Methods for reconstruction of the urban environment. Principles and techniques for practical reconstruction solutions
Abstract on the topic
"Restoration of the historical quarter", "Museum"
Completed by: Lopatina E., 014 gr.
Head: Shilin V.V.
Nizhny Novgorod
"RECONSTRUCTION"
1 General problems of reconstruction of residential areas
1.1 Goals and objectives of reconstruction
1.2 Residential areas of large cities
1.3 Initial data for reconstruction
1.4 Features, content, comfort of the living environment
2. Strategy for the reconstruction of neighborhood buildings
2.1 Central areas of a big city
2.2 The middle zone of the city
2.3 Estate development
2.4 Peripheral areas of fast-growing cities
3. Reconstruction and modernization of mass construction areas
3.1 Modernization of the housing stock of mass development areas
3.2 Socio-spatial analysis of residential development
3.3 Urban planning optimization of the external residential environment
3.4 Modeling of the external living environment
4. Examples of reconstruction of historical parts of cities
4.1 Reconstruction of Leipzig
4.2 Reconstruction of the Diagonal-Bessos section (Forum Barcelona 2004)
4.3 Redevelopment of the Defense business district in Paris
1 GENERAL PROBLEMS OF RECONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL AREA:
The current stage of economic and social development requires a careful attitude towards the accumulated national economic potential and a significant increase in the efficiency of its use. In the field of urban planning, these requirements mean the intensification of the use of urban territory, the preservation and modernization of the supporting fund.
The need for reconstruction is caused by the following reasons: the inconsistency of the existing planning structure with the increasing functional and environmental loads on the urban environment; insufficiently efficient use of housing stock; moral and physical deterioration of the building; different service lives of individual elements of the city’s infrastructure; loss of historical and architectural landmarks of established areas of the city; a radical change in the purpose of former non-residential buildings, structures, and territories.
1.1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF RECONSTRUCTION:
Reconstruction and modernization of residential areas is a continuous process of transforming and updating planning and development in order to improve the living conditions of the population and ensure the effective functioning of all elements of the city.
As a result of the reconstruction of residential areas, as living conditions improve, the quality of the external living environment should also increase: conditions for recreation and communication, cultural, social and transport services, microclimate and ecology. The transformation of the living environment must be carried out based on the interests of the local population, as well as the city as a whole as a national economic complex. Therefore, in each specific case, it is necessary to identify reserves and limitations associated with economic, architectural, urban planning, and planning solutions of higher design levels.
Reconstruction activities can be of three types: CONTINUOUS, simultaneous reconstruction with a complete transformation of a block or area, including the demolition of dilapidated ones, the construction of new ones and the repair of supporting buildings; SELECTIVE sequential reconstruction of local significance, consisting of the demolition, replacement or repair of individual supporting buildings; LOCAL modernization of a complex of buildings, structures and architectural forms within the key areas of the planning structure, ensuring a change in the mode of use of the territory.
Urban planning reconstruction of residential areas can cover historically developed areas of the city and areas of mass residential development.
1.2 RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS OF BIG CITIES:
The most difficult is the reconstruction of residential buildings in large and major cities. The location of a residential area in a city significantly influences the social functions of the residential environment, the organization of cultural and public services, the planning structure and the approach to reconstruction. Depending on the urban planning situation and the historical and architectural value of the existing development, it is divided into zones of CONSERVATION, REGULATION, REPRODUCE and TRANSFORMATION (Fig. 1.1) [11].
Conservation zone. This zone includes the historical core of the city and the blocks of streets adjacent to it, which are also functionally the center of the city. The most historically and architecturally valuable buildings are concentrated here, which, as a rule, represent a single whole with the landscape and urban planning situation.
The disadvantages of this zone are its oversaturation with non-residential functions, causing a large influx of daytime and evening visitors, difficult conditions for reconstruction, traffic congestion, insufficient green spaces, parking lots, and preschool institutions. The main task of the conservation zone is to preserve the historically established character of the environment on the basis of existing buildings. New residential formations can occupy relatively small areas and should complement the existing neighborhood development (Fig. 1.1.7).
Regulation zone. The regulation zone is typical for the central areas of large and largest historical cities. It is dominated by houses made of brick and mixed materials, built for the middle strata of the population in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The blocks of this zone occupy a small area and are similar in urban planning characteristics to the blocks of the conservation zone - they have
high (up to 60%) building density, a small amount of intra-block greenery, but they differ in the value, scale and style characteristics of the existing development (Fig. 1.2). The main objectives of new development in this zone are: increasing the comfortable qualities of the existing residential environment, neutralizing excessive stylistic and scale heterogeneity of the supporting buildings, continuity in the formation of compositional accents (fixation of particularly important points of the relief, planning structure, places associated with historical events).
The most important task is the reconstruction of radial streets connecting the historical core of the city with peripheral areas. On such streets it is necessary to create a gradual transition from the style characteristics of old buildings and landscaping elements to the style and scale of modern architecture (see Fig. 1.1, II).
Reproduction area. This zone includes areas that were city outskirts before the revolution, where workers, small artisans, and people from the countryside settled. The low level of construction capital, consisting of one- and two-story wooden houses, and the engineering improvement of the territory necessitate significant demolition and refurbishment. At the same time, the residential environment of this era is of a certain attractiveness in the conditions of a modern city: co-scale, lack of traffic noise, picturesque streets, a large amount of greenery, the style of wooden and dacha buildings, combining artistic elements of folk architecture and urban housing. In this zone there are state-protected houses - monuments associated with the names of many artists and cultural figures. In this regard, in the zone of reproduction of the character of the environment, it is planned to form a residential development that recreates the character of the previous architectural and historical layer, preserving its positive qualities and forming an integral environment with architectural monuments. A striking example of a zone of reproduction of the nature of the environment is the area of Ulyanovsk streets in the center of Kazan, the memorial character of which is due to the presence of the Ulyanov house-museum (see Fig. 1.1, III).
Transformation zone. This zone is the most distant from the historical core of the center, although a direct visual connection may exist between them due to landscape features. Along with areas for demolition or renovation of estate development, the reserves of this zone include the development of vacant as well as previously non-residential territories: cluttered, vacant after the removal of warehouses or production facilities. New residential formations arising in this zone can be of significant size and are formed mainly by industrial methods. The most efficient use of the territory is achieved by combining low-rise and high-rise buildings. (see Fig. 1.1, IV).
1.3 INITIAL DATA FOR RECONSTRUCTION:
The size and functional planning organization of the reconstruction area are determined by the existing layout and development, as well as the new needs of the city. The reconstruction project is based on a detailed examination of each residential block, identification of the BACKGROUND FUND and SECURITY ZONES, cultural and public service institutions (CSI) and enterprises, and a field study of the mode of operation of the intra-block space (Fig. 1.3). Based on survey data and design and graphic materials on a topographic basis on a scale of 1:2000, a plan of the existing development (reference plan) is drawn up, which indicates the purpose, material, number of storeys, technical condition of individual buildings, draws passages, intra-block plantings, networks and engineering equipment structures , highlight the supporting fund and areas to be preserved.
Support fund. The supporting fund is determined by excluding houses that are subject to demolition from the existing development. These include houses: located
in disrepair; without proper engineering improvements, which in terms of the degree of depreciation and other indicators are unprofitable to reconstruct; going beyond the “red” lines of blocks according to the planning project, if they interfere with traffic, violate the sanitary regime of a residential area, etc.
Security zones. On the reference plan, buildings, structures and planning elements included in the protection zones are especially highlighted: historical and cultural monuments with their areas and perception zones; houses that form historical streets, squares, neighborhood boundaries, landscape attractions that make up a set of individual characteristics of a settlement. The purpose of establishing protective zones and development regulation zones is to ensure the preservation of historical and cultural monuments along with their surroundings, to identify and use their architectural, artistic and urban planning qualities, as well as to create the necessary conditions for mass familiarization of the population and tourists with them.
Cultural and community services. The reconstruction of residential areas is associated with the modernization of CULTURAL AND HUMAN SERVICES systems for the population. Based on the design density of the housing stock, the composition and placement of shops, schools, kindergartens, reception centers, etc. are calculated. For central areas, pre-factory areas, areas located near train stations and other transport hubs, the composition and capacity of public centers are determined based on the total transit and daytime population. In areas with a dense network of streets and alleys, the complexity of planning units is achieved within a group of blocks that have a common recreation area, communication centers, schools, children's institutions, and sports grounds (Fig. 1.4).
If there are not enough schools, kindergartens, clinics, or green spaces within a residential area, then it is advisable to immediately determine the area of the required plots based on the capacity of the institutions and the degree of improvement of the territory. For large cities, standards have been developed for the central and peripheral areas of the city, taking into account the demographic characteristics of the population and the existing public service system. In conditions of reconstruction, justified deviations from current standards are allowed.
1.4 COMPREHENSION, CONTENT, COMFORT
RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT:
The concept of comfortable living conditions changes over time. The comfort provided by new housing construction is usually taken as a guide. The most pressing issues are the formation of a DEVELOPED, CONTENTFUL, COMFORTABLE living environment.
Mastery. The development of the environment is the constancy of social and functional programs for the use of the territory. It manifests itself in automatism, habitual behavior that does not require either intense work of consciousness or complete mobilization of attention. The development of a territory is directly proportional to the time that people have spent and are spending there, and to the constancy of the social community. Traditional ones contribute to the formation of a sense of mastery. urban spaces, elements
landscaping made of stone, cast iron and other durable materials, mature trees. Development is the intensive and constant use of the entire territory.
Content. The content of the environment is the richness of the types of activities implemented, the variety of social and spatial situations formed by the architectural environment, this is the recognition of its inhabitants, the obviousness of its purpose and possible methods of use. The meaningfulness of the environment is achieved, on the one hand, by a clear structural organization of the territory (a clear planning solution, the difference between the main and secondary components of the architectural composition, etc.), and on the other, by the complexity, diversity and redundancy of the spatial composition, ensuring the gradual disclosure of the architectural concept.
Comfort. Comfort of the environment - the presence of functional and spatial conditions for existing and proposed types of activities, their complementarity, the absence of conflicting requirements and mutually exclusive ways of using the territory. All architectural elements influence human behavior - they can support, facilitate or hinder various patterns of behavior and interaction of people. Typically, a conflict associated with the use of space (violation of comfort) arises from a discrepancy between the planned purpose and the actual use of environmental elements. For example, paths are planned as places for pedestrian movement, but in practice they also serve as playgrounds, meeting places, etc. A lack of territory, as well as its excess, is perceived as discomfort. In this sense, comfort is close in content to the concepts of “comfort” and “convenience”.
2 STRATEGY FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF QUARTERLY DEVELOPMENTS:
The effectiveness of reconstruction can be assessed by comparing several options based on technical and economic indicators and social achievements. The social effect is expressed in saving time for the population, improving sanitary and hygienic conditions, increasing the development, content, and comfort of the external living environment.
In accordance with the most important tasks of the country's socio-economic development for the next 15...20 years, there are several directions for urban reconstruction of residential buildings in cities.
2.1 CENTRAL AREAS OF A BIG CITY:
In the central parts of large and largest cities (CONSERVATION zone) there are historical low-rise densely built-up neighborhoods, usually formed before the middle of the 19th century. with valuable 2- and 3-story buildings, including ordinary estate, mansion, courtyard. Reconstruction of blocks in this zone should be carried out on the basis of maximum preservation of the structure of the existing development without radical decompaction, requiring significant demolition of intra-block buildings. In this regard, the size of plots released for new housing construction does not exceed the building area of one house (0.2 hectares) or a group of houses (0.5... 1 hectares). They can have a frontal location (along the street), corner or intra-block. In the process of reconstruction, the intensive use of the territory should be ensured, the stock suitable for living should be preserved and modernized as much as possible, and low-value buildings should be replaced with residential complexes of the same number of floors. Protected and protected areas, architectural and historical monuments have been preserved. The structural and planning organization of the macro- and meso-level of the external residential environment of established areas (groups of blocks on the inter-highway territory) has been streamlined (Fig. 2.1).
The MACRO LEVEL of the external residential environment is represented by two main models: RESIDENTIAL UNIT and QUARTER. Compensation for functional elements of development that do not fit within the block (sites of schools and kindergartens, sports grounds, green spaces) occurs at the expense of neighboring areas of the territory. As a result of the cooperation of a number of RESIDENTIAL UNITS with sections of the urban territory (which usually belongs to the city center), a single PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX is formed. The zone of mass movements covers busy streets, intersections and residential areas to a depth of 150...200 m. Transit pedestrian routes duplicate the main traffic flows and run between blocks. Zones of local connections remain within the boundaries of established neighborhoods.
The MESO LEVEL of the external living environment consists of socio-spatial complexes that are polar in terms of the conditions of social control. The contrast between a COMMON YARD and a PEDESTRIAN AREA is the main condition for the formation of a high-quality living environment in the central part of the city.
Examples. For blocks with an area of 2...4 hectares: the external perimeter of the building is maintained or restored; entrances to residential buildings are reoriented to the intra-block area; the first floors of residential buildings are occupied by non-residential premises and have an entrance from the street; on the intra-block territory there is only space for YARDS, COMMON GARDEN YARDS.
For blocks with an area of 3...5 hectares, residential buildings forming the perimeter of the block are reconstructed or replaced; the intra-block space freed up after the demolition of low-value structures is being built up with mixed-storey buildings; It is advisable to supplement multi-storey buildings with 2...3-storey gallery buildings that form the courtyard perimeter of the block, improving the scale of the COMMON COURTYARD, GARDEN, PASSAGE YARD\ it is advisable to make technical structures semi-underground with exits to the ALLEY.
