Areas of social work abroad briefly. Social work abroad: Textbook
Periodization of the history of social work abroad and in Russia.
Social work as a theory and practice of helping people in crisis situations has deep roots, manifesting itself in national traditions that have established sociocultural principles of responding to changes in an individual’s life scenario. The theory of social work, having gone through a certain socio-historical path of development, today represents an independent variety scientific knowledge, having universally significant value.
In his historical development Social care for the needy took on various forms - from alms to an organized state system of social protection, combined with various types of public and private charity.
The term “social work” was first used in England in connection with the expansion at the beginning of the 20th century of the activities of one of the religious social organizations (COS) engaged in philanthropy, or as it was called then – “amateur (amateur) work.” In accordance with this, a task arose for this organization - the transformation of unskilled activities into professional ones, based on social theories and special training. This new activity came to be called social work. Long before the term arose, society began to emphasize activities aimed at supporting various groups of the population who found themselves in difficult life situations.
In modern literature, five periods are distinguished in the history of social work abroad.
1) The archaic period of charity (before the formation of the first slave states at the end of the 3rd millennium - the first half of the 2nd millennium BC).
2) Philanthropic period (approximately up to the 5th century AD).
3) The period of public (community, church) charity (before the beginning of the 16th century).
4) The period of state charity (until the turn of the 19th-20th centuries).
5) The period of social work (continuing to the present).
The scientific stage of the formation of social work
The scientific stage of the formation of social work is associated with many factors of its evolution and, above all, with changes in social connections and relationships, which have qualitatively changed in many countries by the beginning of the 20th century. What reasons lead to a paradigm shift? social assistance? The main reasons were the following:
Destruction of a single community associated with general principles and norms of existence;
Urbanization and industrialization;
Increasing social connections and expanding the relationships in which a person has become involved.
These are the main reasons that influenced the evolution of social work as a whole. What are the macro-, meso- and micro factors of evolution at the beginning of the 20th century that led to a significant change in the process of assistance and the formation of the theory and practice of social work?
Macro factors of evolution:
Industrial revolution of the beginning of the century;
Changes in social policy in the field of human rights and its protection;
Organization of a social insurance system for the sick and elderly.
Mesofactors of evolution:
Shifting the emphasis of assistance from material assistance to teaching clients to independently solve their problems;
Changing the practical orientation of the activities of social workers, the transition from solving class problems to solving specific individual problems.
Microfactors of evolution:
Concentrating the attention of social workers “on working with the case”;
Justification and implementation of psychoanalytic approaches “with case” into practice;
The development of techniques and methods of individual work, when the activities of a social worker are based on the client’s requests.
The first practical steps in the field of theoretical understanding of social work were taken by feminists in many countries of the Western world - Alice Solomon in Germany, Maria Gaheri in France, Elizabeth Fry in England, Jane Adams in the USA.
But the greatest success in the field of theoretical research is being achieved by M. Richmond, who described the method of individual work with those in need. Her approach was formed on the basis of medical methods, the behaviorist school of psychology, and psychoanalysis of S. Freud. One of M. Richmond’s first books in the field of social work theory was the fundamental work “A Friendly Visit to the Poor: A Guide for Workers in Charitable Organizations.”
In 1917, the book “Social Diagnoses” was published, in which M. Richmond described the theoretical and methodological basis individual social work.
In 1921-1930, psychological knowledge “penetrated” into individual methods of social work. The “new psychology” represented by the behaviorist school, the Adler school, the Freudian school, and the Jung school is reflected in the theory and practice of social work.
Since 1922, M. Richmond has been developing the principles of “social individual work,” which M. Richmond calls “principles of mental hygiene.” Subsequently, these principles will be adopted as the basis of the code of ethics of a social worker.
The theoretical work of M. Richmond laid the foundations for a certain approach, the school of social work, known as the “diagnostic school” (the approach of this school to social work is accordingly called the “diagnostic approach”).
Another approach to the development of theories and practice of social work is presented in a direction called the “functional school of social work”. The ideologists of this direction were O. Rank and J. Taft.
The focus of the functional method is on the process that occurs between the social worker and the client. The functional school based its theoretical constructs not on a diagnosis, but on the process of interaction between a social worker and a client.
IN Russia The periodization of the history of social work has its own specifics and looks like this.
Archaic period (before the formation of the Principality of Kyiv and the baptism of Rus' in the 9th-10th centuries). Tribal and communal forms of assistance and mutual assistance among the Slavs until the 10th century. helping members of your community. The most common forms of helping the poor were feeding from house to house (those in need spent the whole day in one house, moving to another the next day) and almsgiving.
The period of public (community, church) charity (X-early 16th centuries). It is characterized by the absence of a state system of social assistance to the population. The predominance of church charity. The most common form of help is giving alms. Development of princely charity (distribution of alms, adoption of decrees,
The period of church-state charity (XVI – XVII centuries). Gradually, the first closed institutions began to form, and regulations for working with the poor were laid down. Hospitals were organized at the monasteries. Help in parishes for the sick, the poor, etc.
Period of state charity (XVIII - early XX centuries). Formation of a system of state social assistance to the population. The system of state charity was established during the reign of Peter I. Almshouses for the old and crippled were built in all provinces. In the second half of the 18th century, caring for socially vulnerable categories of the population was recognized as an indispensable responsibility of the state. The first special state institutions for orphans appeared. The growth of capitalism determines the development of charity among merchants and entrepreneurs. At this time, the transition from voluntary to professional assistance is also formalized. The first courses on public charity are opening. At the end of the 19th century, a number of areas of public charity emerged: charity for illegitimate infants, care for teenagers (orphanages), charity for the blind and deaf-mute, charity for the elderly and provision of medical care. One of the largest societies during this period was the Imperial Humane Society.
At the end of the 19th century, a movement of community sisters of mercy arose. They helped during epidemics and wars.
During this period there was state, church-public, and private charity.
The period of social planning (1917-1991). The charity system is being reformed. Charity is assessed as one of the means of the bourgeoisie. All charitable organizations were transferred to the state. The social security system took over certain forms of private and public charity. New orphanages are opening. State support is provided to those in need. One of the main ideas is social justice and comprehensive care for people.
