What to make a basement in a house from. How to build a basement under your house with your own hands

Our distant ancestors had no idea that a basement could be used as a living space.

However, with the development of technological progress, building materials have appeared that can make the basement suitable for habitation.

It is for this reason that owners of country houses, interested in increasing the usable area of ​​their homes, use basements for a variety of purposes.

Basements built in compliance with all technological features can perform a variety of functions - it all depends on the needs of the homeowner. In any case, this corner will not become a useless room, and it will definitely not be empty.

Types of basements by purpose

By method of use basements are divided into several types:

• Cellar for storing vegetables, fruits and various household preparations. Today, many residents of country houses enjoy growing vegetables and fruits. Now they will have the opportunity to set aside a separate corner for the harvest.
• Basement workshop. In this room you can make a full-fledged workplace, put comfortable tables and place all the necessary tools on the shelves in the basement.
• Basement as an additional room. Most often, original living rooms or cozy minibars with a wine cellar are arranged here. However, the basement may contain a bedroom, a recreation room, and a billiard room.
• Underground garage- This is a great idea for owners of small plots who do not have the opportunity to build a separate garage for storing and maintaining a car.
• Basement with bathhouse, sauna and swimming pool. With proper design and construction of this room, it will be a wonderful place for the whole family to relax.
• Basement as a technical room. Here you can place a boiler room or various communications, for example, a gas boiler for heating the house.

Materials and tools

To choose materials, necessary for the construction of a basement, should be approached with special attention, since not only the quality of the structure, but also the waterproofing process (protecting building structures from moisture penetration) will depend on them.

The optimal solution for building a basement would be sand-lime brick. When constructing walls and ceilings, it is better to use waterproof concrete, which will protect the basement from groundwater pressure.

As for tools, you will need:

• mixer for preparing concrete composition;
• several clean buckets;
• welding machine;
• shovel, as well as a bayonet-shovel;
• trowel (in other words, “trowel”, a tool that is a polished spatula on a curved handle);
• hammers of various sizes;
• saw;
• plane;
• hacksaw;
• axe.

Step by step construction of a basement

Before starting construction of the basement, it is necessary to carry out all the necessary calculations and compose blueprints future construction. In this case, the depth of soil freezing should be taken into account, as well as the negative destructive influence of groundwater.

Groundwater can make the basement unsuitable for full use. Long-term exposure to groundwater leads to destruction of the foundation, and then the entire structure.

Laying the foundation for a country house with a basement

It is clear that the basement will be below the ground surface, so it is necessary to dig a pit of the required depth (1.5 – 2 m), and then arrange it correctly.

The walls of the trench should compact so that the soil does not go down. Several layers of crushed stone and sand are placed at the bottom of the pit, which are carefully compacted.

Construction of a basement floor

It should be noted: if you make the floor after the walls, then the concrete mixture is poured air bag, and the construction of formwork is not required.

Basement floor construction technology:

• First of all it is checked pit depth, if necessary, remove excess soil.
• Next stage - basement waterproofing. This procedure can be carried out in different ways, but the simplest way is to use a special thick film for waterproofing; it is sold in specialized stores. This material is durable and does not lose its properties over many years.
• After waterproofing, it is mounted on the base of the floor thermal insulation layer, consisting of extruded polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, etc. Sheets of thermal insulation material are laid directly on the surface of the film.

Advice! In order to retain heat better in the basement, it is necessary that the thermal insulation layer be at least 5 cm thick.

• Next, another one is mounted waterproofing layer and then installed mesh for reinforcement. The thickness of the wire of such a mesh should be at least 3 mm.
• The last stage of forming the base for the floor will be pouring concrete mortar. The optimal thickness of the concrete layer is 8 – 10 cm.

After the concrete base has completely hardened, you can begin floor finishing in the basement. For this you can use ceramic tiles, floorboards etc.

Construction of monolithic walls in the basement

If technology is chosen for a house with a basement strip foundation, then the walls will be reliable and durable.

The procedure is as follows:

1. initially mounted stationary wooden mold, which corresponds to the height of the walls;
2. Further monolithic walls are reinforced. To do this, a reinforcement frame is knitted, the distance between the cells is 25x25 cm, the diameter of the reinforcing mesh is not less than 12 mm;
3. concrete is poured. It is important to fill at once, and not in several stages. To do this, you need to take care in advance of having the required amount of concrete solution.

Advice! The thickness of the concrete walls in the basement should be 20–40 cm. It may vary depending on the characteristics of the soil and the number of floors in the residential building.

Waterproofing in the basement

In order to prevent water from accumulating in the basement, you need to think about it waterproofing.

If the basement was built from foam blocks or bricks, all seams should be covered with a special waterproofing mastic and then carefully plaster the walls.

On the floor too all available joints processed with mastic. This procedure should only be performed on a dry surface.

Another mandatory action will be the production drainage(a method of collecting and subsequently draining groundwater from a building structure), which will protect the basement from flooding, as well as from moisture accumulation.

To do this, even at the stage of wall construction, specially dug trenches are installed at the base of the foundation (the lower part that is in contact with the ground). drainage pipes. Products are mounted at an angle of approximately 3 degrees. Water will drain out of them naturally.