Analysis of the planning schemes of 97 studied microspaces made it possible to identify several basic models - NICHE, CORNER, WALL, KNOT, SITE, which make up all the spatial elements of the microlevel of the external living environment. The main difference between these models is the spatial parameters (linear dimensions, efficiency and configuration of boundaries, the number and direction of relationships with other microspaces), creating different conditions for the interaction of people (intensity of spatial contact, degree of mobility, personal “openness - closedness”) occupying the microspace ( table 1).
The analysis shows the general tendency of the relationship between human environmental behavior and the spatial organization of environmental elements, which is recorded in the diagram in the form of patterns of distribution of basic models of microspaces. Quieter and less crowded activities (upper left sector of the diagram) are characterized by small closed microspaces (NICHE, CORNER). More active and crowded activities (lower right sector of the diagram) are characterized by larger and more open microspaces (NODE, WALL). Using a diagram, you can determine what type of microspace will be optimal for a particular type of activity, and, conversely, by measuring and evaluating the planning scheme, you can guess what type of behavior optimal conditions have been created for.
Typically, each fragment of the environment satisfies several types of behavior, and its spatial structure consists of a combination of several microspaces. Based on mutual combinations of basic models of microspaces, the spatial structure of some of the most developed areas of the residential development territory is formed.
Using the characteristics of basic models, it is possible to determine the range of optimal parameters of the spatial structure of derived microspaces, as well as model the development of the external residential environment.
2.2 MIDDLE ZONE OF THE CITY:
In cities of various sizes, groups of blocks of old city buildings that form the historical environment or determine its originality must be preserved. The REGULATED development zone (see Chapter 1) is characterized by small blocks located in close proximity to the core of the city center and adjacent to the blocks of the first group. The structure of the blocks is formed, as a rule, by dense buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, located along the perimeter, and interspersed with later 5...6-story buildings. The space inside the apartment is chaotically built up with buildings of dilapidated and low-value stock. Improvement of the living environment should be ensured by streamlining the structural and planning organization of the existing development, maximizing the preservation of the perimeter of blocks with the possibility of blocking them, radically transforming intra-block spaces, and modernizing buildings (Fig. 2.3).
The MACRO LEVEL of the environment consists of RESIDENTIAL UNITS and RESIDENTIAL GROUPS, which are blocked into INCREASED QUARTERS. In the middle zone of the city, residential areas are often adjacent to institutions, large stores, cinemas, and places of employment. The combination of these objects within the inter-highway territory leads to the formation of a MULTI-FUNCTIONAL RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX. Depending on the shape of the interhighway territory, its size, and the passage of the main streets of the city, the planning structure of residential development can be compact, elongated and focal.
The MESO LEVEL of the external living environment is formed in accordance with the accepted model of macrospace.
A. If the area being reconstructed is located on a small inter-highway area, surrounded on all sides by important city arteries, then it acquires a compact network or radial structure. The most difficult thing is to find a place for large areas of schools, kindergartens, green spaces, which should preferably be located away from noisy highways (radial scheme). Due to the acute shortage of territory, it is advisable to focus mainly on built-in and attached small preschool institutions and schools, built according to individual projects and distributed evenly throughout the territory (network diagram). The internal spaces of residential areas are formed from COMMON YARDS, GARDENS, PASSAGE YARDS. If blocks are blocked (usually in order to improve insolation and streamline the overall planning structure), then ALLEYS, ALLEYS, BOLEVARDS are formed between them, with some of the passages turning into pedestrian spaces. SQUARES, COURDONERS, INTERROSSINGS are located at the intersection of pedestrian routes and residential streets. The external (adjacent) part of the inter-block territories is allocated along PEDESTRIAN STREETS; SQUARE, STREET SQUARE, which accompany objects with public functions.
B. If the area being reconstructed is located along one of the directions of the city’s planning development, then it acquires a linear structure. Along the highway there are elements of a public center, united by spaces such as PEDESTRIAN ZONE, SQUARE, STREET. Parallel to the highway, in the depths of the territory there is a backup street, consisting of LANES, PASSAGE YARDS and CROSSROADS. Even further from the highway, at a distance of about 300 m, there is a PEDESTRIAN BOULEVARD, connecting areas of schools, SQUARES, sports grounds, ALLEES.
B. If the area being reconstructed is not located in a large city or does not have large city-wide facilities on its territory, and is built up with low-rise buildings, then the structural and planning organization of the territory is built according to a focal scheme.
Within the inter-highway territory (IMT) there is a pedestrian framework of STREETS, LANES, PASSAGE YARDS, ALLEYS, BOLEVARDS, which unites the most valuable architectural complexes and the most visited public facilities. The nodes and intersections of the pedestrian frame with citywide streets form focal points of the urban environment in residential developments, which must be supported by appropriate socio-spatial complexes: INTERRECTIONS, COURDONS, SQUARES, PEDESTRIAN AREAS. Residential buildings facing the outer perimeter and facing the pedestrian frame should be preserved as much as possible. Low-value developments that do not access public spaces can be modernized or replaced with similar-scale modern buildings.
2.3 ESTATE DEVELOPMENT:
In the peripheral and central zones of large cities it is possible, and in areas of small and medium-sized cities it is advisable to preserve and engineer the improvement of capital estate development, develop a network of cultural and public service institutions through the creation of local service centers (Fig. 2.4).
If the estate development is formed by wooden low-value residential buildings with a low level of amenities, then a large amount of demolition is allowed (up to 70%). This makes it possible to place groups of mid-rise residential buildings on the vacant plots (preferably with the expansion of the building within the lower floors and the organization of individual access to the courtyard from enlarged apartments). If the estate development falls into the zone of REPRODUCTION of the urban environment, then new residential buildings should support and recreate the existing residential environment and serve as a backdrop for the preserved historical monuments.
There are possible two fundamentally different approaches to the reconstruction of estate development, depending on its location in the city: predominantly urbanized or predominantly agricultural.
A. The macrospace of the URBANIZED TYPE is formed on the basis of capital estate development within a large city (for example, BLOCKED MICRODISTRICTS). At the same time, the transit movement zone (see Chapter 4) with its characteristic public service facilities is consolidated with new residential buildings. The meso-level of the external residential environment consists of a system of STREETS, LANES, CROSSROADS, COURDONS, SQUARES, which, together with new houses, form the framework of the urban environment, which, as it were, reinforces the existing buildings with maximum preservation of the existing network of streets and driveways.
B. Macrospace of a mixed AGROURBANIZED TYPE is typical for the peripheral areas of small and medium-sized cities, the population of which has subsidiary farming. During the reconstruction, the quarterly organization of development is preserved; public spaces for agricultural use are allocated within the quarters (with an area of 0.5... 1 hectares). The blocking of personal and collective plots creates among residential buildings areas of an agricultural park, including VEGETABLE GARDENS, GARDENS, MEADOW, RURAL STREET, etc. The meso-level of the urban environment is formed by residential buildings that form the perimeter of the blocks, and includes socio-spatial complexes such as STREET, ALLEY, SQUARE , CROSSROADS, PASSAGE YARD.
2.4 PERIPHERAL AREAS OF FAST GROWING CITIES:
In large industrial cities, it is necessary to consolidate the preserved low-rise buildings in the factory areas; replacement of less capital buildings with higher-rise buildings. Improving the living environment is achieved by streamlining the structural organization of the existing development and modernizing the supporting fund. In the neighborhoods of the TRANSFORMATION zone, buildings preserved from demolition, despite their capital nature, do not create architectural and planning unity and artistic value of the environment. Residential units should be formed on the basis of combining neighborhoods within the inter-highway territory. In architectural terms, it is necessary to ensure large-scale compliance of new buildings with preserved monuments and their ordinary surroundings. In urban planning, it is important to achieve architectural and planning unity in the development of neighborhoods and ensure a harmonious connection between the silhouettes of old and new buildings (Fig. 2.5).
The macrospace of the inter-highway territory includes a green zone (school sites, kindergartens, park), intra-block territories (areas within residential groups), inter-block territories (areas and passages between groups of residential buildings), the territory of a public center (cultural and educational, entertainment, shopping, service objects of local and urban significance), residential streets (main communications on the interhighway territory). Depending on the location in the city and the size of the area being reconstructed, the result of modernization can be various urban complexes.
A RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX is being formed on an inter-highway territory with an area of up to 25...30 hectares and includes a green zone, intra- and inter-block territories, and a public center. An increase in the size of the reconstructed territory over 30...40 hectares is accompanied by a complication of the functional structure, including elements of citywide significance, institutions and administrative centers. IN A PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX, the public center area is located on the interblock territory. IN A MULTIFUNCTIONAL RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX, the area of the public center is blocked with a green area and municipal institutions.
The current stage of development of urban planning is characterized by the return of not only institutions, but also production enterprises to the residential environment. The integrated nature of the living environment is highly valued by residents, reduces labor migration, and increases the flow of travel. In this case, it is advisable to block residential buildings into extended residential structures - multi-level streets of complex configuration, covering areas of residential, recreational, administrative and industrial facilities of an INTEGRATED URBAN PLANNING COMPLEX with an area of 100 hectares or more.
3 RECONSTRUCTION AND MODERNIZATION OF MASS RESIDENTIAL AREAS
DEVELOPMENTS:
In large cities, modernization of five-story building areas and reconstruction of standard first-generation houses is required, where it is more feasible for structural reasons. Foreign experience shows that modernization becomes the main direction for improving the housing stock when the supply standard reaches 18...20 m 2 of living space per person. This means that in the coming decades, residential neighborhoods from the 60s and 70s will also become the object of reconstruction.
3.1 MODERNIZATION OF THE HOUSING STOCK IN MASSIVE DEVELOPMENT AREAS:
The main element of the architectural and planning organization of residential areas is the inter-highway territory; divided into microdistricts. Depending on the size of the average MMTJ and construction methods, from 3...6 to 20...25 thousand people live there.
Residential buildings designed according to the standards of 1958 differ from houses of modern series in a number of significant shortcomings: reduced area of front rooms and kitchens, combined sanitary facilities, the presence of passage rooms, etc. First of all, this applies to five-story large-panel buildings built according to projects series of the first generation (1958-1963), their volume is approximately 30 million m 2 of total area.
MODERNIZATION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSES of the first mass series includes the following techniques: increasing the area of kitchens and common rooms by adding bay windows, balconies, loggias; extension of one or two floors; extension of elevators and garbage chutes; consolidation of apartments, increase in the area of sanitary facilities; transformation of the internal layout by creating corridors, adding galleries, staircases; modernization of the first floor for public institutions, including through the addition and expansion of the building; modernization of ground floor apartments by expanding the building and organizing exits from each apartment to the courtyard or individual plots; extension of block sections in reserve areas between the ends of residential buildings and at an angle to the existing building; densification of residential development through the construction of new residential buildings, including; including low-rise, blocked, carpet-type buildings, construction of semi-underground garages, technical structures, utility rooms, including the use of basements and non-residential premises of the first floors.
In order for the quality of the external living environment to improve simultaneously with the modernization of the housing stock, a methodology for socio-spatial analysis of urban planning solutions is proposed. Part of the residential area is empty or is being used inefficiently. Socio-spatial analysis makes it possible to identify these reserve territories, make a forecast of the use of the territory, and suggest options for improving urban planning solutions (Fig. 3.1, 3.2).
3.2 SOCIO-SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT:
The analysis includes three stages: identifying sources of social control in the territory, differentiating the territory into social-spatial complexes, assessing the quality of the environment.
Identifying sources of social control. Sources of social control are places of temporary or permanent residence of people (Fig. 3.3): a) areas near the entrances of residential buildings (permanent personal control of residents); b) open areas, lawns surrounded by greenery (temporary personal control of people there); c) pedestrian traffic routes (temporary public control of passers-by); d) pedestrian communications nodes, areas near public objects (constant public control of passers-by and visitors). On the reference plan, first of all, the orientation of the entrances of residential buildings and their zone of influence (25...50 m from the front door) is determined (Fig. 3.4, a). To determine the main directions of pedestrian traffic in a residential area, it is necessary to identify routes connecting the entrances of residential buildings, schools, preschool institutions, public transport stops, service establishments and other sources of pedestrian traffic within walking distance of the reconstructed microdistrict. By connecting the main sources of pedestrian traffic, we obtain a diagram of the main pedestrian communications. When identifying areas of pedestrian traffic, the following patterns should be kept in mind (Fig. 3.4, b): transit pedestrian routes pass in the shortest directions towards the main sources of pedestrian traffic; local routes pass along areas that provide the largest number of passing connections - possible objects of visit; the zone of mass movements has a compact network structure, the compositional richness of the network depends on the number and variety of nodes and connections; along routes with intense pedestrian traffic, additional passages are formed that take on unloading functions during rush hour and recreational ones during other hours; pedestrian routes going in the same direction tend to merge; pedestrian routes, being a source of social control, form socio-spatial complexes around themselves (25...50 m wide from the main line of people's movement).
Reconstruction of cities and urban ensembles of historical and architectural value
Until the mid-50s, European architects were mainly engaged in restoration construction in the setting of historically established old cities. The problems they faced were very varied. In some cases, it was necessary to revive a completely destroyed city, which often had a large number of architectural and artistic monuments; in others - to restore the cathedral or town hall with accompanying secondary buildings; thirdly, to raise a medieval street, embankment or old city fortifications from the shapeless ruins.
