Minerals of the Krasnodar region. Presentation on the topic “underground treasures of the Kuban” What minerals are mined in the Kuban

Information and methodological material on the topic:

prepared by a teacher of Cuban studies

MAOU secondary school No. 8

Gelendzhik

.

Gelendzhik, 2013

Therefore, the main method of treatment with iodine-bromine waters is general baths. For oral administration there are differences: with normal and increased secretion of the stomach 1.5 hours before meals, with increased secretion an hour after meals.

Mineral water is an excellent drink and a wonderful medicine. We just need to wisely use and protect this wealth given to us by nature.

4. In the depths of centuries.

The formation of minerals is inseparable from the history of the formation of the Earth. Let's mentally travel back to the distant past and try to imagine what our region looked like millions of years ago.

It is believed that all areas of the Earth were once the bottom of the sea. Even the highest mountain on Earth, Chomolungma, contains limestones of marine origin. At the bottom of the ancient seas, just as now, sediments accumulated, movements of the earth's crust occurred, these sediments rose above the water level and were crushed into folds during mountain building.

Throughout geological history, the territory of modern Krasnodar region repeatedly changed its appearance: land was replaced by sea, and the sea was either connected with the ocean or separated from it. The last connection occurred 8 thousand years ago, at the same time the Bosporus Strait arose; probably, after an earthquake, a mass of salty Mediterranean water poured into the Black Sea basin. Historians believe that this event happened before the eyes of the people who lived here and could be reflected in the legend of the Flood.

The pages of the legendary chronicle of the Earth today are the rock layers, the letters are the fossilized remains or imprints of plants and animals that lived during the formation of these layers.

Let's take a closer look at the rock layers. Light limestones, gray marls, layers of sand and clay alternate with enviable consistency. In some places, the rocks lie in straight lines parallel to the ground level, sometimes inclined at different angles, and then, under the influence of unknown forces of the earth, they smoothly bend and become like sea waves.

By the nature of the strata and the fossils they contain, it is possible to establish the geographical conditions of a particular area in the distant past.

Clays were deposited at the bottom of deep seas, and sands and even pebbles were deposited in shallow places. The layers of these rocks contain the remains of marine organisms. Rocks that originated on land will contain the remains of land rather than marine organisms.

Thus, the majestic Fisht is made of corals. This means that a warm and shallow sea splashed along the coast of this former coral island millions of years ago, since corals can only live in water with a temperature of at least + 20 degrees and at a depth of no more than 60 meters.

A tremendous amount of work must be done by geologists, geographers, paleontologists, archaeologists, botanists, zoologists, and other scientists to read the history of the Earth.

Let's turn to the geochronological table. Our goal is to determine the age of various rocks and minerals. Their formation was closely related to climate, terrain and the presence of organic life in a given period.

Natural conditions Archean and the next one after it Precambrian era difficult to install. At that time, both sea and land existed on the territory of our region. At the end of this era, the entire region was flooded by the sea. Mighty internal forces shook and cracked the earth's crust. Often magma flowed to the surface and penetrated into the rock layers.

The entire Precambrian sequence, in some places more than 5 thousand meters thick, is composed of gneisses and various other crystalline schists. They are products of deep metamorphism of former igneous and sedimentary rocks.

By the end of the Precambrian, bacterial and algal life arose and reached exceptional proportions. The products of this vital activity were iron and manganese ores, siliceous shales, sedimentary sulfide minerals and much more.

Palaeozoic, or the era of ancient life, lasted about 345 million years. Almost the entire region was then covered by the sea. Powerful volcanic eruptions then shook the seabed and very small areas of land. If the magma failed to escape to the surface of the earth, then it solidified in the form of such deep rocks as granite. This rock was formed at great depths under enormous pressure and high temperatures. There the magma solidified slowly and the rock acquired a grainy-crystalline structure. The word “granite” comes from the Latin “granum” - “grain”. It was then that various crystalline schists and granite gneisses, that is, very highly modified sedimentary and magmatic formations up to 2000 meters thick. They are exposed in the area of ​​the Main Caucasus Range, in the basins of the Laba and Belaya rivers. At the foot of Mount Tezubets (the bank of the Belaya River), on the road to Guzeripl, the entire gorge is made entirely of pink granite. Even the Belaya River itself takes on a pinkish tint.

Approximately 400 million years ago they formed slates, sandstones and marble. Marble was formed by very strong thermal effects on limestone. The thickness of this sequence reaches 1500 m.

Interesting Carboniferous period (Carboniferous). It began approximately 320 million years ago and lasted about 50 million years. It got its name because of the richness of its sediments. coal

A deep warm sea occupied the territory of our region. Then, under the influence of the powerful internal forces of the Earth, uplifts and blocky faults of the earth's crust occurred, and volcanoes erupted. By the end of the period the sea became shallower. High mountains formed in the area of ​​the modern Main Caucasus Range. The northern part of the region became a flat hill. On land at that time there were lakes and swamps, and the coastal line was indented by bays.

Carbon deposits are presented here clayey shales, sandstones, conglomerates, in places there are limestones and marble, quartz and volcanic tuffs. In the mountainous part of the region, in the Bolshaya and Malaya Laba basins there are small deposits coal. The thickness of its layers reaches 0.7 - 0.9 meters thick.

