Ergonomics as applied to buildings and structures for various purposes. Ergonomics as the basis of design and skin ideal design ergonomics

In the traditional sense, ergonomics is a science that deals with the adaptation of the space and objects around a person for safe and effective use based on the mental and physical state of a person.

The basis for ergonomics consists of many sciences, ranging from anatomy to psychology. And its main task is to find optimal shapes and sizes and the correct arrangement of objects for the safest and most efficient life.

Ergonomics is important for the design of any interior, from the work area to the sleeping area.

And every self-respecting designer and architect should know all the laws of ergonomics and apply them in design projects.

Many people believe that the field of study of ergonomics is only furniture, but this is not true. Ergonomics studies all components of the workplace and rest area, from the computer mouse to the temperature regime, and tries to establish the optimal parameters for each of these components for a person.

That is why one of the important components of the design project of your premises should be a scaled plan for arranging furniture, taking into account all the laws of ergonomics. After all, it is very important that a skillfully made design, with ideal color and texture combinations, is completely suitable for a comfortable and healthy existence.

Wherever a person is, at work or at home, he always wants to use products that are convenient and safe. Both design and ergonomics influence the enjoyment of using a particular item, so it is not surprising that these two separate areas flow seamlessly into each other. In various industries, professional designers are currently collaborating with ergonomic specialists who present various data on the physiological and biomechanical characteristics of a person, and participate in the development and testing of products Chernyavina L.A. Fundamentals of ergonomics in environmental design: textbook / L.A. Chernyavina. - Vladivostok: Publishing house VGUES, 2009. - 262 p. 167..

Based on psychological, hygienic and other standards, appropriate requirements are developed for new items or equipment so that they ultimately turn out to be convenient and comfortable to use, for example, a toothbrush curved so that its brush reaches the back surface of the teeth, a mirror a camera that is comfortable to hold in your hands, or production equipment that provides a high level of safety. Comfort, excellent functionality and attractive appearance - all these requirements for created objects can only be met by a competent combination of ergonomics and design.

One of the main concepts that ergonomics operates on is the anatomical features of a person. Anatomical factors are widely used in design. The designer’s task is to ensure that the created products are adapted to a specific person, so that the latter can use them conveniently and comfortably. In particular, when designing a regular chair, designers consider the question of how high from the seat the curved back should be placed so that the person’s back can rest comfortably on it. To answer this not unimportant question, experts turn to ergonomics, where such a thing as the Akerblom Line has long existed. This is the average value that determines in what place our spine has a corresponding inward bend in the lumbar region (approximately 23 cm). Support for the spine must be provided at exactly this distance from the seat of the chair.

It should be noted that in ergonomics, special, flat mannequins are often used that reproduce the proportions of the human body. Based on this data, designers subsequently design new products or design a workspace that would suit most people in terms of ergonomic parameters. Plus, of course, computer analysis and various modern software capabilities are used, as well as fairly simple tools, such as control surveys or sheets, through which data is collected on what is, in one way or another, related to various factors of a person’s daily or work activity, including the level of comfort and safety.

The use of ergonomic design principles has become widespread in the development of furniture and in the interior design of residential, office and industrial premises. Ergonomics considers all issues related to the components of a workspace or living area, starting from an ordinary computer mouse and ending with a suitable temperature regime in a room, designed according to the laws of ergonomics; a person acts almost intuitively - he can easily find a switch on the wall, the color scheme of the interiors and consecration creates the right mood, inspiring or, on the contrary, calming Runge V.F., Manusevich Yu.P. Ergonomics in environmental design / V.F. Runge, Yu.P. Manusevich.- Architecture-S, 2007.-328 p.164..

For example, when developing furniture design and creating space for a recreation area, designers start from the anthropometry of a person who sits in a relaxed, calm position. The level of inclination of the seat must also be taken into account in order to ensure the convenience of getting up from a chair or stool. In various recreation areas, corner sofas are often installed, and ergonomic rules require the designer to arrange the furniture in such a way that a person sitting on such a sofa can freely position his legs and not disturb the people around him.

In residential areas associated with sleep, in particular in bedrooms, furniture is assembled and placed based on the size of the sleeping or lying person. Here, ergonomic factors prohibit placing the sofa with its extended side along the outer wall of the room or the head of the sofa in a somewhat cramped space.

Particular attention is paid to the issue of ergonomics when organizing and designing work space. Interior designers have to start from the anatomical features of the person who sits at his desk. For example, when designing the area behind a work computer, ergonomics focuses attention, first of all, on the length of a person’s shin, since it is this that indicates the optimal height of his chair or chair. The ergonomics of the work area also provides for the fact that the height, area and inclination of the desktop is determined by the type of work performed by the employee.

