Who lived in ancient Greece? Pontic Greek - who is this? History of the Pontic Greeks When the Greeks lived.

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cm. Greek diaspora Language Religion

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Indo-European Studies

Self-name - Hellenes (plural - Greek. Έλληνες ("elines"), unit. h - Greek. Έλλην (elin), feminine - Ελληνις (elinis) (plural - Ελληνίδες ("elinídes")), named after the name of the progenitor of the Greeks in Greek mythology - Hellenes. Initially, one of the Thessalian tribes was called Hellenes. The Greeks call their country - Hellas (Ἑλλάς ("Ellas")) (while Hellas originally called one of the regions of Thessaly and one of the cities in this region), and their language Hellenic (ελληνικά ("Hellenica")). In antiquity, Έλληνες was also the official name for the Corinthian League. At the same time, the ethnonym "panhellenes" was used.

As a result of a series of transformations, the ancient Greek language in the 4th century was transformed into the Middle Greek language. In the 15th century, on the basis of the Middle Greek language, it broke up into:

• Modern Greek, has several dialects:
  • Standard Modern Greek ("Νεοελληνική Κοινή")
  • Kafarevusa ("καθαρεύουσα")
  • Dimotika ("δημοτική γλώσσα")
    • Northern Greek dialects of the Greek language (Epirus, Macedonia, Thessaly, mainland Greece):
      • Rumeli Greek (Rumelia)
      • Macedonian Greek (Macedonia)
      • Thracian Greek (Thrace)
      • Epirus Greek (Epirus)
      • Thessalian Greek (Thessaly)
    • Peloponnesian-Ionian Greek (Peloponnese and Ionian Islands)
    • Cretan Greek (Crete)
    • Southeastern dialect of Greek (Dodecanese)
    • Old Athenian Greek (Attica)
    • Cypriot Greek (Cyprus)
• Tauro-Rumean language (Tavrida, now the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov)

On the basis of the Dorian dialect arose:

• Maniot dialect,
• sfakiot dialect,
• Himariot dialect.

Writing

The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet over time, changing it - the phonetic meaning of a number of letters denoting consonants was changed to vowels. A single Greek alphabet appeared rather late - for a long time there were several alphabets - Ionian (Ionia), Athenian (Attica), Argos (Argolis), Corinthian. After the Macedonian Lagid clan became the dynasty of the rulers of Egypt, the Greek script became the official script of Egypt, marking the beginning of the Coptic script. Since Koine became the official language of the Christian church, the Greek alphabet became the official script of the Christian church. After the adoption of Christianity by the Goths and Slavs, the Greek script became the official script of the churches of the Goths, Bulgarians, Serbs, Russes, laying the foundation for the Gothic script, Cyrillic and Glagolitic.

Calendar

For a long time, the Greeks did not have a single calendar, there were several similar calendars - Athenian (Attica), Miletus (Ionia), Aetolian (Aetolia), Thessalian (Thessaly), Boeotian (Boeotia), Epidaurian (Argolis). After the Roman (Julian) calendar became the official calendar of the Christian Church, the Julian calendar eventually began to be used by the Greeks and became the main one for them, while the Jewish chronology from the creation of the world was left (at the same time, the dates of the “creation of the world” were set, in fact, by separate large communities), as well as determining the date of the feast of the Resurrection of Christ, the Ascension of the Lord, the Day of the Holy Spirit.

Religion

Initially, the Greeks adhered to traditional beliefs. A number of philosophical teachings departed from the ancient Greek religion in the 5th-4th centuries BC - the Pythagoreans, the Peripatetics, the Platonists, the Stoics, the Epicureans. In the 1st century AD, Christians began to penetrate into the Greek provinces of the Roman Empire - Christian bishoprics began to appear, one of which, the Archdiocese of New Justiniana, laid the foundation for the Cypriot Orthodox Church (autocephaly from 431), the other - the Archdiocese of Byzantium - the Orthodox Church of Constantinople (autocephaly from 381). of the year). In the 4th century, the Greeks adopted Christianity. In 1833 the Greek Orthodox Church was proclaimed, on June 29, 1850 it was recognized by the Orthodox Church of Constantinople. On December 20, 1965, the Cretan Orthodox Church was proclaimed.

Names

Adamantios (Adamantius), Alexandros (Alexander), Andreos (Andrey), Antonios (Anthony), Anastasios (Anastasius), Augustinos (Augustine), Andreas (Andrey), Aristidis (Aristides), Athanasios (Athanasius), Georgios (George), Glavkos (Glavkos), Dimitrios (Demetrius), Diomidis (Diomides), Epaminondas (Epaminondas), Eleutherios (Eleutherius), Eustafios (Eustace), Emmanuel (Emmanuel), Zinovios (Zinovy), Ioannis (John), Ilias (Elijah), Karolos (Karl), Kyriakos (abbreviated form - Kitsos) (Kyriakos), Konstantinos (Konstantin), Michalis (Michael), Nikolaos (Nicholas), Pavlos (Paul), Panagiotis (Panagiot), Petros (Peter), Sotirios (Sotirios) , Spyridon (Spyridon), Stefanos (Stefan), Stylianos (Stylian), Sophocles (Sophocles), Phaedo (Phaedo), Theodoros (Theodore), Thrasivoulos (Thrasivulos), Themistoklis (Themistocles) Christ (Christ), Charilaus (Charilaos), Yannis (Ivan)

Symbolism

Historically, the symbols of the Greeks were the Roman double-headed eagle, which was fixed as a symbol of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, and the Christian cross of St. George, which is a symbol of the Greek Republic, and also in the past was a symbol of the Free State of Ikaria, the Cretan State, the Principality of Samos, the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, the Republic of Pontus (as a project). The symbol of the Pontic state is also a single-headed eagle, whose gaze is directed from Trebizond (the capital of Pontus) towards Constantinople (the capital of Byzantium).

