Hierarchy of kings in Rus'. Emperors and reigning empresses of Russia
Proclamation of the course towards the “village NEP” - 1925
The XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) - December 1925 proclaimed a course towards industrialization
Defeat of the “new opposition”
"United Opposition" - 1926-1927
Expulsion of L.D. Trotsky from the USSR-1929
Locarno Conference-1925
Soviet-German Treaty of Non-Aggression and Neutrality - 1926
The beginning of the USSR's participation in the work of the League of Nations Commission on Disarmament - 1927
USSR accession to the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
XV Congress of the CPSU (b), adoption of the first five-year plan - December 1927, proclaimed a course towards collectivization
Grain procurement crisis-1927-1928
First Five-Year Plan - 1928-1932
XVI Congress of the CPSU(b)-1930
Beginning of the Isotov movement-1932
Second Five-Year Plan-1933-1937
Beginning of the Stakhanov movement-1935
The appearance of the first MTS-1928
Message from I.V. Stalin about the “radical change” in the collective farm movement - November 1929
Transition to the policy of “liquidation of the kulaks as a class” - January 1930
Famine in the grain regions-1932-1933
Completion of collectivization-1937
“Shakhty affair” - 1928
Trial in the case of the "Industrial Party" - 1930
Trial in the case of the Union Bureau of Mensheviks - 1931
Activities of the “Union of Marxists-Leninists” headed by M.N. Ryutin - 1932
Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations” - 1932
1st Congress of Soviet Writers-1934
Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars "On the teaching of civil history in schools of the USSR" - 1934
XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) - January 1934
Adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR - November 1936
Campaign against formalism-1936
Trial in the case of the “Terrorist Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center” - 1936
Trial in the case of the “Parallel Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center” - 1937
Death of S. Ordzhonikidze - February 1937
Case of M.N. Tukhachevsky-1937
"Great Terror" - 1937-1938
Publication " Short course history of the CPSU (b) - 1938
Foreign policy of the USSR in the 1930s.
Entry of the USSR into the League of Nations-1934
Soviet-French-Czechoslovak mutual assistance agreement-1935
Soviet-Japanese conflict on Lake Khasan - July 1938
Soviet-Japanese conflict on the Khalkhin-Gol River - May-September 1939
Anglo-Franco-Soviet negotiations in Moscow - June-August 1939
Entry of Soviet troops into Western Ukraine and Western Belarus - September 17, 1939
Mutual assistance pacts between the USSR and the Baltic countries - September-October 1939
Entry of Soviet troops into the Baltic states - June 1940
Entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - June 1940
Establishment of Soviet power in the Baltic states - July 1940
Entry of the Baltic States into the USSR - August 1940
Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945.
1941:
Evacuation of government institutions from Moscow -
The Germans went on the defensive in the Moscow direction -
Resumption of the German offensive on Moscow-
June 22, 1941 Patriarchal locum tenens Metropolitan Sergius made an appeal to believers, in which he called on them to defend their Fatherland from fascist robbers.
A radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War -
1942:
Unsuccessful offensive of the Red Army in Crimea - April-May
Unsuccessful offensive of the Red Army near Kharkov – May
1943:
In September 1943 Stalin allowed the election of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', as well as the formation of the Holy Synod; Sergius was elected patriarch.
The tank column, named after Dmitry Donskoy, was created with money from clergy and parishioners.
Guerrilla operation "Rail War" - August-September
Guerrilla operation "Concert" - September-October
1944: military operations
Leningradsko - Novgorod - January-February
Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya - January-February
Dnieper-Carpathian – January-March
Crimean – April-May
Belorusskaya (Bagration) - June-August
Karelian – June-August
Lvovsko-Sandomirovskaya – July-August
Pribaltiyskaya – July-September
Yassko-Kishinevskaya – August
Petsamo-Kirkenes - October
East Carpathian – September-October
Debrecen - October
1945:
Budapest – February
Balatonskaya – March
Vistula-Oder - January-February
East Prussian and Pomeranian – January-April
Vienna – March-April
Formation and development of the anti-Hitler coalition:
Signing of the Atlantic Charter – August 1941
USSR accession to the Atlantic Charter - September 1941
Moscow conference of representatives of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - September 29-October 1, 1941
Anglo-Soviet Alliance Treaty – May 1942
Soviet-American Agreement – June 1942
Tehran Conference of Heads of Government of the USSR, USA, and Great Britain - November 28-December 1, 1943
Opening of a second front by the Allies in northern France -
Yalta Conference of Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - February 1945
Potsdam Conference of Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - July 1945
Post-war reconstruction-1945-1953:
Fourth Five-Year Plan - 1946-1950.
Abolition of cards for food and industrial goods - 1947.
Currency reform-1947
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On criminal liability for theft of state and public property” - 1947.
Testing of an atomic bomb in the USSR - 1949.
Fifth Five-Year Plan - 1951-1955
XIX Congress of the CPSU-1952
Test of a hydrogen bomb in the USSR - 1953.
Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad” - 1946.
Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the repertoire of drama theaters and measures to improve it” - 1946.
Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the film
“Big Life” - 1946
Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the opera “Great Friendship” by V. Muradeli” - 1948.
Arrest of members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee - 1948
Session of VASKHNIL, defeat of genetics - 1948.
Beginning of the campaign to “fight cosmopolitanism” - 1949
“Leningrad Affair” - 1949.
“The MGB Case” - 1951-1952.
Execution of members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee - 1952.
“The Doctors’ Case” - 1952
The beginning of the Cold War - W. Churchill's Fulton speech - 1946
Marshall Plan-1947
Creation of Cominform-1947
The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe - 1947-1948.
Soviet-Yugoslav conflict-1948-1949.
Berlin crisis-1948-1949.
Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR-1949.
Creation of NATO-1949
Creation of CMEA-1949
Korean War - 1950-1953
The Old Russian chronicle of the 12th century “The Tale of Bygone Years” introduces us to a very interesting event that happened in 862. It was in this year that the Varangian Rurik was invited by the Slavic tribes to reign in Novgorod.
This event became fundamental in the countdown of the beginning of statehood Eastern Slavs and received the code name “Calling of the Varangians.” It is with Rurik that the countdown of the rulers of the Russian lands begins. Our history is very rich. It is filled with both heroic and tragic events, and all of them are inextricably linked with specific personalities that history has placed in chronological order.
Novgorod princes (862-882)
Novgorod princes of the pre-Kiev period. The State of Rurik - this is how the emerging Old Russian state can be conventionally called. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, this time is associated with the calling of the Varangians and the transfer of the capital to the city of Kyiv.