All items necessary for work activities, according to the rules of ergonomics, are placed at an accessible distance from the table so that a person can use them without resorting to unnecessary efforts V.M. Munitsikov. Ergonomics: Textbook / V.M. Munitsikov. - M.: Logos, 2004.- 320 p. 240.. Ergonomics also requires increased attention from the designer to the organization of consecration. Consecration should not be intense and too bright, so as not to blind or unnecessarily strain a person’s eyes. It should contribute to comfortable work and a positive mood of a person.

So, ergonomics currently plays a significant role in industrial and product design, in the creation of household products and the design of office equipment, as well as in interior design and room planning. This is a complex discipline that, to one degree or another, affects all issues related to the field of activity of a professional designer.

Rental block

Let us recall the definition of ergonomics itself:

Ergo (Greek work) + notnos (law) scientific discipline that comprehensively studies the functional capabilities of a person in labor and everyday processes, identifying patterns of creating optimal conditions for highly efficient life activity and highly productive labor.

Ergonomics arose in connection with the complication of technical means and operating conditions in modern production, a significant change in human labor activity, in which many labor functions were synthesized. Therefore, it was formed at the intersection of many sciences - from psychology, hygiene and anatomy to a number of technical disciplines.

The subject of ergonomics as a science is the study of systemic* patterns of interaction of a person (a group of people) with technical means, an object of activity and the environment in the process of achieving the goal of an activity or in special preparation for its implementation in the labor and leisure spheres.

The goal of ergonomics is to increase the efficiency and quality of human activity in the system

| “manmachineobject of activityenvironment” (abbreviated as “manmachineenvironment”) while simultaneously maintaining human health and creating prerequisites for the development of his personality.

The object of study in ergonomics is the “man machine environment” system, i.e. the relationship between a person and the objective world in the process of labor and other types is explored

° activities. But other systems can also be considered, for example, a system of interaction between people in a production or other team.

The task of ergonomics as a field of practical activity is the design and improvement of processes (methods, algorithms, techniques) for performing activities and methods

g special preparation (training, training, adaptation) for it, as well as those characteristics of the means and conditions that directly affect the effectiveness and quality of activity and the psychophysiological state of a person.

Ergonomic requirements are the requirements that are imposed on the “man machine environment” system (Fig. 2) in order to optimize the activity of the human operator, taking into account his socio-psychological, psychophysiological, psychological, anthropological, physiological and other objective characteristics and capabilities. Ergonomic requirements are the basis for the formation of the machine design, design development, i ] spatial and compositional solutions of the system as a whole and its individual elements.

Human operator any person operating a machine: airport dispatcher, machine operator, housewife at the stove or with a vacuum cleaner, etc. for an ergonomist they are all operators. Ergonomics and its methods have recently been increasingly used in the design of not only technical devices, but also architectural objects, interiors, and elements of their equipment. Therefore, it seems advisable in this case, instead of the concept “machine”** to use the more generalized concepts “product”, “object”, and instead

* System combination of interacting factors, components united by a certain common goal, systematicity property of the system.

**A machine or tool of activity (product, object) in ergonomics any technical device designed for the purposeful change of matter, energy, information, etc. The concept of “machine” can mean the simplest tools (knife, hammer, etc.) , as well as complex machines, computers or spaceships.

the term “operator”, use designations appropriate to this action, “consumer”, “viewer”, etc.

Ergonomic properties are the properties of products (machines, objects or their combinations) that manifest themselves in the “man-machine (object)-environment” system as a result of the implementation of ergonomic requirements.

The main structural elements of ergonomics (Fig. 3) are theory, methodology and scientific knowledge about the subject of research. Along with these elements that form the general scientific foundations of ergonomics as a science, an important link in its practical functioning and development is the block of operational tools and methods of ergonomic research, which determines the specifics of ergonomics as an applied scientific discipline.

The block of operational tools and methods covers the three most important areas of ergonomic research of the object “person, object, environment”: analysis, synthesis (modeling) and evaluation of the object.

Results of ergonomic research scientifically and experimentally based data necessary for the design development of the system.

The system design process from the very beginning should be focused on the formation of its (system) ergonomic properties as one of the most important goals achieved in the process of ergonomic design support.