ethnic groups

The Hellenes came to the south of the Balkan Peninsula around 1900 BC from the Hungarian lowland. Ancient Greek mythology first mentions the Greeks in Thessaly - where the progenitor of the Greeks lived - Hellen and his three sons - Dor, Eol and Xuthus. In ancient times, the Hellenes were divided into 4 branches - Ionians, Aeolians, Achaeans, Dorians. The Ionians first occupied Attica, but later colonized part of the islands of the Aegean Sea and part of the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, and later the Ionians began to establish colonies in the Crimea (Theodosia, Panticapaeum, Phanagoria, Germonassa). Over time, the language of the Ionians of Attica and the Ionians of Asia Minor Ionia began to differ and divided into two dialects - Ionian and Attic. The Attic dialect formed the basis of the "common language" (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος) - the Greek language of the Hellenistic era that spread to Asia Minor, Thrace and other regions of the Eastern Mediterranean. The "common language" formed the basis of the modern medieval Greek language, which, in turn, formed the basis of the Modern Greek language, including the Cypriot dialect and the Cretan dialect, the Pontic language, the Cappadocian language, the Tauro-Rumean language. At the same time, the Greeks, by breeding cleruchia, began to settle in the Mediterranean - the Greeks completely colonized Epirus, Macedonia, Thrace, Anatolia, Bithynia, Pontus, Cappadakia, they constituted an influential minority in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Bactria. By the 2nd century, almost all Greek states (with the exception of the Greco-Bactyrian Kingdom, defeated in 125 BC by the Tochars) were included in the Roman Empire, all Greeks living in the Roman Empire became Roman citizens and therefore began to be called Romans. The invasion of the Seljuk Turks into Asia Minor led to the gradual disappearance of the Greek-speaking population in Caria, Mission, Lydia, Phrygia, Bithynia, Cilicia. For a long time, the Greek-speaking population remained in Cappadocia. In 1923, the Cappadocian Greeks and the Pontic Greeks were deported to Greece. Most of the Crimean Greeks in the XVIII century were evicted from the Crimean Khanate and moved to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.

The Aeolians settled Arcadia, Elis, Aetolia, Akaranania, Boeotia, Phokis, and later Aeolis. Currently assimilated.

The Achaeans settled Achaia. Currently assimilated.

The Dorians continued to live in the northern part of modern Greece for a long time and around 1200 BC they moved to central and southern modern Greece - the Dorians occupied Laconia, Messenia, Peloponnese, Dorida, Corinthia, Megarida, Crete, part of the islands of the Aegean Sea and part of the Aegean coast of Asia Minor , later they founded a number of colonies on the Apennine Peninsula (Tarent, Hydrunt), in Epirus (Ambrakia). The Dorian dialect of Lacononics formed the basis of the modern Tsakonian language and the Maniot dialect, the Dorian dialect of Crete formed the basis of the Sfakiot dialect, the Dorian dialect of Epirus formed the basis of the Himariot dialect, and the Dorian dialect of the Apennine Peninsula formed the basis of the Italo-Rumean language. The Tsakons (who live in Kynuria) and the Maniots (who live in the Mani peninsula) consider themselves descendants of the Dorians. In addition, the descendants of the Dorians consider themselves and Sfakiots living in the community of Sfakia. The origin of the Sarakatsans (who live in Macedonia) is not exactly established, they speak Modern Greek.

Ethnic groups of Greeks of antiquity

• Ionians
  • Athenians
  • Ionians
• Aeolians
  • Thessalians
  • Boeotians
  • Arcadians
  • Aeolians
  • Phocians
  • Aetolians
  • Acarnanians
• Dorians
  • Spartans
  • Cretans
  • Argives
  • Dorians
  • Macedonians
• Achaeans

Modern ethnic groups of Greeks

• Greeks proper (Hellas, partly diaspora)
  • Anatolian Greeks (Anatolia, now a diaspora in Turkey)
  • Cretan Greeks (Crete)
  • Greek Cypriots (Cyprus)
• Pontics (Pontus, later Crimea and the Black Sea region)

Turkified Greeks

These peoples profess Orthodoxy, and for a long time their writing was or is Greek writing.

• Gagauz - Greeks (disputed origin, originally Macedonia, from the 18th century Budjak)
• Karamanlids (Turkicized Greeks of Cappadocia)

Muslim Greeks

genetic origin

Modern genetic studies show that Greeks are dominated by Y-haplogroups E1b1b1 and (which are also common among residents of Northeast Africa and the Middle East), with E1b1b1 predominating in the Peloponnese, and J2 dominating in Crete.

Y-DNA haplogroup of the inhabitants of Greece according to the website "Eupedia: Your Guide to Europe in English":

• haplogroups and - 3%

Median networks showed that most Greek haplotypes clustered into the five known haplogroups, and that many haplotypes were distributed among Greeks and other European and Middle Eastern populations. Within the localities studied, the genetic composition of the Greeks indicates a significantly lower level of heterogeneity compared to other European populations.

The levels of the R1a1 haplotype associated with the migrations of Proto-Indo-Europeans were less than 12% (for comparison, in Syria - 10%, Poland - 60%).

Recent genetic studies of Greek populations have provided evidence of statistically significant continuity between ancient and modern Greeks (low admixture attributed to genetic isolation due to physical barriers).

