleep, [uch'its:b] – study). Typically, as a result of such assimilation, so-called long sounds are formed.

The interaction of sounds, as a result of which they become similar only in one articulatory feature, is called incomplete (or partial) assimilation : [loshk] (spoon)– assimilation by deafness, [kos`t`] (bone)– assimilation by softness.

The following types of assimilation are distinguished:

a) assimilation by softness [z], [s], [n] before [d`], [t`], [n`]: [tail`t`ik] (tail), [pl`ez`n`y`y] (more useful), [in`d`i`y] (India), [kan`t`ik] (piping);

b) assimilation by softness [n] before [ch`], [sh`:]: [n`an`ch`it`] (babysit), [gon`sh`:ik] (racer);

c) assimilation by hardness: [y`i e nvarsk`iy`] (January)(cf. [y`i e nvar`] (January)), [s`t`i e pnoi`] (steppe)(cf. [s`t`ep`] (steppe)).

In general, if difficulties arise related to the presence or absence of assimilation in terms of hardness and softness, it is best to turn to the relevant reference literature, for example, the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language.

• 
  by place and method of education . With such assimilation, the articulation of the previous consonant adapts to the articulation of the subsequent one: [sh:yt`] (sew), [z:ad`i] (behind), [knight:b] (rummage)– complete assimilation; [ch`sh`:etn] (in vain), [best`] (best)– partial assimilation.

Let us note that only consonants paired according to these characteristics can undergo assimilation in terms of voicedness-voicelessness and hardness-softness.
Questions and tasks

1. 
   What causes positional alternations of consonants?
2. 
   Why are different strong positions allocated for different groups of consonants?
3. 
   What is an absolutely strong position for consonants?
4. 
   Name the strong positions in terms of voicedness and deafness.
5. 
   Name the main strong positions in terms of hardness and softness.
6. 
   Why are all voiced-voiceless positions for sonorant consonants strong? Why for [h`], [sh`:], [zh`:], [y`], [ts] all positions in terms of hardness and softness are strong?
7. 
   What is the reason for stun? Give your own examples.
8. 
   From the listed consonants, indicate those that can be found at the absolute end of the word: [th`], [w], [f], [m], [m`], [z], [z`], [t], [t`], [s], [s`], [ d], [d`], [g], [g`], [k], [k`]. Justify your answer with examples.
9. 
   One of the school textbooks on the Russian language gives the following rule: “At the end of a word, voiced and voiceless paired consonants are pronounced equally dull.” Evaluate this statement. How can I correct it?
10. 
    What is assimilation? Describe assimilation by its sonority-voicelessness, by hardness-softness, by place and method of formation. Give your examples on different types assimilation.
11. 
    Read the text. Indicate: a) consonants in an absolutely strong position; b) consonants in a strong position in terms of voicedness-voicelessness, c) consonants in a strong position in terms of hardness-softness:

The rooster pretended that he did not understand the offensive words, and, in order to show his contempt for the impudent braggart, he flapped his wings loudly, stretched out his neck and, terribly opening his beak, shrilly screamed his only cuckoo. (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)

1. 
   Is it possible to find out the meaning of these words in transcription without context: [cat], [poppy], [voice], [tinder], [l`es`t`], [v`i uh s`t`í ], [sy'est]? What options are possible? What phonetic phenomenon creates homophones in this case?
2. 
   Transcribe the words. Identify all cases of assimilation: rain, rare, guess, pilot, burn, get naughty, surrender, plant, grow, homeland, here, pick up, fairy tale, disease, babysit, sandy, install, remove, shortchange, cog, man, milk mushroom, childhood, general.
3. 
   Transcribe the text. Identify cases of assimilation. Describe the syllables and sounds in the underlined words:

^ Autumn

Feeling that beautyher begins to fade and wanting to somehow prolong its summer, the Birch tree is painted yellowcolor – the most fashionable in autumnage .

And then everyone saw that autumn had come... (F.Krivin)

Positional changes, occurring with sounds in the stream of speech (within one morpheme), are associated with the impact of sounds on each other, as well as with general conditions pronunciation: position at the absolute beginning / end of a word, in a stressed / unstressed syllable, etc.

Positional changes of vowels are associated primarily with the position in the stressed / specific pre-stressed or post-stressed syllable, at the absolute beginning or end of the word (see reduced vowels), as well as with the influence of soft consonants: vowels adapt to the articulation of soft consonants and, during pronunciation, move forward and upward or in the initial phase of its formation (if the soft consonant precedes the vowel), either in the final stage (the soft consonant comes after the vowel), or in general (the vowel is surrounded by soft consonants).

