Transition to individual heating in an apartment building: legal and everyday aspects. Individual heating in an apartment How to set up individual heating

The whole house lives according to the laws of the heating season, but the lucky ones in whose apartments it is installed individual heating, decide for themselves when to turn it on or off, raise the temperature or cool the room. And most importantly, they pay according to the meter - only for the gas or electricity they use.

The city heating system was developed back in Soviet times, when no one thought about personal comfort - heat was divided equally, the heating season began not with cold weather, but by order and ended with accidents on the heating main. Soviet times have passed, but the system remains.

Ukrainians are freezing in anticipation of the start of the heating season, warming themselves with electric heaters in the winter, and in the spring they suffer from hot radiators until the heating is turned off “upstairs”. Enduring the cold for a week or two was commonplace until a new economical miracle appeared - individual heating. It turns out that you can turn a cold apartment into an oasis of warmth.

Content:

Independence season with individual heating

The autonomous system is or, connected to and. It heats the water to the desired temperature and promotes its circulation. Such a boiler can work only for heating (single-circuit boiler) or heat water for the bath and kitchen (double-circuit).

To install this system, it is enough to disconnect the apartment from the central heating supply and purchase and install your own heat source. The choice of boiler depends on the area of ​​the room and technical conditions, so it is better to entrust it to a specialist. However, you can make preliminary calculations yourself.

To heat 10 m2 with a ceiling height of up to 3 m, you will need 1 kW of boiler power. We divide the total area by 10 and select a boiler with a small power reserve. There are gas, electric, diesel and even combination boilers.

The most common gas and electric boilers. The latter are cheaper and safer. Gas boilers are an order of magnitude more expensive than electric ones, do not corrode, are almost not overgrown with soot and last much longer than other types. Boilers are also distinguished by type of installation - wall-mounted and floor-mounted. Wall-mounted ones are cheaper, take up less space, and are easier to install. Floor-standing boilers last longer, have no power limitations, and are insensitive to the quality of tap water.

Needless to say, the equipment must be purchased in specialized stores and with a guarantee, and installation should be trusted only to companies with a license. When choosing a specific brand, ask the seller:

• how quickly can the boiler be repaired if it breaks, and how much does it cost;
• when the warranty expires;
• Is the boiler adapted to local operating conditions, low gas pressure, unstable voltage.

Permits for connecting individual heating

Switching to individual heating is not so easy. Officially this is not prohibited. However, the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services (HCP) requires that the entire entrance, or even the house, be connected to the boilers, which is tantamount to a ban. The final decision rests with the city executive committee. Today, local authorities can either refuse to install an autonomous gas boiler in an apartment building or allow it - it all depends on both the specific case and the official.

The city gas service may prohibit individual heating in a house where it is not technically possible to supply gas directly to the boilers. For example, the house has low gas supply capacity even for the stoves, and if a domestic boiler is lit on the first floor, then the burners on the fifth floor will go out.

Are you planning to install an electric boiler?

The city gas service does not object. However, problems arise with the city state administration - after all, if the house is old and the plugs are knocked out by any overvoltage, then the electric boiler will completely cut off the power to the entire house. On the other hand, there is a list of “problem” houses in which it is difficult to establish normal centralized heating, but it is easy to resolve problems with the supply of gas and electricity. In such cases, utility companies themselves offer residents to install individual heating. This immediately solves the problems of repairing heating mains and uninterrupted water supply.

Ideally, the house whose tenant is going to provide “personal heat” should be private, or at most, 2-4 storeys. But in practice, everything is different, and even in an apartment building you can install an autonomous boiler if certain conditions are met.

• The heating installation cannot interfere with air exchange and ventilation in the room.
• Designers are required to develop a clear chimney design.
• The house was originally designed for a large volume of gas consumption, and in the kitchen there is a free corner for installing a heater. In other words, the chances are slim if you have a tiny apartment in an old Khrushchev building. However, if officials categorically refuse to install autonomous heating for you, this problem can be successfully resolved through the courts.

What are we saving on?

First of all, individual heating protects your health and nerves. Most Ukrainians install boilers only to avoid freezing from autumn to spring, and to avoid heating water in pots in the summer while the heating network is turned off for maintenance work. People buy a heating boiler, first of all, for the sake of comfort, and only then for the sake of savings. Which one?

Now let's do the math. If you install a gas boiler and compare the meter readings, on average, from 20 to 40 m3 of gas are consumed in summer, and from 100 to 150 m3 in winter. We take into account not only home heating, but also cooking for the whole family and heating water for personal needs. For heating alone in winter and autumn, 60-100 m3 of gas is consumed, which amounts to 220-360 UAH.

We pay the city heating networks approximately 500-800 UAH per month for heating. Savings average 280-440 UAH per month. Over six months of the heating season, you will save approximately 2,500 UAH. If we consider that installing the system costs at least 10,000 UAH, then its cost will pay off in 4 years. And this will be a time of comfort, warmth and tranquility.

Package of documents

Installing individual heating is the same as redevelopment; the process is long and labor-intensive. Installation of the boiler and piping system can take a week, and going to authorities and collecting documents will take three to five months. If you decide to switch to autonomous heating this winter, you need to prepare the documents now. First of all, collect a standard set of title documents for the apartment:

• a certificate of state registration or an agreement on the transfer of ownership of an apartment or a certificate of inheritance rights (a photocopy certified by a notary);
• copies of title documents for each apartment owner, if there are several of them;
• written consent of all family members living in the apartment, as well as residents living in the house;
• photocopy of the technical passport of the premises.

This package of documents is required by each authority, so make sure that copies are always at hand.