Kyiv princes (882-1263)
We consider the rulers of Kyiv princes Old Russian state and the Principality of Kyiv. From the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 13th century, the Kiev throne was considered the most prestigious, and it was occupied by the most authoritative princes (usually from the Rurik dynasty), who were recognized by the other princes in the order of succession to the throne. At the end of the 12th century, this tradition began to weaken; influential princes did not occupy the Kiev throne personally, but sent their proteges to it.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
Yaropolk Svyatoslavich |
||
|
Svyatopolk Vladimirovich |
1015-1016; 1018-1019 |
|
|
Izyaslav Yaroslavich |
||
|
Vseslav Bryachislavich |
||
|
Izyaslav Yaroslavich |
||
|
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich |
||
|
Vsevolod Yaroslavich |
||
|
Izyaslav Yaroslavich |
||
|
Vsevolod Yaroslavich |
||
|
Svyatopolk Izyaslavich |
||
|
Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great |
||
|
Yaropolk Vladimirovich |
||
|
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich |
||
|
Vsevolod Olgovich |
||
|
Igor Olgovich |
August 1146 |
|
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich |
||
|
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky |
||
|
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich |
August 1150 |
|
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich |
August 1150 |
|
|
August 1150 - early 1151 |
||
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich |
||
|
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich |
co-ruler |
|
|
Rostislav Mstislavich |
December 1154 |
|
|
Izyaslav Davydovich |
||
|
Izyaslav Davydovich |
||
|
Mstislav Izyaslavich |
||
|
Rostislav Mstislavich |
||
|
Izyaslav Davydovich |
||
|
Rostislav Mstislavich |
||
|
Vladimir Mstislavich |
March - May 1167 |
|
|
Mstislav Izyaslavich |
||
|
Gleb Yurievich |
||
|
Mstislav Izyaslavich |
||
|
Gleb Yurievich |
||
|
Mikhalko Yurievich |
||
|
Roman Rostislavich |
||
|
Yaropolk Rostislavich |
co-ruler |
|
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
||
|
Yaroslav Izyaslavich |
||
|
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich |
January 1174 |
|
|
Yaroslav Izyaslavich |
January - 2nd half 1174 |
|
|
Roman Rostislavich |
||
|
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
end of August 1180 - summer 1181 |
|
|
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
summer 1194 - autumn 1201 |
|
|
Ingvar Yaroslavich |
||
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
||
|
Rostislav Rurikovich |
winter 1204 - summer 1205 |
|
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
||
|
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny |
August - September 1206 |
|
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
September 1206 - spring 1207 |
|
|
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny |
spring - October 1207 |
|
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
October 1207 - 1210 |
|
|
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny |
1210 - summer 1212 |
|
|
Ingvar Yaroslavich |
||
|
Mstislav Romanovich |
||
|
Vladimir Rurikovich |
||
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich |
June - end 1235 |
|
|
Vladimir Rurikovich |
end 1235-1236 |
|
|
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich |
1236 - 1st half of 1238 |
|
|
Vladimir Rurikovich |
||
|
Mikhail Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Rostislav Mstislavich |
||
|
Daniil Romanovich |
||
|
Mikhail Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich |
||
Vladimir Grand Dukes (1157-1425)
The Vladimir Grand Dukes are the rulers of North-Eastern Rus'. The period of their reign begins with the separation of the Rostov-Suzdal principality from Kyiv in 1132 and ends in 1389, after the entry of the Vladimir principality into the Moscow principality. In 1169, Andrei Bogolyubsky captured Kyiv and was proclaimed Grand Duke, but did not go to reign in Kyiv. From this time on, Vladimir received grand ducal status and turned into one of the most influential centers of the Russian lands. After the start of the Mongol invasion, the Vladimir princes are recognized in the Horde as the oldest in Rus', and Vladimir becomes the nominal capital of the Russian lands.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
Mikhalko Yurievich |
||
|
Yaropolk Rostislavich |
||
|
Mikhalko Yurievich |
||
|
Yuri Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Konstantin Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Yuri Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich |
1246 - beginning of 1248 |
|
|
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Khorobrit |
early 1248 - winter 1248/1249 |
|
|
Andrey Yaroslavovich |
||
|
Yaroslav Yaroslavovich Tverskoy |
||
|
Vasily Yaroslavovich Kostromskoy |
||
|
Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky |
December 1283 - 1293 |
|
|
Andrey Alexandrovich Gorodetsky |
||
|
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Tverskoy |
||
|
Yuri Danilovich |
||
|
Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (Tverskoy) |
||
|
Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy |
||
|
Alexander Vasilievich Suzdalsky |
||
|
co-ruler |
||
|
Semyon Ivanovich Gordy |
||
|
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red |
||
|
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy |
early January - spring 1363 |
|
|
Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal-Nizhegorodsky |
||
|
Vasily Dmitrievich |
Moscow princes and grand dukes (1263-1547)
During the period of feudal fragmentation, Moscow princes increasingly found themselves at the head of the troops. They managed to get out of conflicts with other countries and neighbors, achieving a positive solution to their own political issues. The Moscow princes changed history: they overthrew the Mongol yoke and returned the state to its former greatness.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
nominally 1263, actually from 1272 (no later than 1282) - 1303 |
||
|
Yuri Danilovich |
||
|
Semyon Ivanovich Gordy |
||
|
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red |
||
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
Yuri Dmitrievich |
spring - summer 1433 |
|
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
Yuri Dmitrievich Zvenigorodsky |
||
|
Vasily Yurievich Kosoy |
||
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka |
||
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka |
||
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
co-ruler Vasily II |
||
|
Ivan Ivanovich Young |
co-ruler |
|
|
Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk |
co-ruler |
|
|
co-ruler of Ivan III |
||
Russian Tsars
Rurikovich
In 1547, the Sovereign of All Rus' and Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible was crowned Tsar and took the full title “Great Sovereign, by the grace of God Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus', Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan, Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others"; Subsequently, with the expansion of the borders of the Russian state, “Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia”, “and ruler of all Northern countries” were added to the title.
Godunovs
The Godunovs are an ancient Russian noble family, which after the death of Fyodor I Ivanovich became the Russian royal dynasty (1598-1605).
Time of Troubles
At the very beginning of the 17th century, the country was struck by a deep spiritual, economic, social, political and foreign policy crisis. It coincided with a dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power. All this brought the country to the brink of disaster. The impetus for the start of the Troubles was the suppression of the royal Rurik dynasty after the death of Fyodor I Ioannovich and the not very clear policy of the new royal dynasty of the Godunovs.
Romanovs
The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family. In 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was held in Moscow to elect a new tsar. The total number of electors exceeded 800 people representing 58 cities. The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom put an end to the Troubles and gave rise to the Romanov dynasty.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
Mikhail Fedorovich |
||
|
Patriarch Filaret |
Co-ruler of Mikhail Fedorovich from 1619 to 1633 with the title "Great Sovereign" |
|
|
Fedor III Alekseevich |
||
|
Ivan V Alekseevich |
Ruled until 1696 with his brother |
|
|
Until 1696 he ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V |
Russian emperors (1721-1917)
The title of Emperor of All Russia was adopted by Peter I on October 22 (November 2), 1721. This adoption took place at the request of the Senate after the victory in the Northern War. The title lasted until the February Revolution of 1917.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
Peter I the Great |
||
|
Catherine I |
||
|
Anna Ioannovna |
||
|
Elizaveta Petrovna |
||
|
Catherine II the Great |
||
|
Alexander I |
||
|
Nicholas I |
||
|
Alexander II |
||
|
Alexander III |
||
|
Nicholas II |
Provisional Government (1917)
In February 1917 there was February Revolution. As a result, on March 2, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne. Power was in the hands of the Provisional Government.
After the October Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown, the Bolsheviks came to power and began building a new state.