How to make ventilation in the basement

Most often, to create comfortable conditions in the basement, they use supply and exhaust ventilation system providing a natural flow of fresh air.

It consists of:

• a supply pipe supplying fresh air from the street;
• a hood that removes air from the room to the street.

Exhaust pipe mounted along the ceiling and then brought to the roof. If there is a fireplace duct in the basement, then the hood is installed next to it. This can significantly improve the efficiency of basement ventilation. The exhaust pipe should be located higher than all buildings that are located near the house.

Supply pipe is installed on the opposite side from the exhaust, and is located approximately at a height of 50 cm from the floor. This pipe also leads to the roof.

How to insulate a basement

The basement is the coldest and most uncomfortable place in the whole house, so you should take care of it, which will not create condensation in the heat and retain heat in the cold.

After the waterproofing mastic has dried, you can begin the process of insulating the floor.

For this purpose it is used expanded polystyrene, which can be glued to the floor surface using bitumen (a resin-like or solid product - a mixture of hydrocarbons with sulfur, nitrogen, and metal-containing derivatives).

Expanded polystyrene sheets are covered on top asbestos-cement slabs.

Suitable for the ceiling surface:

• expanded polystyrene is glued to the ceiling using liquid nails or universal synthetic adhesives;
• mineral wool is mounted in the lathing, which is pre-made from boards or metal profiles;
• the foam is glued to the ceiling surface using a special adhesive.

Basement design

Basement design completely depends on the needs and desires of the owner of the house.

So, lovers of entertainment and fun parties can arrange there stylish bar, and connoisseurs of family holidays will like it living room with soft sofas, fireplace and large TV.

The decoration of the basement depends only on the preferences of the owner of the house; elements are often used brickwork, arches, and aged furniture and accessories. You should definitely take care of grounding the outlets, without which there can be no question of safety.

As a rule, the basement is connected to the house using a small hatch. For convenience, you can build a staircase or buy a ready-made structure.

Approximate cost of building a basement

If the basement is built with your own hands, then the monetary costs will only go to materials and necessary tools. Everything will depend on room size and, of course, from the professionalism of the performers.

If you involve professionals with construction equipment for the work, then prices vary from 500 thousand to 2 million rubles.

You can learn the features of building a basement with your own hands, from laying the foundation to erecting walls and ceilings, from this video.

To build or not to build when building your own home? When answering this question, you need to think carefully, weigh the pros and cons, and only then make a decision. I will try to help you with this as much as I can.

Implementing a basement can often be very rewarding. A workshop, sauna, laundry room, boiler room, games room (for example, billiard room), gym, etc. would fit in quite harmoniously there. In the basement it is easy to create comfortable conditions for storing winter supplies (vegetables, various pickles, etc.). If the terrain of the site allows, it is sometimes used as a garage.

In general, of course there are advantages, but there are also disadvantages. Almost everyone says that building a basement is quite expensive, especially when you have to deal with the problem of high... This process is very labor-intensive and requires qualified performers. If serious mistakes are made during construction, the basement will only cause you headaches.

The choice of design solutions during construction is mainly determined by two factors:

1. depth of groundwater;
2. the basement will be warm or cold.

First, consider the case when the groundwater level does not rise above the basement floor level. In this case, we need to protect it only from capillary moisture present in the soil.

So, first of all, we dig a pit. It is better not to deepen the basement into the ground to its full height. If the basement ceiling is located at a height of about 1 meter from ground level, it becomes possible to make window openings, that is, there will be natural light in the basement rooms. In addition, the presence of windows is very good from the point of view of basement ventilation, which is also important. When you raise your basement higher, the likelihood of it coming into contact with groundwater decreases.

Thus, taking into account the height of the ceilings in the basement, the height of the basement floors, the thickness of the preparatory layer and concrete floor, as well as the finished floor, we dig a pit to a depth of about 2-2.2 meters. After using the excavator, we clean out the pit by hand.

Construction of a basement takes more than one day. There is always a chance that it will rain. After this, the soil at the bottom of the pit may liquefy and lose its load-bearing properties. Therefore, it is necessary to take some measures to prevent this.

Firstly, when cleaning a pit, you need to give its bottom slight slopes from the center (for example, on two sides). Along the perimeter of the pit, you need to dig shallow ditches, also giving them a slope in a certain direction. At the lowest point we dig a pit to collect rainwater. You can dig a small barrel (metal or plastic) into it. Water is pumped out of it by any pump.

After cleaning the pit, we prepare the foundation. We fill the bottom with a layer of crushed stone 10-15 cm thick, and then the same layer of sand, with obligatory compaction. The ideal option is to use special vibrating plates for compaction. If there is none, we tamp it by hand, slightly moistening the sand.

Rolled waterproofing is rolled out onto the prepared base. Minimum 2 layers with mandatory welding of joints using a gas or gasoline torch. You can use regular roofing material, carefully coating it with bitumen between layers.

Then we install the formwork to pour the concrete floor. Its height is about 30 cm. It is convenient to use 2 edged inch boards 15 cm wide. Some builders fill the slab 20-30 cm protruding beyond the future walls of the basement. I can’t say for sure what the reason for this is.