We arrange individual heating step by step

1. First, you must obtain permission from the city heating network to disconnect your apartment from central heating. If turning off the radiators does not disrupt the operation of the engineering equipment of neighboring apartments or houses, there is no reason for failure. Otherwise, you can appeal the ban in court.
2. Then contact the district housing office for a letter for the city gas service, which will indicate the technical conditions (TU) for the installation of a gas heating apparatus.
3. With permission from the heating networks and a letter from the housing department, you need to go to the district administration and submit an application requesting approval for the installation of individual heating at your address. Now, having in hand the two above documents and a copy of the application to the district administration, you can go to the gas service reception for a document with the specified technical conditions.
4. In order to coordinate an individual heating project, you will need to collect specifications not only for connecting gas networks, but also for disconnecting the internal heating distribution from the central system, as well as specifications for ventilation ducts.
5. When all the papers have been collected, you need to contact the design organization for a plan for redevelopment of the premises. It must contain technical solutions with all the necessary calculations, a description of thermal insulation, the heat transfer value of transit risers and pipelines passing through the apartment, and at the same time the calculated thermal loads of the apartment.
6. The redevelopment project must be agreed upon with the SES authorities, the fire service and all authorities that issued the technical specifications.
7. The collected documents must be submitted to the interdepartmental commission on the use of housing stock. Within the specified period (a month and a half), she reviews your application. If the commission gives the go-ahead, you can buy and install the boiler, but if you receive a refusal, you can appeal it in court.
8. After completing all construction and repair work, contact the city department of architecture and urban planning for an acceptance certificate. When the act is ready, take it to the organization for real estate registration. From this moment, the installation of individual heating in the apartment can be considered officially formalized.

All that remains is to renew the heat supply contract on new terms and enjoy autonomous heat. However, you can do it much simpler - entrust all documents and approvals to the design organization for a fee. In some cities, the city gas service takes care of all documentation.

It is not surprising that more and more people are thinking about switching to individual heating in an apartment building. Residents of apartment buildings know firsthand how imperfect a centralized heating system can be. In many Soviet-era buildings, it has not been changed and often not repaired since the first residents moved in. However, switching to autonomous heating requires not only financial investments and time, but also the correct execution of the necessary documentation.

What are the benefits of an individual heating system?

Anyone wishing to install an individual heating system must understand that they are responsible for its safe operation. It is also worth preparing for considerable material costs at the installation stage of the system. However, do not despair, because the payback for this event comes quite soon.

Individual heating of an apartment, if carried out professionally, has a huge advantage compared to the centralized heating that many are accustomed to: it works without interruption. Thanks to this, the rooms are heated properly, regardless of the weather outside. The main condition for correct operation is the correctly selected boiler power and installation of batteries in those areas where heat loss is greatest.

In addition, switching to individual heating in an apartment in a multi-storey building allows:

1. Independently arrange the indoor microclimate. This feature helps reduce heating costs. If you are away from home for a long time, you can set the system to minimum to save money. There are remote controlled systems that can be adjusted via SMS messages.
2. Reduce operating costs. This is achieved by installing gas individual heating in the apartment. In this case, preference should be given to modern condensing gas boilers or a unit with a modular burner. This way you will reduce energy consumption to an optimal level.
3. Organize hot water supply (DHW). Modern individual heating systems in an apartment building are equipped with a boiler with a second circuit for domestic hot water. As a rule, the latter functions autonomously. You can heat water even in the warm season.

In addition to large material investments, the owner of an apartment who decides to install an individual heating system must prepare all the documents correctly.

Otherwise, he may face trials and subsequent punishment.

Procedure for disconnecting from the centralized heating system

When preparing all the necessary documents for the transition to individual heating of housing, it is necessary to study the relevant legislation:

• Federal Law No. 190 of July 27, 2010;
• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 307 of April 16, 2012;
• Art. 25, 26 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation.

The simplest solution would be to install an electric boiler. You just need to make an application and submit it to the district electrical network. If the technical conditions are appropriate, the permit will be issued quickly. But the heat generated in this case may exceed the cost of thermal energy from centralized heating.

Therefore, installing a gas boiler is more profitable in terms of cost savings, since the cost of natural gas is relatively low. But when carrying out individual gas heating, you will have to comply with many formalities:

1. You must obtain the appropriate technical specifications from the city gas service.
2. Check the chimney for serviceability and obtain a conclusion about this from the All-Russian Voluntary Firefighting Society (VDPO).
3. Obtain the consent of the remaining residents of the house (this point is specified in Part 3 of Article 36 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation). This is very important, because if one apartment refuses centralized heating, malfunctions in the operation of the entire system may occur. In addition, it is necessary to obtain relevant documents and find out who owns system elements such as batteries and piping. If they are in common property, it is also necessary to obtain special permission from the neighbors. If the heating components are not common property, permission to disconnect must be obtained from the management company.
4. In city heating networks, obtain the right to dismantle the heating system in your apartment.

For those residents who have gas water heaters installed in their apartments, it will be easier to obtain permission for individual heating, since such buildings have a chimney, and the pressure in the gas pipeline is suitable for the operation of a gas boiler.

Having received preliminary permission for a gas heating project, you should prepare the following documents:

1. A statement in which you must indicate that the owner of the apartment plans to make individual heating and disconnect from the centralized system.
2. The original registration certificate of the apartment, which should indicate the location of the batteries and pipes.
3. Permission from the residents of the house (if the system components are common property) or from the management company.
4. Decision on possible redevelopment of the apartment. It is issued by the housing office or management company.

The period for obtaining permission to dismantle the centralized system and install an individual one can last from 3 months to six months. Once permission has been received from representatives of the utility service, you can proceed to dismantling the heating elements in the apartment.

How to arrange individual heating in an apartment building

In order to correctly register autonomous heating, the apartment owner must decide not only on the boiler model, but also on the type of energy carrier. Let's consider the option of installing a gas boiler.

First of all, a gas heating project is drawn up. For this purpose, you need to contact the gas supply company. Its specialists are engaged in determining autonomous heating schemes for residential buildings with specific technical conditions. One of the most important issues is the required level of pressure in the gas pipeline. If it is not able to ensure the operation of the boiler, the company will most likely refuse to install gas heating.

Then you will have to choose a system with a different coolant. This could be an electric boiler or, alternatively, heated floors in the apartment.

Before going to the gas company, you need to make sure you have the following documentation:

• registration certificate for the apartment indicating the fact of disconnection from the centralized heating system;
• passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation, TIN;
• a copy of the boiler passport with detailed instructions for its installation;
• confirmation of payment for the services provided by the gas company for drawing up a project for an individual apartment heating system.

Only after receiving permission to switch to individual gas heating in an apartment building can you begin the direct installation of all components of the system. The legislation of the Russian Federation clearly regulates the arrangement of autonomous heating in an apartment: a gas boiler must be equipped with a closed combustion chamber and well-functioning carbon monoxide removal routes. If this condition is not met, the installation of individual heating will be prohibited.

Expert advice on choosing heating system components

The further operation of the entire system depends on the choice of optimal heating elements (boiler, pipes and radiators).