Social work period (since the 1990s). The destruction of established socio-economic ties, price liberalization, and unemployment lead to an exacerbation of social problems. Short-term social programs are appearing. A system of helping those in need is being formed. In March-April 1991, the profession of “social work” was officially registered in government documents. Transformation of social work as a type of practical activity into an institute Russian society meant that social work needed personnel and scientific support. The formation of a system of higher and secondary education began special education in this area and specialty. Currently, more than 130 educational institutions in the country train specialists in social work.
The uniqueness of national culture also influences the formation of national concepts of the theory of SR.
The formulation of the domestic theory of SR is represented by the following cycles:
1) the theory of alms, or the theory of social reconciliation and harmony (period early Middle Ages). The foundations of the theory of mercy are developed here in three main directions: understanding mercy as a philosophical category, as a Christian path, as a means of managing social relations;
2) the theory of charity, which on the part of the state was initially formalized as the theory of poverty (XIV-XVIII centuries). The doctrine of relief represents poverty. Within the framework of this theory, its development is traced from worldly poverty to civilized forms of public charity, to the state stage of social assistance to Russia;
3) the cognitive model of helping those in need (XVIII century) is characterized by the fact that theological approaches to the client’s personality are replaced by societal ones, and individual fate is considered in the context of the visible needs and problems of society, in the context of its life activity, norms and values. In general, the directions that took shape during this period social thought about helping one's neighbor both from the Church and from the state at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. gradually forming into a single scientific complex about private and public charity;
4) the theory of public (state) charity revealed a sustained interest in the formation of a conceptual apparatus, the desire to define concepts in the context of world social thought, which made it possible to comprehend the development of social assistance in Russia in the context of foreign experience, but taking into account national and cultural identity. The main directions of social and scientific thought about the essence of public assistance were: theological and confessional; legal direction, theory of legislation in social issues; public charity and charity as a cultural, historical and socio-political process; education and correctional education; system of aid organizations; training of specialists, etc.;
5) the theory of social security (20-90s of the XX century) went through two stages in its development: the first (1919-1941) - the understanding of social assistance narrowed in comparison with the pre-revolutionary period and found its expression, first of all, in social provision and social insurance in a socialist society; the second period - (50s - late 80s) was marked by the development of medical and labor expertise and methods of social and legal rehabilitation of disabled people;
6) the theory of social work has been formed since the early 90s. XX century Determined scientific field cognition SR. The initial period was characterized by a certain influence of the American theoretical school. The rapid development of social knowledge and social science continues.
The main problems of periodization of the history of social work are related to the starting point of the practice of social assistance, the assessment of changes in ideology, institutions-subjects and objects of assistance, legal and economic foundations, its types and forms.
Each period in the history of social work is characterized by a corresponding paradigm (model) of social assistance.
M. V. Firsov believes that each stage of changing the paradigm of assistance and mutual assistance is associated with a change in the subject and object, institutions of support, ideology of assistance, a change in conceptual language, nomination of the process... with the destruction of geopolitical or sociocultural space, the presence of epidemics, wars and conflicts , mass famine *14 .
*14: (Firsov M.V. History of social work in Russia. Ts M.: VLADOS, 1999. Ts P. 10.)
However, the basis for changing the paradigm of social assistance (and therefore the periodization of the history of social work) is largely based on socio-economic processes.
This is a change in the social mode of production, as a result of a transformation of social relations themselves. Changed social relations form a new composition of risks (threats) to a person’s social status. These are the main factors in the transformation of social assistance relations. The new composition of social risks determines a change in the object of social assistance. Changed social relations form new institutions-subjects of social assistance; this process is also influenced by the object itself as the final consumer of social support and services. Institutions, in turn, generate the appropriate ideology of social assistance, its legal and economic foundations, types and forms.
Wars, famines, pandemic processes, destruction of geopolitical or sociocultural space are important, but secondary factors that are not capable of independently causing a change in stages and paradigms of social assistance.
In the scientific literature one can find various periodizations that reflect scientists’ vision of the main stages of the historical process of development of social assistance relations.
M. V. Firsov *15 proposes the following periodization of social assistance in Russia:
*15: (Firsov M.V. History of social work in Russia. Ts M.: VLADOS, 1999. Ts S. 11.)
1. Archaic period. Tribal and communal forms of assistance and mutual assistance among the Slavs of the C to the 10th century.
2. The period of princely and church-state assistance from the X to the XIII centuries.
3. The period of church-state assistance from the 14th century. until the second half of the 17th century.
4. The period of state charity - from the second half of the 17th century. to the second half of the 19th century V.
5. The period of public and private charity since the end of the 19th century. until the beginning of the 20th century.
6. The period of state provision of C from 1917 to 1991.
K.V. Kuzmin and B.A. Sutyrin *16 identify six periods of social assistance in Russia:
*16: (See: Kuzmin K.V., Sutyrin B.A. History of social work abroad and in Russia (from antiquity to the beginning of the 20th century). Ts M.: Academic project, 2002. Ts S. 15.)
1. The archaic period of charity (before the formation of the Principality of Kyiv and the baptism of Rus' in the 6th-7th centuries).
2. The period of public (community, church) charity C X C beginning of the 16th century.
3. The period of church-state charity from the XVI-XVII centuries.
4. The period of state charity since the 18th century. C early 20th century
5. Social planning period C 1917-1991.
6. The period of social work since the beginning of the 1990s.
1. The archaic period of charity - before the formation at the end of the 3rd millennium - in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. e. the first slave states.
2. Philanthropic period C approximately until the IV-V centuries. n. e.
3. The period of public (community, church) charity until the beginning of the 16th century.
4. The period of state charity until the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.
5. The period of social work, which continues to the present day.
An interesting periodization was proposed by P. Ya. Tsitkilov *17. Both domestic and foreign experience of social work generally fits into its framework. It allows you to get a holistic view of the most important stages of the formation and evolution of the social assistance system.
*17: (See: Tsitkilov P. Ya. Op. Ts. S. 26.)
Main stages in the history of social assistance and social work:
1. The period of the simplest forms of assistance and mutual assistance in the era of the archaic and ancient world of the 3rd millennium BC. C mid-1st millennium AD
2. The period of traditional community and church-monastic charity in the early and classical Middle Ages (IV-XV centuries).
3. The period of the formation and functioning of the system of state and public charity in the late Middle Ages and in the modern era from the XVI-XIX centuries.
4. The period of the emergence and institutionalization of social work, the formation of social security systems - the end of the 19th century. C end of 20th century
5. The period of further spread of social work in the world and strengthening of its role in ensuring social well-being - the end of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century.