Story

Greek mythology first mentions the Greeks in Thessaly - it is Thessaly that is the birthplace of the progenitors of the Greeks - Hellenes. In the XIII century, the Greeks colonized the islands of the Aegean Sea and Crete, a little later - after the Trojan War - the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. Many Greek city-states arose, the most famous of which were Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Argos, Corinth. In the VIII-VI centuries, the Greeks founded colonies in the Northern Black Sea region, on the Apennine and Iberian Islands. In the 4th-3rd centuries, the Greeks settled Epirus, Macdonia, Thrace, Bithynia, Pontus, Cappadocia, Anatolia, Cyrenaica by breeding cleruchia - several Greek states arose - the Kingdom of Epirus, the Macedonian Kingdom, the Odrysian Kingdom, the Kingdom of Pergamon, the Kingdom of Pontus, later they were all included in the Roman Empire, becoming its provinces, and the Greeks received the status of Roman citizens and began to be called "Romans", that is, "Romans". In the 4th century, most Greeks converted to Christianity. After the division of the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire, the Greeks made up the majority of the population of the Eastern Roman Empire, except for the Diocese of Egypt, which was dominated by Copts, the Diocese of East, which was dominated by the Aisors, and the province of Dardania, which was dominated by Albanians.

In the 7th century, the Eastern Roman Empire was invaded by Slavs and Arabs. Thrace and Macedonia were settled by the Slavs, as well as for a short time Hellas, Peloponnese and Bithynia. By the XIII century, many Vlachs (Great Vlachia (Thessaly), Lesser Vlachia (Aetolia and Acarnania), Upper Vlachia (Epirus), Vlachorinchia (Macedonia)) and Albanians (Epirus) moved to Byzantium. In 1204, the Eastern Roman Empire broke up into a number of Orthodox (Nicaean Empire, Trebizond Empire, Despotate of Epirus) and Uniate (Latin Empire, Thessalonian State) states. The Latin Empire and the Thessalonian Kingdom were soon conquered by the Orthodox, but their vassals (the Principality of Morea, the Duchy of Athens) and the vassal of the Nicaean Empire - the Morean Despotate existed until the middle of the 15th century and, along with the rest of the Greek states, were defeated by the Turks. After the capture of Constantinople, the Turkish Sultan proclaimed himself Caesar of the Romans.

At the end of the XVIII century. among the Greeks, a national liberation movement began, which contributed to overcoming regional differences. Shortly before the annexation of Crimea to Russia in 1777-1778, Catherine II ordered the Orthodox population of the peninsula to be forcibly relocated to the area of ​​modern Mariupol.

In 1821, the Gerousia of the Peloponnese and Western Greece and the Arepagus of Eastern Greece announced that they refused to obey the Sultan. In 1822, the First Greek National Assembly proclaimed the Hellenic Republic and adopted a constitution according to which the legislative power should be exercised by the legislative body, the executive - by the executive body. A similar political system was established by the constitution adopted by the II Greek National Assembly in 1823. The IV Greek National Assembly adopted in 1828 the Constitution proclaiming the Council as the legislative body, and the President was to exercise executive power, who elected Ioannis Kapodistrias. IV Greek National Assembly created another body - the Senate. All this time, the Hellenic Republic was a self-proclaimed and unrecognized state - not a single state recognized it, the Greek Republic and the Orthodox Church of Constantinople did not recognize it. In 1832, at a conference of the great powers, it was decided to form the Kingdom of Greece - a Greek state with a state system in the form of a constitutional monarchy (the monarch had to bear the title "King of Greece", this title was awarded to the son of the King of Bavaria - Otto), the territory of which was to be Hellas, Peloponnese and Cyclades. The Fifth Greek National Assembly in August of the same year approved these decisions. Until 1843, Otto ruled authoritarianly, local self-government was liquidated, Parliament was not convened for a long time.

After the Berlin Congress, Thessaly went to Greece, after the Balkan Wars - Macedonia and Epirus, after the First World War - Western Thrace. At the same time, the Greeks were expelled from Anatolia, Pontus and Cappadocia, as a result of which the Greeks have one of the largest diasporas in the world: about 5 million people. 40% of the Greeks of the Diaspora speak English, 40% Greek, 5% Russian. Many Pontic Greeks fled to the USSR. In the -30s, numerous Greek schools were opened in the USSR, books and newspapers were published (for example, Kokinos Kapnas in Abkhazia). In the Krasnodar Territory, the Greek district was created with the regional center in the village of Krymskaya. In 1938, during the "Great Terror", the "Greek counter-revolutionary nationalist sabotage, espionage and terrorist organization" was "exposed" in the Greek region. In the case of this organization, 77 people were shot, the Greek region was liquidated, and the Greek schools switched to Russian language In -49, the Greeks were subjected to forced eviction (deportation) from the Crimea, Abkhazia, Adzharia, the North Caucasus to Kazakhstan, Central Asia, etc. According to the 1989 census, 356,068 Greeks lived in the USSR, including 91,699 in the RSFSR. In the late 1980s, many Soviet Greeks emigrated to Greece.Now Russian Greeks live compactly in the South

Brief historical background:

Pontic Greeks (Greek: Πόντιοι, Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός, Έλληνες του Πόντου, Ρωμαίοι; tour. Pontus RumlarI) - an ethnic group of Greeks, descendants of immigrants from the historical region of Pontus in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey).

They live (very little left) in Ukraine, Georgia (the vast majority have already left the country), Armenia, Russia (including the North Caucasus), Kazakhstan, Greece, Turkey, the United States, Cyprus, etc.

The first hints of Greek presence in the Black Sea region can be traced back to Greek mythology. This is the area where Jason and the Argonauts sailed in search of the golden fleece. The myth was recorded by Apollonius of Rhodes in his work Argonautica. Modern historians date the Argo expedition to around 1200 BC. e., based on the description given by Apollonius.