1. Having decided to switch to individual heating in the apartment, the apartment owner insures himself against pressure drops in the pipes, so you can safely install aluminum batteries. Installation of bimetallic radiators is preferable when there is a high probability of water hammer.
2. Most autonomous heating systems use polypropylene piping. They are easy to install yourself.
3. Remote control. In order to take the most rational approach to heating residential premises, the heating circuit must be equipped with a programmer and several temperature sensors. If configured correctly, the system will automatically control the heating power of the apartment.

To minimize heat loss in an apartment on the ground floor of individual houses, you can insulate the floor. For this purpose, polystyrene foam or mineral wool are successfully used.

A person who decides to change central heating to individual heating will have to tinker a lot. But by observing all the formalities, collecting all the necessary documentation, and carrying out the correct installation of all autonomous heating components, the apartment owner will receive a well-functioning, perfectly working system that saves him money.

Due to the extremely low quality of heating services in apartment buildings, their owners show a great desire to provide individual heating in the apartment. What is characteristic is that technically it is absolutely not difficult to implement this idea. But refusing the services of a heat supply organization and obtaining permission to install an individual heat source sometimes becomes an impossible task. All the problems that arise in order and how to solve them will be discussed in our article.

Sequencing

So, your apartment is very cold in winter and you are tired of paying for a service that is not actually provided. Be sure to document this fact by submitting appropriate applications to the heat energy supplier and the sanitary and epidemiological station. Such recording may subsequently play a role in obtaining a refusal and in court proceedings, should the case come to him.

For reference. In the countries of the post-Soviet space, there are many legislative acts on this topic, often contradicting each other. Because of this, the question of whether it is possible to install individual heating in an apartment often has to be resolved in court.

If you follow the right path, then the procedure should be as follows:

• carrying out measures to formalize the refusal of centralized heating services and dismantling old systems;
• obtaining permission to install an individual heat source from the relevant authorities;
• choice of energy carrier for heating the apartment;
• development of technical documentation. In simple words, you need to complete a heating project with a diagram for connecting the heat source to centralized utility networks;
• coordinating it with the energy supplier and obtaining permission to install a heat generator;
• installation work on the heating system.

In practice, the greatest difficulty is passing through the first 2 stages. The heat supply organization may prevent you from refusing services, citing various legislative acts. The same story may repeat itself with obtaining permission to renovate residential premises. You may have to enlist the help of a lawyer and even go to court. The intricacies of these issues should be studied on the appropriate Internet resources.

For reference. In Ukraine, the installation of individual heating in an apartment building is prohibited by the relevant decree; in the Russian Federation there is no direct prohibition, but there are a lot of restrictions in various regulatory documents that cause discrepancies.

Choice of energy carrier

In multi-storey residential buildings this choice is small; only natural gas and electricity are at your service. If you already had a gas water heater, then replacing it with a boiler will be somewhat easier, although you cannot do it without agreement with the gas supply office. It will be more difficult to introduce gas heating from scratch, this is due to the registration procedure, chimney inspection reports, and so on.

Often there is no alternative to natural gas as an energy carrier for an apartment, since individual electric heating is not available due to a limited power consumption limit. Another reason why you shouldn't settle for electric heaters is if you live in old houses with dilapidated wiring. Let’s say you replace it within the apartment, but what next? However, the electrical network maintenance company will not give permission under such circumstances.

If the listed restrictions do not exist, we choose the energy carrier for economic reasons. Much depends on the cost of gas and electricity in different countries. For example, the owner of an apartment with individual heating from electricity in the Russian Federation will pay more than for gas, in Ukraine - depending on the electricity tariff, and so on.

Installation of gas-powered equipment will definitely cost more than electric equipment.

Project development and installation work

It is at this stage that, together with the designer, it is determined what the individual heating system in the apartment will be and the boiler is selected according to its power. The latter is safely accepted at the rate of 100 W per 1 m2 of area, this is more than enough, since even a corner apartment has many common walls with its neighbors, and heat is not lost through these structures. The type of wiring can be selected depending on the size of the home. For small apartments, a single-pipe "Leningrad" is quite suitable, and for larger rooms - a traditional two-pipe system with lower wiring.

Please note that in an apartment, only wall-mounted gas or electric boilers are suitable for you, and they already have a built-in circulation pump, and sometimes an expansion tank. So the system will be closed with forced circulation.

In addition to developing a new scheme, the design documentation must contain a section reflecting the dismantling of the old system. Batteries and connections to them are subject to disassembly and disposal; risers passing through the apartment must not be touched. Instead of a cut-out bypass, a straight section of pipe must be welded. To prevent the heat supply company from continuing to charge you, the risers should be thermally insulated.

The new individual heating scheme should include the installation of radiators with thermostatic valves at the inlet. Aluminum radiators themselves are suitable; there is no point in installing bimetallic ones. As for the gas boiler, its type depends on the presence of a chimney shaft. When it is available, you can take a simple heater with an open combustion chamber.

Attention! It is prohibited to connect the boiler to exhaust ventilation shafts. If there is no chimney duct, then only a turbocharged heat generator with a closed chamber and a coaxial pipe for exhausting gases through the wall is suitable.

By the way, for convenience, you can install a double-circuit heat source, this will allow you to refuse centralized hot water supply in the future. Also, if desired, an individual heating system with heated floors can be implemented. Here you need to pay attention to the reliability of the interfloor ceiling. When you are not sure about it, it is not recommended to start installing a screed; it is better to install heated floors on wooden logs with a laminate coating.

Since power outages also happen in apartments, for reliable operation of the gas unit it is better to have an uninterruptible power supply unit. With electric heating, the situation is more complicated; we can only hope that the outage will not last long. You can install individual heating yourself, except for one area: connecting the heat generator to the gas or electrical networks of the building. You will have to contact your energy supplier for this service.

Conclusion

As you can see, the installation of new heating in an apartment has its own characteristics. Most of the time and effort will be taken by the documentary and permitting part, and it is not a fact that you will receive this permission. In fact, do-it-yourself individual heating allows you to significantly save money spent on central heating and hot water supply. Know that your efforts will not be in vain.

Tired of huge utility bills, untimely shutdowns of heat and sudden temperature changes, many are wondering: how to install individual heating in an apartment? It is quite possible to install a personal heating and hot water supply system. You just need to know some subtleties and aspects, without which nothing will work.