Depending on the degree of destruction, the artistic value of a particular object, as well as the economic capabilities of municipal authorities and private owners, certain very specific methods of restoration construction were used. Thus, the main buildings of cities (no matter what condition they were in) were restored through precise restoration based on a preliminary historical and archaeological study of monuments. “Accompanying” residential buildings, in the absence of measuring drawings or sufficient funds, most often had to be restored in generalized and simplified forms, which made it possible to preserve only the character and style of the irretrievably disappeared prototypes ( It must be added to this that in restoration construction, architects had to take into account the interests of people who had legitimate claims to modern everyday comfort. Therefore, only the facades of residential (and even public) buildings were usually restored in its complete and flawless form, while the internal layout of apartments was greatly changed. The only exceptions to this rule were churches and buildings converted into museums). In some cases, architects resorted to imitation of old planning techniques, but combined them with the latest buildings, executed in a functional style. We will consider the application of these methods in the following specific examples.
The miniature Black Forest town of Freudenstadt demonstrates the use of a method very far from restoration, which could be called a free or arbitrary variation of one of the old urban themes.
After the destruction of Hitlerism in the western regions of occupied Germany, a short-term but universal passion for folk architecture of the 15th and 16th centuries flared up. This appeal to the past undoubtedly contained its own healthy motives, for the reviving progressive artistic forces of Germany tried to replace the rejected pseudo-classical fascist architecture with humanistic folk romance. Starting from the architectural images characteristic of one or another local school of the German Renaissance and late Gothic, the architects enthusiastically indulged in creative fantasies. Freudenstadt was such a fantasy on an old theme, restored (more precisely, built anew) with significant deviations from the disappeared prototype, both in layout and especially in construction.
Pre-war Freudenstadt was planned and built at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, when German architects, following in the footsteps of Albrecht Dürer, began to deal with the problem of the ideal city. According to the design of Heinrich Schickhardt, Freudenstadt received a square plan with rectilinear streets laid parallel to the city walls ( The Freudenstadt plan (in two versions) was published in G. Münter’s book on ideal cities of the 15th-17th centuries; its prototype is also considered there - the city of Durer (Mtinter G. Idealstadte. Ihre Geschichte vom 15-17 Jahrhundert. Berlin, 1957)). In the center of the city there was a square square, among which it was planned to build a castle. Schickhardt himself laid out the city on the spot and, in addition, built four low public buildings in the corners of the square (a trading house, a town hall, a hospital and an original two-hall church), but he was unable to carry out his entire plan, since there was no customer for the construction of the castle . Therefore, the central space, left unfilled, turned Freudenstadt Square into a huge wasteland.
Two-story burgher houses, the height of which barely reached 12 m (including the roof), could not create a worthy frame for this immense space; The church bell towers supported only one of the four corners of the square, and the disorderly greenery of the trees only littered its middle. Thus, the center of old Freudenstadt was an unfinished and very mediocre complex. And since the task of restoring the city in its pre-war form was not set, the reconstruction took the path of decisive departures from the past ( During the war, Freudenstadt lost 670 houses that made up its central core. This circumstance allowed Schweitzer to rebuild the city again within the old defensive walls.). The builder of the new Freudenstadt, architect L. Schweitzer, understood that without increasing the number of floors of residential buildings, as well as including at least one additional vertical line into the ensemble of the central square, the compositional problem could not be solved. In 1949, along the diagonal passing through the old church, i.e., on the opposite corner of the square, a tall town hall grew up, the main decoration of which was a two-tiered tower dissected by blades. Its prototype was the surviving church bell towers, and at the same time, the spherical crown of the tower brought with it to the corner ensemble of the square a play of curvilinear pictorial forms, so characteristic of South German architecture of the Renaissance. However, Schweitzer had a deep and subtle understanding of folk architecture, which was reflected in the forms of the town hall and, perhaps, especially in the architecture of residential buildings. Instead of low-rise houses with their gables facing a deserted square, he erected three-story long buildings, thereby eliminating the pointed, rigid teeth typical of medieval cities. But while uniting the houses, he at the same time divided them into units in accordance with the plots of private owners, and this in turn allowed him to deliberately break the excessively rigid horizontality of the arcades, windows and cornices. The result is a living, humane architecture with undeniable artistic charm.
Over time, when skillfully planted single trees grow, Freudenstadt's central square will become even more attractive. And in any case, it will avoid the sad fate of the Parisian Place des Vosges, the facades of which are now separated by a dense shady grove. It is worth pointing out another successful departure from the layout of the old Freudenstadt, namely the construction of a second, very small and cozy area intended for parking. By placing it on the other side of the town hall, Schweitzer thereby strengthened the artistic sound of this building and made the central square seem even more grandiose. So, the revived Freudenstadt was in no way a restoration of this city, since both the general plan and its development changed significantly. In fact, on the site of the only ideal city realized in Germany, another ideal city grew up, close to it in stylistic terms, but incomparably better in form. But the question is, why was it necessary to carry out this interesting experiment on the old ashes? And wouldn’t it be better to preserve for posterity what was of undoubted historical value?
Creative experiments of this kind are often criticized. Their especially irreconcilable opponents are connoisseurs of old, “authentic” wood and stone, that is, orthodox restorers of architectural and antique monuments. They call works like the town hall in Freudenstadt “fakes,” and their creators are considered apostates from historical truth. We also object to the imitation of outdated architecture, especially as a general method of reconstructing historic cities. However, the artistic skill demonstrated in this case forces us to give it its due. And it is not surprising, therefore, that the compiler of a major work on the history of German architecture, Hans Koepf, saw in Freudenstadt one of the outstanding works of urban art ( Koepf Hans. Deutsche Baukunst von der Romerzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Stuttgart).
Unlike Freudenstadt, the vast majority of historical cities in Germany, France, England and other European countries were restored on the basis of continuity, which required a careful and sensitive attitude to the established appearance of each individual city. An example of the restoration of a small city with minimal planning amendments is Saint-Malo. In the XV-XVII centuries. this city was a seaside fortress of France near the English Channel, and later turned into a trading port.
The layout of Saint-Malo did not have particularly outstanding artistic merits, but the old pre-war buildings gave the city a peculiar Norman flavor. An impressive aesthetic impression was made by the low stone walls of Saint-Malo, adjacent to the quadrangular medieval castle, above which a mighty cylindrical tower rose. The defensive walls themselves were the main attraction of Saint-Malo, attracting numerous tourists.
In August 1944, after the invasion of Anglo-American troops in France, the city suffered almost complete destruction ( According to data published in the magazine Urbanisme (1956, No. 45-48), 2 thousand apartments were destroyed in Saint-Malo, which amounted to about 80% of the total housing stock of this city). Three possible approaches to its revival opened up before the architects, namely: 1) restore the building stock on the old foundations; 2) create an improved version of the old city with approximately preserving its architectural style and image, and 3) build a new type of city in modern architectural forms.
However, the general direction of reconstruction was determined by the local residents themselves. Interested in preserving the land as well as the tourist clientele, they categorically rejected the modernization of urban planning and insisted that the widening and improvement of streets be as inconspicuous as possible. Therefore, the authors of the project (architects Brillot, Logardière and Arretsch) limited themselves to exempting the courtyards from development and some other planning adjustments.
As for ordinary residential buildings, in the absence of documentary drawings, they were rebuilt based on photographs and other factual data, taking into account common local types of development. In general, the restoration of Saint-Malo combined restoration methods with a plausible restoration of the facades.
Gien is one of the medieval cities that developed around the castle on the Loire. Residential buildings destroyed by German raids were rebuilt. Architects (Andre Laborie, Bazin, etc.) set out to create an “accompanying” environment for the castle through related architectural forms, number of floors of buildings and colors
Despite the fact that cathedrals, town halls and castles are still a decisive force in the artistic image of a Western European city, contemporary ordinary buildings play a by no means unimportant role. The impression it makes depends on how well the burgher houses surrounding the cathedral correspond to its size, divisions and silhouette. And therefore, the very concept of “architectural monument” cannot be limited to one isolated masterpiece, but must be extended to all of its immediate surroundings.
This point of view, which places the problem of the ensemble at the forefront, has received universal recognition ( The question of within what territorial framework outstanding architectural monuments should be considered was discussed at several international conferences of the International Committee for the Protection of Monuments of Architecture and Art, which is part of UNESCO. By the time of the conference held in Spain in 1967, a broad, comprehensive approach had finally been established, and therefore protected areas began to be established in cities).
The restoration of the “accompanying” buildings was carried out in various ways. If, as a result of the bombing, one or another protected building was removed from the protected historical-architectural zone, then the task of restoring the ensemble was solved relatively easily. It was enough to build a new house, repeating in general terms the dimensions and character of the neighboring buildings, and the gaping hole was filled. Perhaps the best insertions of this kind were stylistically neutralized facades. The medieval houses restored near Strasbourg Cathedral and the successful replacement of a dilapidated palazzo on the Grand Canal in Venice provide irrefutable proof of this.
But the more devastation the war caused in protected areas, the more difficult the problem of reconstruction became. The death of an entire front of medieval houses on the Main Market Square of Münster did not make it possible to limit ourselves to neutral forms. Architects had to create individual buildings in their place, which took a lot of effort.
In our age, when the planer and the square have become almost the only tools of the architect, when the patient craft work of the stonemason, foundry and blacksmith has been replaced by a machine, individually executed complex decoration has come to an end. This led to the simplification of forms as the only saving grace. However, simplification also requires its own artistry, so that a charming old house does not turn into a devastated scheme. No less important is the establishment of compositional connections between neighboring houses, as well as the front of the houses, and the dominant architectural volume. Actually, it is these double bonds that achieve that harmonic unity, which is called an ensemble.
The restoration of the “accompanying” buildings of the city of Gien, destroyed during the Second World War, can serve as an excellent example for the topic raised, which is still one of the leading problems in the reconstruction of historical cities.
Gien owes its origins to the trade road and the old castle, which served as the residence of the power-hungry Anna Boje ( Anne Beaujeu, daughter of Louis XI, actually ruled France under her minor crowned brother Charles VIII (late 15th century). With the construction of this castle, she renewed the tradition of the Valois dynasty, which created its extra-capital residences on the Loire). The castle crowned a relatively low hill on the right (northern) bank of the Loire, and at its foot a town arose, which by the time of the Second World War had reached only 8 thousand inhabitants. The bridge that brought this populated place to life also served as the reason for its destruction: on June 15, 1940, during the raids of German planes on the crossings of the Loire, more than 500 houses were lost from bombs and fires in Gien, i.e. about 2/3 the entire housing stock. The restoration of Gien as an ensemble of outstanding historical and architectural significance was carried out by first-class craftsmen under the general leadership of the Republican "Service of Historical Monuments" ( It should be noted that the attention paid to Gien was also explained by the fact that it was the starting point of tourist routes along the middle and lower Loire. The Gien Castle houses the International Museum of Falconry and Gun Hunting).
The main task facing the architects (Andre Laborie, Bazin, etc.) was to achieve artistic connections between the castle and the front of the houses facing the river. First of all, it was necessary to determine the height level of the “accompanying” buildings. The best viewpoints are located on the opposite (southern) bank of the Loire, from where Gien, successfully illuminated by the sun during the daytime, is perceived against the sky as an overall picture.
The architects understood well that residential buildings should not cover the castle massif, but should be kept in the lower, sort of basement layer of the visible ensemble. Therefore, it was necessary to fight for every meter; this forced residential buildings to be limited to three low floors. Having solved the first part of the problem facing them, the architects also successfully chose the types of houses. There were three of them: one, two and three windows. They placed two identical cubic three-window houses on the sides of the bridge, which turned the entrance to the triangular square into a kind of propylaea, while the remaining types of houses were placed “spaced out,” which gave the front of the coastal development the illusion of immediacy. (However, this was also facilitated by the inequality of land holdings.)
There is nothing easier than to unite houses standing in a close-knit formation with common cornices or a through arcade along the lower floor. But it is much more difficult to connect such houses with unequal heights by other architectural means. The architects who revived Gien rose to the occasion: by playing on the repetition of details (for example, attic windows), on the unifying role of roofs and, finally, on the commonality of building materials and colors, they achieved a clearly felt artistic unity. The castle, which remains undestroyed, has red brick walls with white stone accents and black brick details. In contrast, the church bell tower (restored after the war) was made of pink brick. And since the main ensemble became two-color, the “accompanying” buildings had to be given the same two-color color. The houses located along the river were built of pink brick along their entire length, which strengthened their artistic connection with each other and with the vertical of the bell tower. But the red color of the castle also claimed to penetrate into residential buildings. Therefore, guided by taste and at the same time logic, the architects made a successful red brick insert into the coastal row of houses in the form of an ornamented single-window facade. It goes without saying that such a colored spot could not be placed in the middle of a row of houses, but only offset towards the castle, which stood asymmetrically on a hill. This is what the architects did, dividing the entire front of the building between the bridge and the corner cylindrical tower in a ratio of 1:2. As a result, the connection between the castle and the once prostrate vassal settlement became even stronger.