The first attested Greek colony was Sinop, founded on the northern coasts of ancient Anatolia around 800 BC. e. The settlers of Sinop were traders from the Ionian Greek city-state of Miletus. After the colonization of the shores of the Black Sea, until then known to the Greek world as Pontos Axeinos (Inhospitable Sea), the name was changed to Pnotos Euxeinos (Hospitable Sea). Along the entire Black Sea coastline in today's states of Turkey, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine and Romania, the number of Greek colonies grew. The region of Trapesus, later called Trebizond, now Trabzon, was mentioned by Xenophon in his famous Anabasis, where he and 10,000 other Greek mercenaries are described arriving at the coast of Pontus and landing there. Xenophon mentions that when at the sight of the sea they called out "Thalassa! Thalassa!" ("Sea! Sea!"), the natives understood them. A whole range of trade flourished among the various Greek colonies, but also with the local tribes who inhabited Pontus inland Soon Trebizond took a leading role among other colonies, and the area nearby became the heart of Greek culture and civilization of the Pontes.

This area was collected into a kingdom in 281 BC. e. Mithridates I of Pontus, whose lineage goes back to the time of Ariobarzanes I, ruler of the Greek city of Chios. The most prominent descendant of Mithridates I was Mithridates VI of Pontus who between 90 and 65 BC e. led the so-called. The Mithridotic Wars - Three bitter wars against the Roman Republic before ultimately being defeated. Mithridates VI expanded his kingdom to Bithynia, the Crimea and Propothos before its fall after the third Mithridatic War.

However, the kingdom still survived as a state vassal to Rome, now called the Bosporan Kingdom and located in the Crimea until the 4th century AD, when these territories were captured by the Huns. The rest of Pontus became part of the Roman Empire, while the mountainous area (Chaldia) was fully incorporated into the Byzantine Empire during the 6th century. Pontus was the birthplace of the Komnenos dynasty, which ruled the empire from 1082 to 1185 - the time in which the empire was reborn from the ashes, having won most of Anatolia from the Seljuk Turks.

Number and range

Reading old books, I constantly came across the phrase - our Greek faith, in relation to Orthodoxy. And every time I wondered what kind of god Greece is to our faith. It turns out none.
Book. Russian chronicle according to the Nikon list / Published under the supervision of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. - St. Petersburg: At Imp. Acad. Sciences, 1767-1792. - 4°.

Part 1: Until 1094. - 1767 . By the way, one of the fundamental monuments of our history. literally holy text.
And there, almost at the very beginning, I saw a story familiar to everyone, how the prophetic Oleg is now going to go and fight Tsar-grad. And he goes exactly to the Greeks. Together with the rest of the Slavic tribes, which the Greeks themselves call Great Scythia. Yes, we are, Scythians, with slanting and greedy eyes!

And the Greeks were afraid and began to ask for mercy. Moreover, the name of the Greek king is painfully interesting - Leon. Although current historians for some reason stubbornly call him Leo. Well, they know better, they always know better what was there 1000 years ago.

In general, they did agree on peace. And Oleg nailed the shield to the gates of the Greek capital of Tsar-Grad. Only at the end of the first paragraph some kind of Vlasie is mentioned. And he even seems to be God. And even seem Russian. Something we clearly do not know about the system of gods in ancient Russia.

Actually, there further, almost all of our princes are constantly at war with the Greeks. And they send ambassadors to Tsar-Grad and go themselves. In general, the Greeks are our closest trading partners at that time.
And the Greeks decided to bring us the Christian faith. (By the way, in the text it is also called Peasant. I often met this in manuscripts). And they sent the Philosopher to Vladimir. Oh, most likely, this is the same name, which later became a household name. I have already encountered similar things and. By the way, the Greeks did have King Leo the Philosopher. This is the same one that was called Leon above. So it's most likely a first or last name.

There are further descriptions for several dozen pages. In particular, the Philosopher briefly quotes the New and Old Testaments to Vladimir. And terribly not canon. There, in the Book of Genesis, Satan is also present, and God constantly communicates with everyone and what is not there. In general, if I were the ROC, I would burn this book out of harm's way.

In general, the boyars and Vladimir decided to accept the Greek faith. The question arose where to be baptized?

And this baptism happened for some reason in Korsun. And Russia did adopt the Greek law from Czar-Grad.

Actually there is nothing new here. The Greeks have lived in the Crimea and the Black Sea region since ancient times. It was then that the Tatars conquered them and established their own state of Little Tartaria there. But we always called those places Tauris. And even in the title of Nicholas II it was listed - the king of Tauric Chersonese. One can also recall the title given to Potemkin for the conquest of the Crimea - Tauride. Those. Tatars did not live there for long.
And then the Turks captured (by the way, the Turks and Tatars are relatives, as stated in the History of the Tatars, published at the end of the 18th century) Czar-Grad with its surroundings and the Greek kingdom came to an end. Gradually, the Turks destroyed all its inhabitants. A lot of things remained from that kingdom. Ancient Christian churches in Istanbul, ruins which I somehow found, Mount Olympus. Also the city of Olympos is next to the city of Chimera, not far from Antalya. There, if you dig, you can find a lot of Greek things.
And then history was rewritten to suit the particular political situation. Olympus with the gods was moved to the west, to places where there were no Turks. And the name itself was assigned to a completely different country and other people. So, unfortunately, in history it often happens. The same modern Lithuania received the name of a large country (and part of history), in which it was only a small province. Something similar probably happened with the Greeks.
I read somewhere that the Greeks were made Greeks somewhere in the 19th century in just two generations. Moreover, at first they did not really want to take on the burden of Hellenism. But they persuaded. And the old Greek Empire was renamed Constantinople and Byzantine. And even in Rome. Although how many books of the 17th century I have read in which Turkey was mentioned, there is not a word about Rome. Well, then they did not know the true history of Turkey, well, what can you do? After all, only modern historians know about it.

It may seem that the question "Who lived in Ancient Greece?" The correct answer would be: Ancient Greeks. But, firstly, the ancient Greeks were different. They were divided into several tribes. Secondly, other peoples also lived in Ancient Greece.