The real installation of individual heating in an apartment building begins not with calling specialists, but with collecting all the necessary permits. Many services do not want to sign papers of their own free will. You can understand them, because they are losing money. But the law is on the side of apartment owners. If it is technically possible to disconnect from the general heating, and the location of the pipes in the house provides for such a possibility, each time you visit the office, you can refer to the Federal Law “On Heat Supply” No. 190, as well as to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 307 of April 16, 2012, which talks about the procedure for installing and connecting heat supply systems.

The legislator does not prohibit the use of modern boilers and systems that meet the requirements and standards. You can read more about a variety of modern heating systems. Today there are many examples where the owners of living space won the courts and installed the desired engineering systems for themselves, which save money on utility bills by 3-5 times.

The documents with which the installation of individual heating in an apartment begins are usually an impressively sized folder, for the registration of which you will have to go through many authorities. But it's worth it. After all, comfort, economy and convenience are the decisive factors in this matter.

List of required documents:

All of the above only partially answers the question of how to install individual heating in an apartment building; the success of the planned enterprise also depends on the choice of equipment.

Choosing a boiler for individual heating

Traditionally, boilers for individual apartment heating are chosen based on their power and reliability. For those residents of apartment complexes where gas is installed in the premises, the choice of boilers leans towards gas equipment. Although owners of apartments with electrical equipment can also install a gas boiler.

A gas boiler

To establish a comfortable temperature regime in the apartment, the required boiler power is calculated. Competent calculations can only be made by specialists who can assess the climatic conditions of the region, correctly measure the heated area, and select the equipment of the apartment according to all the necessary aspects.

When installing the system, you will have to choose not only boilers, radiators and the pipes themselves. It will be necessary to determine in advance whether single-pipe or two-pipe wiring is best done in this particular area. Single-pipe wiring is suitable for one-room apartments and a small number of radiators. But large areas require an increase in the number of pipes.

Modern individual gas heating in an apartment building is carried out with the participation of the main element of the system - a gas boiler.

On the market you can find products of both foreign and domestic production. Only those who live in Russia should pay attention to the fact that spare parts for repairing European versions are more difficult to find, and not every master will understand the structure of an imported unit. And domestic boilers are repaired without any problems.

Gas is one of the cheapest types of fuel. A gas-fired boiler will cost less to operate than its electric “brother.”

The advantages of a gas boiler include the following aspects:

With all the advantages, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the boiler will need a chimney to operate, and constant monitoring of the tightness of the equipment. According to norms and standards, a gas boiler is placed in an individual residential building in the kitchen or bathroom. To install it, the room must have wide doors, a window on the window, and a tap from which water can be turned on at any time.

Electric boiler

Today, individual heating electric boilers are considered the easiest to use devices for autonomous heating in an apartment. They are divided into floor and wall devices. They are much easier to install than all other systems, and their maintenance does not take much time.

Also, electric boilers for individual heating, the price of which is slightly higher than gas boilers, are considered safer and quieter devices. When heating with electricity, you can set different modes for each room. Among heating boilers there are devices that operate on different types of fuel. They belong to the combined type of boilers, and can operate in different modes as efficiently as boilers operating on a single fuel option.

System installation: selection of batteries and components

When the documents are completed and the choice of equipment is made, the next question arises: how to properly install heating in an apartment, the answer to which only a qualified technician can give in full. But at the initial stage, the home owner begins to develop a heating project, so we will consider heating batteries for the apartment and all the components for them.

The most suitable option for heating an apartment is considered to be batteries consisting of sections. The power of the radiator and the amount of heat that it can give off for heating depend on the number of sections. The material from which the section is made may have different thermal conductivity.

Let's take a closer look at the thermal conductivity of one section depending on the material:

Thus, thin heating radiators will give off more heat than, for example, cast iron ones, but not all radiators meet quality standards. The number of sections can be calculated by taking into account the following operating conditions:

In many apartments, the loggia plays the role of a separate living space. How to install heating on a loggia? To do this, it must be insulated by installing windows there and laying insulation on the walls, floor and ceiling. Then pipes are stretched from the nearest radiator to the loggia, to which the battery sections are connected.

The standard connection of bimetallic heating radiators includes the installation of an installation complex with brackets and two taps to completely shut off the water. With a small number of sections, bimetallic batteries are connected according to the proven “supply and return” circuit. For radiators with a large number of sections, the wiring is done “diagonally”.

Starting the heating system

If all the previous conditions are met, how to turn on the heating in the apartment and at the same time avoid serious mistakes? The most common method is a test water supply. Of course, if a leak occurs somewhere, you will have to change some parts of the system. But overall, the method is worth the risks.

To successfully test a set of equipment, you need to know how a heating battery works and on what principle heat exchange is carried out. The water heated by the boiler moves through the pipes, entering the battery, giving off heat to the radiator. The radiator material, heated by hot water, radiates heat into the surrounding space.

So how to turn on the heating battery in an apartment?

It is necessary to open all the taps in stages, making sure in practice that there are no leaks anywhere and the entire complex is homogeneous. It is convenient to divide the system with several limiters, by turning which you can let water flow into the radiators of a separate room, or completely disconnect the selected room from the rest of the complex.

Also, specialized stores sell liquid for heating batteries, the price of which varies depending on the brand. This antifreeze is used to protect the system from corrosion and to ensure good pump operation. More details about coolants can be found in our article. When using the liquid in a room that is periodically cooled to low temperatures, draining the antifreeze is not required. If a leak occurs, the liquid vapor can be harmful to the human body. However, it is not flammable and is quite safe when used correctly.

Having examined individual heating in an apartment from all sides, we can come to the conclusion that it has a huge number of advantages. It’s quite nice to wake up in autumn and spring in a warm room, and not put your feet out of bed on an icy floor, as happens when using central heating. You don’t have to depend on your neighbors for repairs when they change pipes and turn off all residents for the whole day. When a person uses his own boilers and components, the price for servicing an apartment is greatly reduced, and the equipment itself pays for itself in several years.

Homeowners in urban high-rise buildings are accustomed to the relative convenience of central heating, since they do not have to think about maintaining it, starting it up, or turning it off. However, in recent years, more and more residents have been inclined to install their own autonomous heating in an apartment in a multi-storey building, as they are faced with many problems caused by the insufficiently efficient and conscientious work of housing and communal services. Thus, the coolant temperature set in the central boiler room is not always satisfactory. For example, it’s quite warm outside, and the radiators are so hot that you have to open all the windows wide. Or, on the contrary, the radiators are lukewarm, but suddenly bitter frosts have set in outside the window.

