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Course: Preparation for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, Distance course. Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian: Types of speech

Functional and semantic types of speech (narration, description, reasoning)

Depending on the goals of the monologue utterance and the method of presenting the content, such functional semantic types of speech as description, narration, and reasoning are distinguished. The first two types of speech presuppose a relationship with the world of “things” - objects, the last - with the world of concepts and judgments.

Description is a verbal depiction of any phenomenon of reality by listing its characteristic features. This type of speech serves to recreate the world of objects and establish connections between them. A schematic description can be presented as follows:

Description = feature1 + feature2 + feature3...

The purpose of the description is to create a complete picture in the reader’s mind, to record the characteristic features of an object or person. Logically, to describe an object or phenomenon means to list its characteristics, therefore words denoting the qualities and properties of objects are important for description.

From the point of view of the object of description, the following types are distinguished: household, portrait, interior, landscape, scientific and technical, description of the state of affairs.

Verbs in the description are usually used in the imperfect forms of the present and past tenses. A characteristic feature of description as a type of speech is the static arrangement of objects on the same plane, an indication of a number of characteristics of objects related to a certain moment of speech.

“NipponTelegrafandTelephonCorp (NTT) presented a prototype of a wrist phone developed by the company. It is the world's smallest phone, weighing only 45 g. It has a very small antenna and runs on a lithium-ion battery. The chips on which the phone operates are particularly good at saving energy. The new toy dials the subscriber's number using voice.

In the given example, the description of a new telephone is presented in static terms; here there is a characteristic characteristic of an object (in this case, a telephone) and its properties that is typical for the description. The verbs in the description - imperfect form - also give a static picture (the phone has an antenna, runs on a battery, microcircuits save energy),

So, a description is a statement of speech, usually giving a static picture, an idea of the nature, composition, structure, properties, qualities of an object by listing both its essential and non-essential features at a given moment.

Description can be of two types: static and dynamic. The first gives an object in static form; the signs of an object indicated in speech can denote its temporary or permanent properties, qualities and states. For example, a description of the scene in a judicial speech or a description of an object in a political speech. Less common is the description of the second type; Thus, any experience in scientific speech is usually presented in development and dynamics.

The descriptions are very diverse both in content and form. They can be, for example, figurative. The speaker, trying to convey to the audience the required amount of information, gives not only a detailed description of the object, but also its characteristics, assessment, recreating a certain picture, which brings the speech closer to the description in fiction. In the description, as a rule, the forms of present, past and future tense are used. For judicial speech, the use of the past tense is most typical, for academic speech - the present. The latter lists the constant characteristics of objects, which is expressed using present tense verbs. For example, I. P. Pavlov describes the actions that took place in his report: “And you, who are somewhat familiar with conditioned reflexes, know, of course, that we ultimately have in our hands, on the one hand, external stimuli that produce in the central nervous system is an irritative process, and on the other hand, we have in our hands stimuli that produce an inhibitory process in the cerebral hemispheres. The descriptions are more or less uniform in their syntactic structure. As can be seen from the previous examples, it usually represents a listing of reference words or words denoting the characteristics of the Described object, in a literal or figurative meaning, which determines the enumerative intonation, as a result of which a holistic image of the object is created.

Reasoning (or reflection) is a type of speech in which objects or phenomena are examined, their internal characteristics are revealed, and certain provisions are proven. Reasoning is characterized by special logical relationships between its constituent judgments, which form conclusions or a chain of conclusions on any topic, presented in a logically consistent form. This type of speech has a specific linguistic structure, depending on the logical basis of reasoning and the meaning of the statement, and is characterized by cause-and-effect relationships. It is associated with the transfer of content-conceptual information. An example is a fragment from a speech on naval defense delivered by P. A. Stolypin in the State Duma on May 24, 1908: “Gentlemen! The area of government power is the area of action. When a commander on the battlefield sees that the battle is lost, he must concentrate on gathering his frustrated forces, uniting them into one whole. In the same way, after a catastrophe, the government is in a slightly different position than society and public representation...>. It (the government - Y.K.) must unite its forces and try to restore the destruction. For this, of course, we need a plan, we need the united activities of all government bodies. The present government has taken this path from the first days when power was handed over to it.”

In the “Logical Dictionary” by N. I. Kondakov (M., 1971. P. 449) the following definition is given: “Reasoning is a chain of conclusions on some topic, presented in a logically consistent form. Reasoning also refers to a series of judgments related to any question, which go one after another in such a way that others necessarily follow or follow from previous judgments, and the result is an answer to the question posed.” When reasoning, the speaker comes to a new judgment.

Reasoning allows you to involve listeners in the speech process, which leads to the activation of their attention, causing interest in what is being reported. Let us give an example from the speech of G. A. Aleksandrov on the Zasulich case: “To stand up for the idea of moral honor and dignity of a political convict, to proclaim this idea loudly enough and to call for its recognition and assurance—these were the motives that guided Zasulich, and the idea of a crime that would be connected with Bogolyubov’s punishment seemed to be able to satisfy all these impulses. Zasulich decided to seek trial for her own crime in order to raise and provoke discussion of the forgotten case of Bogolyubov's punishment.