Here are some considerations regarding the definition of the main stages of social assistance. Thus, K.V. Kuzmin and B.A. Sutyrin, as noted, determine the period of development of social assistance approximately until the 4th-5th centuries. n. e. as Philanthropic, obviously, taking into account the emerging institution of assistance to philanthropy and the philanthropic activities of the state.
One can reasonably object to such an interpretation. Thus, philanthropy as private charity was not the dominant subject of social assistance, but the so-called philanthropic assistance of the state, by its nature, was the first state social assistance to emerge.
There is no reason to reduce the importance of religious and community assistance in the social assistance system of a slave-owning society. Therefore, it is apparently objectively impossible to single out any institution of social assistance that determines its system and call it the method of organization (model) of the entire system.
Given these considerations, as well as the fact that when analyzing social assistance of the slave era, scientists mainly use objective data on classic slave states ( Ancient Greece and Rome), we can define the paradigm (model) of social assistance corresponding to a slave society as ancient (from the Latin antiquus - ancient).
K.V. Kuzmin and B.A. Sutyrin define the system that existed in Russia since the 18th century. to the beginning of the 19th century model of social assistance as state charity. M.V. Firsov proposes the following periodization: from the second half of the 17th century. until the second half of the 19th century. C period of state charity; from the end of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century. C is a period of public and private charity.
It is obvious that in Russia since the 18th century. to the 60s XIX century There was a state-community model of social assistance, and then, until 1917, a state-public model.
This periodization and definition of social assistance models is based on the principle of dominant institutions-subjects of assistance, which determine the nature of the model.
In the 18th century there is a significant increase Russian authorities as an institution-subject of social assistance. The state offers a new, secular concept of social assistance relations, centralized, hierarchical, class-based. Administrative-command influences intensify the activities of aid subjects, the government exercises supervision and control, regulates social support relations, and also begins to act as a strong subject, forms the legal framework for aid, its structure and economic foundations. The government becomes the dominant subject of assistance in a given historical period.
But power did not dominate alone. For the peasantry, who made up the overwhelming majority of the Russian population, relations of assistance in the family, clan, and community space remained vitally important. It was the rural community that was the most massive and the most directly close to the institution and subject of assistance.
Other institutions of assistance - the church, charity, corporate associations, etc. - also joined the general sphere of assistance relations, but did not play a prominent role during this period.
In the second half of the 19th century. Against the backdrop of significant socio-economic transformations, a state-public model of social assistance begins to operate. This model, characteristic of European socioculture, is directly related to the formation of the capitalist mode of production, civil society, processes of humanization of society, urbanization, etc.
During this period, real conditions are created for the growth of all kinds of non-state, public, self-governing institutions-subjects of assistance. Their rapid development and prominent role in social assistance relations make it possible to consider the totality of public support structures as the dominant public institution of assistance. Along with the authorities, public formations constitute a system of social assistance, where the efforts of the state and society determine the paradigm of assistance in society.
Thus, the following periodization of the history of social work in Russia is proposed:
1. The period of tribal and community assistance-mutual assistance until the 10th century.
2. The period of princely and parish assistance from the X to the XIII centuries.
3. The period of confessional assistance from the 14th to the second half of the 17th century.
4. The period of state-community charity from the XVIII to the 60s. XIX century
5. The period of state-public social assistance C from the middle of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century.
6. Social security period C 1917-1991.
7. The period of social work since the beginning of the 1990s. Until now.
Questions for self-control
1. What is the subject of the history of social work?
2. What is the essence and interdependence of the concepts Social assistance and Social work?
3. What are the main types of social assistance and what are their differences?
4. Name the main conditions for the emergence of social assistance.
5. What are the main stages in the development of social assistance in Russia?
6. How is social work understood in Russian literature?
Questions for discussion during seminar classes
1. The problem of periodization of the history of social work.
2. What are the differences between the periodization of the history of social work abroad and the history of social work in Russia?
3. What are the features of the formation of the conceptual apparatus of the history of social work?
4. Basic concepts of the emergence of social assistance relations. Which one seems preferable and why?
5. What factors underlie changes in the paradigm of social assistance, and, therefore, influence the periodization of the history of social work?
Literature
Kuzmin K.V. History of social work abroad and in Russia (from antiquity to the beginning of the 20th century). / K. V. Kuzmin, B. A. Sutyrin. Ts M.: Academic project, 2002.
Melnikov V.P. History of social work in Russia: Tutorial/ V. P. Melnikov, E. I. Kholostova. Ts M.: Marketing, 2002.
Dictionary-reference book for social work / Ed. E. I. Kholostova. Ts M.: Lawyer, 2000.
Sorokin P. A. Sociology of revolution / P. A. Sorokin. Ts M.: Astrel, 2008.
Social work / Ed. V. I. Kurbatova. C Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2000.
Social and labor sphere: Dictionary of key terms and concepts / Ed. N. A. Volgina. Ts M.: RAGS, 1996.
Firsov M.V. Introduction to the theoretical foundations of social work (historical and conceptual aspect) / M.V. Firsov. Ts M.: Institute of Practical Psychology; Voronezh: MODEKD997.
Firsov M.V. History of social work: Textbook. allowance / M. V. Firsov. Ts M.: Academic project; Trixta, 2004.
Tsitkilov P. Ya. History of social work: Textbook. allowance / P. Ya. Tsitkilov. C Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2006.
Engels F. The origin of the family, private property and the state (in connection with the research of Lewis G. Morgan) / F. Engels // Historical journalism: About the art of war. About the theory of violence. Ts M.: Eksmo, 2003.
Social work abroad is a highly sought-after profession, while in post-Soviet states social workers, as a rule, have difficulty finding work in their specialty. The remuneration of social specialists in these countries also differs significantly from foreign ones. Nevertheless, in the twentieth century, imperial Russia had a developed social model. work that quietly competed with foreign ones. In order to thoroughly understand the system of social work in Europe and the USA, it is necessary to consider the development of the profession from its very origins.
The stage of emergence of social work as a profession is the XIX-XX centuries. Mostly then this profession was seen as helping the disabled, the poor or children. Today it includes a very large number of different industries that are aimed primarily at improving people's lives.
After World War II, the number of schools for social services. workers have increased. They opened in France, Germany and other European countries. In general, the peak of development of this profession in Europe and the USA can be dated back to the sixties. It was then that most states in Western Europe and the world experienced significant reforms, and along with them the structure of social services bodies changed. work and insurance. A large number of new organizations were created, not only government or commercial ones, but philanthropy flourished at that time. Special organizations operated throughout the world.