Positional changes of consonants in the flow of speech can relate to any of the characteristics: deafness / voicedness, hardness / softness, place and method of formation.

Strong positions for voiceless/voiced(i.e. those where this sign remains independent, not dependent on anything and serves to distinguish words and morphemes):

1) before vowels: there – I’ll give;

2) before sonorants: layer – evil;

3) before [в], [в’]: check – beast.

Weak positions for voiceless/voiced(i.e. those where this feature is not independent, depends on the position in the word or the phonetic environment):

1) at the end of the word, voiced noisy words are deafened: snow, oak;

2) before consonants (except for sonorants and [в], [в’]):

Deafening of voiced noisy ones in front of deaf ones (boat, spoon);

Voicing of voiceless noisy ones before voiced ones (threshing, request).

Articulatory assimilation of sounds of the same nature, i.e. two vowels or two consonants is called assimilation(from Latin assimilatio - “likeness”). In some cases, assimilation may result in long consonants (behind, give). In any case, the direction of influence is the same - from the subsequent sound to the previous one. This type of assimilation is called regressive assimilation. (Progressive assimilation is extremely rare: it is observed, for example, in the dialect pronunciation of words like “Vanka” [van "k"a], but this does not correspond to modern spelling norms.)

Strong positions for hard/soft consonants:

1) before vowels, including [e]: bow - hatch, nose - carried, pastel - bed (soft consonants before [e] are pronounced in native Russian words, hard ones - in borrowed ones);

2) at the end of the word: kon – horse;

3) before back-lingual consonants (for front-lingual ones): bank - bathhouse, gorka - bitterly;

4) before labial consonants (in front-linguals): izba - carving;

5) for sounds [l], [l’], regardless of their position: the wave is free.

Weak positions are all the rest. Assimilation in hardness, for example, is observed in the case of the connection of a soft tooth with a hard tooth (horse - horse, ex.: June). Assimilation in terms of softness is carried out inconsistently and respectfully A not spoken by all speakers (door - [d], [d’], eat - [s], [s’]). Only the replacement of [n] with [n’] before [h”], [w’] (drummer, drummer) knows no deviations.

The place and method of formation of consonants can only change as a result of the influence of sounds on each other (i.e. there are no strong positions).

Assimilation by place of education dental fricatives are exposed, which are replaced by anterior palatal ones before the anterior palatal noisy ones (sew, with championship, count);

Assimilation by mode of education plosive consonants are exposed, which alternate with affricates before fricatives and affricates of the same place of formation (spread, unhook).

In many cases, several features of consonants are subject to positional change at once.

The reverse of assimilation phenomenon, or dissimilation(from Latin dissimilatio - “dissimilarity”), consists in the loss of common phonetic characteristics by sounds. Such changes are characteristic of dialects and vernacular language; in the literary language they are associated with a limited range of examples: light, soft ([x"k’]) - dissimilation by method of formation + by deafness and softness.

In addition to the described phenomena, Russian speech can record simplification of consonant clusters(in a number sound combinations when three consonants are connected, one drops out): district, local, heart.

caused by pronunciation positions - the position of the sound in relation to stress or place in the word:

1) reduction– weakening and changing of unstressed syllabic sounds, usually vowels;

2) stun voiced consonants at the end of a word before a pause

Reduction divided into:

A) full(disappearance of a vowel or an entire syllable in a word: Ivanovich(vm. Ivanovich);

b) incomplete: quantitative(loss of longitude and strength in sound while maintaining timbre: node - nodule);

V) high-quality(loss of both longitude and timbre by sound: forest-forestś) [ l′ Isa′]

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Positional changes in vowel sounds depend on the position of the vowel relative to stress:

• a) under stress there is no reduction at all, but accommodation is possible - the influence of neighboring soft consonants;
• b) in an unstressed position, reduction is obligatory, while accommodation is weakened, or rather, provided for by the reduction itself.

Reduction

Reduction(lat. reductio -‘moving back’) is a weakening of the sound of vowels, which can affect both their duration and the quality of articulation, i.e. changes in row, elevation and loss of labialization are possible. There are two types of reduction: quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative reduction leads to a reduction in the duration of the vowel sound. In modern Russian literary language, quantitative reduction in the very general view is expressed by the “Potebnya formula” - a diagram of the rhythmic structure of a phonetic word:

where the numbers indicate the conditional duration: 3 - stressed vowel; 2 - first pre-shock; 1 - all other unstressed vowels in the phonetic word.

Only the unstressed vowels [у] and [ы] are subject to quantitative reduction, and we also agree to assume that the vowel [i], at least in the full style of Russian literary pronunciation, associated with the older orthoepic norm.