However, despite a number of successfully carried out restoration work, the very method of reproducing the architecture of past centuries in simplified forms did not find universal acceptance. Militant representatives of the so-called “functional architecture” generally believed that any creative tasks were subject to the new architecture. And, therefore, in order to avoid all sorts of exaggerations and falsehoods when restoring historical ensembles, it is necessary to openly confront old and modern architecture. This far-reaching and bold concept, as we will see below, fully manifested itself in the reconstruction of St. Paul in London, but the architects did not immediately approach it. Some of them, displaying reasonable caution, believed that modern architecture in its extreme manifestations in the form of buildings with extremely abstracted geometric forms cannot be combined with old architecture due to the fact that modern architecture lacks plasticity, warmth and illusory proportionality with man . There were also architects who, although they allowed new buildings to penetrate into protected areas, considered it obligatory to preserve the outlines of historical squares or, at least, to create a spatial environment characteristic of them around cathedrals and town halls. The creator of the public center of the city of Abbeville, Clément Tambute, also belonged to this last group of architects.
An ancient Roman stronghold in northern Gaul, and later the epicenter of the first Crusades, Abbeville was brutally destroyed by a shock column of German troops that broke through to the English Channel at the end of May 1940. By chance, only the best part of the two-towered late Gothic Cathedral of St. Wolfram, while all other buildings of the city public center were completely destroyed. Given the current situation, the prevailing trend was towards a complete renewal of the city, both in planning and stylistically.
It is impossible not to appreciate the artistic skill shown by Tambyute in drawing up the layout project. Effortlessly and boldly, he created a system of central squares. They have a cozy isolation characteristic of medieval planning compositions, and picturesque disorder, and an asymmetrical balance of space and volumes. The trapezoidal main square, whose contours are complicated by ledges and niches, stands out clearly against the background of the master plan. Its expansion towards the compact volume of the town hall finds its justification. The cathedral square connected to it with the help of an intermediate “gateway” was also uniquely conceived.
Gothic cathedrals always benefit from tight spaces. Taking this circumstance into account, Tambyute surrounded the mass of the cathedral on three sides with a large residential building, at the same time giving preference to especially advantageous corner points of view.
The layout of the squares of the central area of Abbeville has common features with the schemes recommended by Camillo Sitte. But how much more vividly, plastically and modernly the French master interpreted them! Particularly interesting is the overlay of new squares on the surviving radial street system.
Post-war proposals for the reconstruction of Cathedral Square in London projects: 8 - employees of the magazine "Architectural Review"
Thanks to the passages cut into the four-story residential buildings, traffic flows freely through the area without destroying the illusion of enclosed spaces. As for the “accompanying” building, despite all its stylistic novelty, it retained such traditional elements as load-bearing stone walls, vertical windows and a pitched roof over a common crowning cornice consistent with the church. This combined modern buildings with the old Gothic cathedral.
Attempts to apply a new stylistic concept to “accompanying” buildings were made not only in France, but also in England. The reasons for experiments of this kind were given by the post-war reconstruction of the so-called episcopal, or cathedral, cities, which included Exeter, Salisbury, Worcester (Worcester) and a number of others. It should be noted that these small but artistically valuable cities of old England were distinguished by the very characteristic feature that their main buildings, that is, the cathedrals, were prohibitively large in relation to the city itself. With its enormous length and powerful, usually quadrangular tower, the cathedral overwhelmed the crushed urban development, unless there were lawns or an old cemetery between it and the giant red brick massif. Continental Europe has never known such contrasts. But it was precisely these contrasts that had to be preserved, refraining from competing new verticals, as well as from creating an unusual interval between the city and the cathedral. Meanwhile, such an interval was formed in Worcester (Worcester). Wanting to get a spacious area for parking cars, the architects mechanically “cut” it out of a large block, thereby unfavorably exposing almost half of the cathedral church. This gross urban planning mistake was sharply criticized by the British themselves ( Nairn Jan and Brown Kenneth. Cathedral Cities - The Architectural Review, 1963, No. 799). In addition, the new long buildings with a nine-story cubic house made of glass and concrete turned out to be completely alien in relation to the plastically expressive forms of the cathedral.
An even more obvious failure befell the builders of London's Cathedral Square. Let us recall that even during the war, interest in the reconstruction of this square increased enormously in connection with the idea of transforming the Cathedral of St. Paul's into a "national monument" of the British Empire. The devastation of the City of London by German rocket artillery convinced the architects that Christopher Wren's Cathedral would not be lost among a much larger space, since it was composed of very defined and large volumes. Hence the tendency towards the destruction of the continuous stone barrier between the city and the cathedral emerged. And if in the retrospective projects of Bailey, McAllister and other architects, rows of houses stretched along the contours of the square, then in the project of Rudolf Frenkel the cathedral was visible at great distances through the monotonous row buildings.
Of course, the last project had absolutely no artistic idea, and yet it made a revolution in the minds of London architects. From now on, the Cathedral of St. In all layout options, Pavel began to be surrounded only by separately standing buildings, placing them either in a line or according to the so-called “picturesque” principle.
The destruction of the closed space of the square was also accompanied by a change in stylistic milestones. The national architectural leadership of England for a long time resisted the penetration of the new style into the British Isles. But as soon as the guns fell silent, in the same 1945 a decisive offensive began on the strongholds of the Royal Academy and the Institute of British Architects. Already in 1946, a new design for the layout of the cathedral square appeared with a traffic interchange in front of the main facade of the cathedral and free-standing rectilinear buildings. And since the British unconditionally accepted the latest stylistic doctrines, glass-plastic prismatic volumes brought to complete sterility quickly poured into London. It was they who declared their claims to the immediate neighborhood of the cathedral. From that time on, the creative searches of architects began, striving to find the right solution in combining modern buildings with an architectural monument of the 17th century.
Carefully studying the square planning projects of the 40s and 50s, one cannot help but notice the desire for continuity in design. The new cathedral square seems to have inherited its vague triangular outline from the old one. The heights of some of the different-sized prisms seem to correspond to the cornices of the church building. But at the same time, the buildings surrounding the cathedral turned out to be so alien to it that there can be no talk of any accompaniment to the full-voiced architectural chord. The ensemble as a harmonious unity of the main and secondary structures arises only when both sides of this complex interact. But if the action of the main building “rests” on the indifference of the secondary volumes, a complete and hopeless discord arises. This is what happened before our eyes with the central complex of the great city. Of course, the Cathedral of St. Paul, which stood during the war, will stand for centuries to come. But the time will come when the English people will free their main monument and temple from the unworthy neighbors who grew up next to them due to the unforgivable blindness of the modern generation of architects.
Unfortunately, the reconstruction of St. Pavla is not the only artistic failure in solving the ensemble problem. Following the example of America, Western Europe began to be flooded with high-rise frame buildings that pretended to be skyscrapers. In the same London, at an unacceptably close distance from Parliament, a multi-storey office pillar has risen. In Stockholm, when creating a new commercial center on the territory of Normalm, huge high-rise plates were installed, which came into conflict with the old picturesque towers ( The reconstruction of Normalm was carried out under the direction of architects Sven Markelius and Göran Sidenblad. However, the idea of reconstructing the center of Stockholm belonged to Corbusier, who in 1934 advised to demolish the buildings in the center of Normalm and build vertical buildings on this site). And even Italy - this “promised land” of artists from all countries and peoples - was not protected from spontaneous invasions. Contrary to urban planning logic, near the low Milan Cathedral, which does not accept architectural verticals in its immediate neighborhood, a multi-story tower resembling a water pump suddenly reared its ugly head ( We are talking about the Velasca building in Milan, built by the architects Berlioso, Peresutti and Roger. The upper floors of this building are occupied by institutions, and the lower floors are occupied by apartments). Phenomena of this kind, which destroy rather than shape the architectural composition of cities, are ultimately caused only by land speculation and advertising - these worst enemies of modern urban planning art in the countries of the capitalist world.
Reinforced concrete high-rise building "Torre Velasca", built contrary to urban planning logic near the Milan Cathedral
However, even in those cases where modern architects were forced to reckon with existing buildings, their works did not find a common language with the architecture of past eras. The most striking example in this regard is the UNESCO building in Paris, designed by the architects B. Zehrfuss, P. L. Nervi and M. Brier. The UNESCO administration chose a small plot of land adjacent to Fontenoy Square to the south, behind the building of the Military School, built in the second half of the 18th century. architect Gabriel. Despite the fact that the project was consulted by the most prominent architects and planners of our time, such as Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Eero Saarinen, Lucio Costa, Sven Markelius and Ernesto Rogers, the UNESCO residence was not included in the ensemble created in the classical era. The new building only formally obeyed the given height (31 m) and the curvilinear configuration of the square, while its architecture is completely incompatible with the monumental facade of the Military School and looks alien in the historical center of Paris.
RECONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CENTERS OF CITIES: EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS
Kaganova Irina Olegovna
Baltic Academy of Tourism and Entrepreneurship
postgraduate student, Department of Management and Marketing
annotation
The article examines the problem of reconstructing residential areas of existing buildings in the city center. The importance of the transition to a comprehensive reconstruction of residential development in the central areas of the city is emphasized, which will ensure the development of the housing stock through more efficient use of the urban area.
RECONSTRUCTION OF A HOUSING ESTATE IN CULTURAL HISTORIC CENTERS OF THE CITIES: EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS
Kaganova Irina Olegovna
Baltic Academy of Tourism and Enterprise
graduate student, Department of management and marketing
Abstract
In the article the problem of reconstruction of residential quarters of the developed building in the downtown is considered. Importance of transition to complex reconstruction of a housing estate in the central regions of the city which will provide development of housing stock due to more effective use of an urban area is emphasized.
Bibliographic link to the article:
Kaganova I.O. Reconstruction of residential buildings in cultural and historical centers of cities: experience and problems // Humanitarian Research. 2014. No. 12. Part 2 [Electronic resource]..03.2019).
Modern market relations in the sphere of transformation of the housing stock have turned housing into a benefit difficult to access for a significant part of the population. These problems are especially acute in the historical housing stock, since historical residential buildings require additional measures and funds for their protection and reproduction.
The choice of a theoretical basis for the formation of a strategy for managing the reconstruction of the historical housing stock is determined by the conditions and situation that develop in the specific operating environment of the category under study. At the same time, the most important conditions for the reconstruction process are the establishment of a management system and organizational forms for this process. Basic economic theories in combination with basic approaches and theories of management serve as mandatory elements of the theoretical justification of the issue under consideration.
In modern economic science, several scientific directions have emerged that study the housing stock and housing relations. As a result of the development of production relations of various economic systems, a transformation of economic relations occurs, which also includes housing relations, which leads to a change in the economic structure in modern society.
In the process of evolution, ideas about housing needs and the quality of the living environment, ideas about the system of personal and social values are transformed. The state of the living environment and living conditions affect the development of the economy and culture not only of a particular city, but also of the entire country as a whole. That is why the purpose of this article is to consider the problems of reconstruction of the housing stock of cultural and historical city centers and the experience of solving them in modern market conditions. Highlighting the economic essence of reproduction in the formation of market-type economic relations in the sphere of transformation of the housing stock, we believe that meeting the need for housing should be considered from the perspective of the theory of public goods.
It should be noted that large cities and millionaire cities in some cases have the status of a subject of the Russian Federation (region), but in their essence and main characteristics they should be classified at the municipal level. Reproductive processes are largely determined by the priority role of local authorities, since they regulate the development of the housing sector and determine the proportions and volumes of various forms of reproduction.
Cultural and historical centers have preserved their integrity in more or less significant fragments. Centrality as a phenomenon is characteristic of all cities and other types of settlements. It does not depend on the functional orientation of the socio-economic complex of the city, the size of its population and the duration of the historical period of its development. However, in cities with significant cultural, architectural, historical and artistic potential, the formation of urban centers has its own characteristics.
The city center is a cumulative monument of all history, cultural and artistic development, urban planning art, architecture, sculpture, painting, engineering and technical knowledge and experience of previous generations. It is important to note that central areas perform social functions of creating a diverse and harmonious environment. Modern trends in the development of urban centers involve the use of the principle of multifunctional development, that is, maintaining the housing function as the main one, while combining other functions of the urban center. Thus, we believe that historic housing stock is housing stock located in historical cities and in historical buildings.
The system of reproduction of the housing stock of the historical city center should be considered as a subsystem of the regional housing complex. Thus, its relationship with other subsystems of the regional economy is expressed in the following interaction: the production stage is closely related to the availability of investment resources and the market for construction services, the consumption stage is related to the development of the city’s housing and communal services, the housing market, the market for housing and utility services, etc. .
Along with the ever-increasing volumes of new housing construction, the volumes of existing housing stock that require preservation and transformation are increasing. More than a third of city residents live in houses that have been in service for more than 40 years. More than 34.7% of citizens live in houses built before 1970, with 44% in Moscow and 49.5% of the population in St. Petersburg. That is, almost every third, and in some cities, every second resident of an apartment building lives in an outdated housing stock in Russia. The expansion and qualitative improvement of repair and reconstruction activities is the most important factor determining the possibility of solving one of the most pressing socio-economic problems - meeting the population's housing needs. The main attention when transforming the housing stock is focused on the reconstruction of existing buildings.
It should be emphasized that today the reconstruction of residential buildings, aimed at improving the comfort of living, is carried out on a small scale, as in past years. To solve the problem of updating and transforming the housing stock, for example, St. Petersburg, it is necessary to reconstruct about 1.5 million sq.m. annually. housing. However, the scale of reconstruction is currently clearly insufficient - for example, since 2009, its volume has been steadily decreasing: from 1.1% of the total area of completed housing (excluding individual housing) to 0.7% in 2013.