These people can be considered formal leaders only because the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) - VKP(b) - CPSU committee after the death of V.I. Lenin was actually the most important government position.
|
Kamenev Lev Borisovich |
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee |
|
|
Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich |
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee |
|
|
Vladimirsky Mikhail Fedorovich |
And about. Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee |
|
|
Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich |
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, from December 30, 1922 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from January 17, 1938 - |
|
|
Shvernik Nikolay Mikhailovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Podgorny Nikolay Viktorovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich |
||
|
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich |
||
|
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
|
|
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich |
And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces |
|
|
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
|
|
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich |
And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces |
|
|
Gromyko Andrey Andreevich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), CPSU(b), CPSU (1922-1991)
|
Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich |
First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
|
|
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich |
Until 04/08/1966 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, from 04/08/1966 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
|
|
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich |
||
|
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich |
||
|
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich |
President of the USSR (1990-1991)
Presidential post Soviet Union was introduced on March 15, 1990 by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR with appropriate amendments to the Constitution of the USSR.
Presidents of the Russian Federation (1991-2018)
The post of President of the RSFSR was established on April 24, 1991 based on the results of the All-Russian referendum.
Description of history in textbooks and multimillion-dollar circulations works of art in recent decades has been, to put it mildly, questioned. The rulers of Russia in chronological order are of great importance in the study of ancient times. People interested in their native history are beginning to understand that, in fact, the real history written on paper does not exist; there are versions from which everyone chooses their own, corresponding to their ideas. History from textbooks is only suitable as a starting point.
Rulers of Rus' during the period of the highest rise of the Ancient State
Much of what is known about the history of Rus' - Russia is gleaned from “lists” of chronicles, the originals of which have not survived. In addition, even copies often contradict themselves and the elementary logic of events. Often historians are forced to accept only their own opinion and claim it to be the only correct one.
The first legendary rulers of Rus', who date back to 2.5 thousand years BC, were brothers Slovenian and Rus. They descend from the son of Noah Japheth (hence Vandal, Obodrit, etc.). The people of Rus are the Russians, the Rus, the people of Slovenia are the Slovenes, the Slavs. On the lake The Ilmen brothers built the cities of Slovensk and Rusa (currently Staraya Rusa). Veliky Novgorod was later built on the site of the burned Slovensk.
Known descendants of Sloven - Burivoy and Gostomysl- the son of Burivoy, either the mayor, or the foreman of Novgorod, who, having lost all his sons in battles, called his grandson Rurik to Rus' from the related tribe Rus (specifically from the island of Rügen).
Next come the versions written by German “historiographers” (Bayer, Miller, Schletzer) in Russian service. In the German historiography of Rus', it is striking that it was written by people who did not know the Russian language, traditions and beliefs. Who collected and rewrote chronicles, without preserving, but often deliberately destroying, adjusting the facts to some ready-made version. It is interesting that for several hundred years, Russian historiographers, instead of refuting the German version of history, did their best to adapt new facts and research to it.
Rulers of Rus' according to historical tradition:
1. Rurik (862 – 879)- called by his grandfather to restore order and stop civil strife between Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes in the territory of modern Leningrad and Novgorod regions. Founded or restored the city of Ladoga (Old Ladoga). Ruled in Novgorod. After the Novgorod uprising of 864, under the leadership of the governor Vadim the Brave, he united northwestern Rus' under his leadership.
According to legend, he sent (or they left) the warriors Askold and Dir by water fight in Constantinople. They captured Kyiv on the way.
It is not known exactly how the founder of the Rurik dynasty died.
2. Oleg the Prophet (879 – 912)- a relative or successor of Rurik, who remained at the head of the Novgorod state, either as the guardian of Rurik’s son, Igor, or as a legitimate prince.
In 882 he goes to Kyiv. Along the way, he peacefully annexed to the principality many tribal Slavic lands along the Dnieper, including the lands of the Smolensk Krivichi. In Kyiv he kills Askold and Dir, makes Kyiv the capital.
In 907 he waged a victorious war with Byzantium - a trade agreement beneficial for Rus' was signed. He nails his shield to the gates of Constantinople. He made many successful and not so military campaigns (including defending the interests of the Khazar Khaganate), becoming the creator of the state of Kievan Rus. According to legend, he dies from a snake bite.
3. Igor (912 – 945)- fights for the unity of the state, constantly pacifying and annexing the surrounding Kyiv lands and Slavic tribes. It has been at war with the Pechenegs since 920. Makes two campaigns against Constantinople: in 941 - unsuccessful, in 944 - with the conclusion of an agreement on more favorable terms for Rus' than Oleg's. He dies at the hands of the Drevlyans, going for a second tribute.
4. Olga (945 – after 959)- regent for three-year-old Svyatoslav. The date of birth and origin are not precisely established - either an ordinary Varangian, or Oleg’s daughter. She took cruel and sophisticated revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband. She clearly established the size of the tribute. Divided Rus' into parts controlled by tiuns. Introduced a system of graveyards - places of trade and exchange. She built fortresses and cities. In 955 she was baptized in Constantinople.
The time of her reign is characterized by peace with the surrounding countries and the development of the state in all respects. The first Russian saint. She died in 969.
5. Svyatoslav Igorevich (959 – March 972)- the date of the beginning of the reign is relative - the country was ruled by the mother until her death, Svyatoslav himself preferred to fight and was in Kyiv rarely and not for long. Even the first Pecheneg raid and the siege of Kyiv was met by Olga.
As a result of two campaigns, Svyatoslav defeated the Khazar Khaganate, to which Rus' had been paying tribute with its soldiers for a long time. He conquered and imposed tribute on Volga Bulgaria. Supporting ancient traditions and in agreement with the squad, he despised Christians, Muslims and Jews. He conquered Tmutarakan and made the Vyatichi tributaries. In the period from 967 to 969 he successfully fought in Bulgaria under an agreement with the Byzantine Empire. In 969, he distributed Rus' among his sons into appanages: Yaropolk - Kyiv, Oleg - the Drevlyan lands, Vladimir (the bastard son of the housekeeper) - Novgorod. He himself went to the new capital of his state - Pereyaslavets on the Danube. In 970 - 971 he fought with the Byzantine Empire with varying success. Killed by Pechenegs, bribed by Constantinople, on the way to Kyiv, as he became too strong an enemy for Byzantium.
6. Yaropolk Svyatoslavich (972 – 06/11/978)– tried to establish relationships with the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. Supported Christians in Kyiv. Minted his own coin.
In 978 he defeated the Pechenegs. In 977, at the instigation of the boyars, he began an internecine war with his brothers. Oleg died trampled by horses during the siege of the fortress, Vladimir fled “overseas” and returned with a mercenary army. As a result of the war, Yaropolk, who was invited to the negotiations, was killed, and Vladimir took the grand-ducal place.
7. Vladimir Svyatoslavich (06/11/978 – 07/15/1015)- made attempts to reform the Slavic Vedic cult, using human sacrifices. He conquered Cherven Rus and Przemysl from the Poles. He conquered the Yatvingians, which opened the way for Rus' to the Baltic Sea. He imposed tribute on the Vyatichi and Rodimichs, while uniting the Novgorod and Kyiv lands. Concluded a profitable peace with Volga Bulgaria.
He captured Korsun in the Crimea in 988 and threatened to march on Constantinople if he did not get the sister of the Byzantine emperor as his wife. Having received a wife, he was baptized there in Korsun and began to spread Christianity in Rus' “with fire and sword.” During forced Christianization, the country was depopulated - out of 12 million, only 3 remained. Only Rostov-Suzdal land was able to avoid forced Christianization.