If we are building a warm heated basement, we lay out a layer of insulation (5-10 cm) on top of the waterproofing. Extruded polystyrene foam is best suited for this. If the basement is supposed to be cold (for example, to store supplies for the winter, there is no need to insulate the floor. It will create the necessary coolness. At the same time, the floor of the first floor will need to be insulated.

Then we lay out the reinforcing mesh on the insulation in increments of 20 cm. We use reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm. It needs to be laid in 2 layers. If subsequently the basement walls are supposed to be made of monolithic reinforced concrete, we bend the ends of the reinforcement along the perimeter upwards, so that the reinforcement frame of the walls can then be tied to them (see photo). We fasten the rods together with knitting wire. In order to save money, it is better to use fiberglass reinforcement, which has recently become increasingly popular. It is cheaper, stronger, easier to work with and moreover, it does not corrode.

After completing the reinforcement, pour the concrete slab. Its thickness is at least 20 cm. After pouring, the slab must dry; it is recommended to load it with walls no earlier than after 3 weeks. If the basement walls are supposed to be made of monolithic reinforced concrete, you can start laying out the formwork and knitting the reinforcement cage literally the next day.

Basement walls, as mentioned above, can be built from monolithic reinforced concrete. Also, when groundwater occurs below the basement floor, the walls are constructed from FBS blocks, or laid out from ceramic (red) bricks. Sand-lime brick is not suitable for these purposes.

After erecting the basement walls, it is necessary to waterproof the outside. This is usually done in two ways:

1. coating with bitumen in 2 layers;
2. (for example, TechnoNIKOL, etc.)

5-7 days after waterproofing is completed, you can begin. For this, extruded polystyrene foam is again best suited. Conventional foam absorbs moisture over time and loses its properties. In order not to damage the waterproofing layer, it is better to glue the insulation boards. Bitumen mastics are used as glue.

Above ground level, it is better to fasten the insulation boards to the base using special dowels for foam plastic (the so-called “umbrellas”). It's more reliable this way.

It is recommended to do wall insulation in any case: both when the basement is heated and when it is not. The insulation protects the basement walls from freezing and its consequences - the formation of condensation on the walls, the appearance of dampness and mold. In addition, insulation boards protect the waterproofing from mechanical damage.

After insulating the walls, we backfill the soil with compaction. To additionally protect the basement from rainwater, be sure to make a blind area, and also lay insulation under it. This is discussed in more detail at the very end of the article about. There is also a short video there.

When building a basement, be sure to provide ventilation. It is performed in accordance with the diagram shown in the figure. Supply and exhaust air ducts are located in opposite corners of the room.

For the winter, the supply air duct is closed.

In cases where groundwater rises above the level of the basement floor, its construction is more complex and expensive. This is what we're talking about .

We will tell you briefly and clearly about the construction of a garage with a basement. You have been waiting for this moment for a very long time, and now it has happened! There's a brand new, shiny car sitting in your yard. But then the question of storing it arises.

Of course, it is best to take care of this in advance.

The best thing build a garage with a basement, and it’s also worth equipping it with a small workshop. The garage can be built from cinder block, brick, or use corrugated sheeting. The latter method is not entirely suitable for long-term storage of a car, since in such a room the metal is subject to severe corrosion.

So we will take brick construction as a basis.

As with all other construction, an important aspect is to carefully consider the design of the building and its components.

We will build a garage with a basement. It should be absolutely clear to everyone that an additional room will significantly save space in the already limited garage area. It is advisable to think through all this in advance, since in a ready-made garage, building a basement can be quite difficult. We can select the most optimal foundation option, think through the ventilation and waterproofing system.

It is worth carefully studying the characteristics of the soil on which your premises will be built. To build a garage with a basement, you will need to go deeper by about 2-3.5 meters.

So, foundation. Most often for building a garage with a basement A strip foundation system is used. This will also allow you to use part of the foundation as basement walls. If the soil has sufficiently high moisture content, it is advisable to build the cellar from monolithic concrete.

It has a higher density than tape and is also more waterproof.

To build the foundation we will need to dig a pit. Its depth should be at least 30 centimeters deeper than the planned basement floor. With independent construction of a garage with a basement you can significantly save money by reducing the area where the foundation is laid, since you can deepen the pit only in that part of it where the basement itself is planned.

Of course, for these purposes it is best to use special equipment, but if you do not have strong physical strength, you have a crowbar, bayonet and shovel shovels, and for a number of reasons you want to do all the work yourself, then go into battle!

We mark the future foundation on the ground using a tape measure. The horizontal level is drawn using a hydraulic or laser level. We form a sand cushion into the finished pit and compact it evenly, adding a small amount of water, and then lay the formwork.

Formwork can be made from boards and plywood.

DIY cellar under the house

Try to fit the boards tightly together to avoid excessive leakage of concrete mortar into the resulting cracks. Do not forget to lay asbestos-cement or plastic pipes for ventilation. They should also be insulated if necessary. For this you can use glass wool or polystyrene foam.

IN construction of a garage with a basement Keep in mind that the basement room must be well ventilated, do not forget to provide a ventilation system.

We pour the ready-made concrete solution into the prepared formwork, distributing it evenly over the entire area of ​​the foundation. It is advisable to carry out this operation at a time, i.e.

don't put it off until tomorrow. The finished foundation must stand for at least two weeks. For the basement itself, the best would be a reinforced concrete floor, but clay or wooden floor options are also possible. After this, it is imperative to waterproof the prepared basement area.