Another important point is the dependence of heating on emergency situations throughout the entire system, right down to the boiler room and heating mains. Thus, a pipe break in one of the sections of the heat supply main deprives several houses of heating at once. This moment is especially unpleasant during the peak of winter cold.

The inconvenience of central heating also manifests itself in the off-season - in the autumn and spring, when the heating has already been turned off or has not yet been started, and it is cold in the apartment. In such cases, you have to use electric heaters and pay considerable amounts for electricity.

Those who have decided to take control of the heating supply of their home by arranging individual heating, as a rule, have a lot of questions. Therefore, further we will consider various nuances associated with such a transition.

Advantages and disadvantages of individual apartment heating

Before proceeding directly to action, you need to find out what advantages autonomous heating provides its owners. But no less valuable is information about what difficulties will be encountered during its arrangement and operation.

So, having a heating system in the apartment that is independent of the heat supply main provides the following advantages:

• The ability to create comfortable conditions in the apartment at any time of the year, regardless of the overall operation of the general heating system. An urgent need for this arises in the off-season, since in spring and autumn day and night temperatures differ significantly from each other. And summer, as we know, can bring “surprises”. The central heating system is turned on according to a standard schedule. There are also emergency starts, but this always takes several days (to analyze the situation and put it into operation), during which residents may experience significant discomfort.

• The ability to set the most comfortable temperature in the apartment during the cold season. Everyone knows that apartments located at the end of the house are colder than those located between several apartments. Therefore, the requirements for the temperature of the coolant in the system will be different. However, utility services do not always take these factors into account, charging the same amount of payment for heating, focusing only on the area of ​​housing.

It is impossible not to take into account the personal needs for warmth of each person, since one individual likes it warmer, while for another such a microclimate in the apartment seems unacceptably hot.

• An autonomous heating system can be easily configured to the desired operating mode. For example, if homeowners are away from home all day, then there is no need to “drive” the heating system in vain. You can set it to the minimum required heating, and when you get home, you can increase the temperature of the coolant.

Many modern heating boilers are equipped with programming systems for operating modes, which can be set according to the daily routine of the owners, and according to the alternation of weekends and workdays. For example, when the owners arrive from work or study, the system will automatically bring the temperature in the rooms to the most comfortable level.

Many modern heating boilers are equipped with control units connected to GSM or IP communication channels. Thanks to this, they can be controlled remotely and remotely using a phone or computer.

• Heating bills will be significantly reduced due to lower energy consumption, since modern boilers, both gas and electric, are configured for minimal energy consumption and its most efficient use - they have high efficiency, reaching up to 95÷100%.
• By choosing a unit with two circuits for installation, it is quite possible to refuse not only central heating, but also hot water supply. Thanks to this, there will always be hot water in the apartment, regardless of whether maintenance work is carried out on the heating network in the summer or not.
• Another important cost saving factor is that payment for heating will be made only in the winter, when the system is actually in use. The fact is that you will only have to pay according to the electric or gas meter (depending on the choice of boiler). It becomes possible to clearly personally control the consumption of resources. You usually have to pay for central heating all year round.

However, in order to transfer the apartment to autonomous heating and hot water supply, you will have to go through quite a lot of bureaucratic formalities. These can be considered the main disadvantages of such a reorganization.

• All work carried out must be coordinated with the relevant organizations and carried out according to established rules. Unauthorized reconstruction will not remove the obligation to pay the costs for the central heating services provided, and also threatens the imposition of a large fine on the homeowner.
• Preparation of documents both for disconnecting central communications and for drawing up a project, as well as installing autonomous equipment, will require a lot of time, patience and money.
• If you plan to use a gas boiler for heating, then the room where it will be installed must be equipped with an effective ventilation system, as well as a chimney.

• Installation work on the installation of a gas boiler must be carried out by qualified specialists from the relevant organization. Therefore, it will not be possible to implement them on your own - and this also entails additional costs.
• In addition to the costs of installation work, reconstruction will require considerable costs both for the preparation of documentation and the purchase of all necessary equipment.
• Responsibility for the safe operation of autonomous heating, as well as for carrying out preventive maintenance, rests with homeowners. Monitoring the implementation of all these regulations is carried out by specialists from relevant organizations. The owner of the apartment will be obliged to provide unhindered access to the heating equipment.

Despite all the difficulties with the design and installation of an autonomous system, as well as one-time rather large costs, the benefits of this heating system are obvious. Over many years of operation, these investments will certainly pay off. or even several times. And the apartment will always maintain the most favorable microclimate for the owners.

Documents required for switching to autonomous heating

The first thing that needs to be taken into account when starting a reconstruction is the timing of documentation. Therefore, if you plan to receive heat from an individual heating boiler next winter, then the process must begin in advance. Thus, practice shows that permitting documents are drawn up and “wander through the authorities” within three to five months. Installation work can begin only after receiving all permits, and it will take several days.

Coordination and obtaining permits

This entire lengthy process must begin by clarifying the list of documents required for drawing up a project, purchasing and installing equipment. There is a list of documentation approved by Art. 26 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation “Grounds for the reconstruction and (or) redevelopment of residential premises.” This document is taken as a basis, since when installing a heating boiler, as a rule, some redevelopment is required.

Redevelopment of apartments in multi-storey buildings must be carried out in accordance with established requirements and in agreement with local authorities. To obtain approval, a package consisting of the following documents is collected:

• Application for redevelopment of residential premises. The standard form of this application has been approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
• A notarized copy of the certificate of ownership of housing - an agreement on the transfer of ownership or the right of inheritance.
• Also a photocopy of the technical passport of the apartment certified by a state notary.
• A draft housing redevelopment project has been drawn up.
• A copy of the document indicating all the residents registered in this apartment.
• Consent for redevelopment of the premises. This document is a list of all adult residents of the apartment, indicating their full name and year of birth. Each of them must put a personal signature opposite their name, which confirms their consent. The document is drawn up on one sheet.
• If the building in which the apartment is located is classified as an architectural monument, then permission from the organization involved in the protection of cultural heritage will be required.