The climate at that time was humid and hot. A mass of trees, having outlived their usefulness, fell into swamps and rivers. Submerged to the bottom of reservoirs, they were covered with sediment and here, without access to air, under the influence of carbon-producing bacteria, they gradually turned into coal. Thus, thick forests consisting of ferns and horsetails gave rise to numerous deposits of coal.

If you were in the Belaya River Valley in the area of ​​Khamyshek and Guzeriplya, then you were impressed by the thick layers sandstone, limestone, vertical walls breaking off the banks of the Belaya River. They were formed in Permian period , approximately million years ago. At the same time, conglomerates and sandstones are continental sediments, and shales and limestones are marine sedimentary rocks. The presence of these and other types of rocks clearly indicates the uplift and subsidence of the earth's surface.

The mute witnesses of that time are ammonites - now fossilized mollusks that had a rounded shell. Their home was the sea. After the death of the mollusks, parts of these organisms were gradually replaced by minerals, and the shells became fossilized.

With the ebb and flow of the tides, sea shells rolled in the coastal mud and increased in diameter, like a snowball. And when the ocean retreated, they remained in the form that the river exposed to us near the shore of the Belaya River. There we can see huge round boulders weighing up to one and a half tons, and very tiny ammonites with a diameter of 5-7 cm. Ammonites are extremely important fossils. They are used to determine the date of deposition of sedimentary rocks.

The era of monster dominance is called Mesozoic era."Mesozoic" - "era of middle life." This era received its name due to its intermediate position between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic, that is, between the ancient and modern eras.

The Mesozoic era began 225 million years ago and lasted 155 million years. The Mesozoic was an amazing time with lush vegetation reminiscent of the jungles of Africa and Brazil and unusual creatures. The water, air and earth were infested with dragons and monsters.

The Mesozoic is characterized by 3 periods: Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous.

IN Triassic (225–185 million years ago) the entire territory of our region was dry land. Triassic deposits are represented limestones, dolomites, shales, sandstones, marls, conglomerates. Outcrops of these rocks can be seen along the valleys of the Belaya, Laba, and Khodz rivers.

185 million years ago came Jurassic period, it lasted about 45 million years. This was the heyday of reptiles.

During this time, on the territory of our region, the earth’s crust sagged more than once and vast areas were covered by the sea. The subsidence was accompanied by the action of volcanoes and the formation of island uplifts. Jurassic deposits are widely developed in the valleys of the Malaya Laba, Belaya, Dakh, and Khodz rivers. Here they are presented limestones, mudstones, dolomites and sandstones.The entire high-mountain plateau of Lagonaki is composed of Jurassic limestones.

The organic world of this period was very rich. The bottom of the sea was covered with colonies of sponges, aquatic plants sea ​​urchins swayed, long-tailed crayfish and belemnites scurried everywhere, ammonites rested on the shallows. Giant fish lived in the water columns, fleeing from huge and dangerous predators - ichthyosaurs, which were 10-12 meters in length. They were a real thunderstorm of the seas. Sometimes the serpentine neck of an aquatic lizard, a plesiosaur, rose above the water.

On land, in lush thickets of conifers and ferns, lived land lizards - dinosaurs (translated as “terrible lizards”).

Last, Cretaceous period The Mesozoic era began 140 million years ago and lasted about 70 million years. This period received this name due to the widespread occurrence in its deposits white writing chalk. During the Early Cretaceous period, there was an uplift of the land, and then the land gradually became the sea. The dominance of the sea continued throughout the Upper Cretaceous.

In the upper chalk, oaks, birches, laurels, and magnolias already grew. Gradually, dinosaurs began to die out and were replaced by new groups of animals: bony fish, birds, and mammals.

Cenozoic era, or the era of new life, began 70 million years ago and continues to the present day. It is divided into 3 periods: Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary (anthropogenic).

During this era, powerful mountain-building processes took place, in particular, the mountains and plains of our region were finally formed. Seas and rivers acquired modern shapes.

During the Paleogene period (70 - 25 million years ago), as a result of the rise of the seabed, a single Caucasian island was formed. The rest of the region was covered with the waters of the ancient Tethys Ocean. The vast expanse of this ocean stretched from Central America through the Atlantic, southern Europe, the Caspian Sea, and the Aral Sea east to the Pacific Ocean.

At this time, the Caucasus gradually began to acquire a mountainous character. Paleogene deposits are represented clays, marls, sandstones, conglomerates. They stretch in a wide strip along the northern slope of the Caucasus.

The climate at that time was warm and humid. The Paleogene seas were inhabited by numerous mollusks, corals, urchins, and all kinds of fish. On land there were forests where palm trees, ficuses, laurels grew, as well as swamp cypresses and ferns.

By the end of the period, oak, poplar, maple, yew, and spruce were already growing in the mountainous part of the region. The flat areas were covered with grassy steppes and swamps.

Mammals developed rapidly and spread widely across land. Some forms switched to an aquatic lifestyle (whales, seals, dolphins), while others (bats) switched to an aerial lifestyle.