The reconstruction process is currently developing in two directions:
Reconstruction of the housing stock of historical cities with the preservation and transformation of the old housing stock, valuable for its urban planning, architectural and historical-cultural characteristics;
Reconstruction of residential buildings during the period of mass industrial housing construction.
Before we begin to consider the economic aspects and effectiveness of reconstruction of existing buildings, it is fundamentally important to define the meaning of the concept of reconstruction. With the development of new methods of reconstruction, there is a need to clarify the conceptual apparatus, since an important question arises of justifying the goals and objectives of all participants in reconstruction activities.
A study of the scientific literature devoted to the problems of reconstruction allows us to conclude that there are a large number of definitions of this term. The most accurately reflecting the specifics of the construction sector, and especially repair and reconstruction activities, can be considered the definition given in the work, where reconstruction is considered as a broad concept that covers all conscious actions aimed at changing the state of the building.
Systematized factors and parameters should be taken into account both when designing and when carrying out complex reconstruction of residential areas. A special place in these groups of factors belongs to historical-cultural and architectural-compositional factors that form the urban planning environment of the city center. The reconstruction of residential areas in the cultural and historical center entails a number of urban planning consequences and is a way of influencing the urban planning situation of the city as a whole. Therefore, we can say that urban planning is developing together with reconstruction activities, that is, we are talking about equivalent elements that complement each other and provide the greatest synergistic effect through this relationship.
For the purposes of this work, it is important to note that the transition from local design and one-time implementation of repair and construction work of individual, single objects scattered throughout the center, to a comprehensive reconstruction of residential areas is advisable in cities where central areas have architectural, planning and material value, since this is the only way to achieve the preservation of the valuable historical environment and the renewal of planning and development elements, establishing a rational balance between residential and public functions and improving living conditions.
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of research
The preservation and regeneration of cultural heritage is one of the main priorities of recent urban planning programs. However, the principles of the existing urban regulation system do not fully comply with modern requirements. Despite the adoption of such important documents as the Land and Town Planning Codes, the federal law “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation”, the modern legal framework is still of a “transitional” nature.
For a long time, the redevelopment of city centers has been a major concern in the conservation of heritage sites and historic urban environments. She remains that way now. But today the time has come to pay attention to the special situation with monuments in the central and peripheral zones of the city. It is the middle zone that is currently undergoing large-scale transformations. The construction and functional structure of districts is changing. These processes are not only a consequence of changes in society, but also a manifestation of the natural dynamics of urban planning systems, the interaction of the central core and the periphery. They cannot but affect historical buildings. Often, outside the historical core, it is largely fragmented, or represents local historical complexes, monasteries, settlements, villages, estates, palace ensembles, surrounded by foreign buildings.
The hypothesis of the work is that in order to constructively address issues of heritage conservation outside the historical core, it is necessary to highlight local historical complexes (LICs) in the development structure as the basis for the transition from passive protective zoning to protective zoning.
“At the city level, there are tasks: zoning the territory into completed fragments, dictating the boundaries of the development of projects for individual urban complexes; rational arrangement of composition elements in order to increase its compositional coherence (taking into account both visual and associative connections).”
Local historical complexes can be defined as objects of cultural heritage - ensembles, places of interest and complexes consisting of them, distinguished by their isolated position relative to the historical core of the city (not connected with it and surrounded by foreign buildings) and recognizable among their surroundings through environmental and structural-compositional characteristics their constituent elements.
The main problem of preserving the historical identity of buildings outside the historical core of the city is at the intersection of urban planning and management. The task of urban planning research is to determine items of protection and the conditions necessary for their preservation, which makes it possible to compile . The management task is to develop a regulatory framework urban regulation as a tool for preserving cultural heritage.
The phenomenon of VCI is examined in the work using the examples of Berlin and Moscow, which are equally characterized by the problems of preserving historical urban development in the middle and peripheral zones. When considering the practice of preserving historical and cultural heritage, the experience of a number of other countries is drawn upon.
Scientific context of the study
There is an extensive corpus research on issues of development of the environment of historical cities, the relationship between old and new in a historical city, theory and practice of preserving cultural heritage, issues of developing ideas about the protection of cultural heritage (L.V. Andreev, A.V. Ashikhmin, N.V. Baranov, A.Yu. Becker, D.V. Bruns, V.A. Vinogradov, R.M. Garyaev, N.F. Gulyanitsky, A E. Gutnov, B. K. Eremin, A. V. Ikonnikov, M. P. Kudryavtsev, D. N. Kulchinsky, V. A. Lavrov, V. Ya. Libson, A. V. Makhrovskaya, E. V. Mikhailovsky, G.B. Omelyanenko, S.S. Podyapolsky, O.I. Prutsyn, Yu.V. Raninsky, S.K. Regame, L.I. Sokolov, A.S. Shchenkov, etc.).
Modern problems of urban planning regulation and its legal aspects considered by such authors as U. Valleta, A. Vysokovsky, V. A. Glazychev, A. M. Karimov, A. V. Krasheninnikov, L.E. Limonov, O.N. Ponomareva, I.M. Smolyar, E. Trutnev and others, the issue of urban regulation as a tool for preserving cultural heritage - L.I. Kolokolnikova, V.R. Krogius, Yu.I. Kurbatov, T.A. Slavina, E.E. Solovyova, V.I. Sokolovsky, S.V. Sementsov, O.V. Stryapunina, E. A.Shevchenko, V.I.Sheredega, etc.
Goal of the work
Job Objectives
1. Systematize modern requirements for urban planning regulation, including those determined by the use of organizational and economic instruments that contribute to the preservation of heritage and reconstruction of territories.
2. Develop a spatial model of a local historical complex. To identify compositional approaches that contribute to the inclusion of local historical complexes in the modern environment, taking into account the requirements of urban planning protection of historical and cultural heritage.
Object of research and boundaries of research
The work examines domestic and foreign practice of urban regulation in territories with valuable historical buildings in the middle and peripheral zones of historical cities. The work is primarily based on regulatory documents, scientific developments and project proposals of the last 30 years.
Subject of research are methods of protective urban regulation that meet modern requirements and take into account the local specifics of development at different times outside the historical core of the city.
Research methodology includes an analysis of modern practices of urban conservation regulation, a comparative analysis of design and regulatory materials, as well as expert assessments in the field of urban protection of cultural heritage. In relation to VCI, methods of field survey, study of cartographic, design, regulatory, theoretical and historical materials relating to the considered areas of the city are used.
Scientific novelty and practical significance of the research
The concept has been developed and substantiated as a basis for protective zoning in the central and peripheral zones of the city. A structural model of territories including VCI is proposed. Organizational and economic instruments for the conservation of VCI are analyzed.
The tasks and methods of urban planning protection of LIC are considered and systematized.
A methodology for combined legal zoning has been developed, and ways of its integration into the domestic urban zoning system have been proposed.
The materials and conclusions of the study are intended for the development of the domestic system of urban protective regulation, as well as for the preparation recommendations on regulation of urban planning activities related to the preservation of cultural heritage.
On defense are taken out:
Structural model of territories, including local historical complexes as the basis for protective zoning in the middle and peripheral zones of the city, tasks of urban protection of LIC;
Recommendations for the application of urban regulation methods based on the principle of maximum consideration of the local specifics of historical development, analysis of possible ways of successive development of the territory and promoting the successful application of organizational and economic instruments for heritage conservation and city reconstruction.
Work structure
The work includes 3 chapters, introduction, conclusion, bibliography and a number of appendices. Chapter 1 substantiates the need to identify VCI. Chapter 2 proposes a spatial model and formulates the objectives of VCI protection. Chapter 3 examines the tools of urban regulation and their use for the conservation of VCI and the development of territories that include them.
MAIN CONTENT OF THE WORK
Chapter 1. The modern context of preserving the historical buildings of cities.
The need to identify local historical complexes is due to two groups of factors: 1) the development of the theory and practice of preserving historical and cultural heritage; 2) changes in socio-economic conditions.
The current stage of development of the system of urban protective regulation is characterized by increased attention to the utilitarian value of the monument, the scientific and historical value has faded into the background, and the artistic value of the monument is often narrowed to an iconographic scheme. At the same time, the theoretical developments of previous years are being gradually introduced. Multilateral studies of historical cities, including within the framework of systemic and environmental approaches, have led to the realization of the need to move from protective zoning (allocation of areas around monuments, differentiation of these zones by value and the use of universal regimes for their maintenance) to protective zoning. Protective zoning is the identification of areas and compositional complexes that are integral in their characteristics, making it possible to take into account the local specifics of historical buildings. The application of this principle to territories outside the historical core leads us to the hypothesis local historical complex, as an area of historical development, distinguished by its environmental, structural and compositional characteristics among its later surroundings. But today it is necessary to identify not only the local uniqueness of territories, but also to take into account when zoning the path of successive development of urban complexes.
The most important prerequisite for such an understanding of zoning are new socio-economic conditions, the change of which has led to significant consequences in the field of urban planning and urban conservation regulation, including: increasing the interest of participants in the urban planning process in intensifying the use of real estate and, as a consequence, exacerbating the problems of preserving genuine historical substance and urban protection of heritage, in particular compliance with restrictions on the conditions of perception; increasing the importance of heritage protection in the middle zone, in connection with the intensification of reconstruction in these areas of the city; the emergence of issues of delimitation of ownership rights to monuments as real estate objects; reducing government allocations for the purpose of heritage conservation, and the formation of alternative sources of financing, up to the privatization of monuments; increasing the importance of regulatory aspects in heritage protection, in contrast to the predominance of conservation ones at previous stages of development; implementation of regulatory and legal methods into practice as a “response” to the problems of the new socio-economic situation.
Various data indicate that restoration and reconstruction are less profitable for investors than new construction, but in areas with a high “centrality” score this is compensated by the benefits of location, and in less prestigious areas the risk of losing authentic historical buildings increases. The paper examines organizational and economic tools that make it possible to increase the investment attractiveness of heritage sites. There are three main groups of such tools: subsidies, incentives and localization of special legal conditions. The main goal of the systematization is to identify those parameters that must be taken into account in the methods of urban security regulation.
Subsidization basically comes down to compensating the costs of maintaining valuable elements of a heritage site through direct financing and can be carried out by both the state and non-state organizations (e.g. national trusts) as charity or sponsorship. Mixed forms of financing include implementation of an investment project with the participation of the city and government programs, money for which is collected, including through public funds.
The main problems of subsidizing are the selection of objects, determining the amount of subsidies, and organizing the process. In our country there are still no established criteria for determining subsidized objects. Work plans are drawn up largely on the basis of applications from interested organizations. One of the most important criteria in the domestic system for determining the priority of restoration and reconstruction work should be criterion urban planning significance of the object. The result for each city should be a list of objects, where the serial number corresponds to the order of allocation of funds. Another direction is the formation of clusters of long-term payback objects (infrastructure, etc.) and quick payback ones, which makes it possible to make the total investment of investors and the city more efficient. The question arises of choosing and defining the boundaries of the territories of such clusters. This practice helps attract investment, but there is also an obvious conflict of interest: the city, as a co-investor, is interested in increasing the efficiency of development of the site. The main problems in organizing subsidies: information support (coordination of programs at various levels, reconciliation of data on the composition of objects), incomplete delineation of property, and procedures for interaction with users have not been developed. Accurate determining the costs of preserving items of protection(and, accordingly, their identification) and share of costs that the government can compensate. Subsidies may come with additional obligations owner (for example, to ensure access to the monument or compliance with regulations).
Stimulation involves the creation of special conditions (for example, taxation), the benefits of which compensate for the costs associated with security restrictions. So far, the effect of federal and regional legislation on economic incentives is largely limited lack of by-laws. Mainly used reduction of rent by the amount of costs or charging rent at a minimum rate for the standard period of work. But often the rent is tied to the condition of the property, and restoration leads to increased payments. Less attention to tax benefits due to the fact that monuments are mainly state or municipal property. The following tools are used in world practice: tax deferrals, accelerated depreciation, tax deductions, exemption from certain taxes, preferential loan conditions. There are some tax breaks in our country.
Methods of subsidies and incentives, due to their universality, cannot in themselves increase the investment attractiveness of heritage outside the historical core. Technologies are needed to localize the action of these tools, which will compensate for the lower “centrality” of peripheral areas.
Localization of special legal conditions includes 3 important components: the creation of a special legal environment in a local territory (1), the use within the boundaries of this territory of economic instruments that stimulate its development (2) and the creation or attraction of development agents (3). The following tools can be distinguished: territorial unit with a special status (TEOS), museum-reserve, territory development corporation (TDC), partnership, mechanism for transferring development rights.
Among the goals of TEOS education were: implementation of urban planning programs for comprehensive reconstruction and development; preservation of monuments and historical territories. TEOS is a body of the city administration, but unlike other divisions, it is intended to manage a relatively small area of the city, comprehensively solve local problems (more opportunities for linking various interests, more efficient management of property and investments, it is possible to redistribute income from various sources and combine the efforts of various entities for the development of the territory). The legislation on TEOS provided for the use of tools such as tax benefits, rental payments, and loans.
The museum-reserve is most often deprived of the advantages of TEOS. Its powers extend only to the territory of the heritage site, which is often significantly smaller than the “historic” dimensions of the complex and does not include the area of its compositional and functional influence. Accordingly, there are fewer opportunities to pursue a coordinated urban development policy. Limited territory and lack of funding, with relative managerial autonomy, sometimes leads to hypertrophy of service functions on the territory of the monument, commercial development under the guise of regeneration. The solution is probably transfer of the territory of the protected zone to the museum-reserve for management.
