home Boilers How to draw up a drawing of a building facade. What is a high-quality architectural design of a private house? How to draw the plan and facade of a building

How to draw up a drawing of a building facade. What is a high-quality architectural design of a private house? How to draw the plan and facade of a building

According to current standards and regulations, how is a building façade drawing made? What are the correct names for the different projections of a building?

Let's get to know general rules execution of construction schemes.

The photo shows a sketch of the facade from those times when the requirements for design documentation were different from today.

General provisions

We will begin the answer to the question of how to draw the facade of a building by listing the requirements common to all construction drawings and diagrams.

Terminology

All construction drawings are obtained by projecting a certain type of building onto a plane.
The actual plan of the facade of the house is its frontal projection onto a plane located parallel.
The projection of a section of a building in a longitudinal or transverse plane is, respectively, a section along or across.
If a horizontal section of a building is transferred to paper, it is usually called a plan. Depending on the level at which the cut is made, this could be a plan for the basement, first floor, and so on.
A top view of a site that includes a building or group of structures is usually called a master plan.
Finally, no matter what object you see - the basement kindergarten, schools, industrial building, cottage, or toilet on summer cottage- all these images have common name: architectural and construction drawings.

Despite the proliferation of electronic media, projects must be printed on paper.

Regulations

Sections, plans and drawings of building facades must be made in the general list of ESKD (unified system of design documentation). Its standards are determined by GOST 2.301-68 - GOST 2.307-68.

What exactly is regulated?

Sheet formats for all schemes.

Important: format requirements imply certain aspect ratios of the sheet itself, and not the project frame.

Large-scale series of images.
Thickness of lines.
Name of image elements.
Drawing fonts.
Methods of depicting various objects on paper.
Graphic symbols of various materials.

The following scales can be used when drawing up master plans for facilities:

1:200;
1:5000;
1:10000;
1:20000;
1:25000;
1:50000.

In drawings of facades and plans, of course, more large scale.

A 1:1 scale can be used when transferring cornices of complex shapes and other small elements onto paper. However, this is rather an exception. Magnification scales are not used in architectural and construction drawing.

Execution Rules

In order to correctly complete the diagram of house facades, floor plans and other architectural and construction schemes with your own hands, you need to adhere to fairly strict standards.

The thickness of the main line should be the same for all parts of the drawing, performed on the same scale. An exception is section plans: visible contour lines can be drawn thinly.
Names, headings and designations in the project field can be written without slanting. But dimensions and other inscriptions on the arrows are written oblique, with an angle relative to the base of the line of about 75 degrees.
The total number of dimensions on the drawings of house facades should, as common sense dictates, be sufficient to carry out construction work. In this case, duplication of the same size is allowed. different elements Images.
Dimensions are given in millimeters without units of measurement. However, the level above the ground is indicated in meters accurate to the third decimal place.

Traditionally, all dimensions on the plan are indicated in millimeters. The rule is not absolute; but other units of measurement should be specified in the notes.

Attention: it is also permissible to indicate dimensions in centimeters, provided that the units of measurement are specified in the notes to the drawing. And in this case, the units of measurement are not indicated separately.

Features of facade schemes

We have listed the general provisions. Are there any nuances related specifically to the facades that primarily interest us? How to draw the façade of a building in accordance with current regulations?

Here are the instructions.

The facade drawing should give a clear idea of the appearance of the building's surface (see), the proportions and size of individual elements.
If the facade and the plan are on the same plan, they are carried out on the same scale and must be in projection connection. What does this mean? Only that the diagram is located on the drawing under the facade.
The facades of different sides of the building have their own names, which are indicated on the sheet. There are main, courtyard and side (end) facades.
The project indicates all the structural details that will be present in the real building. For example, the main façade of the school in the drawing should be equipped with a porch, the courtyard facade with a fire escape; cornices, dormer windows and other seemingly small details are drawn.
IN technical project On the facade it is customary to show its own shadows and those falling on it. To do this, it is painted with watercolors or shaded with dry grated ink.
The facade diagram does not indicate horizontal dimensions. However, on one side, at a distance of 15-20 millimeters from the contour of the facade, general height dimensions and level marks are set for the ground, windows and doors, plinth, cornice and roof ridge and the top points of pipes and ventilation.
At the bottom of the facade, the axes of expansion joints and differences in height of the building are marked.

Before us is a drawing of the facade made according to all the rules. Quite complex, I must say. It was taken from a very real building - the Bolshoi Drama Theater on the Fontanka embankment in St. Petersburg.