Ungulates appeared - the ancestors of modern horses and rhinoceroses, representatives of monkeys, rodents, and proboscideans.

IN Krasnodar region In the Vedic Museum you can see the remains of such fossil Paleogene animals as the mastodon and the southern elephant. Their remains were discovered on the cliffs of the Psekups River and on the banks of the Fars River.

Start Neogene is 25 million years away from our days. This period lasted 24 million years. Its deposits are presented clays, marls, sands and limestones.

During the Neogene period, the Caucasus became a peninsula. About 13 million years ago, the connection between the eastern and western parts of the Tethys Ocean was interrupted. The desalinated Sarmatian Sea formed in the eastern part of the Tethys Ocean. It included the modern Black and Azov Seas and flooded part of the Krasnodar Territory.

About 8 million years ago, a sea appeared, which geologists called the Pontic Sea. It united the modern Black, Azov and Caspian seas.

In the Middle Pliocene, the drainage of the Caucasus continued, and it turned into a mountainous isthmus between the Black Sea and Caspian water basins. The lower reaches of the Kuban River were then occupied by a sea bay. Adjacent to it was a vast lowland plain, passing to the south into a strip of foothills of the plain, and then into the low mountains, middle mountains and highlands of the Greater Caucasus.

At the end of the Neogene, the strongest uplifts of the Greater Caucasus occurred. They were accompanied by the formation of high mountain relief.

As for climatic features, at the beginning of the Neogene, a subtropical climate dominated in our region. At the end of the period, cooling occurred and the climate became close to modern.

Dense high forests covered the lowlands and highlands. Along with magnolias, laurels and other evergreen heat-loving plants grew coniferous trees, oaks, beeches, maples, poplars.

Due to the cooling, the steppes became widespread. This entire area was densely populated with animals. Huge southern elephants reached three meters in height. The ancestor of the horse, Hipparion, and the ancestor of the modern tiger, Mechaidorus, the saber-toothed tiger, have already appeared.

Whales and dolphins frolicked in the sea, and mollusks, sea urchins, worms and crustaceans hid in the dense thickets of algae.

All this animal and plant diversity left a memory of itself in the form of layers of different limestones, among which you can find imprints of that ancient life.

About 1 million years ago came modern geological period geological development of the Earth - quaternary or anthropogenic . The name of this period is associated with the appearance of man on Earth (“anthropos” - man and “genos” - origin). Despite the short duration, significant events took place at this time. Before this, there was a sharp cooling, vast areas were covered with glaciers. The relief of the Krasnodar region has finally formed. Then, due to the onset of warming, rapid melting of the ice began. Mighty streams of water rushed along the slopes of the mountains, eroding them and carrying down a mass of sediment.

The water basin, including the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas, also underwent changes. Throughout the Anthropocene, it repeatedly changed its outline, area, depth, was split into parts and restored again.

And at present, the vertical movement of the earth's crust continues. It causes the subsidence of most of the Black and Azov Seas and the lower part of the Kuban River valley at a rate of up to 25 cm per century. At the same time, mountain ranges are slowly rising at a rate of several centimeters per hundred years.

On sea coasts, these movements cause increased destruction of their shores by the sea.

Quaternary sediments cover almost the entire territory of the Krasnodar Territory in a continuous layer. They are absent only in the mountains on watershed ridges. These deposits consist of loess-like loams, sands, pebbles and clays.

5. How sedimentary rocks were formed.

The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus was formed from sedimentary rocks during the Cretaceous period (140 - 70 million years ago). All organic sediments were deposited on the bottom of the then very young Tethys Ocean over millions of years. Today, the bottom of this legendary ocean appears before us in the form of the peaks of the ridges bordering the Caucasian shores and sharp layered cliffs descending to the coast.

In many places, mountains reveal the secrets of their depths. Both on the mountain slopes and along the coastline the imagination is amazing flysch– thicknesses of layered rocks, from a distance resembling a giant layer cake.

Flysch- uniform strata of thin-layered sedimentary rocks, consisting of a large number of repeating thin packs, composed of conglomerates or sandstones below, clays and marls, and sometimes limestones above. Flysch is formed in geosynclines and foothill troughs by eroding growing neighboring ridges.

For millions of years, rivers carried a wide variety of sedimentary material to the shores of the Tethys Ocean. At the bottom of the ocean, organic remains of representatives of ancient life were deposited by heavy rain.

According to the method of formation, sedimentary rocks are divided into 3 types: clastic (mechanical), organic and chemical.

Clastic (mechanical) sedimentary rocks.

Let's take a closer look at a stream or a small river. You will notice that it carries a lot of fine sand or the finest turbidity. The stream rolls larger particles along the bottom; smaller ones are carried by the current of water. These particles are carried into the river from the coastal slopes by rain and melt water, and are also washed out by the river from the rocks that make up the bottom and banks of the riverbed.

It’s hard to imagine how large the amount of fine sediment that the Kuban River carries into the Sea of ​​Azov.………………

Once in the sea, the turbidity brought by river water gradually settles to the bottom. The largest, heaviest fragments and rounded pebbles with a polished surface, called pebbles, are deposited on sea beaches and near the shores. They are brought by rivers mainly during flood periods or are formed during the erosion of sea coasts. Smaller particles are carried a little further into the sea and, settling there, form layers of sand. Finally, the smallest, finest particles - silt - are carried away a considerable distance from the shores and, settling on the bottom, form layers of clay.