He paid a lot of attention to the recognition of Kievan Rus in the West. He built several fortresses to defend the principality from the Polovtsians. With military campaigns he reached the North Caucasus.
8. Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 – 1016, 1018 – 1019)- Using the support of the people and boyars, he took the Kiev throne. Soon three brothers die - Boris, Gleb, Svyatoslav. His brother, Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod, begins to wage an open struggle for the grand-ducal throne. After the defeat from Yaroslav, Svyatopolk runs to his father-in-law, King of Poland Boleslav I the Brave. In 1018, he defeated Yaroslav with Polish troops. The Poles, who began to plunder Kyiv, caused popular indignation, and Svyatopolk was forced to disperse them, leaving him without troops.
Yaroslav, who returned with new troops, easily takes Kyiv. Svyatopolk, with the help of the Pechenegs, tries to regain power, but to no avail. He dies, deciding to go to the Pechenegs.
For the murders of his brothers attributed to him, he was nicknamed the Damned.
9. Yaroslav the Wise (1016 – 1018, 1019 – 02/20/1054)– first settled in Kyiv during the war with his brother Svyatopolk. He received support from the Novgorodians, and besides them he had a mercenary army.
The beginning of the second period of reign was marked by princely strife with his brother Mstislav, who defeated Yaroslav's troops and captured the left bank of the Dnieper with Chernigov. Peace was concluded between the brothers, they went on joint campaigns against Yasov and the Poles, but Grand Duke Yaroslav remained in Novgorod, and not in the capital Kyiv, until his brother’s death.
In 1030 he defeated Chud and founded the city of Yuryev. Immediately after Mstislav's death, fearing competition, he imprisons his last brother Sudislav and moves to Kyiv.
In 1036 he defeated the Pechenegs, freeing Rus' from raids. In subsequent years, he made campaigns against the Yatvingians, Lithuania and Mazovia. In 1043 - 1046 he fought with Byzantine Empire because of the murder of a noble Russian in Constantinople. Breaks the alliance with Poland and marries his daughter Anna to the French king.
Founds monasteries and builds temples, incl. St. Sophia Cathedral, erects stone walls to Kyiv. By order of Yaroslav, many books are translated and rewritten. Opens the first school for children of priests and village elders in Novgorod. With him, the first metropolitan of Russian origin appears - Hilarion.
Publishes the Church Charter and the first known set of laws of Rus', “Russian Truth”.
10. Izyaslav Yaroslavich (02/20/1054 – 09/14/1068, 05/2/1069 – March 1073, 06/15/1077 – 10/3/1078)- a prince not loved by the people of Kiev, forced to periodically hide outside the principality. Together with his brothers, he creates a set of laws “Pravda Yaroslavichy”. The first reign is characterized by joint decision-making by all Yaroslavich brothers - the Triumvirate.
In 1055, the brothers defeated the Torks near Pereyaslavl and established borders with the Polovtsian Land. Izyaslav provides assistance to Byzantium in Armenia, seizes the lands of the Baltic people - golyad. In 1067, as a result of the war with the Principality of Polotsk, Prince Vseslav the Magician was captured by deception.
In 1068, Izyaslav refused to arm the people of Kiev against the Polovtsians, for which he was expelled from Kyiv. Returns with Polish troops.
In 1073, as a result of a conspiracy drawn up by his younger brothers, he left Kyiv and wandered around Europe for a long time in search of allies. The throne is returned after Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich dies.
He died in a battle with his nephews near Chernigov.
11. Vseslav Bryachislavich (09/14/1068 – April 1069)- Prince of Polotsk, released from arrest by the people of Kiev who rebelled against Izyaslav and elevated to the grand princely throne. Left Kyiv when Izyaslav approached with the Poles. He reigned in Polotsk for more than 30 years, without stopping the fight against the Yaroslavichs.
12.Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (03/22/1073 – 12/27/1076)- came to power in Kyiv as a result of a conspiracy against his older brother, with the support of the people of Kiev. He devoted a lot of attention and money to maintaining the clergy and the church. Died as a result of surgery.
13.Vsevolod Yaroslavich (01/1/1077 – July 1077, October 1078 – 04/13/1093)– the first period ended with the voluntary transfer of power to brother Izyaslav. For the second time he took the place of the Grand Duke after the death of the latter in an internecine war.
Almost the entire period of reign was marked by fierce internecine struggle, especially with the Principality of Polotsk. Vladimir Monomakh, the son of Vsevolod, distinguished himself in this civil strife, who, with the help of the Polovtsians, carried out several devastating campaigns against the Polotsk lands.
Vsevolod and Monomakh conducted campaigns against the Vyatichi and Polovtsians.
Vsevolod married his daughter Eupraxia to the Emperor of the Roman Empire. The marriage, sanctified by the church, ended in scandal and accusations against the emperor of conducting satanic rituals.
14. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (04/24/1093 – 04/16/1113)- the first thing he did, upon ascending the throne, was arrest the Polovtsian ambassadors, starting a war. As a result, together with V. Monomakh, he was defeated by the Polovtsians on Stugna and Zhelani, Torchesk was burned and three main Kyiv monasteries were plundered.
The princely feuds were not stopped by the congress of princes in Lyubech in 1097, which assigned possessions to the branches of the princely dynasties. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich remained the Grand Duke and ruler of Kyiv and Turov. Immediately after the congress, he slandered V. Monomakh and other princes. They responded with a siege of Kyiv, which ended in a truce.
In 1100, at the congress of princes in Uvetchytsy, Svyatopolk received Volyn.
In 1104, Svyatopolk organized a campaign against the Minsk prince Gleb.
In 1103–1111, a coalition of princes led by Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh successfully waged a war against the Polovtsians.
The death of Svyatopolk was accompanied by an uprising in Kyiv against the boyars and moneylenders closest to him.
15. Vladimir Monomakh (04/20/1113 – 05/19/1125)- invited to reign during the uprising in Kyiv against the administration of Svyatopolk. He created the “Charter on Cuts,” which was included in “Russkaya Pravda,” which eased the situation of debtors while fully maintaining feudal relations.
The beginning of the reign was not without civil strife: Yaroslav Svyatopolchich, who claimed the throne of Kiev, had to be expelled from Volyn. The period of Monomakh's reign was the last period of strengthening of the grand ducal power in Kyiv. Together with his sons, the Grand Duke owned 75% of the territory of chronicle Rus'.
To strengthen the state, Monomakh often used dynastic marriages and his authority as a military leader - the conqueror of the Polovtsians. During his reign, his sons defeated the Chud and defeated the Volga Bulgars.
In 1116–1119, Vladimir Vsevolodovich successfully fought with Byzantium. As a result of the war, as a ransom, he received from the emperor the title “Tsar of All Rus'”, a scepter, an orb, and a royal crown (Monomakh’s cap). As a result of negotiations, Monomakh married his granddaughter to the emperor.
16. Mstislav the Great (05/20/1125 – 04/15/1132)- initially owned only the Kyiv land, but was recognized as the eldest among the princes. Gradually he began to control the cities of Novgorod, Chernigov, Kursk, Murom, Ryazan, Smolensk and Turov through dynastic marriages.
