One-part sentences, incomplete sentences, the main characteristics of one-part sentences. One-part definitely-personal sentences with examples. Scheme of one-part sentences.
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ONE-COMPONENT SENTENCES One-part sentences are those that have the same grammatical composition. The predicative nature of such sentences is expressed in one main member. The main member not only names an object, phenomenon or action, but also expresses an attitude towards reality. The absence of the 2nd main member in the OP does not indicate the incompleteness of the proposal. The newspapers write about climate change on the planet.
HISTORY OF THE STUDY Logical direction of grammar (A. Kh. Vostokov. F. I. Buslaev) - one-part sentences were considered as incomplete. Psychological direction (A. A. Potebnya, D. N. Ovsyaniko. Kulikovsky) - recognized one-part sentences with a predicate, others were considered incomplete. A. A. Shakhmatov - the subject and predicate in a one-component sentence find their expression in one member, the definition of a one-component structure by analogy with a two-part one Modern understanding - one-part sentences - a separate structural type of a simple sentence There is no final unity in defining the range of one-part sentences RG - one-part sentences - one-component structures: conjugated-verbal and non-conjugated-verbal
STRUCTURAL DIAGRAM OF ONE-COMPONENT SENTENCES Structural diagrams of OP - one-component or two-component. Definite, indefinite and generalized personal sentences are sentences with a non-verbalized (unnamed) subject. In most cases, this entity can be recovered and named. We drink tea for days (we); The bells are ringing (collective subject); Don’t sit in the wrong sleigh (generalized subject)
DEFINITELY PERSONAL SENTENCES The predicate - the personal form of the verb - indicates a specific person. The verb in will express. incl. 1 or 2 persons units or more h., present or future tense: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry. ; Will you go out of town with me? The verb in command. incl. 1 or 2 persons units or more ch.: Don’t let your soul be lazy!; Let's bark in the moonlight. The predicate cannot be expressed by verbs in the 3rd person form, since this form is devoid of specificity, or by verbs in the past tense. Flew on a plane - incomplete sentence. The subject is reconstructed from the context or from the situation.
INDEFINITE-PERSONAL SENTENCES The predicate denotes an action performed by subjects who are not named due to unnecessary reasons or ignorance. Attention is focused not on the subject, but on the action itself. The predicate is expressed: the verb will express. incl. , 3rd person plural h., present or future time ; will express incl. pr. vr. . pl. h. (They brought a bouquet of thistles and put it on the table; they will give me a new uniform and teach me how to shoot from a machine gun)
SUBJECT IN INDEFINITE-PERSONAL SENTENCES Subject-locative form (G. A. Zolotova) - the presence of a corporate subject, a reference to it using the adverbial adverbial place (At the front they were always waiting for letters. Guests are always welcome in this house.) The circle of subjects does not include the speaker , with the exception of phraseological expressions (To whom they speak!) The instructive variety of indefinite-personal ones is the modality of obligation (They don’t smoke here). The subject cannot be objective; it reflects only human activity. (There is a knock on the door. They will call you.) Organized collective activity (Oil was searched for a long time in this area.)
GENERALIZED-PERSONAL SENTENCES The predicate denotes an action that can be attributed to all people in general, that is, to a generalized subject. The generalized subject always includes the speaker (I + all other people). Predicate – 1, 2, 3 person will express. incl. present or bud. vr. ; 2 l. units h. will command. incl. Whatever you go for, you will find. Live forever and learn. My house is on the edge, I don’t know anything.
VARIETIES OF GENERALIZED PERSONAL SENTENCES (G. A. ZOLOTOVA) Proverbial type - used as teaching, recommendations (Chickens are counted in the fall). Narrative-usual type - the individual experience of the speaker is presented as common to any person (There are days when you give up...) Evaluative-characterizing type - names a sign of an object using an action directed at it (You won’t be reached on the phone).
IMPERSONAL SENTENCES The predicate names a spontaneous (involuntary) process that does not have an agent (subjectless). In impersonal sentences, the name of a person or thing takes the object position, and the subject position is not occupied. I can't sleep. The room is dark.