When submitting the collected package to local authorities, the apartment owner should know that they have no right to demand from him additional documents that are not provided for in the above article. Having submitted the package for approval, in return the apartment owner must receive a receipt listing all the documents contained in it.

Next, the self-government organization, after appropriate verification and approval, sends the package to the administration of the city or administrative district, where the documents are approved. In this case, it is necessary to know the time frame within which the applicant must be provided with a reasoned response.

Consideration of the application and a verdict on permission or refusal must be given no later than one and a half months (45 days) from the date of submission of the documentation. And the applicant must receive his copy of the conclusion made by the commission no later than three days after the decision is made.

A ban on housing redevelopment may be due to deterioration in the living conditions of other residents of the house or apartment. This point is indicated in the norms and rules for the technical operation of housing, approved by the State Construction Committee of Russia No. 170 dated September 27, 2003.

As indicated in the list of documents, it includes a project for redevelopment of residential premises. Before a project is drawn up, it is necessary to obtain permission from the gas and heat supply control organizations to disconnect from central communication systems and install autonomous gas equipment. If permission is received, a project will be drawn up to renovate the premises and install an autonomous heating system. The finished project is agreed upon with the relevant organizations.

All of the above documents, except the project itself, must be prepared in advance, since they will need to be presented to all authorities influencing the preparation of the project.

Documentation is prepared in the following order:

• The first step will be to visit city or regional heating networks. This organization must obtain permission to disconnect the apartment from central heating. A permit can be obtained if disconnecting communications from a specific apartment does not disrupt the operation of the engineering equipment of the entire building or the apartments located next to it. There cannot be any other justification for refusal.

In some cases, an application for disconnection from the heating network is submitted through the housing management.

If an unreasonable refusal is received from the heat supply organization, then with this document it is worth contacting the courts to resolve this conflict.

• Having received a positive conclusion from the heating networks, you can take it to the gas service of the city or region. There you need to obtain technical conditions for installing autonomous equipment. This document must be completed within ten calendar days from the date of submission of the application.
• When both permits have been received, you can go to the design department of the energy company or to another design organization authorized to deal with residential buildings. If the heating boiler was purchased in advance, then its passport with technical characteristics should be attached to the general package. The project will take into account all the presented data, including technical conditions for organizing autonomous heating.

To become familiar with the requirements imposed by regulatory organizations when issuing permits, it is necessary to study the document SNiP41-01-2003 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”, clause 6.2 “Apartment heat supply systems”.

If there is no opportunity or desire to independently resolve permitting problems with design organizations, then their registration can be entrusted to a design company. In some regions of the Russian Federation, one of the gas service departments is involved in this process. These additional services, of course, are provided for a fee.

Drafting

The reconstruction project is drawn up according to the submitted documentation. Therefore, before transferring the package to the design organization, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the technical conditions obtained in the gas industry. Taking them into account, you need to independently draw up a sketch of the desired (from the owner’s point of view) location of the heating equipment.

However, it is necessary to correctly imagine the situation - specialists will be able to determine the exact location where the boiler will be installed after they have studied the floor plan of the apartment.

The project is the main document according to which the reconstruction of the premises will be carried out, and then the installation of heating equipment. Therefore, the efficiency of the system and the ease of use will depend on how correctly it is developed.

The project includes a considerable amount of information that describes the characteristics of the heating system being created:

• Climatic conditions of the region in which the house is located.
• Basic technical and operational characteristics of the building.
• Energy carriers that can be used for the operation of autonomous heating.
• Characteristics of the heated premises of the apartment - their area and volume, the number of rooms, the location of the loggias.
• Financial aspects of the issue.

Based on the collected and systematized information, the location of the boiler, its recommended type, as well as the required thermal power are determined.

Specialists from design or energy companies will make accurate calculations, making the heating system not only efficient, but also as economical as possible. If the organizations that will subsequently approve the documentation are themselves developing projects, then it is best to take advantage of this opportunity and entrust its development to them. In this case, there will be no likelihood that the document will contain serious errors or omissions.

However, no matter who is entrusted with the task of drawing up the project, the customer must actively interact with its developers. This is due to the fact that during the work process several redevelopment options are often considered. These options are presented to the customer for consideration, and he then chooses the most optimal one from the point of view of the apartment owner. The parameters of the heating device, as well as the range of parts, materials and components necessary for installing the system, often depend on this choice.

The project is being developed in stages:

• The first step is to review the equipment layout sketch provided by the customer. If the apartment owner has not developed his own version, then it is best to draw up a sketch together with a design specialist.
• Next, the routes for laying the heating circuit are considered and determined. If you plan to leave the old circuit without replacement, only with the necessary modifications, you must warn the developer about this in advance.
• The next step is to prepare documentation for the main components and devices of the heating system.
• An estimate is drawn up.

Specialists responsible for one or another area of ​​operation of the heating system will necessarily take part in the preparation of the project - this is heat supply, ventilation, energy supply, and, if necessary, architecture.

As a result, the documentation will consist of several parts, each of which defines different aspects of the project:

• Descriptive part. It provides information about the meaning and content of the project. This section consists of several subparagraphs:

— location of the apartment in the structure of the house;

— features of the apartment layout and location of living rooms.

This section specifies where the apartment is located - in the middle part of the building or at its end, and indicates regional climate features. This information is necessary to determine the type and optimal power of heating equipment, including the boiler itself, radiators or other heat exchange devices.

• Technological calculations are the main part of the project. This section determines the volume of coolant required for the operation of the heating unit in different modes. In addition, the optimal heating temperature is indicated, which will ensure comfortable conditions in all rooms of the apartment.

Based on the calculated parameters, the power of the boiler for heating is selected (usually a double-circuit one, that is, immediately and to solve the problem of autonomous hot water supply).

This part also determines possible heat losses when heating rooms. And based on the obtained indicators, conclusions are drawn about the efficiency of the heating system.

All calculated data are reflected in a graphical diagram, which is also included in this part of the project. This document will become a guide for installers during the practical implementation of the project. By the way, all specified parameters must be strictly observed during installation work. Otherwise, the commission accepting the system into operation may simply not allow it to be launched.

• Specification. This part of the project provides information about all the necessary components and materials intended for installation of the heating system. This section may also include a drawing diagram, which indicates the location of devices and connecting nodes.

This information is used when purchasing everything necessary to assemble a heating system, and then when installing it.