Ancient Greeks
The ancient Greeks called themselves Hellenes. It was originally the name of a tribe originally from Thessaly. Mention of it can be found already in Homer. It became a common name for all Greeks only in the era of classical Greek civilization, that is, in the first millennium BC. The origin of the name "Hellenes" is hotly debated among modern linguists, but for the Greeks themselves there was nothing mysterious about it. They believed that the names of peoples come from a common ancestor. Accordingly, all Hellenes descended from a king named Hellenes.
The Greeks distinguished themselves from other peoples by language and customs. All who were not Greek, they called barbarians. The word "barbarian" had a clear negative connotation, although it did not mean savages. For example, the Greeks knew that the Pelasgians, which will be discussed below, the Egyptians or the Phoenicians were more ancient and cultured peoples, but still called them barbarians.
The ancient Greeks were not a single people. They were divided into several tribes, each of which spoke its own dialect. Let's look at what these tribes are.

Achaeans, they are Danaans
The first known tribe of the ancient Greeks were the Achaeans. It was they who besieged Ancient Troy, therefore, in Homer's Iliad, all the Greeks were called that. Homer also used the name "Danaans" because the origin of the Achaeans was from Danae, the mythical king of Egypt, who fled from his relatives to the Peloponnesian peninsula.
In fact, the ancestors of the Achaeans came to the Peloponnese not from Egypt, but from somewhere in the north at the beginning of the second millennium BC. Here they created the Mycenaean civilization, discovered and named so in the nineteenth century by Heinrich Schliemann. The Achaeans traded extensively throughout the Mediterranean, so that their colonies are found in Cyprus, the western coast of Asia Minor, Sicily and the Aeolian Islands. When the Minoan civilization died in Crete in the middle of the second millennium BC, the Achaeans moved to this island.
But at the end of the second millennium BC, the warlike Achaeans themselves became victims of newcomers from the north. The Mycenaean civilization perished. In the era of classical Ancient Greece, an independent Achaean dialect no longer existed. Achaean origin was attributed only to the inhabitants of Arcadia, a small mountainous region in the Peloponnese, and the Greeks of Cyprus.

Dorians
Already on the clay discs of the era of the Mycenaean civilization, the personal name Doria is found. However, the ancient Greek tradition associated the origin of the Dorians with a small area of ​​Doris near Mount Eta in the north of Ancient Greece. It was believed that the Dorians descended from Dor, the son of Hellen. At the end of the second millennium BC, the Heraclids, descendants of the mythical hero Hercules, led the Dorians to the south of Greece, where they settled in the Peloponnese, Crete, and a number of islands in the Aegean Sea. Dorian colonies were found in Sicily, near the Bosphorus and in Asia Minor.
The myth of the Dorians moving south gave rise to the concept of the "Dorian conquest" among nineteenth-century historians. It was first introduced by the British historian William Mitford (1744-1827). He believed that it was the Dorians who crushed the Achaean city-states. The concept of "Dorian conquest" wandered from one book to another and is still found in some history textbooks. Meanwhile, modern archaeologists believe that the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization was the work of other, much more formidable opponents. Those whom the ancient Egyptians called "peoples of the sea." If the Dorians really originated from Doris, they appeared in the Peloponnese a little later.
In our time, Sparta can be considered the most famous Dorian state. After the reforms of Lycurgus in 884 BC, Sparta turned from an ordinary Greek polis into a militarized community that eventually defeated the richer and more populated Athens. The Dorians also owned the city of Corinth. It was even richer and more populous than Athens. From the Asia Minor Dorian city of Halicarnassus came the creator of history as a genre of literature, the writer Herodotus. The famous inventor Archimedes lived in the Dorian city of Syracuse in Sicily.

Ionians
The Ionians, perhaps, were the most numerous and culturally developed tribe of classical Ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks considered the common ancestor of the Ionians Ion, the grandson of Hellenes. Their name is first found on the Mycenaean tablet Xd. Until the end of the second millennium, they lived with the Achaeans in the Peloponnese, from where they were forced out by the Dorians. Strabo wrote that a pillar was erected on the Isthmus of Corinth. On one side, it was written: “This is not the Peloponnese already, but Ionia,” and on the other side, “This is not Ionia already, but the Peloponnese.” The only Ionian tribe that survived in the Peloponnese were the Kynourii, who lived in the region of Argos. Already in the time of Herodotus, that is, by the middle of the first millennium BC, the kynuria spoke the Dorian dialect and differed little from their neighbors, the Dorians.
After leaving the Peloponnese, the Ionians occupied several areas of central Ancient Greece, including Attica, and then began the colonization of the islands of the Aegean Sea. On the western coast of Asia Minor they founded seven cities, the largest of which was Miletus. The region of the seven cities was called Ionia. It was in Asia Minor Ionia that the art of classical Ancient Greece was born. Miletus became the center of the first school of natural philosophy; the mathematician Thales, the writer Anaximander, and the materialist physicist Anaximenes lived and worked there.
The Ionians were a true colonizing people. Pliny the Elder wrote that only the inhabitants of Miletus founded 90 colonies. In 546 BC, the northernmost Ionian city of Phocaea was conquered by the Persians. But the Phocians did not submit to the invaders. Having collected their property, they embarked on ships and left the city. The Phocaean Greeks discovered the coast of Spain and established many colonies in the western Mediterranean.
I think it is not worth talking much about the golden age of another city inhabited by Ionians - Athens. Athens is the birthplace of democracy, an important political and cultural center. The Athenian Ionian dialect became the basis of the general Greek literary language Koine. It was written in the classical era, during the Hellenistic period, and even Byzantine writers tried to use the ancient Athenian dialect.