This process of sedimentation of various particles in the sea occurs continuously day after day, years, centuries, millennia. Some layers of sediment are gradually overlapped by others. The underlying layers, under the pressure of the newly formed ones, become compacted and harden.

All this - clastic, or mechanical, sedimentary rocks. They arose from fragments of pre-existing rocks, gradually eroded or destroyed by rivers, rain, wind, and frost.

The basis for the formation of clastic sedimentary rocks is substances that are sparingly soluble in water. Mechanical precipitation is formed from them. Grind dry clay and fine sand into powder and throw into a glass of water. Sand will almost immediately settle to the bottom, while clay, on the contrary, will remain suspended for a long time. Add a little strong solution of table salt to the water, and the turbidity will immediately settle. The same thing happens in nature with insoluble rock residues.

Clastic rocks can form not only in the sea, but also at the bottom of rivers, lakes and on land.

Large, sharp-angled fragments of collapsing mountain slopes accumulate in the mountains. These accumulations are called rubble. Compacting and cementing, crushed stone gradually turns into rock - breccia.

Very often in valleys and gorges along river beds you can see huge stones - boulders. These are traces of glacial activity. As a result of the melting of ancient ice, streams of water gradually carried these stones down.

On the slopes of ravines and river valleys, thin clay-sand sediments - deluvium - are deposited by rain flows and melt water.

All sediment washed by rivers and accumulating in their beds and along the banks (river pebbles, sands, clays) is called alluvium.

Sand spits were formed from sediments of river sand on the shore of the Sea of ​​Azov, and pebble beaches were formed on the shore of the Black Sea. In the same way, the famous Anapa sandy beach was formed from quartz sand carried away by the Kuban River over thousands of years.

Sediment that accumulates in the sea, under the influence of sea water containing various salts, undergoes chemical modifications. New mineral formations appear in it, which firmly bind (cement) sediment particles, filling the gaps between them.

If the pebbles become cemented, a sedimentary rock called a conglomerate forms. Hardened clays and marine silts form shales. If the clay sediment contains a significant amount of lime turbidity, then the rock is called marl.

The possibilities of water in changing rocks and forming new ones are limitless. From disintegrated rocks, water carries away soluble compounds - salts. Deposited in the spaces between sand grains, salts cement them into a compact mass, and sandstones are obtained. Thus, sandstone is cemented sand, but in its formation not only physical, but also chemical processes. Sandstones are siliceous, clayey, calcareous, ferruginous, gypsum, and marly. They differ from each other in hardness, durability, and color. The best physical and technical properties are those sandstones where the grains are cemented with silica. Even millstones are made from siliceous sandstones. This is how water performs chemical and mechanical work - it dissolves rocks, destroys and transports them.

Organic sedimentary rocks.

Now let's take a closer look at the sediments that settled on the seabed. Over the course of millions of years, shells and skeletons of animals sank to the bottom and accumulated there in huge quantities. Their skeletons were compressed and glued together with natural substances. This is how thick layers of sedimentary rocks were formed - limestone, chalk, dolomite, tripoli, opoka. The thickness of the layers reaches several hundred meters. Such breeds are called organic sedimentary rocks.

In layers of ancient sedimentary rocks, shells, skeletons, and imprints of organisms that lived in the era when the corresponding layer accumulated are often found. From these fossils, geologists determine under what conditions (in the sea or on land) and in what geological era a given rock was formed.

One of the most common rocks on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is limestone - an ancient marine sediment. Like chalk, it consists of fragments of the skeletons of various organisms, only of larger sizes. These are shells of mollusks, shells and needles sea ​​urchins, skeletons coral polyps. In limestone, unlike chalk, all this can be seen with the naked eye.

The lime mass is initially porous. Then, under the influence of special bacteria, slow recrystallization of organic residues occurs. Porous limestone turns into a hard, dense mass. In layers where there are no bacteria, recrystallization does not occur, and the remains of organisms are preserved, which we observe in the form of imprints of ancient life between marl layers on the coast.

Like animals, plants can also be builders of stones. In shallow warm seas there is a lot of algae. The carbon dioxide from their remains hardens and over time turns into dense limestone. It was from such compacted remains of trees and shrubs that coal was formed during the Carboniferous period (320 - 270 million years ago).

Chemical sedimentary rocks.

Sea water contains a lot of salts. In shallow waters in hot climates, water evaporates strongly and salt solutions become supersaturated. Crystallization and precipitation of salts occurs at the bottom. This usually occurs in basins with a small influx of fresh water. This is how layers of gypsum, rock salt and some other salts are formed. In addition, water carries dissolved oxides of alkalis, metals, iron, and manganese into lakes, seas and oceans. There, reacting with each other, they form various compounds that precipitate. This is how iron ores and chemical precipitates are composed - calcium and magnesium carbonates, silicic acid, sulfates and halide salts, including our ordinary table salt.