VARIETIES OF IMPERSONAL SENTENCES According to the way of expressing the predicate: Verb impersonal sentences - It’s drizzling today. I'm shivering. Nominal impersonal sentences - in the role of a predicate - predicates (words of the state category): Cloudy. There's not a minute to lose. I'm too lazy to write.
VERB IMPERSONAL SENTENCES Mood tense Semantics of the sentence example Actually impersonal verb Express. /sosa Any form of gat. State of man, nature, environment I am not feeling well. It's already getting dark. It would freeze! Personal verb in impersonal use Express. / subsl. The state of nature or man Pressed on the chest - there was lead in the chest. The banks would be flooded with water. Verb to be: infinitive + be + pronoun/ places. adverb Any form Assessment of a life situation There is somewhere to live. There would be someone to argue with.
NOMINAL IMPERSONAL SENTENCES As part of a predicate Semantics of a sentence example Predicative noun State of the environment or a person I’m too lazy to write. Predicative participle State as a result The room is not cleaned until noon. Predicative-modal adverb State of the environment or person Can I enter the room? Predicative adverb with the meaning of state The state of the environment or person It is getting hot. Negative word no (was not, will not be) Statement of the fact of absence I have no problems.
SEMANTIC-STYLISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF IMPERSONAL SENTENCES Colloquial speech, the language of fiction, official business speech (It is proposed to start the meeting.) Impersonal sentences represent the tendency to “consider the world as a set of events that are not amenable to either human control or human understanding” (A. Wierzbicka)
INFINITIVE SENTENCES The predicate is expressed by a grammatically independent infinitive (Soon I will feel cold without leaves. Well, how can I not get angry?) Can contain an interrogative particle whether, a particle would. Stylistically, they are more expressive and intense than impersonal sentences. I’m just like you, lost, now I can’t go back - the fatal impossibility of action (cf.: impossible to leave, impossible to leave)
SEMANTICS OF INFINITIVE SENTENCES inevitability There will be some trouble on the road! the impossibility of not turning back your youth. It would be advisable for you to rest. obligation Here you should turn back. expression of will Don't make noise! Don't fall on the ice! desirability I wish I could sleep! doubt, hesitation Should I consult my parents? negative attitude towards the actions of others You should all laugh!
NOMINATIVE (NOMINAL) SENTENCES The main member is a noun in the nominative case. They have an objective real modality, they state the existence of an object or phenomenon in the sphere of the present. Winter! - one-part // It was (will be) winter - two-part.
TYPES OF NOMINATIVE SENTENCES Actually existential - they call a phenomenon that has a temporal extension (Autumn in St. Petersburg.) Subject-existential - they call objects located in space (Forest and waves - the shore is wild, and a poor house by the sea.) Demonstrative - contain demonstrative particles here, there (Here comes the night.) Evaluative-existential - contain emotionally expressive particles (What kind of life do I have!)
RELATED CONSTRUCTIONS (ARE NOT NOMINATIVE SENTENCES) Inscriptions and names, signs (House of Public Services, “Crime and Punishment”, Metro...). D. E. Rosenthal classifies them as constructions “coinciding in form with the nominative sentence,” but they do not have the meaning of being and are not able to function independently. “Nominative themes”, a means of expressive syntax, evokes an idea of the topic of the message, but does not declare its presence at the moment of utterance (Golden childhood! Was it really that golden?)
GENITIVE SENTENCES First described by A. A. Shakhmatov in “Syntax of the Russian Language”. The basis of the genitive sentence is the independent genitive case of the name. Conveys the meaning of the existence of objects in a certain (large or small) quantity. Affirmative and negative (with the particle NI) genitive sentences of Mushrooms! There is controversy surrounding the new novel! Not a sound in the house.
INCOMPLETE SENTENCES An incomplete sentence is a sentence characterized by an incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (major or secondary), which are clear from the context or setting even without being named. The omission of sentence members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences. They can be common and uncommon, two-part and one-part. Kalinich stood closer to nature. The ferret is for people, society. // Yesterday evening it was cloudy, but today it is calm and sunny. // Does Ivan work here? Here.