Closely related to quantitative high-quality reduction, in which a much smaller number of sounds appear in the unstressed position, and of a different quality than in the stressed position. If the sound types are [and], | ы ] and [у] do not change their quality (row, rise and labialization) in an unstressed position, then the sound types [a], [o], [e]/[e] change (note the gray shading of the vowel sound types in Table. 1.5).

In reduction, its degree is important: first degree reduction characterizes the vowels of the first pre-stressed syllable, second degree- other. However, the first degree of reduction can also be found in those positions relative to stress where general rule there must be a second one: in the undisguised second pre-stressed (and further) syllable, as well as in the post-stressed open syllable before the phrasal (long) pause.

In addition, qualitative reduction is carried out differently after hard and after soft consonants, as well as at the absolute beginning of a word and after hard sibilants and [ts]. The complete scheme of qualitative reduction of Russian vowels is presented in Table. 1.7.

The reduction can be most clearly represented using the example of the same morpheme containing vowel sound types [a], [o], [e]/[e] and ending up in different positions relative to stress:

1) after hard consonants of all types:

garden[sat] -" gardens[sa dy] -» gardener[sada ъ vbt], around the garden[on the road];

heat[heat| -+heat|zha ra| -" a bit hot|zharka vat], fry|will burn out’|;

step[shak] -" Steps[sha y g'y] -" stepper[shaga b'bi], pace[vyshugt];

kingdom[kingdoms] -> kings[ts' r'y] -> courtier[tsurChg "dvbr'ts];

water[water] -> water[wa da] -> water carrier[vda b vbs], by water[by name];

decaliter[decaChlitr] -> dean[dy((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stressed position.))kan| -" dean's office[dak b nat];

tin[zhes’t’] -» cruel[zhy((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stressed position.)) drain] ->hard-hearted[harshness];

pole[shest] -> pole[shy:, stbk] pole[shasta "drive", on the pole[na shust];

chain|tsep’ | -" chain|tsy((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stressed position.))poch'k) -> flail|ts'pa b'oi], along the chain[by tsip’i|;

2) after hard sibilants and [ts] (in all cases for [o]):

yellow[zholt] -» yolk[zhy((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stressed position.))ltok] -> yellowness[zhalt’izna], yellow[yzhalt]; stomp[shon't] -> whisper[shi((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stressed position.))ptat’] -> whisper[shpatok], whisper[vyshypts’];

pepper[p'i e rtsovyi] ->facial[l’itsy((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stressed position.))beat| -> glossy[gl’antsvyi];

3) |a| after hard sibilants and [ts] in the first pre-stress it changes to [ы((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stress position.))] only in individual words and word forms:

it's a pity[sting’] -" regret[zhy((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stressed position.))l’et "];horse[la shatk] ->horses[lshied’yoi]; oat[afs’anyi] -> rye[rzhy((pronunciation [d]. Morphemes of this kind (containing [e] not post-hard sibilants and [ts]) never fall into the post-stressed position.))nbi];

4) after soft consonants of all types:

five In’aT’] -» five|p’i e t’y] patch[p, bta h, bk], in five[for p’t’];

dark[t’bmnyi] -> dark[t’i with mnb] -> darkness[t’darkness] ], dark[zat'mn]; forest[forest] ->forests[l"Sh"sa] -> timber carrier[l’sa vos], through the forest[by l’s];

Scheme of qualitative vowel reduction

Table 1.7

1. After hard consonants
Syllable relative to stress		First pre-shock		Zaudarny
Conditional duration (according to the “Potebnya formula”)
Reduction degree
Positional adjustment (first degree of reduction and conditional duration 2)
	In an open syllable (after vowels and at the absolute beginning of a word)			On a final open syllable before a phrasal pause (final extension)
-direction of qualitative changes after vowels and hard consonants of all types -----direction of qualitative changes after [zh], [w] and [ts] in all words Direction of qualitative changes after [zh], [sh] and [ts] in a limited number of words

5) in an open pre-stressed syllable (regardless of its distance from the stress):

district[okruk] -> district[and ъ kruzhnoi], but: in the district[in the circle];

ethics[et'ik] -> ethical| and e t’ich? nyi]; floor[i e tash] -> floors[and with the same |, on the floor[nb i e ta zhe], but: per floor[in lRgash], from the floor[s ta ja];

6) in an open overstressed syllable before a phrasal pause, the so-called final extension occurs, cf.:

Mother sleeps[mama sleep//], but: Mom is sleeping[sp’it mama //];

Katya is sleeping[kat’j sp’it//], but: Katya is sleeping[sp’it kat’a//];

Go to mom[k m am’id’y//], but: Go to mom[id'y k m am'i e //];

Sasha is coming[sash id'bt//], but: Sasha is coming[id ots sasha b //];

Go to Sasha[k sash id’y//], but: Go to Sasha[go to Sasha e //];

Bird flies to bird[pt’yts l’i with T’it to pt’ytsy 3 //] and: A bird flies towards a bird[k pt’yts l’i e t’yt pt’ytsa b //];

Less and less often[fs'o r'ezh and r'ezhy 3 //].