Water saturated with carbon dioxide, being under high pressure, dissolves limestone in the depths. Coming to the surface, the water is released from pressure, and feldspar precipitates. The sediment envelops the roots and stems of plants, shells, and grains of sand. The result is a very porous material – calcareous tuff. Once the tuff is removed from the quarry, it can be cut with a saw. Then, in air, it hardens.

Just like tuff, oolitic limestones are formed - accumulations of shell-like limestone balls cemented by a natural calcareous binder. Inside the ball there is often a grain of sand or a small fragment of a shell, around which lime salts have been concentrically deposited. Such limestone is called pea or caviar stone.

This is how limestone, gypsum, magnesite, dolomite and many other rocks are created from chemical precipitation.

These sedimentary rocks are classified as chemical sedimentary rocks.

Obviously, there is no place on earth where sea waves did not roam at one time. There are sedimentary rocks everywhere. The iron ores of Kursk, the limestones of the Lago-Naki mountain plateau, the chalk mountains of Belgorod, the coral deposits found under the swampy plains of Florida and much more - all these are traces of the work of the sea.

Why do deposits form in separate layers, often of different thicknesses? In the same way, the process of sedimentation occurred unevenly. This is due to the different climatic periods of the Earth. In wetter periods, powerful river flows carried down larger particles, mainly sand and gravel, and when the water receded, in drier periods, shallow rivers carried the finest sedimentary material from the mountains or the removal of sediment stopped altogether. Therefore, at the bottom of the ocean, where the rivers delivered their burden, sediments were deposited in separate layers. Layering is a characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks.

6. Miraculous transformation of sedimentary rocks (metamorphism).

Rock formed at one depth or another, in the earth's crust or on its surface, does not remain unchanged. Over hundreds of millions of years, some areas of the earth's crust sank and were filled with the sea, the bottom of which was gradually covered with thick layers of new sediments, so that the rocks that had once formed on the surface of the Earth ended up at great depths. Other areas, under the influence of the powerful forces of the Earth, shrank into folds and rose in the form of huge mountains and ridges. These newly formed mountains underwent weathering processes and began to collapse, and their constituent rocks gradually disintegrated into smaller particles.

Those rocks that ended up in a deeper region of the earth's crust have changed so much that sometimes they are simply impossible to recognize. All changes that occur in deep areas of the earth's crust and give rocks a new appearance and composition are called metaphorism , and altered rocks – metamorphic .

These changes occur due to three reasons:

1) very high water pressure;

2) high temperature, since magma often penetrates into the solid rocks of the earth’s crust, partially melting them;

3) chemical effects of solutions, vapors and gases released from the magma.

Thus, crystalline schists are formed from sedimentary rocks. Clays and shales pass into mica schists, sandstones into quartzites, limestones into marble, clayey and feldspar-containing sandstones into gneisses.

Gneisses– the most common metamorphic rock. Gneisses make up the oldest sections of the earth's crust. The composition of gneiss is completely similar to granite - quartz, feldspar, mica, hornblende. However, gneiss is easy to distinguish from granite by its characteristic banding (alternating dark and light stripes). In the Krasnodar Territory, gneisses occur on the Lago-Naki mountain plateau. Gneisses are usually used in the form of crushed stone in the construction of railways and highways.

Durable, solid, very valuable for farming quartzites– degenerated quartz sandstones.

They are entirely composed of grains of crystalline quartz, extremely tightly adjacent to each other. This is the result of extreme pressure. Quartzites are very hard and will scratch glass. When broken, they have a greasy sheen. The normal color of quartzite is white, but when it contains impurities, it takes on different colors. Quartzites are not affected by any acids.

7. From the history of the formation of the Caucasus Mountains.

The Main Caucasus Range is a huge anticline, in the core of which the most ancient rocks appear, and on the wings - more and more young ones. Moreover, everywhere in the structure of the GKH one can observe the tilt and overturning of folds to the south. This indicates that the folds were formed as a result of lateral pressure directed from north to south.

In general terms, the history of the formation of the Caucasus Mountains is as follows: in the Caucasus region there was a geosyncline from the beginning of the Paleozoic era. This is evidenced by thick marine sediments of the Paleozoic. In the basin of the Laba and Belaya rivers, it is clearly visible that Paleozoic rocks are folded and ancient granites have penetrated into them. Consequently, the Caucasian geosyncline was on the site of the GKH long before the Mesozoic era and folding of layers had already occurred in it. During the Mesozoic, as we could see, the geosyncline was preserved, and throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, the accumulation of thick sediments continued in it. At the beginning of the Tertiary period, a flat island formed in the place of the GKH in the wide sea.

Pure limestones and marls were deposited in the sea, indicating that almost no debris from land fell here. Then the conditions change: the central part of the Caucasus begins to rise, and a large, now mountainous, island is formed.

A wide sag surrounded it. As the central island rose, clastic material was removed from it, continuously accumulating in the trough in the form of layers of sand and pebbles, which later turned into sandstones and conglomerates.