• Lately, the project is often supplemented with a graphic representation of what should happen in the end. This part of the project helps to visualize what the heating system will look like after it is installed. The image is performed using computer programs, usually in three-dimensional projection.

When submitting an application for the preparation of project documentation, it is necessary to clarify the reasons for the transition to individual heating. This is necessary so that specialists know what to focus on when working on a project.

After the project is ready, a copy of it must be sent to the company that will monitor the subsequent operation of the equipment.

You might be interested in information about what it is

Equipment for autonomous heating of an apartment

Another question that necessarily arises before the owner of an apartment who decides to switch it to autonomous heating is the choice of boiler based on the power source. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 307, paragraph 44 of April 16, 2012, which refers to heat supply systems, identifies devices that do not meet established safety requirements. Therefore, the units included in the list of this document are prohibited for installation in apartments located in multi-storey buildings.

Simply put, in this case, only one of two options can be chosen - an electric boiler or a gas-fired one. Which one is better suited for apartment conditions, more economical and safe?

To answer these questions, we can briefly consider their characteristic features.

A gas boiler

Gas boilers are often used for autonomous apartment heating. However, when choosing a unit, you need to know that it must meet certain requirements. These conditions are defined to maintain the safety as well as the efficient functioning of the system.

These requirements include the design features of the unit:

• The boiler must have a sealed (closed) combustion chamber.
• Automatic shutdown of the gas supply must be provided in the following cases:

— when the burner flame goes out;

— in case of malfunctions in the protection circuit;

— during a power outage;

— when the supply gas pressure drops below the limit value:

— when the coolant overheats above the established norm;

- if there are faults in the chimney system.

• The permissible heating temperature of the coolant should be no higher than 95 degrees.
• The coolant pressure in the system should not exceed 1 MPa.

In addition, gas boilers are divided into single- and double-circuit, for example. As mentioned above, the first ones are designed only for heating an apartment, and the second ones are designed for both heating rooms and heating hot water for domestic needs. Naturally, thrifty owners most often prefer the second option.

When submitting an application for disconnection from the heating network, it is necessary to indicate the type of device. This is due to the fact that consent must be obtained from heating networks to disconnect not only from the central heating main, but also from the hot water supply.

Another important factor is the choice of boiler type according to location, since they can be floor-mounted or wall-mounted. Due to the small areas of most city apartments, preference is most often given to wall-mounted options, since boiler equipment is installed in kitchens or on an insulated loggia.

Wall-mounted boilers have quite compact dimensions and a neat external design. They are practically no different in appearance from ordinary geysers. The chimney pipe from the gas heating unit is led out into the street through the outer wall of the house, so this particular wall or one adjacent to it is chosen for its placement. The window next to which the boiler is hung often immediately solves the issue of room ventilation.

The wall-mounted boiler has sufficient power to heat a standard-sized apartment.

If funds allow, then preference should be given to a condensing boiler. It is more efficient and economical to operate - it implements additional extraction of thermal power due to the condensation of water vapor contained in the combustion products of natural gas. The gain in useful power compared to a conventional boiler with equal consumption of “blue fuel” is 10 percent or more.

Gas boilers for heating and hot water supply – which one to choose?

The wide variety of gas boilers on sale can, to a certain extent, play a “wicked joke” on the consumer - significantly complicate the choice of a suitable model. What parameters should you pay special attention to, which models should you give preference to? All this will be discussed in a separate publication on our portal.

Arranging a room for installing a gas boiler

Separately, it is necessary to mention the premises of the apartment where it is planned to install gas equipment. The safety of the residents of the entire house will depend on its proper arrangement.

To place a gas boiler, you cannot choose an arbitrary room in the apartment, guided by some of your own interests. The premises must meet certain requirements, the list of which includes the following:

• The equipment cannot be installed in any of the living rooms of the apartment.
• The area of ​​the room must be at least 4 m².
• The entrance door to the room cannot be less than 800 mm wide.
• The room must have a window facing the street.
• The unit is hung on the wall or installed on the floor, at a distance of at least 300 mm from another gas-powered appliance, for example, from a kitchen stove.
• It is not allowed to connect the chimney of a gas boiler, as well as the water heaters, to the general house ventilation system. The pipe must be led outside through an external wall. The most convenient way in this regard is to use coaxial chimneys with forced air injection and exhaust of combustion products.
• Some gas boilers with high power require the installation of forced ventilation in the room, that is, equipped with an exhaust fan. If the technical conditions for arranging a room for the installation of a specific boiler model indicate such a requirement, then you will have to install a fan of the appropriate capacity into the window.
• A wall-mounted boiler can only be installed on a wall made of non-combustible material. The floor area under the floor-standing version of the device is usually covered with ceramic tiles.

If at least one of the requirements cannot be met, the commission that accepts the gas equipment will not sign the act of permission to put it into operation.

Based on the list of requirements, we can come to the conclusion that the gas boiler can be installed in the kitchen area or in the associated loggia. The loggia must be well insulated in advance. These rooms are most suitable for installing gas equipment, since the gas supply riser is traditionally located in the kitchen.

The kitchen area of ​​the apartment must have a window facing the street, as well as a doorway of the required width. In addition, general house ventilation ducts pass through the kitchen, which are also necessary when arranging the room as a “mini-boiler room”.

Gas boiler prices

a gas boiler

Electric heating of the apartment

Unlike gas equipment, the electric heating option is much easier to install, since there are much more places where, for example, the same boiler can be hung on the wall.

The main thing that needs to be taken into account when choosing an area for installing equipment is the possibility of connecting a heating circuit to it, as well as supplying a power supply line of the required power. There is no need for a ventilation system or pipes for removing combustion products.

If you decide to choose an electric heating option, then before starting to implement your plan, you must contact the energy company with a request to check the availability of free energy resources in the house. This organization must give written permission to connect devices of the required power and apply to disconnect the apartment from the central heating and hot water supply. The homeowner must submit this application to the heating network, and a copy of it is attached to the general package of documents.

The list of other documentation for the transition to electric heating will have to be clarified with the energy company, as well as with the self-government organization. Administrative regions of Russia may have their own requirements for the use of electricity for heating.

In any case, to install electric heating equipment, the number of documents that will have to be collected will be much less than when choosing a gas boiler.