Conclusion

You can find more information about constructing drawings in the video at the end of the article. In addition, it is useful to know that the price, which includes a complete set of projects, starts from 10,000 rubles for standard solutions. Exclusive projects can cost tens of times more. Good luck in construction!

Construction and drawing of the building facade

The exterior of a building is called a facade. It gives an idea of the appearance of the building, its artistic image, overall dimensions, proportions and relationships of its individual elements. Distinguish main facade, yard And lateral, or end, facades.

Main facade called the view of the building from the side of the street or square. The appearance of the building should reflect its purpose. Architectural finishing works are designed without frills, with extensive use of industrial and finishing materials. The architectural expressiveness of brick buildings increases significantly when using bricks of different colors - this allows you to create ornaments in the walls and cornices (Fig. 90).

Fig.90. Facade 1-7 of a large-block residential building

Fig.91. Sequence (a...d) of drawing the facade of a building

Elevation drawings are drawn to the same scale as building plans. The drawing of the main facade should be placed above the plan drawing, and it is constructed as a third projection according to two data: the plan and the section (if the section of the building is drawn on the same scale as the plan). The total length of the facade, the width of window and door openings and the walls between them are taken from the building plan. The height of window and door openings, plinth, cornice, roof ridge and other elements is taken from the section.

Facades are named according to the extreme alignment axes, between which the building section shown in the drawing is located, for example: "FACADE 1–4" or "FACADE A–D", or along one axis, for example "FACADE ALONG AXIS A". The size between the extreme alignment axes is not indicated. On the drawings of building facades, elevation marks of the ground level, basement, bottom and top of openings, cornice and top of the roof are placed on the right and left.

On the facades, marking axes are applied, passing in characteristic places: extreme ones, at height differences, at one of the sides of each gate opening, etc. Fire escapes are depicted and marked on the facades, and marks are placed on the diagrams for filling window and door openings.

All constructions associated with drawing the facade are made with thin lines in the following sequence (Fig. 91).

1. Apply the main horizontal divisions in accordance with the section - the lines of the ground, base, cornice, belts, ridge, window and door openings.

2. Draw the main lines of vertical divisions in accordance with the plan - alignment axes, lines of projections of walls, pilasters, columns, etc. - and draw the general outline of the building.

3. Draw out window and door openings, balconies, slabs of canopies over entrances, cornice and other architectural elements of the facade.

4. Draw window frames, doors, balcony railings, ventilation and chimneys on the roof.

5. Place elevation signs.

After checking the compliance of the facade with the plan and section, the final outline of the facade is carried out with lines of the appropriate thickness. The horizontal ground line is drawn 1.5–2 mm thick and extends beyond the contour of the facade.

A facade is perhaps the simplest and most understandable type of drawing, which is a two-dimensional projection of a volumetric structure. Along with the plan and section, it is included in the list of necessary documentation when preparing an architectural project.

Essentially, an elevation is a view of a building from the front, side, or back. Sometimes there is a need to draw up interior drawings with frontal views, which can also be called facades.

Below are two elevation drawings of the same building, the Farnsworth House, built in 1953 by the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The first is designated as the "south façade" and the second as the "north façade". They allow you to get a comprehensive understanding of the appearance of an object, its shape and size.

This is what the south side of the Farnsworth House actually looks like. The drawing of the facade appears to be a primitive copy of this photograph, reminiscent of a planar children's drawing.

For comparison: a photograph depicting the northern part of the house.

It is worth recalling that facade drawings are drawn up both for completed buildings and for those that are under development. The curious collage below combines a computer model of a real-life Victorian mansion with an elevation drawing of the house being designed. This sketch gives an idea of the visual compatibility of designs, which plays an important role in the development of historical areas.

Most projects (at least those related to houses with right angles) involve drawing up four facades for full description appearance of the object. Placed on one page, they allow you to adequately assess all the features of the future building.

Interior drawings are drawn up according to the same principles as façade drawings, in a plane parallel to the surface of the walls and perpendicular to the line of sight. The difference is that the space they describe is limited to the walls, floor and ceiling of one room.

Below is a set of interior drawings for a recent project by architect Bud Dietrich. They give a general idea of the design and dimensions of the various built-in elements. The image of a human figure is intended to help visually scale the object.

For many, a cozy country house is a lifelong dream, where every hour spent alone with nature contributes to relaxation. It is important that housing is not only beautiful, but also comfortable and multifunctional. The realization of a dream begins with the creation of a project, the basis of which is the drawings of the house, containing a detailed layout and communications diagram. This material will tell you how to properly organize the constructive stage.