In 1129 he plundered the Polotsk lands. In 1131, he deprived of allotments and expelled the Polotsk princes, led by the son of Vseslav the Magician - Davyd.
In the period from 1130 to 1132 he made several campaigns with varying success against the Baltic tribes, including Chud and Lithuania.
The State of Mstislav is the last informal unification of the principalities of Kievan Rus. He controlled all the major cities, the entire route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”; the accumulated military power gave him the right to be called the Great in the chronicles.
Rulers of the Old Russian state during the period of fragmentation and decline of Kyiv
The princes on the Kiev throne during this period were replaced frequently and did not rule for long, most of them not showing themselves to be anything remarkable:
1. Yaropolk Vladimirovich (04/17/1132 – 02/18/1139)- the prince of Pereyaslavl was called to rule the people of Kiev, but his first decision to transfer Pereyaslavl to Izyaslav Mstislavich, who had previously ruled in Polotsk, caused indignation among the people of Kiev and the expulsion of Yaropolk. In the same year, the people of Kiev summoned Yaropolk again, but Polotsk, to which the dynasty of Vseslav the Sorcerer returned, broke away from Kievan Rus.
In the internecine struggle that began between the various branches of the Rurikovichs, the Grand Duke was unable to show firmness and by the time of his death he had lost control, in addition to Polotsk, over Novgorod and Chernigov. Nominally, only the Rostov-Suzdal land was subordinate to him.
2. Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (22.02 – 4.03.1139, April 1151 – 6.02.1154)- the first, one and a half week period of reign ended with the overthrow of Vsevolod Olgovich, the Chernigov prince.
In the second period it was only an official sign; real power belonged to Izyaslav Mstislavich.
3. Vsevolod Olgovich (03/05/1139 – 08/1/1146)- Chernigov prince, forcibly removed Vyacheslav Vladimirovich from the throne, interrupting the reign of the Monomashichs in Kyiv. He was not loved by the people of Kiev. The entire period of his reign skillfully maneuvered between the Mstislavovichs and the Monomashichs. He constantly fought with the latter, tried to keep his own relatives away from the grand-ducal power.
4. Igor Olgovich (1 – 08/13/1146)– received Kyiv according to his brother’s will, which outraged the city residents. The townspeople called Izyaslav Mstislavich to the throne from Pereslavl. After the battle between the contenders, Igor was put in a log, where he became seriously ill. Released from there, he became a monk, but in 1147, on suspicion of conspiracy against Izyaslav, he was executed by vengeful Kyivians only because Olgovich.
5. Izyaslav Mstislavich (08/13/1146 – 08/23/1149, 1151 – 11/13/1154)- in the first period, in addition to Kyiv, he directly ruled Pereyaslavl, Turov, and Volyn. In the internecine struggle with Yuri Dolgoruky and his allies, he enjoyed the support of the Novgorodians, Smolensk and Ryazan residents. He often attracted allied Cumans, Hungarians, Czechs, and Poles into his ranks.
For attempting to elect a Russian metropolitan without the approval of the patriarch of Constantinople, he was excommunicated from the church.
He had the support of the people of Kiev in the fight against the Suzdal princes.
6. Yuri Dolgoruky (08/28/1149 – summer 1150, summer 1150 – beginning 1151, 03/20/1155 – 05/15/1157)- Suzdal prince, son of V. Monomakh. He sat on the grand-ducal throne three times. The first two times he was expelled from Kyiv by Izyaslav and the people of Kiev. In his struggle for the rights of Monomashich, he relied on the support of Novgorod - the Seversk prince Svyatoslav (brother of Igor, executed in Kyiv), the Galicians and the Polovtsians. The decisive battle in the fight against Izyaslav was the Battle of Ruta in 1151. Having lost which, Yuri one by one lost all his allies in the south.
The third time he subjugated Kyiv after Izyaslav and his co-ruler Vyacheslav died. In 1157 he committed unsuccessful trip to Volyn, where the sons of Izyaslav settled.
Presumably poisoned by the people of Kiev.
In the south, only one son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Gleb, was able to gain a foothold in the Pereyaslavl principality, which had separated from Kyiv.
7. Rostislav Mstislavich (1154 – 1155, 04/12/1159 – 02/8/1161, March 1161 – 03/14/1167)- Prince of Smolensk for 40 years. Founded the Grand Duchy of Smolensk. He first took the Kiev throne at the invitation of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich, who called him to be a co-ruler, but soon died. Rostislav Mstislavich was forced to come out to meet Yuri Dolgoruky. Having met with his uncle, the Smolensk prince ceded Kyiv to his older relative.
The second and third terms of rule in Kyiv were divided by the attack of Izyaslav Davydovich with the Polovtsy, which forced Rostislav Mstislavovich to hide in Belgorod, waiting for his allies.
The reign was distinguished by calmness, insignificance of civil strife and peaceful resolution of conflicts. The attempts of the Polovtsians to disturb the peace in Rus' were suppressed in every possible way.
With the help of a dynastic marriage, he annexed Vitebsk to the Smolensk principality.
8. Izyaslav Davydovich (winter 1155, 05/19/1157 - December 1158, 02/12 - 03/6/1161)- became the Grand Duke for the first time, defeating the troops of Rostislav Mstislavich, but was forced to cede the throne to Yuri Dolgoruky.
He took the throne for the second time after the death of Dolgoruky, but was defeated near Kiev by the Volyn and Galich princes for refusing to hand over the pretender to the Galician throne.
The third time he captured Kyiv, but was defeated by the allies of Rostislav Mstislavich.
9. Mstislav Izyaslavich (12/22/1158 – spring 1159, 05/19/1167 – 03/12/1169, February – 04/13/1170)- for the first time he became the prince of Kyiv, expelling Izyaslav Davydovich, but ceded the great reign to Rostislav Mstislavich, as the eldest in the family.
The people of Kiev called him to rule for the second time after the death of Rostislav Mstislavich. Could not maintain his rule against the army of Andrei Bogolyubsky.
The third time he settled in Kyiv without a fight, using the love of the people of Kiev and expelling Gleb Yuryevich, who was imprisoned in Kyiv by Andrei Bogolyubsky. However, abandoned by the allies, he was forced to return to Volyn.
He became famous for his victory over the Cumans at the head of coalition troops in 1168.
He is considered the last great Kyiv prince who had real power over Russia.
With the rise of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, Kyiv is increasingly becoming an ordinary appanage, although it retains the name “great”. Problems, most likely, need to be looked for in what and how the rulers of Russia did, in the chronological order of their inheritance of power. Decades of civil strife bore fruit - the principality weakened and lost its importance for Rus'. Reign in Kyiv than the main thing. Often the Kyiv princes were appointed or replaced by the Grand Duke from Vladimir.
Peter I Alekseevich 1672 - 1725
Peter I was born on 05/30/1672 in Moscow, died on 01/28/1725 in St. Petersburg, Russian Tsar from 1682, Emperor from 1721. Son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife, Natalya Naryshkina. He ascended the throne at the age of nine, together with his elder brother Tsar John V, under the regency of his elder sister Princess Sophia Alekseevna. In 1689, his mother married Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina. In 1690 a son was born, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, but family life didn't work out. In 1712, the tsar announced his divorce and married Catherine (Marta Skavronskaya), who had been his de facto wife since 1703. This marriage produced 8 children, but except for Anna and Elizabeth, they all died in infancy. In 1694, the mother of Peter I died, and two years later, in 1696, his elder brother, Tsar John V, also died. Peter I became the sole sovereign. In 1712, Petersburg, founded by Peter I, became the new capital of Russia, where part of the population of Moscow was transferred.