Mary Richmond as the founder of the profession
In every country in the world, higher education institutions train specialists in this profession; the first such school was opened even before the recognition of social work as a profession. This happened in the Netherlands in 1910. And not without reason, because a woman worked there who did simply colossal work for this industry - Mary Richmond. It all started with the fact that she was part of a voluntary organization to help the poor and other people in trouble. The stage of formation of social work in the USA began with the campaign of this foundation “Friendly Visit to the Poor”.
Mary Richmond - one of the founders of professional social work
Within its framework, volunteers visited the homes of the poorest citizens, but not only to help financially. Richmond herself believed that poverty is far from a material situation, it is a person’s “lifestyle”. That is why the charity program made its goal not just to enrich these people, but to adapt them to life in society in to the extent necessary. Later, the development of social work was reinforced by Richmond's work, which included a practical guide for aspiring social workers.
Social work in Europe and the USA today
Since its inception, this profession in Europe has evolved to the level required by the average person. However, the main problem of social work today is that it should both support a person psychologically and be closely connected with government agencies. For example, a help center for women victims of domestic violence works extremely closely with the police, and nursing homes work with doctors. Very often, the problems with which clients seek help are on the borderline of morality and law. Therefore, the percentage of professional burnout among social workers is extremely high.
In Europe and America, a social worker is a prestigious and respected profession. It is worth noting that social work is taught in Western European countries mainly at public expense. In addition, a large number of politicians and government officials in Western European countries have higher education in this area. It is also easier for foreigners in this industry.
Quality of social work is assessed in the ability not only to solve problems of the population, but also to prevent them. Definitely the most interesting country in terms of this profession today is Germany, which has managed to create a precise system that deals with the necessary work with all segments of the population and with all ages.
Today, the activities of social services in foreign countries is argued by several models, the basis for which was laid in Mary Richmond’s book “Social Diagnoses”.
Mary Richmond's book "Social Diagnoses"
Scientists and historians of social work deeply study the most important trends in this area of philanthropy.
If you study the designs in alphabetical order, then you need to start with the social and charitable deeds of the Austrian state. Domestic and foreign researchers note that the first schools of social work appeared in this country before the First World War. Until 1961 in Austria There were mainly private schools of social work.
Since 1962, the Ministry of Education has created a comprehensive system of public and private schools. For example, 350 students are admitted to both schools every year.
In 1984 alone, there were 650 students in Austria studying social work in depth and comprehensively. About 300 graduates graduate from the Academy of Social Work each year. These educational institutions accept persons from 18 to 20 years of age.
Two-year social work courses are being created, in which medical subjects, home economics with elements of child psychology, and the humanities are studied.
Regarding the development of the professional sphere of social charity in Belgium There are the following observations and conclusions. Foreign and domestic researchers note that in 1920–1921 the first schools of social work were created in Brussels and Antwerp. Today there are 23 schools of social workers. Moreover, 12 of them operate in the Flemish and 11 in the French-speaking regions.
It is impossible not to notice that in this state there are two Ministries national education. Taking into account the French and Flemish-speaking parts of the country.
There are courses with a three-year duration. Issued annually like this social institutions charity up to a thousand social workers. There are also courses with a two-year duration. During the training process the following subjects are studied: philosophy, legal laws, economics, sociology, psychology, social medicine.
Important forms of training include lectures, seminars and practical training, which last for seven months.
Foreign and domestic researchers pay attention to the development of social work in Great Britain. They write that in 1896 the first social work institution in this country was created. In 1903, its own school of sociology was created, taking into account the political, historical, and moral experience of the Kingdom of England. In 1912, this institute was transformed into the Department of Social Sciences and Management.
In 1970, the Central Council for Training and Education in Social Work was created.
The Society of Charitable Organizations is created.
Foreign and domestic scientists note that licensing of courses in this specialization was carried out by professional associations in the field of social work in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century.
From 1971 to 1982, annual student enrollment increased from 2,455 to 3,574. The peak of enrollment in this specialty was in 1977, when 4,039 people became students.
Most of the listeners are 25 years old and older. 30% of students are aged 35 and above. Moreover, one third of the total student body is male. One- and two-year postgraduate courses were opened for students with a bachelor's degree or diploma in an acceptable field corresponding to the given job profile.
Disciplines are studied at a higher intellectual level: social policy, sociology, psychology.
There are consistently four-year training courses in social work followed by many months of practical training.
At the same time, there is a strict selection procedure for advanced training courses in the field of social work at universities, at the Polytechnic Institute.
Scientists write about the history of the development of this area of charitable activity in Germany.
In 1893, the training of social work professionals began. At the origins of this charitable activity is a wonderful woman enthusiast, Jeanette Schwerin.
The number of students at her charitable institute ranged from 100 to 1000.
Today, there are 37,000 students studying social work in colleges and 15,000 people in universities.
A total of 9,000 people are accepted for training in this profession. Each year, 7,000 and 8,000 people graduate from colleges and universities, respectively.
Moreover, students are admitted to these institutions to study the most important provisions of social work after 12 years of schooling.
Domestic and foreign scientists note with satisfaction that the total number of professionals in the field of social work has increased from 40 thousand in 1950 to 182 thousand in 1986. We are talking about a three-year training of social workers with the inclusion of practical activities or a year-long internship.
It must be emphasized that universities and colleges associated with social work are distinguished by a certain independence from the ruling political strata. In particular, there are three different types curricula in social work and social pedagogy. Moreover, courses in these areas of charitable activity are clearly structured. The following disciplines are studied: history, sociology, social policy, psychology, pedagogy, economics, statistics, therapeutic methods, theory and practice of education, legislation, music, sports, art. At the same time, there are courses to study foreign languages: English, Spanish, French.
Foreign and domestic scientists note that in Greece Social work has existed as a profession and a special independent discipline since 1937. In 1970, the Ministry of National Education and Religion was created. 2,680 are state licensed. Most social workers are women. The basic curriculum in schools of social work lasts 7 semesters. The main teaching methodology involves lectures, seminars, practical classes, and exams.
Domestic and foreign researchers note that in Denmark The beginning of professional social work should be dated back to 1937.
Until 1975, the Department of the Central Council of the Ministry of Public Education dealt with the problems of this area of charitable activity.