Before making a drawing of a private house, you need to decide what its direct purpose will be: will it serve as a country vacation spot in summer time or housing for year-round living for the whole family. The number of household members must also be taken into account. In this case, you need to take into account the lifestyle of family members, their tastes, preferences and hobbies.

If the future inhabitants of the house are adherents of a quiet lifestyle, then the building should be located on an area that is located away from the roadway and neighboring areas. The best place is in the depths of the garden. For open, sociable people, a house can be built at the beginning of the site, exposing the facade of the cottage and the beautiful landscape in front of it. In technical terms, geodetic data obtained by studying the territory are especially important. They will indicate the features of the surface, the composition of the soil and the presence of slopes, which will allow you to create a plan of the area.

In order for the design of a house to be streamlined, the process is conditionally divided into stages, which are then displayed in the following sections finished project Houses:

sketch;
architectural;
constructive;
engineering and technical;
design or finishing.

Having decided on the location and purpose of the future home, you can begin designing the house. For this purpose, initial sketches are made. If they have basic artistic skills, the owners will be able to do this on their own, even without a special computer program for building a house. Based on the sketches, a basic sketch is drawn up. In accordance with it, all other detailed drawings are prepared and the layout of the future building is determined.

What to consider when drawing up a house plan

Already at the stage of drawing up a sketch, you need to clearly determine the number of floors, type of roof, appearance facade and front parts of the house, up to the number of windows, balconies, the presence of a terrace or attic. The preliminary design also involves sketches of the building in longitudinal and transverse sections, which indicate the design features and materials from which the house is supposed to be built.

Helpful advice! Experienced designers do not recommend making bedrooms very spacious, since large rooms can contribute to the formation of a feeling of anxiety in their inhabitants. Therefore, bedrooms should be compact and cozy.

Before drawing a house plan, you need to decide on the location of the site and study the orientation relative to the cardinal points. Based on this data, the location of the rooms is determined. Their number depends on how many people will live in the building and how often guests will come for a long time. The placement of premises and the functional purpose of each of them is also an important element.

Next, you need to determine which specific rooms will be allocated to family members, and which to guests and employees, if it is planned to form a certain staff. We should not forget about the layout of the premises in which the whole family will gather - this is the dining room, hall or living room.

It is important to take into account the preferences and hobbies of the inhabitants of the house in order to determine the need for inclusion in the layout gym, swimming pool or sauna, winter garden or a greenhouse, a library with an office or a spacious workshop.

Features of drawing up house projects: drawings as the main part of planning

Having decided on the layout of the house, you need to mentally imagine the life of the family in the building, think through all the elements so as not to miss anything. Therefore, there is no need to rush into creating the final layout of the house. The finished drawings and plans of the house must be as perfect as possible so that the final result satisfies all household members, and the constructed home lasts for the maximum number of years without reconstruction or alterations. The final version of the sketch should be discussed at a family council, taking into account all the details, down to the smallest detail.

First of all, the desired number of floors is indicated in the house plan. It could be spacious cottage, a compact two-story cottage or a luxurious two-tier mansion with an attic. Internal layout depicted on building drawings should include the following areas:

living rooms;
utility rooms;
common areas;
additional extensions.

A one-story house is divided into zones using partitions, as well as placing rooms of the same functionality in one wing. In two-story cottages, bedrooms, guest and children's rooms are traditionally located on the second floor, and on the first there are utility and service premises for common use.

House project structure: building plan, drawings and dimensions

Before you make a house project yourself, you need to have a clear idea of what kind of document it is and what sections it consists of. Firstly, it is the main assistant and guide during the construction stage, which will help you create a house according to all the rules, make it reliable, comfortable and functional, and most importantly, safe for living.

Important! Building a house without a design is a huge risk. Without comprehensive information about the future home, it is impossible to control all expenses, calculate the required amount of materials and the size of the premises. Chaotic construction can have disastrous consequences in the form of subsidence of the foundation, inconvenient stairs and small rooms.

Secondly, a project is a document that provides control over the quality of construction and the consumption of materials. In the absence of estimate documentation, not only will the quality be low, but the construction itself will be illiquid. It is simply impossible to register such a house as real estate.

The house project consists of two main parts:

architectural and construction, which includes architectural drawings of facades and detailed construction diagrams indicating dimensions and materials;
engineering design, usually consisting of drawings of plumbing, sewerage, electrical, heating and ventilation systems.