Catherine I Alekseevna 1684 - 1727
Catherine I Alekseevna was born on 04/05/1684 in the Baltic states, died on 05/06/1727 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1725-1727. The daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky, who moved from Lithuania to Livonia. Before accepting Orthodoxy - Marta Skavronskaya. In the fall of 1703 she became the de facto wife of Peter I. Church marriage was issued on 02/19/1712. Following the decree on succession to the throne, not without the participation of A.D. Menshikov, she bequeathed the throne to the grandson of Peter I - 12-year-old Peter II. She died on May 6, 1727. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Peter II Alekseevich 1715 - 1730
Peter II Alekseevich was born on October 12, 1715 in St. Petersburg, died on January 18, 1730 in Moscow, Russian Emperor(1727-1730) from the Romanov dynasty. Son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia of Wolfenbüttel, grandson of Peter I. Enthroned through the efforts of A.D. Menshikov, after the death of Catherine I, Peter II was not interested in anything except hunting and pleasure. At the beginning of the reign of Peter II, power was actually in the hands of A. Menshikov, who dreamed of becoming related to the royal dynasty by marrying Peter II to his daughter. Despite the engagement of Menshikov's daughter Maria to Peter II in May 1727, in September Menshikov's dismissal and disgrace followed, and then Menshikov's exile. Peter II came under the influence of the Dolgoruky family, I. Dolgoruky became his favorite, and Princess E. Dolgoruky became his fiancée. Real power was in the hands of A. Osterman. Peter II fell ill with smallpox and died on the eve of the wedding. With his death, the Romanov family in the male line was interrupted. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Anna Ioannovna 1693 - 1740
Anna Ioannovna was born on January 28, 1693 in Moscow, died on October 17, 1740 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1730-1740. Daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. Saltykova, niece of Peter I. In 1710, she was married to the Duke of Courland, Friedrich-Velgem, and soon became a widow and lived in Mitau. After the death of Emperor Peter II (he did not leave a will), the Supreme Privy Council, at a meeting in the Lefortovo Palace on January 19, 1730, decided to invite Anna Ioannovna to the throne. In 1731, Anna Ioannovna issued a Manifesto on a nationwide oath to the heir. 01/08/1732 Anna Ioannovna together with the court and the highest state officials. The institutions moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, power was in the hands of E. Biron, a native of Courland, and his henchmen.
Ivan VI Antonovich 1740 - 1764
John Antonovich was born on 08/12/1740, killed on 07/07/1764, Russian Emperor from 10/17/1740 to 11/25/1741. Son of Anna Leopoldovna and Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Brevern-Luneburg, great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, great-nephew of Empress Anna Ioannovna. On November 25, as a result of a palace coup, the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, came to power. In 1744, Ivan Antonovich was exiled to Kholmogory. In 1756 he was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. On July 5, 1764, Lieutenant V. Mirovich tried to free Ivan Antonovich from the fortress, but was unsuccessful. The guards killed the prisoner.
Elizaveta Petrovna 1709 - 1762
Elizaveta Petrovna was born on December 18, 1709 in the village of Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, died on December 25, 1761 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1741-1761, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup on November 25, 1741, during of which representatives of the Brunswick dynasty (Prince Anton Ulrich, Anna Leopoldovna and Ivan Antonovich), as well as many representatives of the “German party” (A. Osterman, B. Minich, etc.) were arrested. One of the first actions of the new reign was to invite Elizaveta Petrovna's nephew Karl Ulrich from Holstein and declare him heir to the throne (the future Emperor Peter III). Actually the leader domestic policy under Elizaveta Petrovna became Count P. Shuvalov.
Peter III Fedorovich 1728 - 1762
Peter III was born on 02/10/1728 in Kiel, killed on 07/07/1762 in Ropsha near St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor from 1761 to 1762. Grandson of Peter I, son of Duke of Holstein-Gottop Karl Friedrich and Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna. In 1745 he married Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerb (future Empress Catherine II). Having ascended the throne on December 25, 1761, he immediately stopped military operations against Prussia in the Seven Years' War and ceded all his conquests to his admirer Frederick II. The anti-national foreign policy of Peter III, disdain for Russian rites and customs, and the introduction of Prussian orders in the army aroused opposition in the guard, headed by Catherine II. During the palace coup, Peter III was arrested and then killed.
Catherine II Alekseevna 1729 - 1796
Catherine II Alekseevna was born on 04/21/1729 in Stettin, died on 11/06/1796 in Tsarskoye Selo (now the city of Pushkin), Russian empress 1762-1796. She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. She was educated at home. In 1744, she and her mother were summoned to Russia by Empress Elizaveta Pertovna, baptized according to Orthodox custom under the name of Catherine and named the bride of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (the future Emperor Peter III), whom she married in 1745. In 1754, Catherine II gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I After the accession of Peter III, who treated her more and more hostilely, her position became precarious. Relying on guards regiments(G. and A. Orlov and others), 06/28/1762 Catherine II carried out a bloodless coup and became an autocratic empress. The time of Catherine II is the dawn of favoritism, characteristic of European life in the second half of the 18th century. Having parted with G. Orlov in the early 1770s, in subsequent years the empress changed a number of favorites. As a rule, they were not allowed to participate in resolving political issues. Only two of her famous favorites - G. Potemkin and P. Zavodovsky - became major statesmen.
Pavel I Petrovich 1754 - 1801
Paul I was born on September 20, 1754 in St. Petersburg, killed on March 12, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1796-1801, son of Peter III and Catherine II. He was brought up at the court of his grandmother Elizaveta Petrovna, who intended to make him heir to the throne instead of Peter III. The main educator of Paul I was N. Panin. Since 1773, Paul I was married to Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt, and after her death, from 1776, to Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg (in Orthodoxy, Maria Feodorovna). He had sons: Alexander (future Emperor Alexander I, 1777), Constantine (1779), Nicholas (future Emperor Nicholas I, 1796), Mikhail (1798), as well as six daughters. A conspiracy had matured among the guards officers, about which the heir to the throne, Alexander Pavlovich, was aware. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, the conspirators (Count P. Palen, P. Zubov, etc.) entered the Mikhailovsky Castle and killed Paul I. Alexander I ascended the throne, and in the very first weeks of his reign returned many exiled by his father and destroyed many of his innovations.
Alexander I Pavlovich 1777 - 1825
Alexander I was born on December 12, 1777 in St. Petersburg, died on November 19, 1825 in Taganrog, Russian Emperor 1801-1825, the eldest son of Paul I. By the will of his grandmother Catherine II, he received an education in the spirit of the enlighteners of the 18th century. His mentor was Colonel Frederic de La Harpe, a republican by conviction, a future figure in the Swiss revolution. In 1793, Alexander I married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Louise Maria Augusta, who took the name Elizaveta Alekseevna. Alexander I inherited the throne after the assassination of his father in 1801 and undertook broadly conceived reforms. Alexander I became the main executor of social reforms in 1808-1812. his state secretary M. Speransky, who reorganized the ministries, created the state. council and carried out financial reform. In foreign policy Alexander I took part in two coalitions against Napoleonic France (with Prussia in 1804-05, with Austria in 1806-07). Having been defeated at Austerlitz in 1805 and Friedland in 1807, he concluded the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 and an alliance with Napoleon. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, but was defeated during Patriotic War 1812. Alexander I, at the head of Russian troops, together with his allies, entered Paris in the spring of 1814. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. According to official data, Alexander I died in Taganrog.