Aeolians
The ancient Greeks believed that the Aeolians descended from Eol, the son of Hellenes, and the northern agrarian region of Thessaly was the original place of their settlement. Later they appeared in Boeotia. On the western coast of Asia Minor, north of Asia Minor Ionia, the region of Aeolia, colonized by the Aeolians, arose. It included the island of Lesvos.
In ancient Greece, somehow the contribution of the Aeolians to the common Greek culture was not particularly appreciated. Plato even called the Aeolian dialect barbarian. Meanwhile, it was the Aeolians who brought and retold most of the ancient Greek myths. The Aeolians were the ancient Greek poets Hesiod and Alcaeus, the prose writer Hellanicus, and the first known female poet Sappho.
Thebes was the most famous Aeolian city. They conducted a very independent policy from Athens and Sparta. In 378 BC, Thebes inflicted a severe defeat on Sparta and until the Macedonian conquest remained the hegemonic city of all Balkan Greece.

Strange people Macedonians
On the map of modern Europe there is a small country of Macedonia. Its inhabitants speak the Macedonian Slavic language, which is very similar to Bulgarian. But modern Macedonians have nothing in common with the ancient Macedonians, the conquerors of Ancient Greece, and then the Persian Empire, Central Asia and even parts of India. Who were the ancient Macedonians?
Macedonians or Macedonians lived in the north of the territories that we usually include in the Balkan Ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks did not consider the Macedonians to be Greeks, and the famous Athenian orator Demosthenes openly called them barbarians. But the Macedonians themselves thought otherwise. They believed that they were related to the Dorians and came from the region of Argos in the Peloponnese. Herodotus told the story of the Macedonian king Alexander (a distant ancestor of another king, Alexander the Great), who wished to participate in the Olympic Games. The Greeks didn't like it. "These games," they said, "are for Hellenes, not for barbarians." Alexander had to prove that he was an Argive by origin. In the end, he was allowed.
Many modern researchers consider the Macedonians to be relatives of the Thracians, a more northern people who lived on the Balkan Peninsula. The Athenian historian Thucydides could object to them. He himself was half Thracian, and after being expelled from Athens he lived in Thrace. He clearly separated the Macedonians from the Thracians, but did not separate them from the Greeks. The problem of the origin of the Macedonians is complicated because Macedonia, as a close region of Greece, was already Hellenized by the middle of the first millennium BC. Inscriptions in real Macedonian have not come down to us. We also do not know the names of gods of Macedonian origin.
Archaeologists have revealed that there are inscriptions in Greek on Macedonian tombstones. But this is not a general literary language of Koine, but an independent dialect. If the Macedonians adopted a foreign Greek language, then they had to accept the literary one. For example, Belarusians speak literary Russian, and not some kind of dialect of Russian. The Irish are in literary English, not a dialect of English. What is sometimes called the Irish dialect is a mixture of English and Irish proper. Greek Macedonian was not a mixture. There were no separate Macedonian words in it. Therefore, it can be assumed that there was no adoption of the Greek language and religion either. The Macedonians were originally Greeks. That's just why the rest of the Greeks considered them barbarians - a question that is very difficult to answer.

Athamanty
The small Afamanta people lived in the northwest of Ancient Greece. The authors of the Hellenistic era considered the Athamantes to be barbarians, or at least descendants of the barbarians, but the Athamants themselves referred to themselves as Greeks. In 272 BC, they were conquered by the Epirus king Pyrrhus, after about a century they were freed and even had their own kings. The end of the independence of the Afamants was put by the Romans, who destroyed their fortresses in 168 BC. Many Athamans left their habitat and merged with other Greeks.

Non-Greeks in Greece
The ancestors of the ancient Greeks appeared in the south of the Balkan Peninsula only at the beginning of the second millennium BC. Before them, other peoples lived here, and the ancient Greeks remembered this very well. Expanding their possessions, the Greeks colonized the islands of the Aegean Sea and Asia Minor. There, too, someone lived before the ancient Greeks and even together with the ancient Greeks.

Minoans
The Minoans are the ancient inhabitants of Crete, the creators of the most ancient European civilization. They did not call themselves Minoans. This name was coined in the nineteenth century by Heinrich Schliemann, and entered into scientific circulation thanks to Sir Arthur Evans (). The only thing we know about the Minoans is that they were not related to the ancient Greeks. Unfortunately, discs with type A inscriptions at the site of excavations of the Minoan "palaces" have not yet been deciphered, and their real language has not been determined.
In classical ancient Greece, very little was remembered about the times of the Minoans. Basically, legends about King Minos and his ugly son, the Minotaur. In the first millennium BC, the inhabitants of Crete spoke the Dorian dialect. But in the works of Homer, some Eteocrites were mentioned, that is, the true inhabitants of Crete. In the west of the island, another people lived - the Kidons, and on the outskirts - the mysterious Kurets. Some residents of the western part of Ancient Greece and Kholkida, an area just north of Athens, were also referred to as Kurets. They came to Kholkida from the west, and differed from the Greeks in the custom of shaving the front of the head. In Greek, "kuret" means literally "shorn". This custom was borrowed by the Abantians - Ionians from the island of Euboea. In Greek mythology, the servants of Rhea, the mother of Zeus, and the companions of Dionysus, the god of winemaking, were also called curetes. On the island of Samothrace in the north of the Aegean Sea, there has long been a cult of Dionysus, where mysteries dedicated to the Kurets were practiced.

Pelasgians
Pelasgi is the collective name of all the inhabitants of ancient Greece who inhabited this country before the arrival of the Greeks. The Greeks believed that the mythical Pelasg, the progenitor of all the Pelasgians, once ruled in Arcadia. He was credited with inventing huts and clothing. The main center of the Balkan Pelasgians was the city of Larissa in the north. Another important center for the Pelasgians was the Argos region in the Peloponnese. For a long time, the Pelasgians made up a significant part of the inhabitants of ancient Athens. But in Athens they were alien people, they moved from the island of Samothrace. Place names associated with the Pelasgians are found throughout ancient Greece. At the beginning of the classical period, the Pelasgians even took part in the colonization of the Aegean islands, the northwest of Asia Minor and Sicily.
Herodotus, talking about the events of the end of the second millennium, remarked: "Then Hellas was also called Pelasgia." But already in his time there were no Pelasgians in Balkan Greece. He believed that they disappeared among the Greeks. The remains of the Pelasgians lived only in Italy, somewhere slightly north of the Etruscans. The writers of the Hellenistic period were completely confused, trying to deduce the genealogy of this ancient people.
Most modern scholars believe that the Pelasgians were not an Indo-European people. At the end of the second - the beginning of the first millennium BC in different parts of Greece, only remnants of the local population of the pre-Greek era were preserved. Most likely, Herodotus was right. They gradually dissolved among the Greeks.