TYPES OF INCOMPLETE SENTENCES Contextual - Situational - unnamed members are restored according to what is clear from the situation, context (the closest sentence is suggested by the situation or the same sentence) He knocked on the door and the older boy’s name asked: “Can I? » Petya, and the youngest – Pavlik. - Did you leave your wife? - No, she me.
CONTEXTUAL INCOMPLETE Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (Who was waiting for him? An empty, uncomfortable room.) Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause (Where is your village? Where are we going.) Part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part (So we go: on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - jogging.)
SPEECH PRACTICE Determine the type of sentence (one-part, incomplete - indicating the variety) 1. I will go to the lecture. And you? 2. What joy! 3. I need to pray for someone... 4. Write an essay by Wednesday! 5. Should I leave?
1. two-part, incomplete, contextual 2. one-part, nominative, evaluative existential 3. one-part, impersonal, nominal 4. one-part, definitely personal 5. one-part, infinitive, semantics of doubt CHECKING SPEECH PRACTICE
The structural basis of one-component sentences is one member of the sentence, which can be extended, i.e., be the main component of a phrase.
Single-component sentences are divided into two groups depending on which lexical and grammatical unit of the language acts as the main member.
The system of subjectless one-part sentences includes: definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal [GSUYA 1970: 185].
In this work, subjectless one-part sentences are presented mainly definitely personal suggestions.
A predicate is a verb in the form of the first or second person singular and plural of all tenses. There is no subject, but the actor (subject of the action) is expressed by the personal form of the verbal predicate, which definitely indicates what the subject can be or could be [GSUYA 1970: 185].
In such sentences, it is not the actor who comes to the fore, but the action or state expressed by the predicate verb. In declarative sentences, the use of one-part constructions is limited, despite their informative sufficiency. Single-component structures are more often used when updating the actions of the speaker rather than the interlocutor: Yunme mon ponna sokem sulmaskiskodas. Angesse beraltymon ik vushyysa, yyrze sezyaz but shuntem valesaz beren zunyak uskytskiz. 10 Kytys vaida? 118 Georgiy Ilyichles yurttemze taken away, from the blindersuchkiz. 210
The predicate is a third person plural verb of all tenses. The predicate verb denotes an action performed by uncertain or unknown persons, i.e. when expressing a thought in an indefinitely personal sentence, the main attention of the speaker (or interlocutors) is drawn to the action or process, and not to the subject of the action [GSUYA 1970: 188].
The plural form of the predicate in indefinite-personal sentences has the meaning of uncertainty, not plurality of subjects. This type of sentence is common in conversational style, but in book, scientific, and business styles, where extreme clarity of statement is necessary, as linguistic sources say, it is almost never used, so there are not many such models in the work: Chasen-chasen sylo, sinzy kylymon kyre uchko, uchko... 481 Asselen vicenzy tyrmytek, muketse shedtozy na. 283
The predicate is a verb in the imperative mood: Shokchy... 346 Eshsho... Murges shokchy... 347 Tabere shokande kut. 348 So, yaram... Dӥ boobs. 349
A predicate is a combination of an infinitive with a verb in personal form: Ukno ulyn ik tui gumyenshudyns kutskizy : work-too-too-u 3 ...