When I commit a crime, thought Zasulich, then the silenced question of Bogolyubov’s punishment will arise; my crime will cause a public trial, and Russia, in the person of its representatives, will be forced to pronounce a verdict not on me alone, but, due to the importance of the case, pronounce it in view of Europe, that Europe that still likes to call us a barbaric state in which The attribute of government is the whip.

Narration is a story, a message about an event in its time sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about successive actions. All narrative texts have in common the beginning of the event (commencement), the development of the event, and the end of the event (denouement). The narration can be conducted from a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or designated by the personal pronoun I.

Such texts often use verbs in the past perfect form. But in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used simultaneously with them: a verb in the past tense form of the imperfect form makes it possible to highlight one of the actions, indicating its duration; present tense verbs allow you to imagine actions as if they were happening before the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with the particle how (how will jump), as well as forms like clap, jump help to convey the swiftness and surprise of a particular action. Narration as a type of speech is very common in genres such as memoirs and letters.

Example narration:

I began to stroke Yashka’s paw and thought: just like a child’s. And tickled his palm. And the baby will pull his paw and hit me on the cheek. I didn’t even have time to blink, and he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. He sat down and grinned.

Text type table:

Purpose of creating text		Typical grammatical means
Text type: Description
1) Enumeration of signs, properties, elements of the subject of speech. 2) An indication of its belonging to a class of objects. 3) An indication of the purpose of the item, methods and areas of its functioning.	1) An idea of the subject as a whole is given at the beginning or at the end. 2) Detailing of the main thing is carried out taking into account the semantic significance of the details. 3) The structure of individual parts of the text (description elements) is similar to the structure of the text as a whole. 4) Techniques of comparison, analogy, and contrast are used. 5) The text is easily collapsed.	a) with direct word order; b) compound nominal predicate; c) with verbal forms of simultaneous action; d) with present tense verbs in a timeless meaning; e) with defining characteristics.
Text type: Narration
A story about an event showing its course in development, highlighting the main (key) facts and showing their relationship.	1) A logical sequence is observed. 2) Dynamism and change of events are emphasized. 3) The composition is chronological.	Simple and complex sentences: a) with a perfect verb predicate; b) with species-temporal forms emphasizing the nature and change of events; c) with the expression of cause-and-effect and temporal conditionality.
Text type: Reasoning
Study of the essential properties of objects and phenomena, substantiation of their relationship.	1) There is a thesis (the position that is being proven), arguments (judgments that justify the correctness of the thesis) and a demonstration (method of proof). 2) Reflections, inferences, and explanations are used. 3) The semantic parts of the statement are given in a logical sequence. 4) Everything not related to the proof is omitted.	Simple common and complex sentences: a) with participial and participial phrases; b) with circumstances or adverbial subordinate clauses of cause, effect, purpose; c) with verbs of different aspect forms.

1. Letters G or K. Mark the words in which G is written.	2. Letters D or T. Mark the words that contain D.
1. sharp claws	1. treat guests
	2. not a joke
3. powerful pressure	3. brickwork
4. skin affected by eczema	4. watch the night
5. payment by bills	5. representative body of government
3. Letters Z or S. Mark words in which Z is written.	4. Letters K or SK. Check words in which K is written.
1. confusing answer 2. contact the health department 3. Chopin's polonaise 4. free shipping 5. school disco	1. careerist aspirations 2. slimy surface 3. Eskimo songs 4. Cossack settlements 5. harshness of expressions
5. Letters A or O. Mark words that contain A.	6. Letters A or O. Mark words that contain A.
1. severe irritation	1. felt the need since childhood
2. don't be an upstart	2. breakthrough of the front
3. touch point	3. preliminary results
4. leaning over the drawing	4. nostalgic notes
5. all sisters share equally	5. flight canceled due to weather conditions
7. Letters E or I. Mark words in which I is written.	8. Letters E or I. Mark words in which I is written.
1. take the pills	1. never seen
2. obeyed unquestioningly	2. de-energized the wiring
3. tulle curtain	3. be in time at all costs
4. spread the blanket	4. Take things out!
5. great soothsayer	5. What did he do?
9. Letters U(Yu) or A(Ya). Mark the words in which U (Yu) is written.	10. Letters E or A(Z). Mark the words that contain E.
1. the rumbling roar of guns	1. third millennium
2. defamatory	2. began to become decrepit
3. they will bark at the whole village	3. apple orchard
4. curtains sway	4. the portrait is hung in the hall
5. will create doubts	5. Beet sowing is completed
11. Letters Y or I. Mark the words in which Y is written.	12. Letters O or E. Mark the words in which O is written.
1. information program	1. lace collar
2. short tail	2. clicked on the forehead
3. collection of taxes	3. pineapple yogurt
4. non-radiified area	4. drug-muted pain
5. without playing along with anyone	5. the house stands on its end
13. One consonant or double consonant. Mark the words that contain a double consonant.	14. One consonant or double consonant. Mark the words that contain a double consonant.
1. famous aphorism	1. famous songwriter
2. fantasy thriller	2. tricky task
3. acclimatization period	3. pre-emptive right
4. glass rattles	4. boots cleaned in the evening
5. disarm the terrorist	5. the dog is well trained
15. b or its absence. Mark the words that contain a soft sign.	16. b, b or their absence. Mark the words that contain a hard sign.
1. Orthodox Church	1. three-story house
2. repent of sins	2. Vietnamese goods
3. you don’t crave meetings	3. pre-anniversary efforts
4. galloped	4. narrow the question
5. provide access to documents	5. for opportunistic reasons
17. Integrated or separate spelling of words. Check	18. Integrated or separate spelling of words. Check words that are written separately.
1. nothing to be excited about	1. contrary to traditions
2. don't be sad	2. at first he denied everything
3. not like everyone else	3. we're halfway there
4. snow that doesn’t melt yet	4. did the opposite
5. obeyed reluctantly	5. Whatever the answer, don't be upset.
19. Continuous, separate or hyphenated spelling of words. Mark the words that are hyphenated.	20. Presence or absence of a letter. Mark the words that contain the letter.
1. matte white glass	1. undergo fluorography
2. joke is a joke	2. travel agency
3. thinks differently	3. unprecedented case
4. as if not so	4. wear a burqa
5. tap water	5. slipped and fell