Heating an apartment with electricity can be implemented in different ways, which allows you to choose the best option for a particular case:

• Installation of an electric boiler connected to a classic heating circuit with coolant circulating in it.
• Direct heating from separately installed electrical convectors
• Permanently installed or mobile infrared heaters or fan heaters.
• “Heated floor” system using a heating cable or infrared film.
• Several different electrical appliances used in a complex.

You may be interested in information about what characteristics they have.

Heating using an electric boiler

If it is intended to leave the heating circuit in its original state, only disconnecting it from the central heating, then it is connected to an electric boiler. Passing through the heat exchanger of the electric unit, the coolant heats up and enters a closed heating circuit. Then, having passed the circle and cooled down, it returns again to heat up. To make the coolant circulation more intense and controlled, a special circulation pump is built into the system.

Modern electric boilers are equipped with automatic control. Thanks to such systems, the boiler can be programmed not only for a specific coolant temperature, but also for a specific operating mode by hour and day of the week. That is, the device will not function constantly, but at a time and with the heat output that is beneficial to the homeowners.

Specialized stores offer wall-mounted models of electric boilers with a power of 5 to 60 kW, as well as floor-standing options with much greater power of 60 kW or more.

Manufacturing specialists will help you determine which power model to choose when drawing up a project. The choice of unit will depend on the characteristics of the heated apartment, its area, the number of windows and balconies, the type of window frames installed, etc. An approximate guideline when choosing the power of a heating boiler is 1 kW per 10 m² of apartment area, although one can argue with this.

If to heat your home you need to install a boiler with a power of 9 kW or higher, you will have to re-equip the apartment’s electrical network - install a three-phase line and install a three-phase meter. A unit with a higher power can only be installed with the permission of the energy company servicing the house. But, as a rule, since we are talking about an ordinary apartment, single-phase units with a power of up to 9 kW are more than enough.

You might be interested in information on how to choose

An electric boiler can be installed in the kitchen, bathroom, one of the utility rooms or in the hallway. And all the necessary communications (pipes and cables) can be placed hidden - hidden in the wall or under the floor surface.

By the way, electric boilers can be even miniature. Electrode-type units, for example, are compact. That is, finding the optimal place for them will be even easier. You might be interested in information about how we have proven ourselves

A lot can be said about electric boilers, since they are represented by several types, differing even in the principle of converting electrical energy into heat. But it’s better to read about this in a separate detailed publication.

What is an electric boiler and how to choose one?

These units attract with their compactness, ease of installation and management, and high performance indicators. A special article on our portal will help you understand the variety and even independently calculate its required power.

Priceselectric boiler

electric boiler

Heating the apartment using the principle of direct heating with electrical appliances

This heating option can include heating from separately located electric heaters or a “warm floor” system. They can also be used in combination.

This heating option is chosen in cases where you want to get rid of the heating circuit pipeline, as well as radiators, which, in the opinion of the owners, spoil the interior of the premises.

In addition to convectors, the rooms can be equipped with a cable or film infrared “warm floor” system. The simplest and most affordable, both in price and in terms of installation complexity, is the film option. It can be arranged under regular linoleum or laminate and does not require hiding with a screed.

When using two different types of heating devices for heating, they can be combined into one system for ease of control by connecting to a common monitoring and control unit. Using automation, temperature conditions can be set for different times of the day, as well as by day of the week. If you don’t want to complicate the heating settings, then the system can be adjusted manually by setting the desired temperature directly on the convectors or on the “warm floor” thermostat. This option is convenient because you can set different temperatures in each room.

You may be interested in information about how

* * * * * * *

Let's summarize the results of electric autonomous heating of the apartment.

If electricity is chosen as the energy source, then to ensure safety it is necessary to install a grounding loop. Without its installation, the commission may not issue permission to operate autonomous heating.

Electric heating, unlike gas heating, is safer. When compared to central heating, it also benefits in that you can precisely set the desired temperature, and you only pay when you actually use it.

The disadvantage of heating from electricity is that if the electricity is turned off for any reason, the apartment will be left not only without light, but also without heat. And if in the area where the apartment is located, blackouts are a constant occurrence, then it is better to give preference to gas equipment.

In addition, electric heating is still a very “expensive pleasure”, especially since the upward trend in electricity tariffs looks depressingly stable.

But if you still choose the electric option, then you should listen to the recommendations of experts:

• For heating from electricity, it is necessary to stretch a dedicated power cable from the distribution panel.
• For autonomous electric heating, it is necessary to install a residual current device (RCD) or a differential circuit breaker. They are designed to protect against damage due to current leakage onto the housing of electrical appliances. This is especially true if the circuit is assembled from metal pipes.
• To save as much as possible on electricity consumption when using it at night preferential hours or at weekend tariffs, it is recommended to install a multi-tariff meter.

Some nuances of installation work on installing an autonomous apartment heating system

All work related to the reconstruction of the heating system in the apartment is carried out only by specialists from companies providing heat supply to the housing stock. The task of the masters will be the following:

• Temporary shutdown of home central heating lines.
• Trimming the heating circuit or heating radiators from risers and then restoring the integrity of these risers.
• Connecting a closed circuit of an apartment to a gas or electric heating device.
• Testing the installed system.

These rules are in place to ensure safety for both the owners of a particular apartment and the residents of the entire building.

You can install pipes and install heating radiators yourself (with your own hands or with the invitation of experienced plumbers) if you plan to completely change the circuit. This is usually done after cutting off the radiators in the rooms from the risers. It is worth taking on such work if you have good skills in carrying out plumbing installation operations. In this case, the assembly of the new heating circuit is carried out strictly according to the diagram attached to the design documents, with strict adherence to the specifications and all other parameters of the system being created.

* * * * * * *

Before you decide to reconstruct the heating and hot water supply in your apartment, abandoning the services of centralized heating in favor of autonomous heating, you need to carefully consider all the points. In addition, it is recommended to calculate the costs of installation and savings opportunities when operating an autonomous system. After weighing all the pros & contras, you can make a final decision.

By the way, we should not forget that, unfortunately, you will still have to pay for communal heating. True, these amounts will be incomparably small compared to those that previously came monthly and year-round.

You might be interested in information about what it is

Finally, a video in which the owner of the apartment, who has been using an autonomous gas heating system for many years, shares his vision of its advantages and disadvantages. find out via the link.

Video: Autonomous heating in an apartment - “pros” and “cons”

Evgeniy AfanasyevChief Editor

Author of the publication 19.08.2018