To do this, the walls are spilled with heated liquid bitumen. Only after this can you begin laying the floor of the future garage.

For building a garage with a basement, the floor can be formed using a reinforced concrete slab. To do this, you can use ready-made floor slabs, or make everything yourself.

If you decide to fill the floors yourself, you will need to make formwork for the future floor. Using boards or plywood we form the area of ​​the future floors. We install supports from wooden or iron posts at the bottom of the finished flooring. From the reinforcement we lay out a mesh with a cell of 20-25 centimeters. We twist the joints using wire or use welding.

It is necessary to make two similar layers, tearing them apart by 10-12 centimeters. We tear off the entire iron structure from the prepared formwork by about 4-5 centimeters.

And we proceed to pouring the prepared cement-sand mortar. Ideally, the finished floor slab should be at least 20 centimeters.

Garage wallswith basement We decided to build it out of brick. Yes, this is truly the ideal material for this room. The thickness of the masonry can be either a brick or one and a half.

This will probably depend most on the climatic conditions of your region. With a trowel, a level and a plumb line in your hands, you can easily erect garage walls in a short time.

For the binder, a cement-sand mortar is used in a proportional ratio of 1 to 4-6, i.e. you need to mix 1 part cement and 4-6 parts sand. Such proportions are quite sufficient, since the load on the brick will be mainly compression, but not tensile. When laying, take into account the location of the gates and, if any, windows.

Letting down masonry walls to the roof level, it is necessary to provide grooves for the roof rafters.

To do this, leave gaps of approximately 6-7 centimeters wide and 15-20 cm high. The distance between the grooves should be approximately one meter.

Now we can proceed directly to arranging the roof. For the base, a rafter board with a section of 15 by 5 cm is used.

We distribute the timber evenly by inserting it into specially prepared grooves in the walls, while tying it together using metal staples and nails. We create the so-called overhang of the roof using rafters 20-30 centimeters from the outer boundaries of the garage wall. Now we lay the sheathing for the roof.

This can be a beam with a section of 5 by 5 centimeters or an inch beam about 10 centimeters wide. We fasten it with nails or screws. Samu garage roof with basement the best thing build from corrugated sheets.

Metal profiles are widely used in construction. It has a fairly wide range of colors, and you can order the size you need.

garage door, as a rule, are placed with a bias in one direction or another. This is done so that shelving and a metal box for storing various fuels and lubricants can be placed on one of the walls of the garage. It is also possible to provide for the arrangement of the garage with mezzanines.

With the advent of such a wonderful structure as garage, and also in the basement, your life will gain even more fresh colors and moments.

Imagine how pleasant it will be to go into your own cellar in winter for a jar of goodies prepared in the summer. And most importantly, you yourself were able to build a garage with a basement. And this article has greatly helped you with this.

How to build a basement in a private house?

How to turn a basement into a living room?

Converting your basement into a living room can provide additional living space. You can use it as a gym, billiards, sauna, etc.

But there are some "pitfalls" here. We will look at all the difficulties in converting a basement into an apartment in a specific article.

The first question that comes to mind is how much it will cost per conversion. To answer accurately, you need to prepare a design and evaluate the operating data. However, you can make a rough independent estimate of the amount of work and costs involved in construction.

To answer this, you need to answer a few questions:

“Or your basement is dry enough to live in.”

If this is the case, it is relatively easy to solve other problems. When groundwater flows in the basement, mold or fungi on the walls, construction and renovation costs will increase significantly.

— What is the height of the basement? If you have a basement that is 2.5m or larger, it will fit the bill. In case you have less height, the space is suitable for billiards, sauna, gym.

— The presence of windows in the basement.

This does not necessarily mean having a window, but openings for their placement. The minimum width of the window should be at least 0.9 m. Of course, you can also widen the opening using your own hammer. But the vast majority of walls in the basement are carriers. This makes it difficult to enlarge the hole in the window.

Solutions to the problem.

- If the building is built on land with good soil permeability and the degree of occurrence of underground and groundwater, below the foundation level, at least 1 m.

Then you should not have problems with basement flooding.

What's worse is when there is water in the basement during the rainy season, humidity. It's quite difficult and expensive to make it harmless. To do this, you need to insulate the external walls of the basement, which will add additional heat to the basement.

Provide good drainage around the foundation. If these works are not carried out, the following tasks will not be possible in the following years: electrical installation and floor installation...
Typically, all basement walls are located in the basement. Therefore, redesign and radical design ideas are not suitable here.

DIY basement under the house

If the basements are not suitable for living, i.e. they do not have a height of 2.5. , you can increase it by removing the top layer in the basement. This method is usually the simplest and cheapest.

— Proper lighting in the rooms, we will increase the window openings. Do them where you like best. The easiest way to get basement windows is to place them 15-20cm above the ground.

This will solve the problem with rainwater and snow in winter.

— Sewerage in a deep basement should not be combined into a common tank. Because levels vary depending on the soil. To overcome this problem, you need to purchase a pumping station. For a family that uses a toilet, washing machine, shower, washbasin, a suitcase pump size will be sufficient.