Classic version of the project with drawings two-story house includes the following sections:

architectural, detailed by floor;
constructive with a detailed layout of the house;
electrical wiring plan;
water supply and sewerage scheme;
heating and ventilation system installation plan;
gas installation project;
project passport and explanatory note.

Helpful advice! Drawings can be made manually or using special computer programs for online house design.

List of required architectural drawings of a house with dimensions

Architectural and construction drawings require the indication of exact dimensions and contain characteristics of the general parameters of the house, individual buildings, structures and their parts. Included here are detailed plans for each of the floors, providing for the placement of living rooms and utility rooms. The area of all elements, the height of ceilings, and the location of openings for windows and doors are indicated.

For example, drawings for a two-story house with an attic in the architectural and construction section are arranged in the following order:

basement plan;
ground floor plan;
second floor plan;
attic plan.

Also in this section there should be a plan for the roof truss structure. To draw a drawing, it is necessary to depict the complete system of structural elements of the floors in section. The table attached to the drawing indicates the specification of the parts of the roof truss structure, full list range of materials and their quantity. The roof plan is drawn up separately, it indicates the shape, dimensions, roof pitch and angles of inclination, as well as the location of ventilation outlets, dormer windows, hatches, and attic windows.

Drawings of private houses must include several sections indicating all the elements of the structure along or across. They are performed sequentially from the roof to the foundation. Thus, the cross-section shows the dimensions and location of the floor, all ceilings and roof. There should be five similar cuts made from different sides.

Sectional drawings of a house and images of facades from different sides

It is impossible to draw a house project without depicting all the facades, which clearly demonstrate the external state of the front entrance, rear and side views. Thus, there should be four sheets where it is necessary to draw drawings depicting:

front facade;
side facade No. 1 (right side);
side facade No. 2 (left side);
facade of the back of the house.

A house elevation drawing actually displays the original sketches and outline plan of the building. It can be easily created using special computer programs, therefore, before drawing a house project, you need to think carefully about everything, consult with specialists in various fields in construction and coordinate all the details with family members. The final version should please everyone in the household.

After the drawings of the facades, a separate list in the table indicates the specification of the elements of carpentry - doors and windows, and the method of opening them is taken into account. For each product, clear shapes and parameters are indicated, the presence and quantity of glass is determined. A two-story house can have up to three dozen types of such products.

Helpful advice! You can create a project for a small two-story house by analogy with apartment drawings. The first floor is based on a plan two-room apartment, and the second floor includes a bedroom, two guest rooms and an additional bathroom.

Constructive section: how to draw drawings and diagrams of individual elements

The structural section is an already detailed part of the project, which contains both general and individual data, various layouts of building elements: foundation, staircase structures, floors, trusses. Also included in this part are detailed drawings of all components, which indicate the specifics of products and materials.

The cross-sectional drawing of the foundation deciphers the dimensions of the strip fortifications of the house, the depth of their occurrence and the materials that are necessary for their construction. The image of the foundation is presented in the form of the following plans and drawings:

general foundation plan;
longitudinal section diagrams;
cross-sectional drawings.

Certain types of drawings provide a section, their longitudinal and transverse sections at different marks:

overlap plan at point +0.00;
at + 3.00;
at an altitude of +6.00.

Assemblies of structural parts are objects of a special structure, including stairs and flights both outside and inside the premises. Accurate calculations for strength and static strength are also given here. This section of the project contains in separate tables the characteristics and sequence of use of materials, in particular:

steel reinforcement;
reinforced concrete elements;
wooden crossbars.

Engineering section: drawings of rooms and communications

The engineering section contains diagrams and drawings of electrical supply, water supply, sewerage, ventilation and heating systems. Explanation tables include data on equipment specifications and general calculations. These are separate components of the building located inside the future home.

The plumbing section contains a plan for the location of communications in the basement and on each floor. The sewerage system diagram is carried out in a similar manner. Sometimes these two plans are depicted in one drawing. There is also an axonometric diagram of the installation of cold and hot water supply.

The heating installation section presents floor-by-floor drawings, starting with the basement, and general scheme heating the entire house. Systems gas equipment and electrical supplies are shown in separate drawings with individual layout diagrams of gas and electrical installations.

In order to prevent thunder danger, it is necessary to include the installation of a lightning rod in the modeling of houses, since the absence of such protection can not only lead to destruction, but also pose a threat to the life and health of the inhabitants of the house. The installation of a lightning rod is carried out according to a separate scheme with the involvement of qualified specialists.