Equipment

Sound

Tactile impact

Result of work

Information display tools

Controls

(Environment] I environment I

Anthropometric data

Physiological state

Controls and instruments

Man and environment

Rice. 2. System “manmachineenvironment”

The entire process of ergonomic support (support) of design can be represented in the form of the following stages:

analysis of human activity with the study of factors of its occurrence;

development of ergonomic requirements and indicators, as well as recommendations for their consideration;

formation of ergonomic properties of the designed equipment (product) and environment;

final stage assessment of the completeness and correctness of the implementation of ergonomic requirements (ergonomic assessment and certification).

Ergonomics is organically connected with design, one of the main goals of which is the formation of a harmonious object environment that meets the material and spiritual needs of a person. At the same time, not only the properties of the appearance of objects are worked out, but, mainly, their structural connections, which give the system functional and compositional unity (from the point of view of both the manufacturer and the consumer). It is the latter circumstance that allows us to consider ergonomics as the natural scientific basis of design. In practical terms, consideration of human factors is an integral part of the design process.

In recent decades, both in our country and abroad, the concept of ergodesign has been increasingly used to denote the field of activity that arose at the intersection of ergonomics and design. Ergodesign combines scientific ergonomic studies of the “human factor” with project design developments into a single whole in such a way that it is sometimes simply impossible to draw a line between them.

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Design of Architectural Environment

Basics of ergonomics. Stages of development, concepts of ergonomics. Ergonomic calculation of workplace parameters. Ergonomics and equipment of certain types of environments. Living environment equipment. Equipment of interiors of public buildings. Ergonomic aspects of perception and design of the environment. Architecture, Environmental design, Interior art.