The question arises: given the presence of qualitatively reduced [and e] and [ы e] in the phonetic system of the Russian language, how can we distinguish them during practical transcription from the quantitatively reduced (i.e. simply unstressed) “pure” [i] and [s]? The easiest way out of the situation is to resort to spelling every time. If in a spelling notation the sound type [s] is replaced by letters s or And(the latter does not indicate the softness of the preceding consonant), and in place of the sound type [and] - the letter And, then in the transcription there will be [ы] (after a hard consonant) and [and] (after a soft consonant or in an open syllable). If in the orthographic notation there are other letters in place of these sound types, then we select for transcription [ы е] (after a hard consonant) or [and с] (after a soft consonant or in an open syllable). For example:

in Crimea| f Crimea |, Gypsy[gypsy |, clock face 111yf’i with rblat |, stomach| belly |, latitude[shira ta], fox[fox], pluck[sh’ipat’], number[number], a game[game] but:

in a chain[f ts'Rp'y], twenty[dvatst'rt'y], six[shРс’т’й], regret[zhy e l’et’], yolk[zhy e lotok], forests[l'i e sa ], meat[m’i e snoi], cheek[sh’i e ka], what[h’i e vo], economy[and e ka nom’ik].

From the table 1.7 and the examples given, it is clear that the sound [b] (reduced of the second degree of the front row) occurs only after soft consonants. Sound [ъ| (reduced second degree of the non-front row) can appear not only after hard consonants, but also after soft ones - in a back-stressed position, usually where the letter is written I(in such cases it is necessary to resort to a spelling hint): in an open field[f h’istm pbl’j], but from the field[with floor]. In the nominative-accusative case, although it is written at the end e, sounds more like [ъ] than [ь], which is clearly seen in the final prolongation of this sound: I'll go out into the field[I’ll go out f pbl’a//| - at the end the sound is much closer to [a] than to [and с]. In addition, the sound [a] ("A front") in isolated cases also occurs in the first pre-stressed syllable, mainly in the preposition For, compare: for you[d*l’l’a you]; in the second pre-stress and further it sounds more like [ъ] than [ь]: for me[d*l’l’y m’i e n’a]. In some borrowed words it is also possible [a] in the first prestress after a non-syllable [i]: guillotine[g'il'iat'yn], iotation[iatatsii], etc.

About vowel quality in the first pre-stressed syllable after hard (but not hissing and [ts]) there are some disagreements among phoneticians, since, in addition to [a ъ] (or simply weakened [a]), the pronunciation of a more posterior vowel is often fixed here [A]. This is due either to the individual characteristics of the speaker, or to the position before the velar consonant and [l], which, as a result of accommodation, somewhat pull the tongue back: [plka], [nlga], [dlla], etc. This kind of accommodation can be neglected during transcription denote in such cases only [a ъ]. Probably, many students sound [ъ] in this position, but this pronunciation cannot be considered literary, with the exception of a few cases characteristic of Old Moscow pronunciation:

a) pronunciation of a conjunction (not a conjunction word!) What With ъ any position:

I know you'll come[ia ъ znayu/ chta you pr’id’bsh//] or more often - with unstressed [o], which is not subject to qualitative reduction: [...that you pr’idosh//],

but if What - is a conjunctive word, then the emphasis falls on it: I can't hear what you're saying Tsa n’i hear / that you are gva r’ysh //].

b) similar pronunciation of a conjunction or particle though:

Come and visit us[pr’iha d’i xat’ to us //] or newer [...hot’ to us //]; Pasha will come, although he doesn’t know[pash pr’id’bt/ h’t’ he y n’i s znait//] or newer [...hot’ he... |.

Old Moscow pronunciation is characterized by a strong stretching of the vowel in the first pre-stressed syllable (i.e., actually lack of quantitative reduction), often due to an even stronger, almost to zero, reduction of the second pre-shock: milk[mlakb], Wait[pdazh’y] etc. This pronunciation is now considered either colloquial or specific to female speech.