Molossians
Molossians were the inhabitants of the northwestern region of Epirus, who lived there before the Greek conquest. The Molossians were often confused with the Pelasgians or attributed to the latter the achievements of the Molossians. There is nothing surprising in this. After all, as mentioned above, Pelasgi is a collective name. Therefore, the Molossians could be considered one of the Pelasgians.
In the Epirus city of Dodona, there was a temple of Zeus with its own oracle. The ancient Greeks believed that the temple and cult of Zeus of Dodona was founded by the Molossians.

Caucons
Strabo called the Caucones the people who lived on the Asia Minor coast of the Black Sea. Homer mentioned them as allies of the Trojans in the war with the Greeks. Some scholars believe that the Caucons originated from the Caucasus and were distant relatives of the modern Adyghes and Abkhazians. The Caucones were also mentioned along with the Pelasgians who lived in Greek Arcadia. However, for the Greeks of the classical era, the Balkan Caucons were a people of hoary antiquity.

Lelegi
The Leleges are another pre-Greek people who are named among or next to the Pelasgians. Herodotus believed that they come from the Cyclades in the south of the Aegean. In ancient times, the Lelegs obeyed the kings of Crete and paid tribute to them with rowers. The Cretans moved part of the Lelegs to Asia Minor, where they settled among the Carians. Lelegs were also mentioned among the inhabitants of ancient Boeotia.
The Hittite tablets of the second millennium BC mention the inhabitants of the west of Asia Minor - Lulahi. It is quite possible that the Greek Lelegs and the Hittite Lulahs are one and the same people.

Carians
Delos is an island in the Aegean Sea. It occupies only three and a half square kilometers, but according to ancient Greek myths, the gods Apollo and Artemis were born on Delos. During the classical era, Delos became an important religious center. Many Greeks considered it a matter of honor not only to visit the sanctuary on Delos, but also to die there. Gradually, the small island turned into a huge cemetery. In 425 BC, the Athenians took over the sanctuary and forbade anyone to die or be born on Delos. Moreover, they arranged for the cleaning of the already existing graves and reburial. To their surprise, more than half of the burials belonged not to the Greeks, but to the Carians. “They were identified by the weapons buried with them and by the burial method they still have,” explains Thucydides.
Thucydides considered the Carians to be the original inhabitants of the Cyclades, from where they were expelled by the Cretan king Minos. They settled in Asia Minor, in a coastal region called Caria. Herodotus, referring to the Carians themselves, argued that they had always lived on the mainland. Part of Caria was captured by the Ionians and Dorians. Herodotus just came from the city of Halicarnassus, built by the Dorians in the Carian lands. Moreover, Herodotus' father had a Carian name.
By the middle of the second millennium, the Carians adopted many of the customs of the Hellenes, but continued to preserve their native language and religion. They developed their own letter alphabet based on the Phoenician. The natural conditions of Caria did not allow living only thanks to agriculture, so many local residents were engaged in navigation, piracy, or served as mercenaries in other countries. Monuments in the Carian language were found even in Egypt and Iran. The language of the Carians allows us to attribute them to the Indo-Europeans. Obviously, they appeared in Asia Minor at about the same time that the Greeks - in Greece, but they did not come from the Cyclades, but from the side of the Bosphorus.
The heyday of ancient Caria came in the fourth century BC, when all of Asia Minor was conquered by the Persians. The Persians created an autonomous satrapy of Kariya, ruled by the Hecatomnides dynasty of local origin. Its most famous representative was the satrap Mausolus, the builder of the first mausoleum. In 325 BC, Caria was conquered by the Macedonians and its population gradually adopted the Greek language and religion.

Phoenicians
Do you know the Semitic people from the Middle East, who were the first to leave their homeland and spread throughout the world? If you think that these are Jews, then you are greatly mistaken. The first great travelers were their close relatives - the Phoenicians. They lived on a narrow strip of land between the Lebanese mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. The heyday of the Phoenician city-states occurred at the end of the second - the beginning of the first millennium BC. Having learned to build huge ships with a closed deck, they began to colonize the Mediterranean Sea, sailed to the Atlantic and, according to Herodotus, circled Africa. The most famous Phoenician colony is Carthage.
The Phoenicians clashed with the Greeks already in the second millennium BC, since at the same time as the Achaeans they began to colonize Cyprus. The decline of the Mycenaean civilization made the Greeks uncompetitive for a while, and the Phoenicians took advantage of this to seize the trade routes. They actively traded with the Greeks themselves, as Homer wrote about. However, business was not limited to trade. The Phoenicians settled in Greece.
First of all, the Phoenicians were interested in the islands of the Aegean Sea. They colonized Santorini, Samothrace, Serifos, Rhodes, founded the city of Itan in Crete. From here the Phoenicians exported ores of rare metals and semi-precious stones. Phoenician settlements arose on the mainland as well. The legendary founder of the city of Thebes was Cadmus, the son of the Phoenician king Agenor. The name of his sister Europa, abducted by Zeus, now bears the entire continent of Europe.
By the seventh century BC traces of the Phoenician presence are gradually disappearing from Greece. But the Greeks managed to borrow a lot from the eastern colonists. First of all, the alphabet. After all, it was the Phoenicians who were the first inventors of the alphabetic alphabet.