The rise of the mountainous island can be considered the beginning of the formation of the GKH. It continued in the second half of the Tertiary period. This era includes the introduction of the youngest granites of the Caucasus and the emergence of huge volcanic cones - Kazbek and Elbrus. Particularly significant uplifts of the Caucasus occurred at the border of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. The ridge then reached enormous heights. It was destroyed, and a huge amount of debris was removed from it. The uplift and destruction of the Caucasus Range continues to this day.

Its mineral deposits are directly related to the peculiarities of the geological structure of the Caucasus. Why is the Caucasus much poorer in ores than the Urals? The fact is that the ancient Urals are more eroded than the young Caucasus. The Caucasus keeps its treasures in the deep depths.

In the Urals, magma chambers have been discovered that were once located at great depths under the cover of sedimentary rocks. In the Caucasus, the cover of sedimentary rocks has been preserved almost everywhere. The Caucasus has not yet exhausted its internal strength. Just recently, lava was seething in the mouths of its volcanoes. Numerous warm mineral springs indicate that deep pockets of magma have not yet cooled down here. Earthquakes also continue - echoes of mountain building.

The Caucasus is a young mountainous country that stores fabulous riches in its depths. If only we could save all these treasures...

Bibliography.

1. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. T. 4.M., 1980

2. Entertaining local history. Krasnodar, 2005

3. Children's encyclopedia. T.2. M., 1959

4. Monuments of the Black Sea nature. “Local historian of the Black Sea region”, 2001, No. 3.

5. Geological excursion along the Georgian military road. M., 1983

6. Dictionary of physical geography. M, 1994.

7. Dictionary-reference book on physical geography. M., 1983

8. Secrets of the mountains. M., 2002

9. How stones live. M., 1964.

Everything that is extracted from the bowels of the earth and used by man is called minerals. They were formed over many, many millions of years. More than 60 types of minerals have been discovered in Kuban. They occur in the foothills, mountains and on the Azov-Kuban plain. There are reserves of oil, natural gas, cement marl ,iodine bromine waters, marble, limestone, sandstone, gravel, quartz sand, iron, copper, apatite and serpentinite ores, rock salt, gypsum, small amounts of gold.

Mineral resources mined in the Krasnodar Territory can be divided into: fossil fuels, Construction Materials, non-metallic minerals and healing springs.

Fossil fuels:

OIL is produced in the areas of Apsheronsk, Abinsk and Slavyansk-on-Kuban. It is processed at two oil refineries - Krasnodar and Tuapse. At the same time, not only fuel (kerosene, gasoline) is obtained from it, but also raw materials that are used in the chemical industry. Oil is always accompanied by GAS, which is called ASSOCIATED GAS and is used in national economy. In addition to associated petroleum gas, our region has large reserves of NATURAL GAS, which is used in everyday life and in production.

Construction Materials:

Our region is also rich in materials that are used in construction, such as gypsum and limestone stone, sandstone, shell rock and marl. By processing marl, we obtain cement. Marl reserves are very large, entire mountains stretch from the village of Verkhnebakanskoye to the city of Sochi. In the vicinity of Gulkevichi and Armavir there are quarries of gravel and sand necessary for the production of concrete.

Among the riches of Kuban, the forest occupies an important place, because has great environmental significance and is the main source of valuable timber in Russia.

Non-metallic minerals:

There are large reserves of rock salt in the Mostovsky district. The thickness of the salt layers exceeds one hundred meters. They also extract foundry sand, which is necessary for metallurgical plants. Quartz sand is mined near the village of Varenikovskaya, which is located next to our region.

Healing springs:

The largest Azov-Kuban basin of fresh groundwater in Europe is located on the territory of the region, which has significant reserves of thermal and mineral waters.

Mineral springs have been discovered in the foothills of the Krasnodar Territory, as well as on the Black Sea coast. Mineral springs are salty or bitterly salty, sometimes tasteless. But they are medicine and very useful. They treat various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and musculoskeletal system.

Mining and processing of minerals is one of the most important components of the industrial development of the Krasnodar region. Based on this, as well as environmental requirements, unconditional compliance with the requirements for the rational use and protection of subsoil, including compliance with established by law the procedure for providing subsoil for use, protecting mineral deposits from flooding, watering, fires and other factors, preventing subsoil contamination during work related to the use of subsoil, conducting advanced geological studies of subsoil, ensuring a reliable assessment of mineral reserves.

The share of rocks and minerals of the Krasnodar region is a significant part of Russia's reserves. They lie in mountain ranges and on the Azov-Kuban plain. A variety of minerals are found here, which make up the wealth of the region.

Fossil fuels

The most valuable fuel resource of the region is, of course, oil. Slavyansk-on-Kuban, Abinsk and Apsheronsk are the locations where it is mined. Petroleum products processing plants also operate here. Natural gas is produced near these deposits, which is used for domestic purposes, in industry and in the national economy. There are also reserves of coal in the region, but mining it is not profitable.

Non-metallic fossils

Among the non-metallic resources in the Krasnodar region, deposits of rock salt were discovered. It lies in layers over one hundred meters. Salt is used in food and chemical production, in everyday life and in agriculture. Molding sand is mined in sufficient quantities in the region. It is used for various purposes, mainly industrial.