Predicate - a combination of a verbal noun with a negative particle Ivel:Takem vaz soly nokytchy dyrtonez ќvul. 11
A predicate is a combination of an infinitive with an impersonal verb and a particle: Bere kylemles kyberatek-maratek, kuyn hour izyny luono na, kuyn hour! 13
A predicate is a combination of an impersonal verb with a particle: Luykuz izeno on. 15
Predicate – adjective + phraseological combination: Vamenes, kotku as kylze kare. 21
A predicate is a combination of an adjective with a verb of the first past tense, a numeral and a postposition: Duno usiz, shuo, wuzh uksyoen olo million pala. 49
A predicate is a combination of an impersonal verb with an auxiliary verb: Is it really soly, van ulytozyaz, tani taziӵ uknaly byde "lineikae" dyrtylono luoz? 35
A predicate is a combination of an adverb and an impersonal verb: Nosh small, ne, Faina Ivanovnaly one ik soin agree kariskono? 232
A predicate is a combination of a second past tense verb with a negative verb and a verb in the personal form: Alexey Petrovich, we are tӥ ledyz breatheteme ug sweat. 238
The predicate is an impersonal verb: Malpascono on, toӧ No problem. 242
A predicate is a combination of a verb in the personal form with an interjection-adverbial word: You're welcome! karyle, so kuspyn sotek but volyt sons yyrsize mayalla. 251
A predicate is a combination of a second past tense verb with an infinitive. Ug yara vylem soly Svetovidoven veraskykuz pӧ sekyans. 280
A predicate is a combination of an adverb with an auxiliary verb and a verb of the second past tense: I,ӟ ech-a, bur-a, Alexey Petrovich, kyӵ e kemala val ini hellӟ iskemmy! 321
In the above work there are also impersonal offers. In impersonal sentences, the main member denotes an action or state regardless of the doer. Their structure is such that there is no grammatical subject in them, and cannot be.
A predicate is a combination of a present tense verb and a particle: Oh, ukmyse myne ni! 23
Unpredicate (subject) simple sentences in this work are represented by elliptical sentences.
Ellipsis (gr: élleipsis - omission, lack) is a speech phenomenon consisting in a communicatively significant omission of the structural elements of a sentence [Valgina 2006: 378].
Elliptical sentence with a missing verb with the meaning of location: Hang on, mӧ yy mae ke. Ali from the reception room. 92 Proposal " Ali from the reception room” is elliptical (there is no predicate and it is difficult to reconstruct it from the context).
Unpredictable one-part sentences include nominative (nominal sentences). In nominative sentences, the only main member is expressed by a noun or a substantivized part of speech in the nominative case: Das ares nylash. 94 Matveev Illarion Maksimovich. 326 Vitton ukmys ares. 327 Udmurt. 328 Ukyr kerӟ eg.
An incomplete sentence with no subject. In contrast to complete sentences, incomplete sentences are characterized by the absence of some necessary members (main or secondary), which, even without a name, are clear from the situation, context and are easily restored, implied [GSUYA 1970: 212]. Wanda? 79
It is a logical system that schoolchildren in Russia become closely familiar with starting from the 8th grade.
Parsing includes full description of the offer:
Classmates
- by purpose of the statement (narration, question or motivation);
- by intonation (exclamatory, non-exclamatory);
- by composition (how many parts does it consist of: simple, complex);
- by type of grammatical basis (how many main members are in the basis - one or both: two-part, one-part);
- by the presence of minor members (common, non-common);
- by the presence of complicating structures (complicated, uncomplicated).
So, according to the type of grammatical basis all syntactic constructions are divided into two categories, which, according to all basic programs established by state standards, are studied in grade 8:
- Two-part (the sentence has a subject and a predicate). Example: A magpie flew into the forest. (Subject magpie, predicate flew away)
- One-part (in a syntactic construction there is no subject or predicate, but the absence of the main member of the sentence does not affect the completeness of the meaning of the construction). Example: They gave me an apple. (Predicate given, the subject is not formally expressed).
Types of one-part sentences
In turn, all one-part sentences are divided into two categories:
- Nominative (nominative). The grammatical basis of this kind of syntactic constructions consists of only one main member - the subject. Example: Frost and sun! Wonderful day! (A.S. Pushkin).
- Predicable. The grammatical basis of such constructions consists of one predicate. Depending on the grammatical meaning and form of the main member, predicate sentences are divided into several groups, which can be presented in the following table:
In addition, some philologists identify another group of one-component constructions in which only the predicate is formally expressed - infinitive sentences. The predicate in the sentences of this group is expressed in an independent indefinite form of the verb and denotes a necessary or desirable action (in its grammatical meaning, such an infinitive is close to the imperative mood of the verb).
Example:Need to finish the job. However, students in grades 8–11 should only take this remark into account, since the school curriculum does not involve the study of infinitive constructions as a separate category and includes them in the group of impersonal ones.