Expansion of windows in the basement.

It is easier to expand windows on high bases when the basement is above ground. The complex, already a task, will expand the windows in depth...

Basement recess.

Converting a basement into a residential building involves increasing its height to at least 2.5 m. We will tell you how to do this.

How to build a basement with your own hands

In our country, suburban housing has private plots, which are usually used for gardens and vegetable gardens. A spacious and dry cellar in the house is necessary to preserve the harvest.

An office space for this purpose can be arranged in the basement under a residential building, garage or barn. It is also possible to build a separate structure. The final decision on the location of the cellar should be made based on the results of a study of the house and land.

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Preliminary work before construction

The site is studied during engineering and geotechnical surveys, for which specialists from design organizations are involved. In order to save money, you can do it yourself and conduct research on the soils and hydrogeological conditions of the area yourself.

A good result is obtained by interviewing neighbors and inspecting their cellars or basements.

When studying site conditions, you should pay attention to the following points:

• soil composition, depth of soil layers, tendency to accumulate moisture and heaving;
• groundwater level and the height of its rise during snow melting or intense precipitation;
• average depth of soil freezing.

This data will be necessary in the process of choosing the most optimal type of cellar for the given conditions and the method of its construction. Specialists use the obtained data in the process of design, calculation and estimate work.

The best option for the homeowner is, without a doubt, a cellar under the house with an entrance from the interior. It is better to lay such a structure at the construction stage. The option of constructing a buried structure during the reconstruction process is also possible, but it is quite troublesome and time-consuming.

Small cellar

Basics of cellar design

A country house with a basement equipped for storing supplies is being built taking into account the requirements of SNiP 31-02-2001 and SNiP 2.08.01-89, as well as RSN 70-88.

Regulatory documents define the geometric dimensions of residential and office premises. When equipping cellars, special attention is paid to the issue of waterproofing the walls and floors of buried storage facilities, as well as the necessary air exchange.

The main task that is solved during the construction of this room is to ensure a relative constant temperature at 8-12 °C with low air humidity.

During the design work, it is necessary to provide a ventilation system. In the vast majority of cases, a vertical duct with an external exhaust pipe is sufficient.

This method of air exchange does not require complex equipment or any operating costs.

Cellar ventilation diagram

A cellar in a private house is designed taking into account the overall size of the building.

When making calculations, the following points should be taken into account:

1. It is recommended to locate the storage facility near the geometric center of the building at an equal distance from the outer contour of the foundation.
2. The depth of the cellar is selected taking into account the groundwater level and the degree of seasonal fluctuations.
3. In the process of design activities, such a factor as soil composition must be taken into account.

The central placement of the cellar minimizes the impact of temperature fluctuations due to the cooling of soil masses and their freezing during the onset of cold weather. It is good if the entrance to the service premises is directly from the house - this will significantly reduce heat loss.

Drawing and diagram of the construction of the simplest cellar under the house

Cellars are classified, first of all, according to the degree of their deepening, which, in turn, depends on the level of groundwater fluctuations:

1. Underground structures are built when water layers are lower than 3-3.5 m or under houses located on a hill.
2. A semi-buried cellar is erected when the depth of soil water is no more than 0.8-1.2 m from the surface.
3. Above-ground storage facilities are constructed in areas where there is no possibility or use of underground or semi-underground premises due to the high probability of flooding.

Read also

How to make a roof drain

The choice of a specific type of cellar should be based on objective data and the results of long-term observations.

Cellars can be made in different designs. Return to contents

How to make a cellar in your home with your own hands

Preparation for the construction of an underground storage facility under a residential building

At the stage of laying the foundation, it is necessary to mark the pit and dig it.

Excavation work is carried out in compliance with rules and safety measures. The total depth of the pit should be about 2.7-3 m, and the diameter should be at least 2.5 m. The round shape for a buried structure is optimal and ensures its maximum strength. On the other hand, rounding a wall requires quite high qualifications from the mason.

Another option is the construction of monolithic walls made of concrete reinforced with steel or composite rods. This technology can ensure maximum resistance of underground structures to external mechanical loads. To make a cellar in a house correctly, you should evaluate your financial capabilities and practical skills in performing construction operations.

The choice of a specific technology for the construction of an underground structure will allow an assessment of the required amount of building materials.

To build load-bearing walls we need red brick. The amount of material is calculated based on the minimum thickness of the wall, as they say among professional masons, one and a half bricks. When choosing a brick, special attention should be paid to its quality.

In this video you can see how to build cellar walls with your own hands from bricks

For underground structures, the use of bricks of heterogeneous composition, having deep cracks or inclusions is unacceptable.

Construction material must be stored in proper conditions. Prolonged exposure of bricks to high humidity conditions can lead to a deterioration in its qualities and properties. When purchasing materials, you should ask the seller for certificates of conformity.

The walls of an underground storage facility must be built on a reliable foundation. Typically, the role of the base is performed by a reinforced reinforced concrete belt at the bottom of the structure. It is quite possible to build a cellar in a house with your own hands, especially if you strictly follow the construction technology.

Waterproofing floors and walls

Buried structures require high-quality protection from moisture penetration through building structures.