Construction fossils

The subsoil of the region is rich in materials that have long been used in construction. These are shell rock and sandstone, gravel and gypsum stone, quartz sand and marble, marl and limestone stone. As for marl reserves, they are significant in the Krasnodar Territory and are mined in large quantities. It is used to make cement. Concrete is made from gravel and sand. The largest deposits of building rocks are located in Armavir, Verkhnebakansky village and Sochi.

Other types of fossils

The richest natural resource The area has healing springs. This is the Azov-Kuban basin, where there are underground fresh water reserves, thermal and mineral springs. The sources of the Azov and Black Seas are also valued. They are bitter-salty and salty mineral water.

In addition, mercury and apatites, iron, serpentite and copper ores, and gold are mined in the Krasnodar Territory. The deposits are unevenly distributed throughout the territory. Mining has been developed to varying degrees. However, the region has enormous potential. Opportunities and resources here are constantly evolving. The region's mineral resources intensively supply various areas industries in different regions of the country, and part of the resources is exported. Deposits and quarries of about sixty types of minerals are concentrated here.

The lands of the Krasnodar Territory are full of natural resources, the extraction and processing of which allows Kuban to develop and supplies industry with important raw materials.

Kuban lands have always been considered one of the best. They are fertile and full of minerals. More than 60 species have been found here. Deposits are concentrated in the Azov-Kuban plain, foothills and mountains.
The vast territory of the region conceals in its depths huge reserves of gas and oil, building materials and useful water resources. The industrial development of Kuban is based on the extraction and processing of natural resources. They are used rationally and closely guarded by the relevant government services.

Healing springs

The Krasnodar region is famous for its springs with mineral and thermal waters. They are saturated with minerals and salts that are beneficial to the human body, and are used in local sanatoriums and balneotherapy clinics.
Mineral springs were discovered in the foothills of the Kuban. The water in them has a salty or bitter taste, but thanks to it healing properties successfully used to treat diseases gastrointestinal tract, skin, musculoskeletal system.

Deposits of building material

From the village of Verkhnebakanskoye there are real marl mountains. The reserves of this valuable building material, the processing of which produces high-quality cement, are enormous.

The region is rich in quarries with sand and gravel, which are used to make concrete - a durable material for the construction of various structures. There is a lot of sandstone and shell rock here. 41 deposits of limestone and gypsum stone make it possible to extract valuable material in the required quantities.
Kuban forests are a natural source of valuable wood species. The local forests are of great environmental importance.

Combustible wealth

Kuban is considered the birthplace of the Russian oil industry. Oil reserves today are quite large - they will last for 20 years. The largest oil fields are located in the area of ​​Slavyansk and Abinsk. From here, combustible fuel is transported to processing plants in Krasnodar. From it combustible fuel is obtained, as well as raw materials used in the chemical industry.
The Krasnodar region is rich in “blue fuel”. Natural gas is used in households and large enterprises.

Coal deposits amount to about 10 million tons, but the development of the deposit is considered unprofitable.

Other fossils

In the Mostovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory there are deposits of rock salt. In some places the thickness of the layer is 100 meters! The area is famous for its abundance of molded and quartz sand, which are used in metallurgical enterprises.

Report on the topic: Mineral resources of the Krasnodar Territory Completed by: students of class 9 “A” Kharin B. Silyuta P. Ivanov N. Krymsk 2015

Mineral resources of the Krasnodar region More than 60 types of minerals have been discovered in the depths of the region. They mainly occur in foothill and mountainous areas. There are reserves of oil, natural gas, cement marl, iodine-bromine waters, marble, limestone, sandstone, gravel, quartz sand, iron, copper apatite and serpentinite ores, rock salt, mercury, gypsum, and a small amount of gold. Krasnodar region is the oldest oil-producing region in Russia. Oil production began in 1864. 2

Mineral and thermal waters of the Krasnodar Territory The Krasnodar Territory has large underground reserves used both for water supply and for medical purposes. About 80% of the water used in the region's economy is water. In the Azov-Kuban artesian basin, 1,530 thousand cubic meters are extracted. m. of water, which also have other purposes. underground daily Otradnensky district is the leader in mineral water reserves. Geologists claim that it is not inferior to the famous Mineral Waters of Stavropol. Reserves of thermal waters have been explored in the Krasnodar Territory. There is experience in using them (heating houses, greenhouses) in Mostovsky, Labinsky and Belorechensky districts. Our region is famous for its reserves of iodine-bromine waters. At the largest (Troitsko-Slavyanskoye) field in 1994, production was 10 thousand cubic meters. m per day, 130 - 140 tons of iodine were produced, which accounted for 92% of all iodine produced in Russia. In addition, there are several deposits of medicinal mud, confined mainly to the Azov and Black Sea coasts with total reserves of 8.3 million cubic meters. m. 3

Mineral resources for the construction industry of the Krasnodar region Mineral resources for the construction industry are very widely represented in the region. Of the mineral deposits used in construction, the best known are the marl deposits of Novorossiysk, on the basis of which cement and related building materials are produced, as well as gypsum in the area of ​​the village of Psebay - the basis for the production of gypsum and plasterboard. The region has a small selection of ornamental stones (gray, pink and white gypsum, manifestations of selenite and marble onyx). There are known occurrences of marble (from pure white to variegated and black), listvenites (green and red), banded tuffs and liparites, garnet-actinolite and jade-like rocks, jasper (green and red). Currently, one deposit of gypsum for crafts and one deposit of jasper are being exploited. 4