Annual enrollment in schools of social work was 390. At the same time, the average age of students reached 35 years. These were already established individuals, citizens, and not young people with elements of social infantility. Since 1956, a three-year training program in social work has been introduced. Moreover, the internship lasts for six months. Scientists write about the creation of Courses for graduates in the field of social work. They usually last from one to two weeks. The following disciplines are studied: legislation in the field of social security; civil and family law; management and planning; political economy; economy; sociology; psychology; social medicine; theory and methods of social work.
Domestic and foreign scientists write that in Israel elements of professional social work appeared in 1934. From 1948 to 1950, the Jewish Community was created under the Ministry of Social Security. The Tel Aviv municipality has established its own school with two years of training for social workers. Industrial practice begins in the second year of study. Every year from 20 to 40 students are admitted to this school. 35 - 40 hours per week are provided for the educational process and practical activities and 20 - 25 hours for preparation for these classes.
The training programs are devoid of dogmatism and scholasticism. They are distinguished by flexibility, dynamism, and the ability to sense time. Working methods are associated with individual, group, and community activities.
There are sophisticated programs available to enhance the qualifications of graduate social work professionals.
Domestic and foreign scientists note that the beginning of professional social work in Spain should be dated back to 1932. The first school was created in Barcelona, but in 1936, during the era of acute political events and conflicts it was closed. In 1940, the School of Social Work resumed its activities.
A Women's Committee on Social Status is being created. In 1964, the Ministry of Education and Science was established. Since the 1982/83 academic year, approximately 100 to 200 students of different ages (18, 25, 30 years old) have studied in social work schools. It should be noted that for every male student there were 9 female representatives.
The Barcelona School of Social Work accepted students from the age of 18. The Madrid School of Social Work accepted men and women between the ages of 25 and 30 for study. Students with considerable experience in practical social work were needed.
A national curriculum was developed for all university schools of social work.
At the same time, each school made its own adjustments to the program and looked for its own unique approach. The program is designed for 3200 hours. The subjects in this program are divided into four areas: basic sciences; social work; additional items; optional items.
Three-year study at the University involves advanced training in the field of social work.
Domestic and foreign scientists write that in Iceland In 1982, the first graduation of social workers took place. Before this, this profession was acquired only abroad.
Social work issues fall within the competence of the Ministry of Education. By 1970, there were 100 people who had received the status of social worker.
Every year, 160 people enter institutes in this field of activity. It must be emphasized that boys and girls enter this system of charitable institutions after 13 years of schooling.
The educational process lasts 3 years with a mandatory 24-week practice.
The main disciplines are: sociology, psychology, pedagogy.
Domestic and foreign researchers write that in Italy The first school of social workers was opened in 1928. But only in 1956, already at a high professional level The first specialized school of social workers was created. A centralized management of the education system was created.
Today there are more than 100 schools of social work. Moreover, almost 100% of specialists are women.
As a rule, 50–100 students study in one school. They enter these schools after 12 years of schooling.
In the 1988/89 academic year, the total number of students in the field of social work reached 701 people.
To date, clear progress can be noted in this area. There were 1,183 students in just 11 schools in the five northern regions of Italy. There were 1,302 students in 20 schools in Sicily. Training programs include: lectures, consultations, practical training, seminars, exams. Training in this specialty lasts 3 years.
The following subjects are studied: history, principles of social work; means and methods of social work; planning; social services policy; civil law; economics and social policy; social hygiene and medicine; sociology and methodology of social scientific research.
There is a postgraduate course in Social Work. Every year the 20 best graduates enter it. 12 people enroll in annual advanced training courses for social workers. In this case, practice takes up 50% of the total training time. Disciplines are related to developmental social psychology and psychopathology.
Scientists note that in Ireland Social work only gained its professional status in 1934. In 1941, one-year courses became two-year courses until 1970. In 1954, the University of Dublin was opened. Kirk College was opened in 1966 with the assistance of Trinity College. Coordination of the training of specialists in this profession is carried out by the Advisory Committee for Social Work Training.
It should be noted that Trinity College trains social workers for two years. University College Dublin three years. 380 students graduate annually. Moreover, persons no younger than 25 years old are accepted.
Scientists write that in the state Luxembourg social work was introduced as a profession by Act in 1935. This area of activity is supervised by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health. In 1986, there were already 137 practicing social workers. The majority of specialists were women. The training lasted 4 years. It took 2 years to become an assistant. To obtain the latter specialization, the study of social disciplines was required. In particular, social hygiene. Since 1969, advanced training courses for social workers have been opened. The following disciplines are studied: medicine; social medicine; methods of social work.
Scientists and historians of the field of activity we study write that in Norway The first school of social work opened in 1920.
In 1949, the first college for this profession opened. Today in Norway there are 4 colleges and a private religious school. The Ministry of Culture and Science and the Norwegian Council for Education and Training oversee the college and schools of social work.
5 educational institutions in Norway admit 260 students annually. Total number There are 700 students. Until 1966, the training period for this profession was 2 years. Today he has reached 3 years with compulsory practical activities. The main subjects are: psychology, sociology, political economy, social therapy, state and municipal administration, law, criminology, criminal law, psychiatry, social policy.
Each College has approximately 100 – 150 students. More than 4,100 people have diplomas. Moreover, the majority of certified specialists are female.
Scientists and historians of the field of activity we study write that in the Netherlands the first school of social work opened in 1896.
Since 1963, courses for training social workers began to operate. Over time, these institutes merged into the Academy of Social Work.
Moreover, all Academies are private. Today, 36 educational institutions train social workers. This includes 21 academies, 2 training centers with evening and correspondence courses; 4 youth training centers and 9 institutes.
300 people study in academies. 600 for day and evening courses in centers and institutes.
Mostly school graduates enter these educational institutions. One of the important subjects is occupational therapy. The remaining disciplines are not named.
Foreign and domestic scientists pay attention and Portugal. The first school of social work was opened in Lisbon in 1935.
In 1937, 2 schools of social work were opened. In 1956, 3 private schools of social work were opened in the city of Porto.
Today, 1,150 people are studying social work in the country. Every year, 330 people graduate in this profession. 90% of specialists are women. These schools accept students from the age of 18 to study. Classes are conducted for 4 years. The structure of training is as follows: in the first year social work is devoted to 22 hours, in the second year 27 hours, in the third year 22 hours, in the fourth year 18 hours.
In Portugal there is short course in the field of social work to obtain special knowledge and skills. (The so-called intensive course).