1. 1. Lecture 2. Ergonomics of design Ergonomics - (from the Greek ergon - work, nomos - law), a scientific discipline that comprehensively studies the functional capabilities of a person in labor processes, identifying patterns of creating optimal conditions for highly effective activities. The goal of ergonomics is to increase the efficiency and quality of human activity, while simultaneously maintaining human health and creating prerequisites for the development of his personality. A machine in ergonomics is any technical device intended for the purposeful change of matter, energy, information, etc. The task of ergonomics is to design and improve processes for performing activities, as well as characterize the means and conditions that directly affect the efficiency and quality of activity and the psychophysiological state of a person. Components of ergonomics. 1. Anthropometry. Anthropometry - (from the Greek antrbpos - man and .... geometry) - an integral part of anthropology (the science of the origin and evolution of man), is a system of measuring the human body and its parts, morphological and functional characteristics of the body. There are: 1. Classical anthropometric characteristics (used to study body proportions, age morphology, to compare the morphological characteristics of different population groups). 2. Ergonomic anthropometric characteristics (used in product design and labor organization).
2. 2. 1) static signs - they are determined when a person’s position remains unchanged (they include the sizes of individual parts of the body and overall dimensions, i.e. the largest sizes in different positions and poses of a person). These dimensions are used when designing products, determining the minimum space required by a person (for example, hiking), etc. 2) dynamic anthropometric characteristics are dimensions measured when the body moves in space. They are characterized by angular and linear movements (angles of rotation in the joints, angle of rotation of the head, linear measurements of the length of the arm when it moves up, to the side, etc.). These signs are used to determine the angle of rotation of handles, pedals, determine the visibility zone, etc. Anthropometric characteristics are determined taking into account age, gender, ethnic, and territorial factors, because significantly depend on them (for example, the anthropometric characteristics of the average European differ from the anthropometric characteristics of the average Japanese). Numerical values ​​of anthropometric data are most often presented in the form of tables in anthropometric atlases. Values ​​are given in percentiles (from 5 to 95). In general, there are 100 percentiles, the shortest person is equal to the 1st percentile, the highest to 100. In anthropometric atlases, information about the shortest and tallest people is not given because of their exclusivity, deviation from the norm. To determine the sizes of elements and products for children, anthropometric data grouped by height groups is used. Anthropometric points
3. 3. 1) apical; 2) chin; 3) upper sternal; 4) mid-chest; 5) shoulder; 6) umbilical; 7) pubic; 8) radial; 9) trochanteric; 10) subulate; 11) phalangeal; 12) finger; 13) upper tibial internal; 14) lower tibia; 15) heel; 16) final. Fig.1. Anthropometric points. 2.Engineering psychology. Engineering psychology is a branch of labor psychology that studies the relationship between man and technology. The main task is to study the processes of receiving, processing and storing information that are carried out during the design and management of technical devices. In addition, engineering psychology solves the following problems: − distribution of functions between man and machine; − design of information systems, channel selection; − design of controls; − workplace design; − ensuring ease of technical use of the machine; − selection of personnel and their professional training.
4. 4. 3.Psychology of perception. Psychology of perception is a science that studies the features and patterns of visual, auditory and tactile perception of the surrounding object world. Ergonomic requirements Ergonomic requirements are requirements that are presented to the “man - machine - environment” system in order to optimize human activity. Ergonomic requirements are the basis for shaping the design of an object, the design development of spatial and compositional solutions for the system as a whole and its individual elements. Factors determining ergonomic requirements. An ergonomic approach to solving the problem of optimizing human life is determined by a complex of factors, the main ones being determined by the individual characteristics of a person. 1) social and psychological factors. They assume that the design of the object and the organization of the workplace correspond to the nature and degree of group interaction, and also establish interpersonal relationships during joint activities and management of the object. 2) anthropometric factors. Determine the correspondence of the structure, shape, size of the object, equipment to the size and shape of the human body. Correspondence of the nature of the shapes of products to the anatomical plasticity of the human body. 3) psychological factors. They assume that the object, technological processes and environment correspond to the capabilities and characteristics of human perception, memory, thinking, psychomotor skills, fixed and newly formed human skills.
5. 5. 4) psychophysiological factors. They determine the compliance of the object with the visual, auditory and other capabilities of a person. Conditions of visual comfort and orientation in the subject environment. 5) physiological factors. They are designed to ensure that the object corresponds to the physiological characteristics of a person, his speed, biomechanical and energy capabilities. 6) hygiene factors. They predetermine the requirements for illumination, gas composition, air environment, humidity, etc. Including the composition of the material from which the object is made. Rice. 2. Zones that determine hygiene factors.
6. 6. Methods of ergonomic research For the correct design of any object, ergonomic analysis of the activity (manipulation) of this object is of particular importance. This is done mainly in two ways. 1. A professiogram is drawn up containing the requirements that the activity places on technical means and the psychophysiological properties of a person. In ergonomics, as a result of practice, two methods have emerged for obtaining the initial information necessary for drawing up a professionogram: descriptive and instrumental professionography. Descriptive professionalization includes: 1) analysis of technical and operational documentation; 2) ergonomic and engineering-psychological examination of equipment; 3) monitoring the progress of the work process and human behavior; 4) conversation with a person; 5) a person’s self-report in the process of activity; 6) questionnaires and expert assessment; Instrumental occupational testing includes: 1) measuring indicators of environmental factors; 2) registration and subsequent analysis of errors; 3) objective registration of energy costs and the functional state of the working person’s body (pulse rate, pressure, breathing, etc.); 4) objective registration and measurement of difficult-to-distinguish (under normal conditions) components of the work process, such as direction and switching of attention, operating controls, etc. (For example, using video recording).
7. 7. 5) Objective registration and measurement of indicators of physiological and functional systems that provide processes of signal detection, selection of informative features, as well as executive actions. The listed methods of professional research are used depending on the degree of complexity of the activity being studied and the required completeness of its description. In many cases, it is sufficient to use the descriptive vocational writing method. 2. Somatographic and experimental (model) methods. These methods for solving ergonomic problems are used to select optimal relationships between the proportions of the human figure and the shape, dimensions of the machine (object), and its elements. 1) Somatography (from the Greek somatos - body and ... graphy) - a method of schematic representation of the human body in technical or other documentation in connection with the problems of choosing the relationship between the proportions of the human figure, the shape and size of the workplace. In engineering graphics, all the norms and techniques of technical drawing and descriptive geometry are used. The high labor intensity makes it difficult to use classical autotography. The method of flat mannequins (model templates), bodies with articulated joints is less labor-intensive and more effective. Using a schematic image (template), you can check: 1) the ratio of the proportions of the human figure, the size and shape of the workplace; 2) the accessibility and convenience of their placement of accommodation organs; 3) optimal and maximum boundaries of the reach zone of the extremities;
8. 8. 4) overview of the workplace and conditions of visual perception, for example, tracking the object of observation (indicators), etc.; 5) convenience of the shape of the workplace, space for manipulation, seating, remote control, etc.; 6) convenience of approaching or leaving the workplace, optimal sizes of approaches and communications. 2) Experimental (model) methods. Based on the use of prototyping of the designed equipment at various scales and with varying degrees of detail. In this case, volumetric mannequins are used; One type of such mannequins is called “cartoon men”. Methods using dummies allow solving a number of problems: 1) linking complex structural designs of equipment with each other; 2) achieve general and detailed proportionality of the equipment to the person; 3) test the equipment still being designed for ease of use; 4) work out the spatial parameters of the workplace and a number of other tasks related to taking into account the anthropometric characteristics of the users of the designed equipment. In parallel with the use of mannequins, a number of calculation procedures and geometric constructions are usually carried out on diagrams and drawings related to the patterns of recording anthropometric data. The described methods are directly intertwined with design. The designer first imagines the situation mentally, then displays it more and more concretely in a series of graphic sketches, then in three-dimensional models, casts and mannequins, and finally in effective natural reproduction.