The most likely ways for water to enter a cellar or basement are:

• the presence of through gaps;
• violations of technology during bricklaying;
• penetration of moisture through capillaries in an array of building materials;
• the formation of condensation on walls or other surfaces due to temperature changes or insufficient air exchange.

Typically, waterproofing of walls, floors and ceilings is done using roofing felt. It is recommended to lay this roll material in two layers. The overlap of the sheets should be at least 10-12 cm, and each subsequent row should be laid perpendicular to the previous one. Under the waterproofing it is necessary to pour a gravel-sand cushion with a thickness of at least 100-150 mm.

Scheme of the cellar waterproofing device

It is possible to correctly build a cellar under a house with high-quality waterproofing of the walls during the process of laying the foundation.

In this case, the work will not be interfered with by other structures and elements of the building. During the construction of walls, bitumen mastic is applied to their outer surface, onto which, in turn, roofing material is glued. When performing this operation, the sheets are arranged vertically with an overlap of 8-10 cm.

The floors in the cellar are poured with mandatory reinforcement with a two-layer steel coarse mesh.

The screed is filled with a cement-sand mixture with the addition of a fine fraction of crushed stone as a filler. The mixture is prepared on site by hand or using a concrete mixer. It is possible to order concrete from a specialized enterprise with delivery to the work site by vehicle with the appropriate equipment.

Scheme of correct filling of the floor in the cellar

Overlapping device

As soon as the load-bearing structures of the walls and floor are ready, you can begin to build the ceiling above the cellar.

Taking into account the fact that the structure is of a recessed type, the best material for the floor would be a reinforced concrete slab. The calculation of the required number is carried out taking into account the length and width of the structure. When laying floor slabs, heavy construction equipment is used - a crane on a vehicle chassis.

When planning the construction of a house, you should decide in advance what its basement will be like. For example, if the site has clay soil, then the foundation will have to be buried below the freezing level of the soil, and if you add another meter from the soil to the ceiling, you will get a whole floor. If groundwater is far away, then why not make good use of this space?!

Considering that the strip foundation, which is required for a capital construction, is made to almost the same depth as the basement, you can get twice as much usable space at minimal cost.

The only thing is that it needs to be built correctly so that it does not become an unnecessary problem for the house. Therefore, next we will look at how to build a basement with your own hands so that it turns out reliable, dry and warm.

Before moving on to construction technology, let's consider the types of premises that are built under the house.

The fact is that not all of them are basements:

• Utility room– designed to accommodate technical structures, such as water heating boilers, filters, etc. The technical room, according to SNiP 31-01-2003, should not be higher than 1.8 m, otherwise it will be considered a basement.
• a solution for arranging an office or, for example, a billiard room. Unlike a basement, more than half the walls of such a floor are located above the ground.
• Basement - room, the main part of the wall of which is below ground level. Most often, such premises are used instead of sheds and other outbuildings. However, a properly executed basement can even be used as a living space, for example, you can equip a relaxation room and a sauna there, or you can come up with any other purpose for it.
• Often in a private house you can see such an underground. This solution will save living space in the house, however, in this case you need to worry about convenient entry for the car.

Basement construction technology

So, it’s decided - we’ll build a basement with our own hands! However, before starting work, you need to find out whether groundwater is leaking at the depth of the basement, and also determine the height of the building.

If the room will be used for technical purposes, then 1.9-2.2 m is enough. For the residential floor to be comfortable, it is better to make it higher - 2.5 -2.6 m.

Note!
If groundwater flows close to the soil surface, it is better to build a basement from reinforced concrete.
Moreover, concrete should be used grade M500, which will ensure the greatest reliability of the structure.

Another important aspect of construction is the building material. Concrete blocks are excellent for building a basement. Their advantages include the fact that during the construction of walls you do not have to prepare a large amount of mortar, or wait for the concrete to harden.

Thanks to this, the structure can be erected very quickly. The only thing is that the blocks must be aligned horizontally and vertically. In addition, if the blocks are large, they can only be laid using construction equipment.

An alternative to concrete blocks are reinforced concrete monolithic walls. Next we will look at both of these options.

Construction of the floor

The work, of course, begins with digging a pit. If you started construction in the spring, then it is quite possible that water will appear at the bottom of the pit. There are two solutions to the problem - pump it out or wait until it disappears on its own.

The next step is the construction of the floor, which will serve as the basis for the future basement.

The instructions look like this:

• First of all, the bottom of the pit is covered with a cushion - a layer of crushed stone 15 cm thick is poured, then a layer of sand of the same thickness is filled, and all this is carefully compacted.
• The bottom of the pit is covered with a layer of waterproofing material. The traditional option is roofing felt. When laying it, the joints must be soldered or coated with bitumen mastic.
• Next, the formwork is installed, and it must be installed along the outer perimeter of the future walls, since the slab serves as the basis for the walls.
• Before pouring, longitudinal reinforcement must be performed. Then the concrete is poured and work stops while it hardens.

Note!
Before starting to build walls, you must wait until the floor hardens, otherwise the blocks may push through the floor slab.

Construction of walls

Before laying the blocks, it is necessary to perform waterproofing, which will separate the concrete slab from the walls with waterproofing material. It must be said that waterproofing the basement during construction is carried out at almost every stage, including during the construction of walls; for this, the blocks are coated with a primer or other water-repellent material on the outside before laying.