One-component definitely-personal constructions: meaning and structure
One-part definitely-personal sentences reflect the statements of direct participants in the conversation or the thoughts of the subject. They are used when the most important thing in a design is the action, and not the one who performs it. These sentences are close in meaning to two-part sentences, since the subject, although not formally expressed, is thought out unambiguously. However, one-piece designs are more concise. Their use adds dynamics and energy to the statement. How can one learn to recognize such structures?
Definitely personal sentences can be simple - have a single grammatical basis - or be part of complex ones. Example: I know that if you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in the fresh haystacks under the neighboring haystack. (S. A. Yesenin)(This complex sentence has three grammatical bases: 1) “I know,” 2) “you’ll go out,” 3) “we’ll sit down.” All three parts are one-component constructions with a formal expression of only the predicate. In all parts of the predicate form, possible subjects are precisely determined. Consequently, all three sentences in the complex are single-component definitely-personal).
More often single-part definite-personal constructions are common- in addition to the main ones, there are also secondary members in their structure. Example: Am I driving down a dark street at night...( The predicate is “I’m going.” I’m going (when?) - at night (time circumstance). I’m driving (where?) - along the street (circumstance of the place). Along the street (which?) - dark (agreed definition)).
One-part definite-personal constructions: formal expression
In order to be able to distinguish definite-personal sentences from other types of one-part syntactic constructions, 8th grade students should be guided by the following rule. The grammatical basis does not have an expressed subject, but it is implied in its exact form (in other words, one of the words can be substituted for the predicate: “I”, “we”, “you”, “you”).
Predicate expressed by verb, always stands in the indicative or imperative mood, present or future tense, in the 1st or 2nd person, in any number. Attention: the main member of a sentence in a definite-personal construction can never be in the past tense, since such a form can imply different subjects.
Definitely personal sentences: examples
Definitely personal sentences are often found in Russian literature. They are especially widely used in poetic forms, since in order to maintain the rhythm and size of the work, the author must select the most capacious constructions that require fewer words without losing the main idea of the work. Often such syntactic constructions help the author to use many figures of speech: rhetorical appeals and exclamations, parallelisms, series of homogeneous terms.
It is necessary to bring several examples with definitely-personal sentences, since theoretical knowledge, supported by practical elements, is remembered much faster.
The selected constructions relate to different styles of speech: several examples are taken from texts of fiction, the rest are from everyday speech situations (conversational style). This suggests that one-part definitely personal sentences are widespread not only in fiction, but also in everyday communication and official papers, since they give the statement an intonation of trust, create the impression of a conversation, and also help convey the author’s state of mind. The universality of such structures is obvious, which means that studying and understanding them is necessary for an educated person.
1. Find the correct statement. One-part sentences are: a) sentences that contain all the members of the sentence necessary for meaning; b)
sentences that consist of two or more simple clauses; c) sentences that contain only a predicate or a subject.
2. One-part sentences are divided into the following types: a) denominative, indefinitely personal, complete, impersonal, generalized personal; b) definitely personal, nominative, narrative, generalized personal; c) nominal, indefinitely personal, definitely personal, impersonal, generalized personal.
3. What are the names of one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a definite person: a) generalized-personal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) denominative, e) impersonal.
4. Which of the sentences is impersonal: a) Don’t rush with your tongue, drive with your deeds. b) I can’t write today. c) The puddles were covered with blue ice.
5. What are the names of one-part sentences in which there is a predicate, but there is not and cannot be a subject: a) definitely personal; b) impersonal, c) indefinitely personal, d) nominal. 6. Which of the sentences is indefinitely personal: a) There is a small bathhouse in the garden.
b) The bathhouse was recently heated. c) Wake me up early tomorrow.
7. What are the names of sentences in which the actor is not named and is thought of as an indefinite person: a) impersonal, b) indefinitely personal, c) definitely personal, d) denominative.
8. Which of the sentences is generalized-personal: a) The patient could not sleep at night. b) You get tired of hard work quickly. c) There is a serial street number on the gate.
9. What are the names of sentences in which there is only a subject: a) impersonal, b) definitely personal, c) nominative, d) indefinitely personal; e) generalized-personal.