If we talk about fundamental, basic education, which lasts 4 years, then in the first and second years the emphasis is on social sciences: sociology, economics, law, social history, sociological research, statistics. In the third and fourth years the following subjects are studied: social movement, economics, social planning, social policy, psychosociology.
IN Turkey, as domestic and foreign scientists write, the Institute of Social Work was opened in 1959. In 1983, it was reorganized into the Institute of Social Work and Child Protection Services.
In 1961, the Academy of Social Work was established in Ankara. It is supervised by the Ministry of Health and Human Services. Every year 160 people are admitted to this institution. There are 979 in the country professional workers. Of these, 485 are women and 494 are men.
The program is divided into trimesters. The first year involves a simple review. In the second year of study, students engage in the theory and practice of group work. The third year is similar to the second, but includes a comprehensive set of disciplines: individual work; community work; politics and administrative work in social services.
Psychology, sociology, politics, legislation, management, economics, statistics, anthropology are studied. English and Turkish languages and the history of the Turkish revolution are studied as additional subjects. Sports and applied arts are being introduced.
IN Finland, as scientists and historians of this field of activity write, in 1942 a school of social sciences opened in Helsinki, which began to train social workers. It is necessary to note three levels of management of this process. We are talking about the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; National Council for Social Security; district and local authorities. By 1988, the number of students exceeded 200 people. 90% of them are women. They enter these institutions after graduating from high school.
Annual admission to social work institutes is 232 – 239 people. There are two levels of training: working with clients within the community; training in management, planning; teaching and research activities.
Micro and macro practice. The point is that each school has the right to its own curriculum. There are also in-depth, individual courses for writing a dissertation. General and special subjects are included in the scope of improvement. For example, in the first year of school, subject to continuous self-education, subjects such as psychology, sociology, pedagogy, and management are included.
In the second and third years of study, the process of mastering professional social work in an experimental, empirical manner begins. We are working with groups and communities. Students are engaged in organizing and managing charitable activities, research work. Mandatory industrial practice reaches 400 hours.
Domestic and foreign scientists write that in France In 1907, a professional school for social education was created, founded by the remarkable teacher Maria Gehern.
In 1913, a professional school of social service was opened. In 1917, a women's school of social work was opened in a factory in Paris. It must be emphasized that social activities are a special concern of all departments of ministries, as well as the People's Government and the Ministry of Education. At the same time, departments, semi-private services, private sector oversee 160 schools of social work, most of which are privately funded. 11 schools have public and semi-public status. Approximately 100 – 200 students attend each school of social work. There are three-year courses for social service assistants, family counselors, and special training experts. Two-year courses have been organized that train teachers of preschool social institutions and kindergarten staff with an emphasis in social work. Two-month courses for women housekeepers. In 1932, courses were organized that received social status.
Domestic and foreign scientists write that 6,000 students are taking courses in social work. Moreover, only 5% of students are men. Those who enroll in the courses are those who, after graduating from school, have worked for at least 5 years in the field of social and charitable activities. Those who have raised one or two children are also accepted. The minimum age of applicants is 25 years.
Industrial practice in this field of study lasts up to 14 months.
The following subjects are studied in advanced training courses for social work: social economics; social environment; relationship between people; health; hygiene; medical and social protection of the population. The central subject is undoubtedly the theory and practice of social service, amounting to 1400 hours. Teaching methods involve the study and analysis of texts; observation and knowledge of the social environment; research and analysis of situations; audio-visual means.
Here we also play out socio-psychological roles, exercises in nonverbal communication. With corresponding control tasks.
Compulsory subjects are psychology, economics, sociology, law, and healthcare.
Scientists note that the first social work courses were created in Sweden in 1910.
In 1920 they were transformed into a special institute.
This institution trained municipal employees and other specialists in the field of social work. In 1921, the Institute of Politics, Sociology and Self-Government was opened in Stockholm. This area is supervised by the Committee responsible for developing a program of general, compulsory courses leading to the right to obtain a degree.
Scientists note that the Scandinavian Committee communicates between schools of social work in the five Nordic countries.
In the 1920s, 30 students were enrolled in these institutes annually. At the end of the 30s their number increased to 100 people.
In the 80s there were up to 1200 students. Today there are already 3500 of them.
The annual intake is 1000 people.
In the 1988–89 school year, 41% of students were under 24 years of age. 40% of students were between 23 and 34 years old. 22% of listeners were over 34 years old. Moreover, 81% of the students were women.
The main subjects in these institutes are sociology, civil law; social work as a scientific discipline; psychology; jurisprudence; political economy; economics and methods of social work; statistics. All this is associated with a three-year course of study.
In this aspect, scientists note 3 stages of training: main course; practical work during the first semester. Theoretical course in a group of students numbering 5–6 people. This also includes internships that last 5 months and postgraduate studies. research activities. There are 2 programs for assistance, preventive work and exchange of trainees in England and Germany.
Scientists write that in Switzerland Since the 60s there has been a school of social workers.
2 universities and 9 schools were opened. They are supervised by the Swiss Council of Schools of Social Work. Schools are owned by private individuals.
These institutions admit persons after 12 years of schooling. Preference is given to older people. Even after 35 years. Every year 20 new students are admitted. Since 1970, a course has been opened on family therapy, community work, social administration, and specialized methods of client treatment. Moreover, each school has its own programs.
IN Yugoslavia, as scientists write, from 1953 to 1960 the first higher schools of social work were opened. In 1957, an institute for social policy was created. These institutions were founded by the parliaments of independent republics and their executive bodies. Until the 80s, all programs were controlled by the system higher education. From 1938 to 1978, the number of students increased 25 times. 4,000 students study social work. Every year, 700 people enter this specialty. The majority of social workers are women. You can take exams externally. There is a four-year training program. In 1971, the University of Belgrade proposed the establishment of three and four-year courses. There are two-year courses at higher schools of social work. Universities offer four-year courses. You can delay taking the exam at your discretion. The curriculum has three parts: general courses, a special course, and practice.
Conclusion
Thus, all of the above confirms the greatness, spiritual moral pathos of social work and charity, which contribute to the rapprochement of peoples, the establishment of humanistic, democratic ideas, and the overcoming of confrontation and antagonistic contradictions between social systems and individuals.