dispute narrative speech norm

21-27. Correct or incorrect placement of punctuation marks. Mark sentences with punctuation errors.
21. 1. You can’t get food by lying down.
2. The school became as good as new.
3. Nowadays, without a phone is like without hands. [Nowadays, without a phone is like without hands]
4. We did not hope to ever meet again, however, we did. [We did not hope to ever meet again, but we did.]
5. I listened with bated breath and refused to believe what I heard.
22. 1. I love you Peter's creation! [Love you, Petra creation]
2. Fortunately, Pechorin was deep in thought and seemed in no hurry to get on the road. [Fortunately, Pechorin was deep in thought and, it seems, was in no hurry to get on the road.]
3. The father was tall, dark, with a square face.
4. In the village, everyone, young and old, calls her Manyasha, although she is over seventy.
5. Despite the roar of the turbines, it seemed to Zavyalov that they were flying in silence.
23. 1. The pears in the garden were old, hollow, but of good varieties.
2. We know D.I. Mendeleev as the creator of the periodic table of elements. [We know D.I. Mendeleev as the creator of the periodic table of elements]
3. She thinks that the carpet is not the best gift for her friends.
4. Seized by some vague premonition, Pavel quickly got dressed and left the house.
5. Anyone who has studied geography knows: three-quarters of the globe is covered with water.
24. 1. He is a thorough, serious person and knows first-hand about the needs of the people. [He is a thorough, serious person, and knows first-hand about the needs of the people]
2. The flame flared up, then died out, and from the noisy darkness, the trunks of pine and birch trees then emerged into the illuminated circle, then again retreated into the darkness.
3. It is not the place that makes a person, but the person who makes the place.
4. The main battle, the last and decisive, flared up directly on the city approaches.
5. As it turned out later, everyone except Petrov and Sidorov were afraid of the consequences and did not put their signatures on the document.
25. 1. They saw a neat, low white house with a faded green veranda.
2. Everything pleases my eyes: a golden bee on a flower, colorful butterflies and a sparrow jumping on the sand. [Everything amuses my eyes: a golden bee on a flower, and multi-colored butterflies, and a sparrow jumping on the sand. ]
3. Light rain fell all day and a cold wind blew.
4. In the autumn, when the earth is completely impoverished, and there is nothing for it to please the human eye, bright bonfires of rowan trees will flare up.
5. Hoffmann, a former soldier, rushed to the girl, shielded her and the poor fellow was killed himself. [Hoffmann, a former soldier, rushed to the girl, shielded her and was killed himself, poor fellow.]
26. 1. Of average height, with a tight braid gathered in a bun at the back of her head, she was busy at the stove.
2. Please let the wounded person through! [Please let the wounded person pass!]
3. He was thinking not so much about the upcoming vacation as about meeting with an old friend at the front.
4. His words turned out to be nothing more than an empty promise.
5. The local land produces little, and in order for agriculture not to be at a loss, you need to use the labor of serfs or hired farm laborers, or run the farm in a peasant way, that is, work in the field yourself, with your family. [The local land produces little, and in order for agriculture to not be at a loss, you need to use the labor of serfs or hired farm laborers, or run the farm in a peasant way, that is, work in the field yourself, with your family.]
27. 1. “Won’t I be happy? - I thought. “Won’t all my wishes come true?”
2. At least five minutes passed before the rain penetrated all the tiers of the forest and reached the ground. [At least five minutes passed before the rain penetrated all the tiers of the forest and reached the ground]
3. All around, lost in the golden fog of the morning, the peaks of the mountains crowded together like a countless herd, and Elbrus in the south stood up as a white mass, closing the chain of icy peaks, between which the fibrous clouds running from the east were already wandering.
4. Have you noticed your state when, after a gloomy alley, a crowded hall or a bus, from a small room, a noisy workshop or a cramped laboratory, you find yourself in a corner of earthly nature, where space opens up to the eye?
5. River, forest, groves, fields, everything is pleasing to our eyes.
28-30. Speech norms or their violation. Mark the sentences that violate speech norms.
28. 1. The father took this news painfully.
2. Pasteurized milk does not need to be boiled.
3. We need to come up with something more competitive.
4. Dasha loves apricot jam most of all.
5. I will definitely defeat him.
29. 1. This drawing is more successful than the previous one.
2. Leaning over the table, the father was writing something.
3. Wallpaper gates must be closed.
4. About two hundred people participated in the restoration of the farm destroyed by the hurricane.
5. According to the prescription, the medicine should be taken twice a day after meals.
30. 1. Chichikov saw Plyushkin from afar, standing near the porch of his house.
2. When entering the bus, do not forget to pay the fare.
3. The prince was informed that his glorious warriors were already ready and saddled at Kursk.
4. It’s pouring rain outside.
5. A skier from Novosibirsk is in the lead.
1. Explain the meaning of the words, make sentences with them: CREDIT, CREDIT, CHAOS, CHAOS, CONSULTING, PATENT