Text author: Dmitry Samokhvalov

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Greeks

Ov, unit Greek, -a, m. The people who make up the main population of Greece.

well. Greek, and

adj. Greek, -th, -th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Greeks

A people forming a group of the Indo-European ethno-linguistic family, constituting the main population of Greece.

representatives of this people.

Inhabitants of Ancient Greece - Hellas; Hellenes.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Greeks

GREEKS (self-name - Hellenes) people, the main population of Greece (9.72 million people). The total number of 12.4 million people (1992). They also live in Cyprus (570 thousand people), in the USA (550 thousand people), Germany (300 thousand people), in the Russian Federation (92 thousand people), etc. The language is Greek (modern Greek). Believers are mostly Orthodox.

Greeks

(self-name Hellenes ≈ Hellenes), a nation that makes up over 95% of the population of Greece. They also live on Cyprus (78% of all inhabitants of the island), in the ARE, Italy, Albania, the USSR, Canada, Australia, the USA and other countries. The number in Greece is over 8.3 million people. (1970, estimate), in other countries - more than 1.6 million people. They speak Modern Greek (see Greek). Almost all believers in Georgia are Orthodox. About half of the Greeks living in Greece are employed in agriculture. On the coast and on the islands, G. are engaged in fishing, procuring mollusks and sponges. The industry employs 1/5 of wage earners. On the islands and in some places of continental Greece, folk art crafts are preserved: home weaving, embroidery, wood carving, and ceramic production.

The ancient Greek people began to take shape at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e., after the relocation to the Balkan Peninsula of the proto-Greek tribes - Achaeans and Ionians, and from the 12th century. BC e. ≈ Dorians, who assimilated the autochthonous population (Pelasgians, etc.). In the era of Greek colonization (eighth-sixth centuries BC), a pan-Greek cultural unity and a common self-name "Hellenes" were established. At first it was the name of the population of the region in Central Greece, but then it spread to the entire Greek-speaking population. The Greeks were called Greeks by the Romans. Initially, this name referred to the Greek colonists of southern Italy, but then passed to all the Hellenes and through the Romans became known to the peoples of Europe. During the Hellenistic period, the common Greek language "Koine" became widespread in the Eastern Mediterranean. The ancient Greeks created a high culture that had a great influence on the development of the culture of Europe and Asia Minor (see Ancient Greece). In the Middle Ages, the ethnic composition of the Greek population changed dramatically: the Vlachs, Slavs (6th–7th centuries), and Albanians (13th–15th centuries) who migrated from the north, joined it, while the Greek remained the basis. an ethnic element that directly connects modern G. with the ancients.

During the era of the Byzantine Empire, the Greeks (Romeans) were the most cultured people in Europe and influenced the formation of the culture of other peoples of the Balkan Peninsula and Russia. Turkish domination (14th century ≈ first quarter of the 19th century) left a significant mark on the material culture, life, and language of Georgia. For a long time Greeks waged a struggle for freedom and for the preservation of their culture (especially during the period of the Greek national liberation revolution of 1821-1829). In the course of this struggle, regional differences were overcome and the Greek nation was formed. A rich historical folklore of Georgia has been preserved—songs, tales, and funeral laments that glorify the fighters for independence. For the history, economy, and culture of Georgia, see Art. Greece.

Lit .: Peoples of Foreign Europe, vol. 1, M., 1964 (bibl. p. 919≈20); Georgiev V., Studies in comparative historical linguistics, M., 1958.

Yu. V. Ivanova.

Wikipedia

Greeks

Greeks(- hellenes, pronounced like Hellenes) - an ancient people of the Indo-European language family, part of the Greek subgroup of the Paleo-Balkan languages, the main population of Greece and Cyprus.

Greeks (Sumy region)

Greeks- village, Kolyadinetsky village council, Lipovodolinsky district, Sumy region, Ukraine. The KOATUU code is 5923282604. The population at the 2001 census was 33.

Greeks (disambiguation)

Greeks- ambiguous term:

• Greeks- the people of the Indo-European language family, the main population of Greece and Cyprus.
• Greeks- the designation of the coefficients of the Black-Scholes formula, common in narrow circles.

Examples of the use of the word Greeks in literature.

Everyone was in high spirits and everyone agreed that Greeks- beautiful people.

The vast vestibule was crowded, every seat occupied: smartly dressed women, English liaison officers, rich Greeks, French and Germans.

All the time Greeks excitedly talking about something, and the pilots exchanged remarks among themselves in English.

The conversation was interrupted when they turned to the Greeks, and Greeks silently smiled at them, and they smiled at the Greeks.

Wayne learned it in Argentina, - Greeks huddled around him, stamped their feet and drained their glasses.

People shouted, laughed and drank - they had not yet had to drink for victory, and Greeks took it so seriously that the pilots could not help laughing.

They shook hands with all the Greeks, and Greeks patted them on the back while they put on their overcoats.

The Greeks had a very hard time, and if the squadron does not repel these air attacks, Greeks, very likely to be forced to retreat, instead of continuing the offensive.

The pilots felt embarrassed, they were embarrassed that they were the only British here: they knew that Greeks not only British aviation was expected, but also British troops.

No one knew how much longer they could hold on Greeks, as the shortage of ammunition and materials was felt more and more acutely.

And they did not disguise either the planes or the large tent in which the ground personnel lived, as they usually masked Greeks, and on such a clear morning, the Italians could not fail to find the airfield.

All local Greeks sure that the Germans will not keep you waiting, - said Tap.

She saw how Greeks, pulling food out of their knapsacks, they break bread and cut cheese.

Tap was driving along the outer edge of the road as Greeks they kept to the inside, believing that it was safer that way.

The more ugly they behave, the more they will hate Greeks Elena said.