Nicholas I Pavlovich 1796 - 1855
Nicholas I was born on June 25, 1796 in Tsarskoye Selo, now the city of Pushkin, died on February 18, 1855 in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor (1825-1855). The third son of Paul I. Enrolled in military service from birth, Nicholas I was raised by Count M. Lamsdorf. In 1814, he visited abroad for the first time with the Russian army under the command of his elder brother Alexander I. In 1816, he made a three-month trip through European Russia, and from October 1816 to May 1817, he traveled and lived in England. In 1817, he married the eldest daughter of the Prussian king Frederick William II, Princess Charlotte Frederica Louise, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna. Under Nicholas I, the monetary reform of the Minister of Finance E. Kankrin was successfully carried out, streamlining monetary circulation and protecting backward Russian industry from competition.
Alexander II Nikolaevich 1818 - 1881
Alexander II was born on 04/17/1818 in Moscow, killed on 03/01/1881 in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1855-1881, son of Nicholas I. His educators were General Merder, Kavelin, as well as the poet V. Zhukovsky, who instilled in Alexander II liberal views and romantic attitude to life. In 1837, Alexander II made a long trip around Russia, then in 1838 - through the countries of Western Europe. In 1841 he married the Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name Maria Alexandrovna. One of the first acts of Alexander II was the pardon of the exiled Decembrists. 02/19/1861. Alexander II issued a manifesto on the liberation of peasants from serfdom. Under Alexander II, the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia was completed and its influence in the east expanded. Russia included Turkestan, the Amur region, the Ussuri region, and the Kuril Islands in exchange for the southern part of Sakhalin. He sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the Americans in 1867. In 1880, after the death of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the Tsar entered into a morganatic marriage with Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruka. A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II; he was killed by a bomb thrown by Narodnaya Volya member I. Grinevitsky.
Alexander III Alexandrovich 1845 - 1894
Alexander III was born on 02/26/1845 in Tsarskoye Selo, died on 10/20/1894 in Crimea, Russian Emperor 1881-1894, son of Alexander II. The mentor of Alexander III, who had a strong influence on his worldview, was K. Pobedonostsev. After the death of his elder brother Nicholas in 1865, Alexander III became heir to the throne. In 1866, he married the fiancee of his deceased brother, the daughter of the Danish King Christian IX, Princess Sophia Frederica Dagmar, who took the name Maria Feodorovna. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78. was the commander of the Separate Rushchuk detachment in Bulgaria. He created the Voluntary Fleet of Russia in 1878, which became the core of the country's merchant fleet and the reserve of the military fleet. Having ascended the throne after the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881, he canceled the draft constitutional reform signed by his father immediately before his death. Alexander III died in Livadia in Crimea.
Nicholas II Alexandrovich 1868 - 1918
Nicholas II (Romanov Nikolai Alexandrovich) was born on May 19, 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo, executed on July 17, 1918 in Yekaterinburg, the last Russian emperor 1894-1917, son of Alexander III and the Danish princess Dagmara (Maria Feodorovna). From 02/14/1894 he was married to Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Alice, Princess of Hesse and Rhine). Daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, son Alexey. He ascended the throne on October 21, 1894 after the death of his father. 02/27/1917 Nicholas II, under pressure from the high military command, renounced the throne. On March 8, 1917, he was “deprived of his freedom.” After the Bolsheviks came to power, the regime for its maintenance was sharply strengthened, and in April 1918 the royal family was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where they were placed in the house of mining engineer N. Ipatiev. On the eve of the fall Soviet power in the Urals, in Moscow, a decision was made to execute Nicholas II and his relatives. The murder was entrusted to Yurovsky and his deputy Nikulin. The royal family and all the close associates and servants were killed on the night of July 16, 17, 1918; the execution took place in a small room on the ground floor, where the victims were taken under the pretext of evacuation. According to the official version, the decision to kill the royal family was made by the Urals Council, which feared the approach of Czechoslovak troops. However, in last years It became known that Nicholas II, his wife and children were killed on the direct orders of V. Lenin and Y. Sverdlov. Afterwards, the remains of the royal family were discovered and, by decision of the Russian government, on July 17, 1998, they were buried in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Russian Orthodox Church abroad canonized Nicholas II.
The Old Russian chronicle of the 12th century “The Tale of Bygone Years” introduces us to a very interesting event that happened in 862. It was in this year that the Varangian Rurik was invited by the Slavic tribes to reign in Novgorod.
This event became fundamental in counting the beginning of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs and received the code name “Calling of the Varangians.” It is with Rurik that the countdown of the rulers of the Russian lands begins. Our history is very rich. It is filled with both heroic and tragic events, and all of them are inextricably linked with specific personalities that history has placed in chronological order.
Novgorod princes (862-882)
Novgorod princes of the pre-Kiev period. The State of Rurik - this is how the emerging Old Russian state can be conventionally called. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, this time is associated with the calling of the Varangians and the transfer of the capital to the city of Kyiv.