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Introduction................................................. ........................................................ ..... 5
1. “Friendly Visitors” and Charitable Societies.................................... 6
2. Individual social work.................................................... .............. 10
3. Group social work.................................................... ......................... 16
4. Community work............................................................. ............................................... 21
5. General structure in social work.................................................... ............ 24
6. Religion and charity (history of the issue in the foreign aspect) 29
7. Some directions of the American social security system (Historical aspect) 36
8. Social insurance and state assistance (some aspects) 55
9. Organization and management in social work.................................................... 67
Planning................................................. ........................................... 70
Administrative management........................................................ ............... 72
Organizational activities of macro- and micro-level social workers in a territorial community 74
Modern macrosocial practice (some trends).... 76
10. Administrative management in social security (On the role of leading, intellectual groups, “intellectual-moral block”)................................ ........................................................ ........................... 80
Area of practical activity................................................................... .... 80
Some models of classical scientific theories of “management”: M. Weber and other scientists on bureaucratic (or managerial) technology........................ ........................................... 81
Legitimacy and status of the organization’s goals in society.................................... 82
Model of a “junk box”................................................................ ........................... 83
System theories........................................................ .................................... 84
Theories of managerial behavior................................................................... ............ 85
Types of activities of administration and social workers carried out at different levels 86
Personnel in the field of social work................................................................. ............. 90
Main problems and trends in administrative management in social security 91
Reduction of resources in the 80s of the 20th century in the USA allocated from the state budget by the government for social needs................................................... ........................................................ ........................................ 92
A number of political strategies for the administrative apparatus......... 92
Regarding “informatization of management”................................................. 93
“Participation in management” of various social groups and cultural layers 93
Development of organizations with matrix and parallel structures 94
Interest in alternative models is a negative reaction to the over-bureaucratization of organizations 94
Ethical issues of management......................................................... ............... 95
Studying the activities of management personnel in the social sphere... 95
Trends and analysis in the field of social work.................................................... 95
Equality in pay.................................................................... ........................... 96
Social Security Services (Forecasts) .............................................. 96
Administrative management (external aspects)................................... 97
Organization (social agency) and external and internal environment 98
Theoretical basis administrative management of social services (an essential component of social work)................................................. ........................................................ ................................... 100
Imaginative Examples Related to Management Strategy 101
Management in the field of social work and influence from outside.................................... 103
Management Policy and External Influence.................................................... 105
Administrator and the process of developing relations between organizations 106
Main problems in the field of social work................................................... 106
New Administrative Strategies......................................................... 106
The case of restructuring social services................................................................. .. 107
The role of managers in the field of communications and development of social services and other charitable institutions 109
Conclusions for the administration and leading representatives of social services 112
Administrative management: interpersonal aspects.................................. 114
Personnel: satisfaction and productivity................................... 114
Social work in the family ( mental illness– thesis statement) 115
Leadership: theory and research (An important section of the “intellectual and moral block” of professional technical and artistic elites).................................. ........................................................ ...... 115
Behavioral interpretation of the concept of “leadership” from the point of view of American and other researchers 116
Solving current social problems and interpersonal relationships between leader and subordinates 117
Specifics of social services................................................................... ............. 117
Various probabilistic models of the relationship between agency leaders and employees 119
The theory of gender roles in the management of social agencies and other charitable institutions.................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 119
Participation in the management of employees of various professional orientations 120
Participation of employees in the management of the social charity system 121
Leadership functions and managing entire groups.................................... 122
Evolution of the group................................................... ........................................ 124
Conflict situations................................................ ............................... 126
Integration methods of conflict resolution.................................... 130
11. Territorial aspect of social work and problems of intellectualization of leisure 132
Settlements and territorial centers.................................................... 137
Settlement and social action to meet community needs 140
12. Some trends in lawmaking and social work.................................. 144
Using previous experience in human rights advocacy.................................... 149
13. Social work with family................................................... ........................... 150
How do domestic and foreign scientists answer the question: “What is a family” 151
Historical context (history of the issue related to social work in the family) 153
General topics in family therapy.................................................................. .......... 156
Practice of social work with families.................................................... 159
Family therapy and current situation................................... 164
Pension systems for developed countries.................................................... 166
Family policy in a united Germany (a liberal legal state of the Western European type) 167
Social work with families in the Russian state.................................. 168
14. Health care system (health care in the USA)................................. 175
Fundamentals of legislation........................................................ ................. 176
Fixed reimbursement rates.................................................... 180
Main trends and problems in the health care system in the United States in the 80s and 90s of the XX century 181
Healthcare in the USA, national minorities and medical care 183
Social work and problems of computerization of the health care system in the USA and other highly developed countries.................................................... ........................................................ ................................ 185
Social worker and his activities in the health care system 185
Social worker and problems of health protection and healthy lifestyle at the local level 186
Social worker and client in the health care system......... 186
15. Social work with immigrants.................................................. ............. 188
Modern legislation. Quantitative restrictions and benefits 190
The role of social work in the field of immigration .................................... 190
Mutual aid groups................................................................... .................... 191
Characteristics of the group................................................... ............... 192
Mutual aid groups and refugees................................................................. ... 192
Functions of self-help groups.................................................................... ............. 194
Professionals and Self-Help Groups.................................................... 194
Social work and refugees................................................................. ............ 195
Medical assistance and refugees................................................................. ......... 196
General assistance or social work among the population................................ 196
Social services........................................................ ........................... 196
Equalization of subsidies and volunteer services.................................. 197
Types of refugee support services................................................................. ...... 197
Health program for refugees......................................................... ..... 197
Voluntary agencies and the number of refugees settled (Selected for 1984, taking into account the intense influx of immigrants)................................... ........................................................ .......... 198
Voluntary agencies and their various operational activities 199
Foreign Researchers and Mutual Aid Associations Organized by Refugees 199
Problems of social work with refugees.................................................... 199
Social and cultural adaptation of refugees.................................... 200
Problems of professionalization................................................................ .......... 200