CREDIT is a transaction concluded between a credit institution and a borrower to provide funds from the lender to the borrower in the form of a loan under certain conditions. An agreement is concluded between the lender and the borrower, according to which the lender provides funds (loan) to the borrower in a pre-agreed amount, for a specified period, and for a fee to the lender. A loan can be provided with collateral, that is, collateral or without it, with or without a guarantee, all this is considered by the credit institution in each specific case. Loans are provided for various purposes and on various conditions for both individuals and businesses. A loan can be provided, for example, for the purchase of a car, real estate, household appliances and other goods and services, as well as for any of your purposes.

1. I came to the bank to apply for a loan.
2. Today is the last day to pay the monthly loan payment.

CHAMOS is a term borrowed from the Greek. literature and philosophy and meaning the primary undifferentiated state of the Universe. Analogies to this Greek. The term is found in almost all ancient cosmogonies. Although they are not abstract, but mythological and figurative in nature.

Chaos is events that can lead to disasters. Loss of stability gives rise to turbulence. It is no coincidence that the graphic image of chaos in the form of swirls is common in Eastern philosophy.

1. Universal chaos is coming.
2. The mess in my room is like chaos.

Consulting (consulting) is the activity of advising executives, management staff, and managers on a wide range of issues in the field of financial, commercial, legal, technological, technical, and expert activities.

1. The store director called all department administrators to consult with them on increasing the store’s income.

A patent is a document of protection that certifies the exclusive right, authorship and priority of an invention, utility model or industrial design. The validity period of a patent depends on the subject of patenting and ranges from 10 to 25 years. A patent is issued by the state executive body for intellectual property; in the Russian Federation, this body is the Federal Service for Intellectual Property.

1. All entrepreneurs have patented their products.

Explain the meaning of phraseological units.

1. To look away - in the meaning in which this expression is understood in urban life and is carried out in practice in a more visible way in the bureaucracy, by juniors above the authorities, it is already figurative. Its root is hidden in popular superstition. The direct meaning is to fool, to enchant: the goblin, for example, would take you away so that you would go around, lead you into a slum and make you wander hopelessly in the forest. Sorcerers and even healers (a sorcerer is a sorcerer and a wizard, known with evil spirits, a sorcerer-witch or a self-taught healer can resort to the help of the cross and prayer) - both of these fellows know how to cast an obsession or mara on the eyes, no one sees that what stands before your eyes, and everyone sees something that is not there at all. This funny example is quite well known.
2. Drop anchor - Stop, finish some business before trouble appears. Stay somewhere, get permanent residence. “Well, dear, it’s no one’s fault—you can’t leave your young wife for too long.” A geologist should either not marry at all, or after marriage, drop anchor somewhere
3. Floating in the air The appearance or emergence of something is predicted, felt in advance. It also happens that one thought takes possession of many minds and many hearts at the same time. In such cases, they say that this thought “is in the air.” In the air (danger) is a vague, intuitive feeling of danger, or something else on an intuitively subconscious level.

To stand on your own two feet is to be independent, not dependent on anyone.

The soul does not lie - an intuitive rejection of anything. Not liking any business, person, or anything else. Internally there is no desire for anything...

4. Sooner or later - Someday, in the future (surely, something will definitely happen). With verb. nesov. and owls kind. sooner or later do, appear, make, appear
3. Edit the text, determine the genre and style of speech
On October 3 at 8:30 p.m., a stream of water fell through my window from the apartment above. The feeling that I was being invaded was intensified by the fact that on the first day I narrowed the gaps of the valves from fifty centimeters to twenty due to the colder weather. In the morning, I had just begun to de-stress by researching in stores how I could furnish my apartment comfortably when my depression worsened.