KRT are management companies that attract funds from various sources and combine their resources on the local territory. On the one hand, there is an obvious lack of powers currently granted to the CRT (for example, they do not have the right to allocate land for development), which reduces their effectiveness. On the other hand, the initially commercial orientation with an integrated approach to the territory can lead to the rapid “washing out” of historical buildings. It is probably necessary to expand public control and tighten legal urban regulation.
A freer form of interaction between business, local government and central government - partnership, can be formalized by a system of agreements. The goal, as in TEOS and KRT, is to consolidate the efforts of process subjects from different sectors for the development of the territory. The partnership includes both local and national organizations, which can offer their standard forms and provide grants for them. For example, Conservation area partnerships of the English Heritage Trust. In this case, the provision of grants is associated with the allocation of a proportional amount from local sources, the justification of the project and the passage of a competitive selection.
A special group can be divided into methods for which the initial condition for use is “ redefinition of property rights"(redefinition of property rights). For example, common in the USA façade easements. Ownership of the building is "divided" and part of it (the right to change the facade) is transferred or sold to government or non-profit organizations. This corresponds to the domestic practice of determining protected items. Another mechanism is transfer of development rights(transfer of development rights), allows you to “transfer” the “unused” intensity of development permitted by ordinary zoning (rights to areas not built due to any restrictions) to a site located nearby or remote from the original one.
Based on the analysis of the use of organizational and economic instruments, it is possible to formulate requirements for protective urban regulation: integration of regulatory and economic instruments, legal consolidation of protective restrictions and user rights, certainty of objects of protection, differentiation of objects and territories by value, identification of protective zones and reconstruction zones as conservation areas and development of individual urban planning (composition) complexes.
Thus, both the development of the theory of heritage conservation and the practice of using organizational and economic tools dictate the need for a transition from the existing system of protective zoning to protective zoning as a tool that promotes not only the preservation of heritage, but also the continuous development of the city. As a basis for protective zoning in the middle and peripheral zones of the city, it is proposed to introduce the concept local historical complex , and with its help consider the issues of preserving historical and cultural heritage and development of territories, issues common to such different types of heritage objects as ensembles, places of interest, fragments of valuable historical buildings.
The need to identify VCI in the middle and peripheral zones of the city is due to: 1) an understanding of urban development as a set of areas that differ from each other in environmental, structural and compositional characteristics and the need for urban regulation to more fully take into account their local specifics; 2) the transition from a conservative paradigm to a paradigm of successive development and the need for a more precise identification of areas, the development of which will depend on the approach to the preservation of historical and cultural heritage; 3) less investment attractiveness of territories in the middle and peripheral zones of the city and the need for a more reasonable determination of the boundaries of the use of organizational and economic instruments.
Chapter 2. Local historical complex as the basis for protective zoning in the middle and peripheral zones of the city.
During field surveys, about 60 prospective VCIs In Moscow, about 50 LICs were allocated. Criteria by which the selection was made: intensity, typology and coherence. LICs are distinguished by their connectivity (while being isolated from the historical core of the complex), the concentration of historical objects, including monuments, and the typology of development. An important role is played by studying the history of the development of the area.
Based on the characteristics of their origin, the following groups of LICs can be distinguished: 1) an independent settlement included in another settlement; 2) a satellite object included in the head settlement; 3) an object that emerged as a result of reconstruction or radical renovation of the surrounding buildings; 4) an area of the city that emerged as a result of military destruction and subsequent construction of gaps.
According to the typology of the original object, we can distinguish: cities, villages, monasteries, farmsteads, monastic settlements, fortresses, estates, palace complexes, hospitals, factories, city districts, etc.
However, despite the diversity of objects that we classify as LIC, the structure of the territories that include them can be described using 5 types of elements: ensemble core, zone of background historical development (landscape), LIC border, zone of influence, contact zone(See Table 1 and Diagram 1).
Methods for identifying and specifying the boundaries of the structural elements of the VCI and the zone of influence as a whole are not new to the work. The point of the proposal is to use known methods of urban planning analysis for the protective zoning of the territory, to justify the need to identify not only objects or territories to be preserved, but to consolidate the special status of compositional complexes based on VCI, within the boundaries of which it is advisable to solve the problem of territory development.
Table 1. Characteristics and methods for identifying structural elements in the territory including VCI.
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Characteristic |
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Ensemble core |
A set of buildings forming a single composition, which was created over a long period of time, taking into account the main original plan, or entirely in a relatively short period of time according to a single plan. In most cases, it corresponds to the territory of a heritage site of the “ensemble” type. |
Historical and architectural research aimed at: 1) clarifying the historical boundaries of the “ensemble” (archival, field, archaeological research); 2) assessing the safety of the elements of the “ensemble” and identifying the possibilities of their regeneration (in many cases, a design action). In general, the methods correspond to modern methods for determining the territories of cultural heritage sites. |
|
Zone of background historical buildings (landscape) |
Fragments of background historical buildings that have retained significant integrity with a small proportion of dissonant objects and losses. May include individual historical dominants that are not part of the ensemble core. In most cases, they correspond to territories that have the characteristics of a place of interest or are classified as protected zones of monuments. |
Historical and architectural research aimed at: 1) identifying territories with valuable historical buildings or landscapes historically associated with ensembles of monuments; 2) assessment of the safety (degree of integrity) of buildings or landscapes. The zones include territories that have preserved or largely preserved the basic principles of historical compositional and spatial organization, a significant part of the elements of development complexes. The main units of assessment for development are the historical quarter (a significant fragment of the quarter), the street front. |
|
LIC border |
The moment of transition from one environment to another (LIC and non-LIC), perceived while moving around the city, caused by a change in the structural, compositional and environmental characteristics of buildings and landscapes. The boundary may be clear, blurred, or variable. |
It is determined, first of all, as a line of horizontal correlation of qualitatively different fragments of development or landscape (ensemble core and zones of background historical development with a foreign environment), can be tied to planning and landscape boundaries, barriers. |
Table 1. Continuation of the table
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Characteristic |
Methods for identifying and defining boundaries |
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Entire zone of influence |
Territories, the development of which should be limited to preserve the urban planning role of the LIC, preserve the conditions for the perception of monuments, or can be carried out on the basis of the principles laid down in the heritage site, including the regeneration of lost elements (“retrodevelopment”), as well as the development of which is necessary to ensure functional needs of the LIC (for example, for the purpose of unloading the territory of the monument). |
Impact in quality high-altitude dominant and other objects that require favorable visual conditions for the perception of monuments |
Methods of landscape-visual analysis, incl. to determine the boundaries of visual capacity. The zone area must include barriers that limit visual capacity. |
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As planning emphasis. The zone includes territories where objects can be located that support the significance of the emphasis, for example. forming the front of the planning axis. |
Mainly special pre-design studies or historical and architectural research in the case of regeneration of lost elements |
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As other types of compositional accents |
depending on the type of emphasis (mainly a design decision) |
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As scale standard. The zone includes territories whose development should be on a historical scale, or where a transition from one large-scale system to another should take place. |
For territories in the zone of joint perception - landscape-visual analysis, in other cases special pre-design studies |
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As environmental standard. The zone includes territories whose development should reproduce some environmental characteristics of historical buildings |
Mainly special pre-design studies or historical and architectural research in the case of regeneration of lost elements |
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Functionalinfluence. The zone includes territories necessary to meet the functional needs of the LIC |
Mainly special pre-design studies. |
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Table 1. Continuation of the table
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Characteristic |
Methods for identifying and defining boundaries |
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Contact zones |
Territories directly adjacent to the ensemble core and areas of background historical development. They are part of the zone of influence. It is permissible not to identify zones of this type if the development adjacent to the ensemble core and the zones of background historical development is neutral and cannot have a significant impact on their perception. |
Polytypological, with a complex morphological composition: the development of the territory is diverse, various principles of its organization are used, mainly territories developed by development at different times |
It is advisable to take planning boundaries as the boundaries of such zones, if this does not lead to excessive enlargement of the zones. It is permissible to include only areas that participate in joint visual perception with valuable historical buildings (in this case, methods of landscape-visual analysis are used). Zones of this type may include territories that are subject to the influence of VCI as planning accent and other types of compositional accents, scale or environmental standard, functional influence. Accordingly, special pre-design studies are required to clarify the boundaries. |
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Monotypological, with a simplified morphological composition: the building can be classified as one type, and in general was created over a certain period of time. Mainly territories developed since the late 50s according to the principles of open planning |
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Each structural element has typical problems associated with it. The most relevant of them is the “incompleteness” and destructuredness (for territories with historical buildings) of development in the zones influence, background historical buildings (landscape), contact areas. This is expressed in the presence of an unreasonable “indentation”, undeveloped areas, dissonant objects, non-capital random development (garages, warehouses, etc.), incompleteness of urban planning compositions. This means that there is the possibility of both the successive development of the territory taking into account the LIC, and the emergence of new dissonant objects. That is why it is necessary to use methods of protective urban regulation in territories that include VCI, based more on the characteristics of specific local complexes.
Based on the LIC survey, 5 groups of complexes can be distinguished depending on the presence (preservation) of each of the structural elements: 1) only the zone of background historical development, 2) only the ensemble core, 3) the ensemble core + zone of influence, 4) the ensemble core + zone of background historical buildings (landscape) + zone of influence. The LICs included in each of these groups differ in the nature of their zone of influence, contact zone, and border. Each group is characterized by a certain set of protected items and parameters that are subject to regulation. Accordingly, it is necessary to use various urban regulation tools. At the same time, it can be said that, regardless of the type of VCI, restrictions apply to the ensemble core of the complex both for the territory of the monument and its protection zone. For a zone of background historical development, restrictions may vary from those characteristic of the territory of a cultural heritage site to those applicable in a strictly regulated zone (in areas adjacent to the LIC border). The greatest difficulty is presented by contact zones and the associated boundary phenomenon. Subject to the restrictions aimed at preserving the urban planning role of the LIC, the following strategies are possible: 1) further isolation of VCI; 2) blurring of the border; 3) development. Three types of VCI development have been identified: "retrodevelopment"(targeted revival of lost historical, architectural and urban values) , new background development(new development in the contact zone while maintaining the dominant position of the LIC ensemble core) , composition development(introduction of new active elements of the ensemble, but based on existing compositional principles). The choice of strategy is largely determined by the characteristics of the structural elements. The high completeness of contact zones and zones of ordinary development, the predominance of monotypological contact zones, the absence of “indentation”, and the clear nature of the border will contribute to the choice of isolation strategy. On the contrary, the low completeness of contact zones and zones of ordinary development, the predominance of polytypological contact zones, the presence of “indentation”, the blurred or variable nature of the border will contribute to the choice of development strategies or blurring of the border. Depending on the chosen inclusion strategy, the set of protection items and restrictions imposed on ordinary development zones and contact zones will vary. Thus, with the isolation strategy, ordinary historical buildings will not be included in the list of objects of protection for the zone of influence. The specified parameters for contact zones can be aimed at identifying the boundary. For the zone of influence, the objects of protection and restrictions are determined by the type of influence of the VCI on the adjacent territory (see Tables 2, 3).
Thus, the main tasks of protective urban regulation in the territories including LIC: 1) preservation of monuments and valuable historical buildings; 2) providing conditions for the perception of monuments; 3) ensuring urban development of the territory, taking into account the chosen strategy for including VCI in the modern urban planning composition. As shown by the inspection of objects and the study of current regulatory documents, existing methods of urban security regulation do not solve all current problems. New tools are needed, especially to subordinate the development of the territory, including the LIC, to the chosen strategy.
The main problems of LIC are related to the change in the socio-economic situation and the intensification of reconstruction processes in the middle and peripheral zones: the development of LIC territories in competition with surrounding areas that are less burdened by security restrictions; preservation of authentic historical buildings and compliance with landscape-visual and structural-typological restrictions in conditions of less investment attractiveness of the area. An analysis of the existing domestic and foreign practice of using organizational and economic tools for preserving historical and cultural heritage and reconstructing territories confirmed the complexity of using subsidizing and incentive methods to preserve specific VCIs. Their use is more effective in combination with tools that make it possible to localize the effect of certain benefits, to set a more precise boundary for their application, taking into account not only the historical and architectural value of the objects, but also the prospects for the development of the territory. One of the main conditions for the use of methods for localizing special legal conditions is the precise definition of objects of protection and the boundaries of territories that are subject to protective restrictions and special economic and legal conditions. Narrowing the territory can lead to unjustified saturation of the territory of the LIC with functions that contradict the goals of protection. For effective application, the boundary of the special legal conditions must be close to the boundaries of the background historical development zones, and in some cases, the zone of influence. It is necessary to formulate in as much detail as possible the parameters of permissible development changes in the territory under consideration. Territory development agents must have the powers to ensure the implementation of a unified urban planning policy, or this unity must be ensured through regulatory and legal means (drawing up urban planning regulations and local urban planning recommendations). Existing domestic examples of the use of tools for localizing special legal conditions (for example, museums-reserves) only in some cases meet these requirements. This is largely due to the reliance on the protective zoning system with its conservative orientation, the fact that the zones of application of special legal conditions are mainly only territories with valuable historical buildings (often only their ensemble cores), and the territories of zones of influence, territories of promising development of complexes are not covered under their influence. In the new socio-economic conditions, a more differentiated system of urban protective regulation is needed, taking into account the local specifics of the territories, aimed not only at preserving the heritage, but also at regulating and stimulating the continuous development of the territory.