Working with immigrants. An important section of social activity (Historical aspect) 200
16. Children and social work................................................... ........................... 202
Definition of a child, his social status from a legal point of view 203
Financial situation of children. Problems of health, education 203
Children with special needs................................................................... .......... 204
Children, social work and welfare services................................ 207
Child welfare - a bastion of social work in countries with a democratic orientation 209
Living wage program and social insurance 210
Trends and problems in the field social services children...... 211
Social services and problems of commercialization and privatization 212
17. Social work and support for the elderly, elderly, disabled 213
Administration for the Aging and General Management of this Work 215
Volunteer structures........................................................ ............... 215
Professional services for the elderly in the community........ 216
Organizational aspect................................................... ................... 216
Theoretical views and trends in the field of social work with older people 217
Specialization, methodology, special approach to the elderly.................. 218
Trends and prospects in social work with older people 218
Long-term care system......................................................... 219
Department of Human Services Related to Long Term Care and Related Programs.................................................... ........................................................ ................................ 219
District municipal institutions................................................... 219
Home care (a number of models)................................................... .220
Psychoneurological service programs................................... 222
Problems of financing the elderly.................................................... 222
Long-term care for disabled people and the role of social workers in this issue 224
Social work in homes for the disabled.................................. 224
Long-term care at home.................................................... 225
18. Social security systems in various countries.................................... 226
Social work and humanitarian services. System of cultural institutions 226
General and personal social services throughout the industrial world 226
Health care system of economically developed countries............ 227
Health care system of the “third world” countries.................................... 230
Social work and psychotherapeutic services.................................... 231
Two directions based on the principles of a general and selective approach in the field of social security 232
Alignment of guaranteed income programs in a number of Western countries 232
19. History of social work abroad. (Specific materials on a number of states of different political orientations) 234
Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ..... 245
Literature................................................. ........................................................ ...... 246
A.Z.Sverdlov
Lecture course
in social work
Part II
(Foreign experience)
Cover by S.A. Vladimirova
Original layout of M.E. Lisovskaya
Foreign experience of social work is many-sided and varied. Do almost all countries have social workers? some of them received training in specialized educational institutions and consider themselves professionals in this field; others, who do not have special education, engage in social work on a voluntary basis or work for hire in social institutions in auxiliary positions. social society mediation client
When people write about social work abroad, they usually mean Western European countries, the USA and Canada. However, social work is carried out in all countries with different returns and effectiveness. And Russia is no exception. Although some researchers note that social work originated in Russia only in the 90s, this is absolutely not true.
It is necessary to keep in mind two aspects in social work, in the social protection of certain layers and groups of the population. As a type of activity that is aimed at providing support and protection to people who find themselves in difficult situation, social work has appeared since the emergence and development human society. Of course, in different periods it had a different character, was carried out by different methods and in different forms, and it did not concern all segments of the population. As you know, helping the disabled and charity have always been appropriate. And, of course, in Russia, in Rus', as evidenced by historical documents.
However, only from the end of the 19th century? beginning of the 20th century social work is being formed as a type of professional activity. Official recognition as a specialty profession, the introduction of the position of social worker in official government documents was carried out in different countries at different times.
In the analysis of foreign experience in working with older people, two opposing trends are clearly visible: its overestimation or reluctance to use it. In the first case, it is believed that all social problems have been solved in the West and it is only necessary to use the developed models of social work with this category of the population. In the second case, it is argued that Russia has its own path, difficulties, problems, traditions and specifics, and that it is not worth studying and using foreign experience. For example, in the USA there are ten tasks, the implementation of which ensures social protection for the elderly: 1. Adequate income. 2. Good (if possible) mental and physical health. 3. Suitable housing. 4. Increased assistance to those who need state (government) support. 5. Possibility of hiring. 6. Life in retirement in health, honor and dignity. 7. Engage in meaningful activities. 8. Providing effective community services. 9. Conducting research to support and improve health and, ultimately, a happy life. 10. Freedom, independence and individual initiatives in planning and managing your personal life. Dozens are being implemented at the federal level, and hundreds of social programs are being implemented at the state level, solving social and gerontological problems. The Family and Medical Leave Act was passed, providing working family members with certain work benefits if they need to care for older family members. A distinctive feature of the late 20th century in social work with the elderly in America is the intensive development of the “third sector.” These are public organizations and associations that work with the elderly, or organize activities aimed at improving this work. Involvement in active work the elderly themselves, uniting the public and social workers in solving social and gerontological problems is a strategic task of democratizing social work and developing the volunteer movement. Public organizations serve as a kind of experimental platform where models of various programs with the elderly are developed, which then, having proven their effectiveness, can become programs and projects of the state or the country as a whole. A study of US volunteer organizations involved in social work with older people made it possible to identify 5 groups among them. Group I. Public organizations uniting various categories of elderly people, group II. Public organizations dealing with common problems of the elderly. III group. Public organizations dealing with special problems of the elderly. IV group. A public organization uniting specialists working with the elderly. V group. Public organizations involved in training personnel for social work with the elderly. The historical roots of social work lie in the charitable activities of the church, in charity itself. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, the paths of development of social work in Russia and the West diverged. In Soviet Russia it became party-ideologized and over-centralized. Therefore, it is especially interesting to take into account the experience of Western professional social work of the 20th century, when it developed intensively and fruitfully and proved its effectiveness. In countries Northern Europe the bulk of social workers are employed by social welfare organizations run by local authorities. This also applies to some other European countries, such as the UK. In addition to this, social workers are employed by others government agencies: healthcare organizations, most often general and specialized hospitals, as well as open public medical institutions(about the same as clinics in Russia), secondary schools and other educational organizations, prisons and correctional institutions. In area medical services, the traditional settings for social work are psychiatric hospitals. When it comes to open public mental health services, practice varies. In the UK, social workers have a very strong presence in mental health clinics, while in Finland some mental health clinics have stopped employing social workers and are using psychiatric nurses instead. In Central European countries, a fairly common approach is for social workers to work in public organizations or social service organizations affiliated with churches. Voluntary organizations also employ social workers in the Nordic countries. Previously, there was a practice when social workers were also hired by enterprises. This was common in the days when businesses provided social services to their employees. Similar practices can still be observed in some enterprises. I know that there are similar examples in Spain and the Netherlands. As for the structure of the organization of social security at the level of local authorities, there are two models of organization: organizing around existing problems (or sectors)? organization on a territorial basis. Organization around existing problems (or sectors) means that social work is organized in accordance with the problems clients have: there are social workers for social work with children, social workers for targeted social assistance, social workers dealing with problems of alcoholism, the disabled, the elderly etc. This kind of specialization is usually only possible in cities, where local authorities can employ several different social workers. In rural areas, social work has always been more general in nature, i.e. the same social worker deals with several types of issues. In some municipalities, when organizing work around existing problems, different levels of social workers have their own administrative departments. For example, social workers providing home care may have their own department, or child care institutions that usually employ social educators may create their own administrative area.