I ask you to interview Lidiya Ivanovna from the apartment as a witness of the drops on the glass and the puddles on the windowsill. 87. Since 2002, I have turned to her for help more than once, however, according to the neighbor, no one came.

Please give your answer in writing.

05.10.2003 Zorina A.P.

The text style is formal and businesslike.

Text genre: story

In my opinion there is no need to edit.

Types of speech

Narration

The main types of speech are narration, description, reasoning.

IN narration usually refers to actions and events that occur sequentially.

WHAT'S HAPPENING with a person, an object?

The narrative text is dominated by Verbs , time circumstances expressed in words are often used first, then, then, suddenly, soon, finally, after that and etc.

The narrative text can be shown using several photographs (depending on the events narrated).

Construction of a narrative text

1) What happened at the beginning of the action, event - plot.

3) The most tense moment in the development of events - climax .

4) How the events ended - denouement .

Example

Description

Text- description is a text that describes the characteristics of something. These signs appear at the same point in time, i.e. are simultaneous.

We often find descriptive text in fiction. In order to vividly, clearly, figuratively depict something, writers use expressive means of language: epithets, metaphors, personifications . They are called paths .

The narrative answers the questionWHAT person, object?

In the text- description prevail adjectives and participles. Description can be shown with one photo.

Construction of descriptive text

1) General impression (general sign).

2) Individual signs object, person, phenomenon. Description of details, parts of an object

3) Description of the most interesting parts details subject. When describing a person, it is possible to directly characterize him, to describe his character traits.

4) Possible conclusion .

Example:

He rushed like a bird, hitting the ground hard and often with his legs, which suddenly became strong, like two steel springs. Artaud galloped next to him, bursting into joyful barking. Behind us, a janitor rumbled heavily across the sand, furiously growling some curses. A. Kuprin

Reasoning

Text- reasoning - this is a text that proves something, explains something. It usually talks about the causes of events, the relationship of events.

Reasoning answers the questionWHY did this or that event happen?

In the text- reasoning n ai prevail adverbs. Reasoning cannot be shown through photography. The following words and figures of speech are often used in reasoning:

I believe that...

The main idea of the text is...

Firstly, secondly, thirdly.... therefore....

For example, ...

According to...

So, ...

Thus, ...

Construction of a text-reasoning

Thesis - something that needs to be proven (what I think).

Evidence, argument (why do I think so).

Example , which confirms evidence: from one’s own life, an episode from a book read, the opinion of a famous person.

Conclusion from everything that has been said.

Example

The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. Beware of such a word that divides people.

L.N. Tolstoy

IN narrative text may be included description elements (landscape, interior, appearance of an animal, human character) and elements of reasoning .

Descriptions make the picture visible, and reasoning provides explanations for certain facts and explains their reason.

Example

By the sea

There was a strong storm at night. The wind blew fiercely. The whole house shook from the storm. The sea waves roared menacingly. By morning the storm gradually subsided. Natasha and Seryozha went for a walk to the sea. The girl picked up a small helpless crustacean from the sand. At night the waves threw him onto the seashore. The crustacean moved its paws weakly. Natasha threw the poor guy into the water. He tumbled in the green water and quickly swam away. A fish swam on its side in a coastal puddle. The boy caught her and quickly released her into the sea. Then Seryozha found two helpless snails. They were almost dry and also needed help. On this day, Seryozha and Natasha saved many sea inhabitants.

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into description, narration, and reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.

According to functional semantic features, the following types of speech are distinguished:

Narration. Conveys action in development in time sequence.
description. Characterizes static pictures, conveys their details.
reasoning. Conveys the development of thought regarding the subject of thought.

Description is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features. For example, when describing a portrait, we will point out such features as height, posture, gait, hair color, eye color, age, smile, etc.; the description of the room will contain such characteristics as size, wall design, furniture features, number of windows, etc.; when describing a landscape, these features will be trees, river, grass, sky or lake, etc. What is common to all types of description is the simultaneity of the appearance of features. The purpose of the description is for the reader to see the subject of the description and imagine it in his mind.

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in a scientific one, the description of the subject must be extremely complete, and in an artistic one, the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, the linguistic means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons and various figurative uses of words are very common.

Examples of descriptions in scientific and artistic style.

1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are round in shape, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight is 17-23 g. Average juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.

2. The linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through the apple into the sun, it shines through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were black grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear and you could hear the seeds rattling.

(According to V. Soloukhin)

A narrative is a story, a message about an event in its time sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about successive actions. All narrative texts have in common the beginning of the event (commencement), the development of the event, and the end of the event (denouement). The narration can be conducted from a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or designated by the personal pronoun I.

Narration as a type of speech is very common in genres such as memoirs and letters.

Example narration:

I began to stroke Yashka’s paw and thought: just like a child’s. And tickled his palm. And when the baby pulls his paw, it hits me on the cheek. I didn’t even have time to blink, and he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. He sat down and grinned.