Chapter 3. Urban regulation in territories including local historical complexes.
The most important feature of the modern situation is the need for legal consolidation of protective restrictions, therefore the main attention in this work is paid to tools that meet this requirement, norms, specific regulatory actions related to the lower taxometric level of urban planning ( block, microdistrict).
An analysis of modern regulatory methods of urban regulation revealed three promising types of such instruments: identification of objects of protection, town planning regulations, local town planning recommendations. Of these, only identification of items of protection , relating mainly to individual monuments and ensembles. Basically, the domestic system continues to operate with the tools that were in place before the change in the socio-economic situation. Such as historical-urban planning and historical-architectural basic plans, protective zoning with the definition of maintenance regimes for zones (restoration, regeneration, limited transformation, etc.) and such transitional ones as for example. landscape-visual analysis. The main disadvantage of these tools is the large weight of expert methods of urban regulation and the incompleteness of the process of determining the parameters of permitted use and changes in real estate.
Town planning regulations are just beginning to enter the domestic practice of urban security regulation, and the methods of their preparation are different. An analysis of already used and proposed methods made it possible to identify 4 domestic approaches to integrating the tasks of heritage protection into the legal zoning of cities: 1) the allocation of protective zones as the sphere of authority of monument protection bodies (only some parameters are indicated, but in general an individual procedure is necessary for each site); 2) development of detailed urban planning regulations for combined protected zones and development regulation zones (the average nature of the requirements for historical zones, which can lead to insufficient consideration of local specifics); 3) identification of a larger number of zones and subzones with certain objects of protection and the development of urban planning regulations to ensure their preservation; 4) localization of universal compositional and spatial types of development, ranking of territories according to reconstruction modes and, depending on the combination of mode and type, determination of regulatory requirements. Mostly regulations are still being developed or have recently come into force. It is premature to analyze their effectiveness based on practical results, so foreign experience in this area was reviewed.
A study of foreign experience in urban security regulation has shown that in most systems, protection zones and regimes for their maintenance are differentiated. Decisions on the possibility of changing objects or zones (based on general principles) are the result of consideration and expert assessment of a specific case. Classifying a building or territory as protected, along with restrictions, implies incentive mechanisms, compensation for costs or lost profits. Protected zones cover territories containing historically and culturally valuable objects. The problems of taking into account the city-forming role of heritage are solved when drawing up legal zoning plans for adjacent territories. Experience shows that a contextual approach is preferable when determining development parameters and preserving historical parcellations. An increase in the permitted intensity of use of sites leads to the “washing out” of genuine historical buildings. If the sizes of the plots vary significantly, it is necessary to assign parameters individually. The development of undeveloped sites should not be more profitable than the preservation of existing buildings. The set of permitted uses plays an important role.
A distinctive feature of the German practice of urban regulation in historical territories is the preparation of urban planning regulations with a large number of parameters for relatively small zones. If necessary, it is carried out on the basis of preliminary pre-design study with the selection of the optimal option for achieving socially significant goals for the transformation (preservation) of the urban environment (for example, the regeneration of an urban center). The results of studies for the entire territory form the basis for drawing up legal development plans. Design is carried out not for a specific customer, but in the public interest. Each landholding receives urban planning regulations that have legal status, which ensures compliance with the initially set urban planning goals.
The most promising method for drawing up regulations for territories that include LICs seems to be a method based on protective zoning with the subsequent allocation of protected items for each designated zone, as it takes into account the compositional integrity and originality of each complex. In complex cases, the drawing up of regulations should be preceded by design studies (including landscape and visual analysis), with the help of which the probable paths of development of the territory and specific development parameters are determined.
The third type of tools is « registration regulations" And "local urban planning recommendations" is a system of design principles and standards (approved by the local administration), which serves as a “transfer link between the urban planning and architectural design stages” and ensures the preservation of a large number of environmental characteristics of the development. In domestic practice, restrictions and recommendations of this level are usually included in urban planning regulations, which leads to their unjustified complication.
The experience of preserving LIC in Berlin speaks to the preference of German specialists for the strategy of isolating and even “thematizing” the contrast between LIC and the surrounding buildings. The priority is the regeneration of destructured elements of the complex and restoration of its connectivity. In the territories of the LIK (if these are not monumental ensembles), new development is allowed with a focus on the historical typology. Lost objects are recreated. The main instruments of urban regulation, in addition to urban planning regulations: the area of improvement - Sanierungsgebiet and the security zone - Erhaltungsgebiet. LIK - ensemble-type monuments may no longer be regulated. Only areas of heritage sites or those undergoing refurbishment receive special status. Issues of including VCI in a modern urban planning composition are resolved at the level of legal zoning of adjacent territories. In order to emphasize the boundary of the VCI, not only “upper” parameter values (for example, building heights) can be set, but also lower ones. With the help of “design regulations”, types of plants, materials, landscaping elements, typical, for example, for a village, and other environmental parameters can be regulated.
Algorithm of the proposed method of protective urban regulation for the territory within the boundaries of the LIC influence zone: 1) identification of structural elements of the VCI and zone of influence, 2) analysis of the characteristics of the elements, 3) selection of a strategy for the development of the territory, 4) identification of objects of protection, 5) implementation of design studies (including landscape-visual analysis) and clarification of the boundaries of structural elements, 6) drawing up urban planning regulations (in most cases for all zones, except for the ensemble core, for which it is possible to develop a traditional restoration program) and local urban planning recommendations (for the zone of ordinary buildings and the contact zone). It is necessary to draw up regulations not only for territories with valuable historical, but also for more recent industrial development. Their parameters, if necessary, should adjust the current situation. Standardized parameters and proposals for the use of urban regulation tools are presented in more detail in Tables 2, 3.
The main difference between the proposed methodology and the existing system of protective zoning and other methods is the introduction of stages into the algorithm for developing regulations choosing a territory development strategy And design studies, which reflects the focus on the continuous development of urban development, as opposed to the focus solely on preserving (conserving) the heritage. The main features of urban regulation based on protective zoning: 1) determination of the boundaries of special legal conditions based on the identification of areas that are integral in their characteristics; 2) the basis for the parameters of the permitted use of real estate is the characteristics of development inherent in this particular area and the chosen strategy for its development.
Based on the proposed methodology for protective urban regulation, in some cases, for territories including VCI, the technology of combined legal zoning is applicable. The currently used zoning method, which determines the main indicators for planning blocks, is complemented by the preparation of legal plans, where the main parameters are tied to specific areas. Part of the plots in the planning area are reserved for the transfer of “unused development rights” from plots on which, due to protection requirements, additional restrictions (to those general for the zone) are imposed (for example, to preserve views). While maintaining the indicators for the region, this would allow investors to be compensated for losses associated with compliance with protection requirements and to avoid stagnation in the territories of protected zones. An analysis using the example of the territory adjacent to the Krutitsky courtyard confirmed the prospects for using the technology in territories that include VCI.
The results of the work allow us to identify several promising areas for research, including within related disciplines (in particular, real estate economics): the study of monuments as real estate objects; clarification of the criteria for determining the priority of financing of heritage sites related to economic factors (the relationship between economic and value selection factors); studying the influence of various taxes and payments on the profitability of restoration and reconstruction actions; studying the legal basis and mechanisms that allow the transfer of development rights.
MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH RESULTS.
1. The main problems associated with the protection of historical identity and urban development of territories that include preserved historical complexes have been identified. In conditions of competition with surrounding areas that are less burdened by conservation restrictions, the preservation of authentic historical buildings and compliance with landscape-visual and structural-typological restrictions is possible only through the introduction of new organizational approaches that involve regulatory instruments, in contrast to the predominance of conservation ones at previous stages of development; it is necessary to gradually introduce legal methods into practice as a “response” to the emergence of a large number of independent subjects of urban planning activities and other problems of the new socio-economic situation.
2. Three main groups of organizational and economic instruments promoting the preservation of historical heritage have been identified: 1) subsidizing basically comes down to compensation of costs for maintaining valuable elements of a heritage site (protection items) through direct financing; 2) stimulation involves the creation of special conditions (for example, taxation), the benefits of which compensate for the costs associated with protection restrictions; 3) localization of special legal conditions involves the creation of a special legal environment on a local territory, the application within the boundaries of this territory of economic approaches that stimulate its development, the creation or attraction of development agents. Together, these factors allow resources to be reallocated within an area, making it more likely that conservation goals will be achieved.
3. The development of the theory of heritage conservation (within the framework of environmental and systemic approaches) and the practice of using organizational and economic tools dictate the need for a transition from the existing system of protective zoning to protective zoning as a tool that promotes not only the preservation of heritage, but also the continuous development of the city. As a basis for protective zoning in the middle and peripheral zones of the city, an umbrella concept was introduced local historical complex and its structural model is proposed, including ensemble core, zones of background historical development (landscape), contact zones, border. The problems in the protection of cultural heritage that are typical for each of the structural elements of the LIC and the zone of its influence are analyzed. Three possible approaches to incorporating VCI into a modern urban planning composition have been identified. These approaches ( isolation, blurring of boundaries, development) are characterized by different attitudes towards such structural elements as the border, the zone of ordinary buildings, and the contact zone.
4. Based on the structure of the LIC, the application of methods of protective urban regulation was analyzed, among which three groups of regulatory and legal instruments were identified, together constituting a logical system of urban regulation in historical and adjacent territories: 1) Definition items of protection and the conditions necessary for their preservation, both for individual monuments or ensembles, and for areas of historical buildings. 2) Zoning with the subsequent allocation of items of protection for each allocated zone (district) and compilation on this basis town planning regulations, and, if necessary, on the basis of preliminary design studies, with the help of which probable paths for the development of the territory are determined. Regulations should mainly set the volumetric-spatial characteristics of the development, unambiguously fixing the parameters of possible construction changes for each site. 3)Development regulations for registration And local urban planning recommendations, ensuring the preservation of a large number of environmental characteristics of the development and being not only normative, but also methodological documents designed to “unload” urban planning regulations. Documents at this level can be both normative and advisory in nature. The paper proposes conditions for the effective use of methods of each group in territories that include VCI.
5. A methodology for urban security regulation has been developed for the territory within the boundaries of the LIC influence zone: 1) identifying the structural elements of the LIC and the zone of influence, 2) analyzing the characteristics of the elements, 3) choosing a strategy for the development of the territory, 4) identifying items of protection, 5) performing design studies (including landscape-visual analysis) and clarification of the boundaries of structural elements, 6) drawing up urban planning regulations and local urban planning recommendations. A technology of combined legal zoning, new to domestic practice, is proposed, based on the allocation and various methods of transferring development rights.
Table 2. Dependence of standardized parameters on the type of influence (for the influence zone)
|
Type of influence |
Items of protection |
Normalized parameters |
|
|
As a high-altitude dominant and other objects that require favorable visual conditions for the perception of monuments |
view openings, visual connections, scale of development. |
height of the building within the limits of the view openings, parameters that determine the co-scale of the development within the zone of influence of the object (height of the building, length of the building, intensity of the building, size of land holdings, etc.) |
urban planning regulations, in the case of a city-wide dominant - influence on the preparation of regulations for adjacent territories (districts). |
|
As a planning accent |
building typology |
parameters that determine the typology of development within the zone of influence of the accent (for example, layout diagram, orientation of the main facade, offset from the red line, character of the silhouette of the street front) |
urban planning regulations, local urban planning recommendations for the zone of influence of the accent. |
|
As other types of compositional accents |
depending on the type of accent |
depending on the type of emphasis (e.g. layout scheme, orientation of the main facade, offset from the red line, character of the street front silhouette) |
urban planning regulations, local urban planning recommendations for the zone of influence of the accent |
|
As a scale reference |
scale of development |
parameters that determine the scale of development (height of development, length of building, intensity of development, size of land holdings, etc.) |
town planning regulations |
|
As environmental standard |
parameters that determine the environmental uniqueness of the territory (except for volumetric-spatial characteristics). Color scheme, character of landscaping, finishing materials used, etc. |
town planning regulations, local town planning recommendations, “design regulations”. |
|
|
Functional influence |
functional purpose of the territory, permitted types of use of the sites |
town planning regulations |
Table 3. Dependence of normalized parameters on the selected switching strategy (for contact zones).
|
Inclusion strategy |
Items of protection |
Normalized parameters |
Type of urban regulation instrument |
||
|
separation |
the parameters should help to emphasize the boundary (for example, “lower” values can be set for the height and intensity of buildings) |
town planning regulations |
|||
|
blurring of the border |
ist. objects and their elements, environmental type, type of development, source. layout, scale of development |
parameters that determine the typology of development, setting the rules for the transition from one type of development to another |
urban planning regulations, local urban planning recommendations |
including rules for transition from one type of development to another |
|
|
development |
"retrodevelopment" |
parameters that determine the playback of sources. building typologies |
"statutes of registration" |
||
|
new background development |
in cases of preservation of the source. layout, scale of development |
parameters that determine development within the chosen typology, scale of development |
|||
|
development of composition |
building typology |
parameters that determine the typology of development within the zone of influence of the accent |
|||
Scheme 1. Structure of the LIC and its zones of influence.