In working drawings, they are performed in lines without shadows. Greater expressiveness of the working drawing can be achieved through different line thicknesses.

On the drawings of the facades the following is applied:
- coordination axes passing in characteristic places;
- marks of the ground levels, basement, top and bottom of openings, parapet, canopy over the entrance and other elements characteristic of this structure;
- mark panels, windows and doors.

Facades play an important role in demonstration drawings, since they most clearly reflect the plans of the architect and engineer (authors of the project). Facades give an idea of the structure, plastic, texture of the building, the color of the enclosing surface, and the connections of the building with the surrounding space (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. Various facades of a two-story cottage from 4 sides

The chosen method of graphic execution of the building facade depends on the purpose of the building, the nature of its architecture and the scale of the drawing. Despite the variety of graphic techniques for making facades, the drawing must be extremely accurate in design, concise and easy to understand.

In modern graphics for the design of facade drawings, different techniques are used: linear, monochrome, black-and-white, and polychrome.

Executing facades in linear graphics for illustrative drawings is rare; this technique is mainly used in the absence of facade plasticity and when the silhouette of the building is clearly defined. Then it is enough to cover the linear drawing with a light transparent layer of diluted ink or watercolor. The lines of the drawing can have gradations in thickness, which enriches the image (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Example of façade design.

Black-and-white monochrome graphics (one color) of the facade are the most visual method of expressing the architectural form and space in the drawing (Fig. 3).

Modeling a shape with chiaroscuro can be conveyed in two ways: a wash and a stroke.

Washing is a classic technique for conveying chiaroscuro. Washing is done with diluted ink, watercolor or tea infusion.
Thanks to the transparency of the layers applied with a brush, the finest nuances of light and shadow are achieved.
The same effect can be obtained if you process the surface of the paper with a pen, drawing pen or rapidograph, using line art techniques and changing the direction, thickness, length and character of the stroke (straight, oblique, curvilinear, consisting of various combinations of dashes and dots), etc. .
You can process the drawing with a “dry” hard brush, stamp it with a sponge, different ways spray
When applying the graphic techniques listed above, the degree of overall intensity of the tone of the facade depends on the nature of the building depicted, the environment surrounding it, and the scale of the drawing.

When processing the drawing of the facade of a building, you must remember: as the shape (volume) is removed, the contrast of light and shadow weakens; falling shadows are heterogeneous in tone (depending on the lighting, they become lighter or darker closer to the edge).

Knowing and using these positions in the drawing, an aerial perspective is conveyed.

Black and white graphics, different surface treatments and certain ratios of black, gray and white can convey the texture and even the sense of color of the material.

The invoice is transferred various types stroke - the rougher the texture of the material, the larger the stroke should be.

Rice. 3. Drawings of the building facade, made in various graphic ways:
a) in line graphics
b) in black and white (polychrome) graphics (architectural and construction drawings).

Glass, for example, is depicted with thin vertical shading or, if its size is large enough, left white, which creates the impression of its lightness and transparency.

Color in a monochrome image is conveyed by the corresponding tonality of achromatic (black-gray-white) colors, since the color tone and its saturation are determined by brightness. How brighter color in nature, the darker the tone it is depicted - using this rule, you can convey the feeling in black and white graphics color scheme facades.

The use of color in architectural graphics (polychrome) serves to convey the polychrome qualities of the designed object more closely to nature: building materials, painting, monumental and decorative painting, etc. At the same time, color enhances the graphic expressiveness of the drawing.

In modern architectural and engineering graphics, the use of color should be of a conventionally graphic nature, therefore color washing with watercolors is used relatively rarely. The covering properties of gouache and tempera are more suitable for the technique of making a drawing in a clear graphic manner.

Modern polychrome drawing graphics make maximum use of white paper as an air medium when depicting a building.

Gouache and tempera are applied to the drawing with a continuous covering layer or thin, transparent layers of paint (glaze method), which helps to convey not only the color, but also the texture of the material. When treating walls with covering paint, the surface of the glass should be washed with ink or watercolor or left unpainted.
Sometimes, when making drawings of building facades, they combine different graphic techniques: classic washing and linear graphics, washing or shading with gouache or tempera. So, when creating the facade of a building in black and white graphics, you can create any elements of the building in color (doors, canopies, decorative panels). To select one or another drawing design technique, decoding is necessary.

Techniques for graphic design of architectural and construction projects are quite diverse: the use of watercolors, gouache, tempera, applications made of colored paper and other materials, as well as spraying with an airbrush, trimming with a hard semi-dry brush on a stencil, etc.