Kyiv princes (882-1263)
We include the rulers of the Old Russian state and the Principality of Kiev as the Kyiv princes. From the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 13th century, the Kiev throne was considered the most prestigious, and it was occupied by the most authoritative princes (usually from the Rurik dynasty), who were recognized by the other princes in the order of succession to the throne. At the end of the 12th century, this tradition began to weaken; influential princes did not occupy the Kiev throne personally, but sent their proteges to it.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
Yaropolk Svyatoslavich |
||
|
Svyatopolk Vladimirovich |
1015-1016; 1018-1019 |
|
|
Izyaslav Yaroslavich |
||
|
Vseslav Bryachislavich |
||
|
Izyaslav Yaroslavich |
||
|
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich |
||
|
Vsevolod Yaroslavich |
||
|
Izyaslav Yaroslavich |
||
|
Vsevolod Yaroslavich |
||
|
Svyatopolk Izyaslavich |
||
|
Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great |
||
|
Yaropolk Vladimirovich |
||
|
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich |
||
|
Vsevolod Olgovich |
||
|
Igor Olgovich |
August 1146 |
|
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich |
||
|
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky |
||
|
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich |
August 1150 |
|
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich |
August 1150 |
|
|
August 1150 - early 1151 |
||
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich |
||
|
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich |
co-ruler |
|
|
Rostislav Mstislavich |
December 1154 |
|
|
Izyaslav Davydovich |
||
|
Izyaslav Davydovich |
||
|
Mstislav Izyaslavich |
||
|
Rostislav Mstislavich |
||
|
Izyaslav Davydovich |
||
|
Rostislav Mstislavich |
||
|
Vladimir Mstislavich |
March - May 1167 |
|
|
Mstislav Izyaslavich |
||
|
Gleb Yurievich |
||
|
Mstislav Izyaslavich |
||
|
Gleb Yurievich |
||
|
Mikhalko Yurievich |
||
|
Roman Rostislavich |
||
|
Yaropolk Rostislavich |
co-ruler |
|
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
||
|
Yaroslav Izyaslavich |
||
|
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich |
January 1174 |
|
|
Yaroslav Izyaslavich |
January - 2nd half 1174 |
|
|
Roman Rostislavich |
||
|
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
end of August 1180 - summer 1181 |
|
|
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
summer 1194 - autumn 1201 |
|
|
Ingvar Yaroslavich |
||
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
||
|
Rostislav Rurikovich |
winter 1204 - summer 1205 |
|
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
||
|
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny |
August - September 1206 |
|
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
September 1206 - spring 1207 |
|
|
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny |
spring - October 1207 |
|
|
Rurik Rostislavich |
October 1207 - 1210 |
|
|
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny |
1210 - summer 1212 |
|
|
Ingvar Yaroslavich |
||
|
Mstislav Romanovich |
||
|
Vladimir Rurikovich |
||
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich |
June - end 1235 |
|
|
Vladimir Rurikovich |
end 1235-1236 |
|
|
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich |
1236 - 1st half of 1238 |
|
|
Vladimir Rurikovich |
||
|
Mikhail Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Rostislav Mstislavich |
||
|
Daniil Romanovich |
||
|
Mikhail Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich |
||
Vladimir Grand Dukes (1157-1425)
The Vladimir Grand Dukes are the rulers of North-Eastern Rus'. The period of their reign begins with the separation of the Rostov-Suzdal principality from Kyiv in 1132 and ends in 1389, after the entry of the Vladimir principality into the Moscow principality. In 1169, Andrei Bogolyubsky captured Kyiv and was proclaimed Grand Duke, but did not go to reign in Kyiv. From this time on, Vladimir received grand ducal status and turned into one of the most influential centers of the Russian lands. After the start of the Mongol invasion, the Vladimir princes are recognized in the Horde as the oldest in Rus', and Vladimir becomes the nominal capital of the Russian lands.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
Mikhalko Yurievich |
||
|
Yaropolk Rostislavich |
||
|
Mikhalko Yurievich |
||
|
Yuri Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Konstantin Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Yuri Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich |
||
|
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich |
1246 - beginning of 1248 |
|
|
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Khorobrit |
early 1248 - winter 1248/1249 |
|
|
Andrey Yaroslavovich |
||
|
Yaroslav Yaroslavovich Tverskoy |
||
|
Vasily Yaroslavovich Kostromskoy |
||
|
Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky |
December 1283 - 1293 |
|
|
Andrey Alexandrovich Gorodetsky |
||
|
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Tverskoy |
||
|
Yuri Danilovich |
||
|
Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (Tverskoy) |
||
|
Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy |
||
|
Alexander Vasilievich Suzdalsky |
||
|
co-ruler |
||
|
Semyon Ivanovich Gordy |
||
|
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red |
||
|
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy |
early January - spring 1363 |
|
|
Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal-Nizhegorodsky |
||
|
Vasily Dmitrievich |
Moscow princes and grand dukes (1263-1547)
During the period of feudal fragmentation, Moscow princes increasingly found themselves at the head of the troops. They managed to get out of conflicts with other countries and neighbors, achieving a positive solution to their own political issues. The Moscow princes changed history: they overthrew the Mongol yoke and returned the state to its former greatness.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
nominally 1263, actually from 1272 (no later than 1282) - 1303 |
||
|
Yuri Danilovich |
||
|
Semyon Ivanovich Gordy |
||
|
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red |
||
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
Yuri Dmitrievich |
spring - summer 1433 |
|
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
Yuri Dmitrievich Zvenigorodsky |
||
|
Vasily Yurievich Kosoy |
||
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka |
||
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka |
||
|
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark |
||
|
co-ruler Vasily II |
||
|
Ivan Ivanovich Young |
co-ruler |
|
|
Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk |
co-ruler |
|
|
co-ruler of Ivan III |
||
Russian Tsars
Rurikovich
In 1547, the Sovereign of All Rus' and Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible was crowned Tsar and took the full title “Great Sovereign, by the grace of God Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus', Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan, Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others"; Subsequently, with the expansion of the borders of the Russian state, “Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia”, “and ruler of all Northern countries” were added to the title.
Godunovs
The Godunovs are an ancient Russian noble family, which after the death of Fyodor I Ivanovich became the Russian royal dynasty (1598-1605).
Time of Troubles
At the very beginning of the 17th century, the country was struck by a deep spiritual, economic, social, political and foreign policy crisis. It coincided with a dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power. All this brought the country to the brink of disaster. The impetus for the start of the Troubles was the suppression of the royal Rurik dynasty after the death of Fyodor I Ioannovich and the not very clear policy of the new royal dynasty of the Godunovs.
Romanovs
The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family. In 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was held in Moscow to elect a new tsar. The total number of electors exceeded 800 people representing 58 cities. The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom put an end to the Troubles and gave rise to the Romanov dynasty.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
Mikhail Fedorovich |
||
|
Patriarch Filaret |
Co-ruler of Mikhail Fedorovich from 1619 to 1633 with the title "Great Sovereign" |
|
|
Fedor III Alekseevich |
||
|
Ivan V Alekseevich |
Ruled until 1696 with his brother |
|
|
Until 1696 he ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V |
Russian emperors (1721-1917)
The title of Emperor of All Russia was adopted by Peter I on October 22 (November 2), 1721. This adoption took place at the request of the Senate after the victory in the Northern War. The title lasted until the February Revolution of 1917.
|
Ruler |
Years of reign |
Note |
|
Peter I the Great |
||
|
Catherine I |
||
|
Anna Ioannovna |
||
|
Elizaveta Petrovna |
||
|
Catherine II the Great |
||
|
Alexander I |
||
|
Nicholas I |
||
|
Alexander II |
||
|
Alexander III |
||
|
Nicholas II |
Provisional Government (1917)
In February 1917, the February Revolution took place. As a result, on March 2, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne. Power was in the hands of the Provisional Government.
After the October Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown, the Bolsheviks came to power and began building a new state.
These people can be considered formal leaders only because the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) - VKP(b) - CPSU committee after the death of V.I. Lenin was actually the most important government position.
|
Kamenev Lev Borisovich |
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee |
|
|
Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich |
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee |
|
|
Vladimirsky Mikhail Fedorovich |
And about. Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee |
|
|
Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich |
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, from December 30, 1922 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from January 17, 1938 - |
|
|
Shvernik Nikolay Mikhailovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Podgorny Nikolay Viktorovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich |
||
|
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich |
||
|
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
|
|
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich |
And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces |
|
|
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
|
|
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich |
And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces |
|
|
Gromyko Andrey Andreevich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council |
|
|
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich |
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), CPSU(b), CPSU (1922-1991)
|
Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich |
First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
|
|
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich |
Until 04/08/1966 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, from 04/08/1966 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee |
|
|
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich |
||
|
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich |
||
|
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich |
President of the USSR (1990-1991)
The post of President of the Soviet Union was introduced on March 15, 1990 by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR with appropriate amendments to the Constitution of the USSR.
Presidents of the Russian Federation (1991-2018)
The post of President of the RSFSR was established on April 24, 1991 based on the results of the All-Russian referendum.