The blocks should be laid from the corners, trying to do it as evenly as possible. The better they are laid, the easier it will be to plaster them later. In this case, it is necessary to provide a doorway, as well as openings for communications.

In the photo - laying concrete blocks

In addition, you should not forget about the ventilation holes, which are located 15 cm above the soil level. Subsequently, these holes are closed with meshes. As for the option, it would be 0.5 meters above the soil level.

Experts recommend completing the construction of the above-ground part of the walls with a concrete monolithic belt.

This belt performs two functions:

• Connects blocks, which makes the structure stronger;
• Allows you to level the base and bring it “under zero”.

In some cases, brickwork is used instead of concrete, but concrete is a more reliable solution.

The work of constructing a concrete belt is carried out as follows:

• The surface of the blocks is covered with waterproofing material;
• Then the formwork is installed and reinforcement is performed.
• In the center of the formwork at the height of the future plinth, threads are stretched in one horizontal plane, which indicate “zero”.
• Then the concrete is poured.

Another option for constructing walls, as mentioned above, is pouring concrete.

The work is performed in the following order:

• Even while pouring the slab, reinforcement bars are installed in a vertical position around the perimeter, which will serve as reinforcement for the walls.
• Then the formwork is installed and reinforced with spacers and beams.
• Next, longitudinal reinforcement is performed. The rods are tied with wire to the vertical reinforcement. The walls must have at least three strapping belts.
• After reinforcement, you can begin pouring concrete into the walls; it is best to complete this operation in one go. If the filling is done in layers, then the new layer is poured before the previous one sets. Otherwise, concrete can be poured only three days after the previous layer has set.

Advice!
It is advisable to “raise” the walls 20 cm above the soil level, after which a waterproofing layer is applied.

Waterproofing

Even if the basement was built on a dry area, it is extremely important to waterproof it, since precipitation is present everywhere. Therefore, after erecting the box, all joints must be treated from the inside with mastic at least 2 cm thick.

After this, the blocks themselves should be treated with the same mastic. Then you can apply plaster to the walls. In addition, you need to treat the floor slab with mastic. You can stick roofing felt on top of the mastic.

Advice!
It is advisable to cover not only the walls and floor with a waterproofing layer, but also the ceiling.
For example, if a kitchen is being built above the basement, then it is possible that liquid will leak into the basement.

Now the room is protected from moisture, but if it is not used as a cellar for storing vegetables, the underground floor still needs to be insulated. If possible, it is advisable to insulate the walls from the outside using extruded foam.

This material has good thermal insulation properties, water resistance and durability. In addition, it has a very affordable price.

It is necessary to insulate the walls from the outside below the freezing level of the soil; as a rule, this depth is 1.2-1.5 m. The slabs should be glued to the walls and the joints should be treated with silicone. The outer surface of the insulation must be covered with waterproofing material.

It is also important to insulate the basement floor. For this, insulation with a thickness of at least 10 cm is used, on top of which waterproofing is laid. Then you can screed over the insulation.

After all these manipulations, your home will have a dry and warm basement in which you can even live!

Conclusion

The construction of basements is a technologically complex process that requires a step-by-step approach. However, all the advantages that a house with a basement acquires justify all the efforts and costs of its construction. The most important thing is to fulfill the construction conditions given above.

For more information on this topic, watch the video in this article.

Building a basement in a house is a task that every land owner faces. It is almost impossible to imagine a cottage without a basement. And if you think that this structural element is intended only for storing unnecessary items, then you are deeply mistaken. Building a basement with your own hands can easily solve the pressing problem of lack of useful territory and save you from many problems. Don't believe me? This article will dispel your doubts!

Classification of basements

The construction of a basement in a private house can serve different purposes, according to which the underground is divided into several types.

Cellar. Excellent for storing fruits and vegetables, as well as winter preparations. However, keep in mind that in this situation you will have to forget about heating the underground spaces, and this is not entirely good for the foundation.
Basement-technical room. Will provide the opportunity to place engineering structures, for example, filters, water heaters, boilers. This will allow you to get rid of bulky appliances in the bathroom or kitchen and use the usable space to maximum benefit.

Basement-ground floor. Ideal for creating an office or billiard room. However, everything will depend solely on your fantasies. Do you want to set up a meeting place for football fans in such a basement, or do you want a gym.
Basement workshop. It will be a real salvation for those who like to make things with their own hands. You can divide the room into two functional areas: a workshop and a warehouse for storing tools.
Basement garage. One of the most popular options. But remember that the main condition during construction is convenient entry. The basement must be spacious, because you will have to worry not only about proper conditions for storing the car, but also for carrying out minor repairs if necessary.

As for the cost of building a basement, this figure can vary widely. In any case, building a basement at a price that suits you is quite possible.

Basement construction technology

If the basement will act as a technical structure, then the height of the walls should be in the range of 1.9-2.2 m. If this room is residential, then the optimal height is 2.6 m.

It is important!
If groundwater flows superficially, it is better to build a basement from reinforced concrete. For greater reliability, purchase M500 concrete.

The order of work also depends on groundwater. If they are too close, then the first step is to form the floor, while if they are absent, you can start with the walls.

How to make a floor?