10. Which of these sentences is denominative: a) The first snow fell on the ponds. b) The snow creaks under the sleigh. c) White music under the runners. 11. Which of these sentences is definitely personal: a) The empty old house immediately became noisy. b) Well, brothers, let’s play my favorite song to bedtime! c) Remember those who did not return from the war.
12. In which sentences is the predicate expressed in the form of 1st or 2nd person singular? and many more will reveal the numbers. and imperative mood: a) impersonal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) nominative, e) generalized-personal.
13. In which sentences is the predicate expressed in the past tense plural form? numbers and 3rd person plural: a) impersonal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) nominative.
14. In which sentences is the predicate expressed by an impersonal verb or a personal verb in an impersonal form: a) nominative; .b) definitely personal, c) indefinitely personal, d) impersonal.
15. What are the names of sentences that contain all the main and minor members necessary to understand their meaning: a) impersonal, b) complete; c) indefinitely personal, d) nominative; d) incomplete.
16. Parse the sentence. The old village tablecloth smelled of rye bread and milk.
Write the numbers of the sentences in which a comma is placed before "as". 1. The animation in the hall could not be regarded as approval. 2. Rublev’s originalityLike any brilliant artist, it manifested itself in his first student works. 3. As an experienced hunter, he had no doubt that he could easily cope with this. 4. He spoke like an expert in his field. 5. He jumped up as if scalded. 6. The day began, as always, in thick fog. 7. Her lips blush like roses. 8. She was like her father's little favorite. 9. The coachman was as amazed at his generosity as the Frenchman himself at Dubrovsky’s offer. 10. Lev Oshanin is known as a songwriter. 11. An engineer by training, she enthusiastically works as a translator. 12. Stars in the dark sky are like sparkles. 13. His words fell into his soul like a stone. 14. He fell out of the blue. 15. O. Kiprensky entered the history of Russian art as an exponent of the sentiments of romanticism in the portrait genre.
Here's an example sentence: They don't put crosses on mass graves and widows don't cry on them. Is it two-part or one-part? WHY?! Here are two predicates: they don’t put, they don’t cry. The subject is one - widows. IS THE SENTENCE SOMEHOW DIVIDED BY A CONJUNCTION AND INTO TWO PARTS? I’m looking for something indefinitely personal, but here in one part it’s like it, and in the other it’s like a two-part one.. BUT THE FOCUS ITSELF! !IN THE SOLUTION BOOKS THEY GENERALLY WRITE THAT THIS IS A COMPLEX SENTENCE, THEY PUT A COMMA, AND THE SUBJECT IS NOT SPECIFIED!!!
Never copy from there!!! Please explain one more thing, how one sentence can be both one-part and two-part at the same time IF ONE PART HAS ONLY ONE SUBJECT AND THE OTHER PART HAS A PREDIB?! SAVE!!!
b) Someone sat down on the bench and a conversation began.
c) It was getting dark and there was a chill in the air.
d) The grandmother rocked the child and told him fairy tales.
2.Indicate sentences with connecting conjunctions.
a) You can’t sew a fur coat without thread and needles
b) the pen writes, but the mind leads
c) you also read this book
d) It rains, sometimes it rains, sometimes it doesn’t.
3. Indicate the sentences in which the highlighted words - conjunctions are written together.
a) his young sons also looked at themselves from head to toe.
b) I thanked my friend for helping me.
c) it was cold for the walk, and clouds appeared.
d) He knew the time by the way the sun moved.
One-part sentences are those whose grammatical basis consists only of one main member. One-part sentences are divided into two groups: sentences with main member - subject to and sentences with the main member - predicate.
To be more precise, the main member of the sentences of the first group is similar to the subject, and the main members of the sentences of the second group are similar to the predicate of a two-part sentence.
Rice. 1. Groups of simple sentences ()
Types of one-part sentences
In definitely personal in sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the form 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative and imperative.
Verb 1st l. units h. withdrawn. incl. - I see a familiar city again.
Verb 2nd l. units h. withdrawn. onc.- Do you remember that autumn evening?
Verb 1st l. pl. h. withdrawn. incl. - Let's not forget your kindness.