Non-metallic minerals include apatites, phosphorites, barite, rock salt, and limestones. One deposit of phosphorites and apatites is registered in the region - Markopidzhskoe, located 35 km from the village. Psebai. Phosphorites and apatites are used in the chemical industry for the production of fertilizers. Barite (barium sulfate) is used in oil and gas drilling as a weighting agent for drilling fluids; it is also used in the rubber industry and for the manufacture of coated paper and photographic paper. The largest barite deposits are Belorechenskoye, Urushtenskoye, Malobambakskoye, Andryukovskoye, Mzymtinskoye and Aspidnoye. Currently they are not in use. Thick deposits of rock salt were found in the interfluve of the Belaya and Urupa rivers on an area of ​​about 5000 square meters. km. The thickness of salt-bearing deposits averages from 300 to 400 m. In the area of ​​the village. Shedok - from 1000 to 1200 m. This rock salt deposit is very promising. Its development is possible by underground leaching. With this extraction method, brines are obtained from rock salt, suitable for the production of chlorine, soda ash and table salt without preliminary purification. The deposit is not yet being developed. The second salt deposit is located near Khan Lake. In the summer, table salt is deposited here in special pools. From everyone square meter surface here you can get up to 30 kg of salt. Limestones are used for the needs of the chemical industry and sugar production. Only two explored deposits have balance reserves of more than 140 million tons. If necessary, limestone production can be significantly expanded. Non-metallic minerals of the Krasnodar region 5

Ore minerals of the Krasnodar Territory Gold has been mined in the Kuban territory for a long time. In the 40-50s of the last century, artisanal mining of placer gold was carried out mainly in the basins of the Bolshaya and Malaya Laba rivers. It is also found in the upper reaches of the rivers Pshekha, Urup, Sochi, Shakhe, etc. All gold deposits in the region are alluvial. No primary deposits have been identified. Over the entire period, 1291.1 kg of gold was mined. Currently, there is no official gold mining in the region. However, “wild miners” carry out artisanal mining at their own peril and risk in inaccessible mountainous areas of the region. There are 4 mercury deposits in the region with reserves of about 2000 tons. At a certain period, 100% of domestic mercury was mined at the Sakhalin deposit (Seversky district). In 1994, the exploitation of this field was stopped due to low profitability. There are prospects for discovering new mercury deposits in the area of ​​the village of Ilsky. Iron ore deposits discovered on the Taman Peninsula and in the interfluve of the Belaya and Malaya Laba rivers are of small thickness, so they are not developed. 6

Oil, gas, and peat production in the Krasnodar Territory 280 oil and gas fields have been identified on the territory of the region. Gas is concentrated mainly in the north of the flat part of the region; in the south and in the foothills, gas fields are replaced first by gas condensate, then by oil and gas condensate and oil fields. Oil and gas deposits are located in the thickness of sedimentary rocks and are located at depths from 700 to 5200 m. According to geological services, by 1995, 218 million tons of oil and 340 billion cubic meters were produced in the region. m of gas. Of more than 70 explored oil fields with a reserve of 41.8 million tons, 66 are in operation. The forecast estimate of oil reserves is approximately three times higher than the explored ones. 7

Extraction of oil, gas, peat in the Krasnodar region An example of one of the largest oil fields is Novodmitrievskoye (Seversky district): it has a length of approximately 10 km, a width of 2.5 km, and the thickness of oil-bearing rocks (oil-bearing level) is 450 m. Oil lies here at a depth of 2400 - 2800 m. More than 50 gas fields have been explored in the region, their reserves amount to 58.5 billion cubic meters. m, 40 fields are exploited with an annual production of 1.6 - 1.9 billion cubic meters. m, supply of reserves is about 30 years. The largest gas deposits are concentrated in the north of the region. The only deposit of hard coal is Malolabinskoye with reserves of 10,183 thousand tons. The deposit has a complex geological structure, therefore, with existing mining methods, its development is unprofitable. Manifestations of low and medium quality oil shale were discovered in the area between the Bolshaya and Malaya Laba rivers. According to geologists' forecasts, shale reserves amount to 136.25 million tons. Peat deposits were discovered in the lower reaches of the Kuban (Grivenskoye), in the Novokubansky region along the river. Urup, as well as at the mouth of the Mzymta and Psou rivers on the Black Sea coast. The development of oil shale and peat deposits is also unprofitable due to their low energy value and small reserves. 8

The region has good prospects for further search for mineral resources: - search for oil and gas (modern deposits cover the internal needs of the region by no more than 20%) at depths of up to 6 thousand m and in the Black and Azov Seas; - the question of searching for primary gold deposits remains open; - it is important to search and develop deposits of glass and construction sands, clays for fine ceramics, fertilizers and ameliorants (soil quality improvers); - despite the generally good supply of groundwater in the region, some areas (Taman, the Black Sea coast) experience a shortage drinking water, which poses the task of identifying new groundwater reserves and rational use of already explored ones. 9