Approbation of work
The main provisions of the dissertation are presented in 5 publications and reports at conferences:
1. The role of the Moscow architectural school in the architecture and urban planning of Russia in the 18th-20th centuries. All-Russian interuniversity student scientific conference dedicated to the 250th anniversary of the founding of the Moscow School of Architecture by D.V. Ukhtomsky.
2. Socio-economic development of the center of Russia based on humanitarian resources. Yasnaya Polyana, 2004
3. Social and cultural space of the city. Conference of young scientists dedicated to the 15th anniversary of the Faculty of Sociology of St. Petersburg State University.
4. Protection of cultural heritage. International and national experience. Conference for the 40th anniversary of ICOMOS.
1. Ageev S., Kirpicheva O. et al. Urban planning concept for the rehabilitation of the Yauza River area between the Garden Ring and Lefortovo Bridge. // In: The role of the Moscow architectural school in the architecture and urban planning of Russia in the 18th-20th centuries. Abstracts of reports of the All-Russian interuniversity student scientific conference dedicated to the 250th anniversary of the founding of the Moscow School of Architecture by D.V. Ukhtomsky. M., 1999.
2. Ageev S. English experience in discussing urban planning initiatives. // In: Proceedings of the conference of young scientists “Social and cultural space of the city.” St. Petersburg, 2004.
3. Ageev S. Mechanism for transferring development rights. Experience in urban planning regulation in the USA and Canada. // In: Architectural science and education. Abstracts of reports of the scientific conference of faculty and young scientists dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the formation of MArchI, held from December 19 to 23, 2003. M., 2004.
5. Ageev S. Town planning regulations as a tool for preserving historical and cultural heritage. // Architectural Bulletin, No. 1, 2005.
This issue is examined both in works devoted to the general problems of modern urban regulation - U. Valleta, A. Vysokovsky, V.A. Glazychev, O.N. Ponomareva, I.M. Smolyar, E. Trutnev, etc., and issues of protection cultural heritage (A.A. Skokan, T.A. Slavina, V.I. Sheredega, S.V. Sementsov and others).
Identification methods correspond to the types of influence of VCI on adjacent territories (or a combination thereof). The final determination of the boundaries of such territories is often a design action carried out within the framework of special design studies.
Or visual spatial unit of landscape, term Yu.I. Kurbatova. A territory that can be directly and holistically perceived from any point located on it under equal conditions of perception. In this work it is used to characterize perception from the most important panoramic points. See Kurbatov Yu.I. Architectural forms and natural landscape. L., 1988. pp. 62-69.
The characteristic of “completeness” is used in the meaning proposed by T.A. Slavina. Completeness is associated with the sensations of psychological comfort evoked in the viewer by the urban composition. See Slavina T.A. Transformation of historical cities in the 21st century (St. Petersburg). In the book: Toward the architecture of the 21st century. A potiori: collection of scientific articles. Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences. M., 2002. P. 88.
Reconstruction of the historical center
B.V. Bode, head of the design territorial workshop of the Central Administrative District
The implementation of the Moscow General Plan in the historical center includes more detailed design development at both the territorial and sectoral levels. In this direction, in 1999-2001, the following urban planning developments were completed or are in progress:
Urban development plan for the territory of the Central Administrative District (approved by the Moscow Government);
Urban planning plans for the development of the territory of the districts of the Central Administrative District (five districts have been completed, the sixth is under implementation);
Planning projects for residential, public and industrial areas, urban planning justification for the placement of individual objects (at the stage of phased development);
Summary diagram of protection zones for historical and cultural monuments with the establishment of united protection zones and boundaries of protected areas (completed);
Urban planning inventory of valuable panoramas and views of the historical part of the city (completed);
Historical and urban planning regulations (implemented in stages in the regions of the Central Administrative District) as specialized developments for the preparation of detailed general urban planning regulations as a whole for the central historical part of Moscow;
Development programs in certain areas and sectors of the economy of the Central District (restoration of historical and cultural monuments, housing construction, reorganization of industrial areas, development of natural complex territories, garage construction, development of a complex of social institutions and the consumer market and other areas).
The urban development plan for the territory of the Central Administrative District is included in the unified system of documentation on urban planning adopted at the legislative level and is the basis for the development of subsequent stages of design. It is expected that materials will be systematically constructed - from analyzes to recommendations - taking into account the implementation of the tasks of the previous design stage and the delegation of relevant tasks for subsequent stages:
General requirements and objectives for the development of the Central Administrative District, arising from the materials of the General Plan of the city;
Analysis of the current situation, identification of problems and imbalances;
Determination of an urban planning strategy aimed at the balanced development of the district and the elimination of identified negative processes;
Setting priority tactical tasks for the implementation of the adopted strategic policy;
Determination of requirements and benchmarks for subsequent design stages (planning projects, development projects).
The general requirements and objectives for the development of the center are reflected in Article 15 of the Moscow Law “On the General Plan of Moscow”, which provides for the continuity of urban development, preservation of historical and cultural heritage, improvement of the environment, the formation of an architecturally expressed zone of public spaces, united by pedestrian systems, intensive use of underground space , increasing the comfort of residential areas, reconstruction of the housing stock with the elimination of dilapidated housing, new housing construction, reorganization of industrial areas, preservation and development of the landscaping system, natural landscapes, development of social, transport and engineering infrastructure, refusal to use standard projects.
The analysis of the current situation is presented in the form of a historical and urban assessment of the territory and a series of factor-by-factor analyzes in the main industry areas. A historical and urban planning assessment identifies the general historical and cultural resource of the central zone of Moscow, architectural and historical monuments, preserved valuable elements of planning and development, the current system of protection zones, recommended modes of acceptable reconstructive intervention in the historical and urban typology of development (morphotypes). Factorial analyzes were carried out on public, residential, recreational, industrial areas, as well as on the main elements of infrastructure and the environmental situation, identifying both general urban planning and industry problems.
The unresolved nature of a significant part of the problems (transport, ecology, etc.) is associated with the impossibility of radical transformation of the historically developed valuable planning structure of the city, the need to preserve historical buildings, historical and cultural monuments. The center, due to its multifunctionality, high density and high urban planning activity, constantly generates corresponding urban planning problems. An integrated assessment based on the results of factor analyzes revealed both negative and positive development processes in the district.
Negative processes:
Disproportions in the functional balance, underdevelopment of public functions in the peripheral part of the center, a drop in the share of housing within the Garden Ring, low rates of provision of recreational areas, high saturation of industrial facilities;
An increase in the degree of transport discomfort, a lag in the development of transport infrastructure (91% of transport hubs and 40% of metro transfer stations operate at exhausted capacity, the provision of garages and parking lots is 15% of the regulatory requirement);
Unfavorable environmental situation, high level of air pollution, active noise impact, high level of soil pollution, water basins of the Yauza and Moskva Rivers;
Backlog in repairs of the housing stock (about 3 million m2 of houses with wooden floors require reconstruction), unsatisfactory occupancy (waiting list - 9% of the population, communal apartments - up to 12% of the housing stock);
Insufficient provision of the population with social facilities;
Slow pace of reconstruction of engineering communications (underground network wear reaches 30-40%).
The action of negative processes is opposed by economic, legal and administrative mechanisms of urban planning management and regulation. Positive processes: improving the quality of construction, the use of new construction technologies and materials, increasing the efficiency of land use, a steady trend of self-reform of production enterprises, self-regulation in the consumer market, increasing the pace of construction and reconstruction. The existing urban planning resources of the territory, the high commercial value of land, good transport accessibility, rich landscape qualities, the highest resource for using historical and cultural heritage, historical and cultural monuments for the development of tourism - all this together creates the prerequisites for sustainable urban planning transformation of the center territory.
The main provisions of the urban development of the central part of Moscow are focused on ensuring normal human life, environmental safety and comfort with the priority of preserving the valuable historical environment, historical and cultural monuments. The urban development strategy excludes the possibility of solving problems through significant morphological transformations, and therefore is aimed at eliminating the sources of their occurrence or finding compromises.
The main provisions of urban development of the Central Administrative District include the following positions:
Functional unloading of the center through redistribution of loads and additional functional saturation of the middle part of the city and its peripheral areas;
Focus on the functional balance of the development of the center, aimed at increasing the urban planning comfort of the population, reducing the share of office and administrative stock, industrial areas from 10.1 to 5.6%, increasing the share of public areas from 20 to 25%, residential - from 28 to 30% , recreational - from 9 to 10%, a significant reduction in the territory of railway farms;
Increasing the historical and architectural potential, preserving the characteristic imagery and originality, increasing the pace, improving the quality of restoration and reconstruction work, forming a fundamentally new approach to the use of historical and cultural heritage in the field of tourism;
Improving the planning and architectural-spatial organization of the territory: additional construction of highways on Krasnopresnensky Prospekt, Zvenigorodskoye Highway, Krasnopresnenskaya and Shelepikhinskaya embankments; the formation of new nodes and areas (Spartakovskaya Square, a node at the junction of Dolgorukovskaya Street and the Garden Ring, etc.);
structural division of neighborhoods, rehabilitation of the local street network, ensuring the completion of main nodes, highways and squares;
Regeneration of historical buildings, restoration of the scale and spatial structure of streets, primarily in protected areas (Zamoskvorechye, Ostozhenka-Prechistenka, Arbat, Bolshaya and Malaya Nikitskaya, Petrovka-Neglinka-Trubnaya, Sretenka, Myasnitskaya-Maroseyka, Pokrovka, Vorontsovo Pole, Varvarka-Solyanka and so on), as well as outside the Garden Ring (the areas of Vorontsovskaya, Meshchanskiye, Troitskaya, Bolshaya and Malaya Alekseevskiye, Zatsepa streets, Shchipok, Stremyanny, Novovagankovsky and Drovyanye lanes);
Formation of a harmoniously balanced system of spatial orientation, architectural accents and dominants, emphasizing the features of the landscape and layout of the city, placement of new high-rise accents in its peripheral part (Savelovsky station square, Rizhskaya, Spartakovskaya, Rogozhskaya outposts, Gagarin and 1905 squares, Moscow City complex, future city center on Zvenigorodskoe highway);
Development of public areas and spaces in the center system, reduction of the existing stock and limitation of new construction of administrative and business buildings within the Garden Ring, transfer of active business functions to the periphery of the Central Administrative District;
Development of residential areas, increase in housing stock (from 15.5 to 18.5 million m2 in the future), implementation of the reconstruction and major repair program (3 million m2), modernization of residential buildings during the industrial construction period (2.1 million m2) , new housing construction (about 3.5 million m2), including through the development of industrial territories, housing construction sites in adjacent districts (up to 1 million m2 for the resettlement of people on the waiting list and residents of communal apartments);
Preservation and development of elements of the natural complex (691 objects), increase in green areas (from 621 to 670 hectares), preservation and maintenance of valuable courtyard landscaping (625 hectares);
Significant reduction in the share of production areas (from 10.1 to 5.6%) - liquidation, withdrawal and relocation of more than 300 large and medium-sized facilities with the release of about 300 hectares of territory from production functions, reform of 40 production facilities, modernization of enterprises at retained production sites with ensuring environmental safety;
Development of social infrastructure, growth of cultural institutions by 2.3 times, the consumer market - by 1.5 times, the hotel stock - by 2.5 times, providing the population of residential areas and microdistricts with service institutions of a guaranteed level - schools and children's institutions (from 462.7 thousand up to 1.2 million m2), clinics (from 200 to 260 thousand m2), etc.;
Development of tourism and tourist services, allocation of tourist and recreational zones (“Golden Ring of Moscow” with the inclusion of the Kremlin ensemble and Kitay-Gorod and others);
Elimination of the crisis backlog in the development of transport infrastructure, accelerated and priority implementation of the transport construction program, liquidation of existing and limitation of the construction of new transport-intensive facilities: construction of a ring city highway, transport interchanges, intercepting parking lots, underground pedestrian crossings, development of high-speed off-street transport, construction of metro lines, new stations on existing lines, new entrances to existing stations, mini-metro and STS Sheremetyevo-City, organization of passenger traffic along the Small Ring of the Moscow Railway, etc.;
Development of engineering infrastructure in accordance with the adopted industry program;
Optimization of the current environmental situation: reducing emissions into the atmosphere by 40%, implementing noise protection measures, reducing the area of noise discomfort zones by 2 times, increasing the level of greenery in courtyard areas to 25-35%, withdrawing environmentally hazardous enterprises (RTI Kauchuk, JSC Tium ", Automotive Plant 32, CHPP-7), reduction of areas with high levels of soil contamination, construction of treatment facilities.
The approved part of the urban planning plan is the technical and economic indicators of the development of the district, urban planning regulations and priority measures for the implementation of the project. The main characteristics of the design solution are fixed in the functional, construction and landscape zoning schemes.
Priority urban development activities for 2001-2005 include the entire range of territorial and sectoral areas. They are developed based on:
Factor analysis and comprehensive assessment of the current situation (the most acute imbalances and negative processes that require immediate solutions have been identified);
Urban development plan for the district for the future (measures that give the greatest urban planning effect have been selected);
Materials of the project for the placement of housing, cultural, communal and other types of construction for five years (Moscow Government Decree No. 700 of July 27, 1999 and other directive documents).
The urban planning plan for the development of the Central Administrative District is a task for the development of the following stages - urban planning plans for the development of districts. In this regard, leading indicators are identified as part of the district's urban plan, broken down by district as control input data when designing district urban plans.
Bibliography
To prepare this work, materials from the site were used http://asm.rusk.ru/