(B. Zhitkov)

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.

The composition of the argument is as follows: the first part is the thesis, i.e., an idea that must be logically proven, justified or refuted; the second part is the rationale for the thoughts expressed, evidence, arguments supported by examples; the third part is the conclusion, the conclusion.

The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly formulated, the arguments must be convincing and in sufficient quantity to confirm the thesis put forward. There must be a logical and grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments (as well as between individual arguments). For the grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments, introductory words are often used: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. In argumentative texts, sentences with conjunctions are widely used: however, although, despite the fact that, because. Example reasoning:

The development of word meanings usually proceeds from the particular (concrete) to the general (abstract). Let's think about the literal meaning of such words as education, disgust, previous. Education literally means feeding, disgust means turning away (from an unpleasant person or object), previous means going ahead.

Words-terms denoting abstract mathematical concepts: “segment”, “tangent”, “point”, come from very specific verbs of action: cut, touch, stick (poke).

What types of speech are presented in the sentences....?
Determine the style and type of speech of the text.

What are we doing?

1) Read the sentences.
2) We determine the purpose, structure and means of expressiveness of the text.
3) Choose the correct answer.

First, let’s agree that every person is unique on earth, and I am convinced that every blade of grass, flower, tree, even if they are the same color, the same species, is as unique as everything growing that lives around us.
(1) Consequently, everything living, especially man, has its own character, which, of course, develops not only on its own, but primarily under the influence of the environment, parents, school, society and friends, for true friendship is a rare reward for a person and precious. (3) Such friendship is sometimes stronger and more faithful than family ties and influences human relations much more strongly than a team, especially in extreme disastrous circumstances. (4) Only true friends carry a fighter out of the battlefield, risking their lives. (5) Do I have such friends? (6) Yes, they were in the war, they are in this life, and I try very hard to pay for devotion with devotion, for love with love. (7) I look through and read every book of mine, every line and every action through the eyes of my friends , especially front-line ones. So that you don’t feel ashamed in front of them for poorly, dishonestly or sloppily done work, for lying, for dishonesty.
(8) There were, are and, I hope, there will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil people, otherwise there would be disharmony in the world, it would be warped, like a ship loaded with ballast or garbage on one side, and would have capsized and sank long ago ... (V. Astafiev)

1) determine the topic (what the text is about), formulate and comment on the problems of the text, and state the position of the author of the text.
2) find key words (phrases) that define the subject of speech.
3) Determine the type and style of speech.

Over the course of many decades, they were gradually formed functional-semantic types of speech, that is, verbal structures, methods and schemes that are used depending on the purpose of speech and its meaning.

The most common functional and semantic types of speech are narration, description and reasoning. Each of these types is distinguished in accordance with the purpose and content of speech. This also determines some of the most typical grammatical means of text design.

Text type: Description.

The purpose of creating the text:
1) An indication of its belonging to a class of objects.
2) Listing the properties, features, elements of the subject of speech.
3) An indication of the purpose of the item, methods and areas of its functioning.

Content and form of the text:
1) At the beginning or at the end, an idea of the subject as a whole is given.
2) Detailing of the main thing is carried out taking into account the semantic significance of the details.
3) The structure of individual parts of the text (description elements) is similar to the structure of the text as a whole.
4) Techniques of analogy, comparison, and contrast are used.
5) The text is easily collapsed.

A) with direct word order;
b) compound nominal predicate;
c) with verbal forms of simultaneous action;
d) with present tense verbs in a timeless meaning;
e) with defining characteristics.

Text type: Narration.

The purpose of creating the text:
A story about an event showing its course in development, highlighting the main facts and showing their relationship.

Simple and complex sentences:
a) with a perfect verb predicate;
b) with species-temporal forms emphasizing the nature and change of events;
c) with the expression of cause-and-effect and temporal conditionality.

Text type: Reasoning.

The purpose of creating the text:
Study of the essential properties of objects and phenomena, substantiation of their relationship.

Content and form of the text:
1) There are arguments (judgments that justify the correctness of the thesis), thesis (the position that is proven), and demonstration (the method of proof).
2) Reflections, inferences, and explanations are used.
3) The semantic parts of the statement are given in a logical sequence.
4) Everything not related to the proof is omitted.

Typical grammatical means:
Simple common and complex sentences:
a) with participial and participial phrases;
b) with circumstances or adverbial subordinate clauses of cause, effect, purpose;
c) with verbs of different aspect forms.

Let's give examples.

1. Description text:
Her appearance seemed magnificent to me: she was about thirty, average height, thin and broad-shouldered. There seemed to be a zest in her sweet smile; the lively big eyes sparkled. Her face had a rather pleasant, but playful expression. The hair was cut into a bob; she was wearing a magnificent dress and an elegant hat.