A hole is dug with a margin of width (for formwork), a sand cushion is formed with the addition of crushed stone. Then the formwork is installed, waterproofing is laid, followed by reinforcement and concrete pouring.

If the walls were built first, then the sand cushion is simply filled with concrete mortar. A layer of waterproofing is laid between the walls, i.e. the need for formwork is eliminated automatically. The main thing here is to dig a hole to a depth similar to the depth of the walls (so that the sand cushion is at the same level).

How to make walls?

When constructing a monolithic basement, the walls are constructed using strip foundation technology. Trenches are dug, sand is poured onto the bottom, and formwork is installed. After waterproofing measures are completed, the reinforcing mesh is laid and concrete is poured.

If you decide to pour the floor first, then the formwork to form the walls is installed only after the concrete has completely hardened. Otherwise, the formwork braces may be pressed into the floor under the weight of the mortar, thereby forming unnecessary depressions.

Concrete, without a doubt, is a good material, but for those who are not looking for simple solutions and want to be 100% confident in the reliability of the building, it is worth considering building brick walls. Yes, such work requires extreme care, because... you have to monitor the horizontal and vertical walls, but the result is worth it.
Laying begins from the corner and continues to the 7th row. If you plan to apply plaster to the walls, make sure that the solution does not get on the inner surface.

It is important!
Professionals advise laying reinforcement mesh every half meter. This is necessary to give the structure additional strength. To completely cover the frame with the solution, increase the thickness of the applied layer by 2 cm.

Be aware of the locations of door and window openings. Jumpers can be either reinforced concrete or wood. Wooden ones are made from beams with a cross-section of 15 cm. Lintels, pre-treated with bitumen, are laid at a distance of 25 cm on each side. Reinforced concrete ones are mounted in reinforced formwork, identical in width to the walls. The diameter of the reinforcement is 7-8 mm.

Another option for building walls is to use blocks. The method is attractive because it saves time - a basement from blocks can be built very quickly. The only thing is that each block will have to be aligned horizontally, vertically and wall level. To prevent this process from seeming tedious, start laying from the corners. When planning load-bearing columns, it is recommended to fill them with concrete mortar using columnar foundation technology.

Basement waterproofing

Construction of a basement, even in the driest area, requires proper waterproofing. After all, heavy rains and burst water pipes have not yet been canceled.

Internal waterproofing

If the basement is made of bricks or blocks, then the gaps between the joints should be secured. The thickness of the layer of waterproofing mastic must be at least 2 cm. After coating the seams, you can additionally treat the blocks with the same mastic. Now it's time to plaster. Attach the reinforcement frame to the walls and apply a 3 cm layer of plaster.

Let's get to the floor. Coat the joints between the walls and the floor with bitumen. Ideally, penetrating waterproofing should be used, but keep in mind that filling concrete pores is only possible if the floor is not completely dry. But waterproofing mastic is applied exclusively to a dry surface.

External waterproofing

External waterproofing is designed to provide reliable protection from moisture outside the walls and under the floor. The best means of protecting the floor is clay compacted at the bottom of the pit, covered with a double layer of roofing felt and coated with bitumen.

Walls are protected in a similar way. However, first it would be a good idea to make sure that the horizontal waterproofing extends 15 cm beyond the wall. Then roofing felt is laid along the entire height of the walls. It should extend beyond the surface by 20 cm. If there is a gap of 10 cm outside the erected walls, then clay is laid along the entire perimeter; if more, halves of bricks are laid.

How to insulate a basement?

Whatever one may say, the basement is the coldest and dampest place in the house, which requires not only waterproofing, but also insulation. In hot periods, thermal insulation will eliminate condensation, and in winter - from heat loss.

Insulation of the walls is carried out after the waterproofing mastic has dried (on the 6th day). Extruded polystyrene foam boards are glued directly onto the waterproofing. Bitumen is suitable for gluing. The slabs should protrude 40 cm above the ground. Before filling the trench, cover the insulation with asbestos-cement sheets. But that's not all. After backfilling, horizontal insulation is carried out at the site of the future blind area at a depth of 30 cm.

Floor insulation is carried out according to the same algorithm. Expanded polystyrene 10 cm thick is laid on the waterproofing. Next, the second layer of heat insulation is laid. You can use penofol, which will reflect heat into the basement.

The ceiling also needs protection. Foam plastic, expanded polystyrene, and mineral wool are equally good for insulating it.

Basement ventilation

Construction of a basement in a finished house is impossible without designing a well-thought-out ventilation system. Most often, a supply and exhaust ventilation project, also called natural, is implemented, based on the temperature difference inside and outside the basement.

This ventilation system consists of two pipes: exhaust and supply. The exhaust system, starting from the ceiling, goes to the roof. The supply air supply is located on the opposite side and starts from the floor.

It is important!
The hood removes air from the room, and the supply pipe provides fresh oxygen. This way, natural ventilation helps maintain normal humidity in the basement.

The diameter of the pipes is of no small importance. The most profitable option is pipes with a total diameter of more than 10 cm. Although, if the basement is small, this figure can be reduced somewhat.

Now you know how to build a basement that will be dry and warm, which means that in such a room you can easily store household items, equip a gym or a car repair shop.

Basement construction: video