Verb 2nd l. pl. h. withdrawn. incl. - Will you come tomorrow to collect your salary??
Verb 2nd l. units h. will command. onc.- Think carefully!
Verb 1st l. pl. h. will command. incl. - Let's go to the cinema!
Verb 2nd l. pl. h. will command. incl. - Be sure to come see me!
These sentences report actions or other attributes of a person, and a specific person. The personal ending of the verb already carries information about the subject of the action, so there is no need to indicate it by other means. That is why, despite the fact that the word denoting the subject of the action is absent in the sentence, definitely personal sentences are complete , since the information contained in them is enough to understand the meaning of the sentence without involving additional context.
Think , that I saw a ghost.
- Think- a definite personal sentence, the predicate is expressed by a verb of the 1st person, singular,
- that I saw a ghost- two-part incomplete - saw- since the subject is expressed by the past verb. vr. units h.
IN vaguely personal in sentences the main member is expressed by a 3rd person plural verb. number (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense in the indicative mood and a similar form of the conditional mood of the verb.
Verb 3rd l. pl. h. withdrawn. incl. - There is a lot of talk in the city about local ghosts.
Verb 3rd l. units h. will command. incl. - Let them talk!
Plural verb part last vr. will express incl. - The dean's office called you.
Plural verb h. conditional incl. - If they had told me in advance, I would have waited.
In indefinite-personal sentences, as in definite-personal sentences, a person’s action is reported, but at the same time the focus is on the action itself, and its subject is not important, it is indefinite - either completely unknown, or uninteresting, unimportant.
There was a knock on the door- some unknown people;
The dean's office called you- Dean's office staff.
Vaguely personal proposals must be distinguished from incomplete two-part sentences in which the predicate is in the same forms.
We wanted to call, but they didn’t answer us. Then they started calling again.
- We wanted to call, but they didn’t answer us. The sentence is complex, the first part is two-part, complete, unexpanded; the second part is one-part, indefinitely personal, complete, widespread.
- Then they started calling again. The sentence is two-part, incomplete (from the context it is clear that we started calling), widespread.
IN generalized-personal sentences talk about an action that can apply to everyone together and to each individual. The subject of such an action is called generalized.
In generalized personal sentences, the main member is expressed
* verb in form 1 -th or 2nd person singular or plural indicative or imperative(that is, the structure of such sentences is similar to definitely personal sentences):
It’s better to say little, but well.
What we have, we don’t store; having lost, we cry.
If you read the inscription “buffalo” on an elephant’s cage, don’t believe your eyes. (K. Prutkov)
*or a verb in the 3rd person plural indicative mood(such sentences are similar to vaguely personal ones).
After a fight they don’t wave their fists. (last)
Taking off my head , they don’t cry over their hair. (last)
Main member impersonal offer expressed by a verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present and future tense of the indicative mood) or the neuter singular (in the past tense of the indicative mood or in the conditional mood).
A formal feature of an impersonal sentence is that the nominative case form of a noun or pronoun cannot be introduced into it.
Verb 3rd l. units h. will express. incl. - It blows cool and damp.
Verb cf. kind. units hours passed vr. will express incl. - I wanted something festive and bright.
Verb cf. kind. units h. conditional incl. - If only I were lucky today, I would study straight A's!
Due to the importance of the topic, we will present in more detail the ways of expressing the main term.
Ways to express the main term:
- impersonal verb : It's getting light;
Personal verb in the meaning of impersonal: She smelled of wonderful perfume;
Infinitive: I'll leave at five so as not to be late;
The verb “to be” and the word “no” in negative sentences: There is no way out;
The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by a short passive participle and an adverb: How many it was done! It was getting fresh;
Impersonal verb + infinitive: It was already getting dark;
Linking verb “to be” in impersonal form + state category word + infinitive : Everyone I was sorry to leave;
Combination of words it is necessary, it is possible, it is time, it is necessary + infinitive: You can leave.
The main member of the nominative sentence is expressed by the form nominative case of a noun or phrase containing a word in the nominative case.
Village. River. Tanyusha. Grief. Loud crying.
In nominal sentences the existence, presence of something is reported.
References
- Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. ).