2. Text-narration:
She actually saw a gray cloud on the horizon, which she initially mistook for a cute hill. The guide explained to me that the cloud foreshadowed rain.
We heard about the local snowstorms, that entire villages were covered in them. Mikhalych, in agreement with the opinion of the guide, advised us to return. But the wind did not seem very strong to me; I hoped to get to the next station before sunset and ordered to go faster.
The guide galloped off; but kept looking to the west. The horses ran together. Meanwhile, the wind became stronger hour by hour. The gray cloud turned into a large gray cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually covered the sky. It began to snow lightly and suddenly began to fall in flakes. The wind howled; there was a snowstorm. In an instant, the dark sky mixed with the snowy sea. Everything has disappeared. “Well, master,” the conductor shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!”...
I looked out the window: everything was dark and windy. The whirlwind howled with such ferocious expressiveness that it seemed animated; the snow covered me and Mikhalych; the horses walked at a pace - and soon stood up.

3. Text-reasoning:
My thoughts that day were not very pleasant. My loss, at the prices at that time, was very huge. I could not help but admit to myself that my behavior in the Kabardian cafe was stupid, and I felt guilty before Mikhalych. All this tormented and tormented me.

A narrative is a message, a story about a specific event in its time sequence. Now that we know what a narrative is, let's talk about its characteristics. A special feature of the narrative is that it talks about actions that follow one another. Narrative texts are characterized by the presence of a beginning (the beginning of the event), a development of the event, and a denouement (the end of the event). The narration can come from both the third person (the author's narration) and the first - the narrator is designated by the personal pronoun I.

The concept of “narrative technique” is often used in narratology (the theory of storytelling) and is used to designate a set of narrative techniques used by the author while writing literary works.

Functional and semantic types of speech

All our speech can be divided into the following types: narration, description, reasoning. Each of them has characteristic features. Let's look at what description, narration, reasoning are, and how they differ.

Description is an image of a certain phenomenon, person, object, by listing and revealing its main features. For example, when describing a person, we point to such features as height, eye and hair color, posture, gait, smile, age, etc. The description of the room will consist of such features as size, furniture features, wall design, number windows, etc.

Reasoning is a verbal explanation, presentation, confirmation of a certain thought. The composition of this type of speech is as follows: thesis, that is, the idea that needs to be substantiated or refuted; then follows the justification of the thought, which contains arguments, evidence, which is supported by examples; conclusion, conclusion.

Let's talk about storytelling in more detail.

Narrative Features

In general, any narrative text tells a story. At the same time, the story can be presented sequentially from the very beginning to the very end, or it may contain rearrangements of events. To understand what a narrative text is, you need to remember that such a story may omit some events, or contain memories of past events or hints at future ones.

The time it takes to tell a story is related in different ways to the time it takes for the story to happen: to exceed it, to be less than it, or to be equal to it. Different combinations of the relationships between the two tenses form narrative movements: scene, pause, ellipsis and summary. Each of these movements is characterized by a certain pace of the narrative, and the alternation (or ratio) of movements is responsible for the narrative rhythm.

Today we will talk about narrative text. Let's look at the first example. Let's read the text:

One day they put a chicken egg on a duck. The chicks have hatched. The duck led them to the pond. The chicken also went with them. The ducklings go into the water, and he follows them. It’s good that there were guys on the shore. We barely saved the chicken(Fig. 1) .

Rice. 1. Chicken and duckling ()

What is the text talking about? This text tells how a chicken egg was placed on a duck and what came of it. What question can be asked about this text? Can I ask you a question what happened? Before us is a narrative text.

Text-narration is a text that tells about the actions of someone or something. You can ask a general question about it what happened?

A narrative text can be compared to film frames that follow one after another. Let's look at what parts a narrative text consists of. In the narrative text there are three parts :

2. Main part

3. Conclusion

Let's look at the construction features of each part. The text can begin with one or two sentences, where we indicate where, with whom, when the events occurred. For example:

One summer, the guys and I...

This happened in early spring...

The main part includes the beginning of the event, the development of the event, and the end of the event. The main part is characterized by the following words: suddenly, suddenly, then, then, finally.

In the final part it is necessary to indicate how the story ended. The final part can consist of one sentence. Each part of the narrative text is written on a red line.

You might think that narrative text is only used for stories. However, narrative text can also be used as:

1. instructions;

2. letter;

3. note;

This is a narrative text because it talks about an apple tree and you can ask a question about the text what happened?

Subject of the text: apple tree.

The main idea: the apple tree was saved.

You can title the text like this: Saving the apple tree.

Let's divide the text into semantic, complete parts. Let's define the beginning, the main part and the conclusion.

Let's check.

Start: A small apple tree grew near the house.

Main part: A strong wind blew up. He began to twist and break the tree. Dima brought stakes. The boy tied up the apple tree.

Conclusion: The apple tree was saved.

Each part must be written on a red line.

Let's read the text and arrange its parts in the right order. Let's determine the type of text, its topic and main idea.

The boy has good friends! Sasha got sick. He's bored. But then Tanya and Seryozha came to him. They talked cheerfully about school affairs. Sasha was glad the guys came(Fig. 3) .

Rice. 3. The boy is sick ()

Let's check.

Sasha got sick. He's bored.

But then Tanya and Seryozha came to him. They talked cheerfully about school affairs. Sasha was glad that the guys came.

The boy has good friends!

Type of text: narrative text, because you can ask a question about the text what happened?

Subject: The boy got sick.

The main idea is expressed in the last sentence:

The boy has good friends!

Heading options:

Sasha's friends. Good friends.

Let's read the proposals. Let's put the sentences in order and name the parts of the text.

Meeting with a lynx (Fig. 4)

We're back home. One Sunday my friends and I went to the forest for a ski trip. These were the paw prints of a large cat. She was lying on a thick branch. Suddenly my friend noticed footprints. And here is the lynx itself. It was dangerous to go further.

Let's check.

Meeting with a lynx

Parts of text:

Start: One Sunday my friends and I went to the forest for a ski trip.

Main part: Suddenly my friend noticed footprints. These were the paw prints of a large cat. And here is the lynx itself. She was lying on a thick branch.

What part of speech do you think words are most often found in narrative texts? These are verbs. Without verbs we would not be able to talk about what happened. Verbs are the supporting words for a narrative text.

Let's look at the pictures, compose a narrative text using these verbs, and title the text.

let's go, ran

saw, snorted, spread out

got scared and ran away

Correct answer:

Once the guys went into the forest. The puppy ran after them.

Suddenly the puppy saw the hedgehog and barked. The hedgehog snorted and spread his needles.

The puppy got scared and ran away(Fig. 5) .

Rice. 5. Hedgehog and puppy ()

The text could be titled: Puppy and hedgehog. Meeting.

To write a narrative text, you need to be able to draw up a plan. Let's find out how to do this.

Let's read the text and divide it into semantic parts.

By the sea

There was a storm at night. A strong wind blew. By morning the storm subsided. Natasha and Seryozha went to the sea. Natasha picked up a small crustacean from the sand. The waves washed him ashore. He moved his paws weakly. The girl threw the crustacean into the water. He tumbled in the green water and swam away. There was a fish swimming on its side in the puddle. Seryozha caught her and released her into the sea. On this day, children saved many sea animals(Fig. 6) .

(According to G. Snegirev)

Rice. 6. Seashore ()

Let's check.

Start. What happened at night?

There was a storm at night. A strong wind blew.

We can title the first part “ storm at night."

To title the main part, you need to answer the questions: when did the storm subside? In the morning. Where did Natasha and Seryozha go? To sea. Who did Natasha save? crustacean. Who did Seryozha save? Fish. Let's title this part "Saving sea animals."

Conclusion. How did the story end?

On this day, the children saved many sea animals.

This part can be titled "Saviors". So, we have the following text plan:

1. Storm at night.

2. Rescue of sea animals.

3. Natasha and Seryozha are great.

Using this plan, retell the text.

We learned that the narrative text tells about some event. You can ask a question about this type of text what happened?

Bibliography

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass, 2012

3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard, 2013

3. Website rataiko.school139.edusite.ru ()

Homework

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 184, 185 P. 135.

2. Read the text. Choose a title for this text, draw up a text outline.

The red sun floated into the sky and began sending its golden rays everywhere.

The first ray flew and hit the lark. The lark perked up, fluttered out of the nest, rose high, high and sang its silver song: “Oh, how good it is in the fresh morning air! How fun!”

The second beam hit the bunny. The bunny twitched his ears and hopped merrily across the dewy meadow: he ran to get some juicy grass for breakfast. (K. Ushinsky)

3. *Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, compose a text-narration based on the picture. Give it a title, make a plan.

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into description, narration, and reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.

Description- this is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features. For example, when describing a portrait, we will point out such features as height, posture, gait, hair color, eye color, age, smile, etc.; the description of the room will contain such characteristics as size, wall design, furniture features, number of windows, etc.; when describing a landscape, these features will be trees, river, grass, sky or lake, etc. What is common to all types of description is the simultaneity of the appearance of features. The purpose of the description is for the reader to see the subject of the description and imagine it in his mind.

Examples of descriptions in scientific and artistic style.

Narration is a story, a message about an event in its time sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about successive actions. All narrative texts have in common the beginning of the event (commencement), the development of the event, and the end of the event (denouement). The narration can be conducted from a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or designated by the personal pronoun I.

Narration as a type of speech is very common in genres such as memoirs and letters.

Example narration:

(B. Zhitkov)

Reasoning- this is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.

Words-terms denoting abstract mathematical concepts: “segment”, “tangent”, “point”, come from very specific verbs of action: cut, touch, stick (poke).

In all these cases, the original concrete meaning takes on a more abstract meaning in the language.

Course: Preparation for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, Distance course. Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian: Types of speech

Functional and semantic types of speech (narration, description, reasoning)

The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. Beware of such a word that divides people.

L.N. Tolstoy

Functional and semantic types of speech

Narrative Features

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