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Lecture No. 1

Stages of ergonomics development

Ergonomics (derived from two Greek words Ergo - work + nomos - law) is a scientific discipline that comprehensively studies the functional capabilities of a person in the specific conditions of his work in order to optimize mechanisms, products and workplaces that are most convenient for the worker.

A person is the leading link in the “man-machine-environment” system (MHMS), however, when creating technical and technological equipment, attention is paid, first of all, to design and functional parameters and the capabilities and characteristics of a person are not always taken into account.

Work in the ergonomic direction belongs to the category of applied research, which ensures the connection between science and production. The main content of ergonomics is to create a subject environment in which the labor process occurs with the least expenditure of effort and under conditions most worthy of a person. Fulfilling this task is possible only by relying on a system of knowledge about a person, his anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics.

New forms of development of industrial production, on the one hand, reduce a person’s physical stress, and on the other, they place ever new demands on his mental, intellectual activity, on his sensory perception, requiring from him an increasingly higher manifestation of abilities, knowledge and decision-making skills. Modern production, equipped with complex technical systems, places increased demands on people, forcing them to work in extreme conditions at the limit of psychological capabilities.

EXAMPLE: When we hear in the media about some kind of disaster, the cause is a failure in the system or a human factor. The cause of the largest accident of the late 20th century - the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 - was a combination of design flaws, operator errors, organizational and administrative miscalculations. Ignoring the problems of interaction between human (personal and organizational) and technical subsystems when designing large industrial enterprises.

With the development of new technology, it became necessary to align the design of products, their production and functions with human labor characteristics. Ergonomics solves issues that arise in the relationship between a person, production tools, technical equipment and production conditions. Its purpose is to humanize technology (adapt technology to the psychological properties of people), to create optimal human working conditions.

The trend in the development of ergonomics leads to the need to apply its developments to any sphere of human activity. The form of application of the principles and guidelines of ergonomics to environmental design comes down to the design formation of three components of environmental objects and systems: the processes occurring here, the space intended for them and its subject content.

Subject content - tools, things, products, instruments, devices, mechanisms, machines, spatial environment - a complex of dimensional and physical conditions of life.

When designing the architectural environment in which a person lives, works and rests, we must not forget about such concepts as: functionality, comfort, convenience and safety, that is, take human factors into account as much as possible.

In ergonomics, human factors are understood as a set of anatomical, physiological, psychological and psychophysical characteristics of a person, as well as socio-psychological aspects that influence the efficiency of his life in contact with machines and the environment.

EXAMPLE: The famous Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi, during the construction of Park Güell in Barcelona, ​​designed a serpentine bench lined with colored ceramic mosaics. This bench is the world's first anatomical bench. It is very comfortable to sit on, your back rests and your muscles relax. To achieve this, Gaudi sat his workers in cement that had not yet hardened, and based on the cast he made such an incredibly comfortable bench (see picture).

History of ergonomic research

The prerequisites for the emergence and development of ergonomics and engineering psychology were:

1. insufficient efficiency of CPMS, their high accident rate due to unsatisfactory consideration of human functional capabilities and psychological patterns in the design of these systems;

2. an increase in injuries to people interacting with technical systems at work and at home;

3. high staff turnover due to people’s dissatisfaction with hard, dangerous or insufficiently productive work;

4. an increase in the number of diseases associated with functional overstrain of the body and psyche due to irrational working conditions, high workloads, etc.

Until the 1940s, engineers and designers were engaged in the design and creation of machinery, equipment and industrial enterprises. They were guided by the laws of mechanics and electrical engineering, practically not thinking about the people who would operate the machines. A person had to adapt to technology and meet the requirements. The adaptation of man to machine was facilitated by the study of routine operations.

In connection with the development of science, technology, and economics, much attention is paid to military ergonomics. It was only after World War II that human factors accounting developed into an independent scientific discipline. The results and experience of the war gave impetus to research ways to increase the effectiveness of combat activities, create the safety and comfort of a soldier in the field, and prevent injuries. Work has begun to generalize the experience achieved and apply it to solving industrial problems.

In the late 40s - early 50s, on the basis of accumulated knowledge, a need arose for a holistic system of ideas about the working person, about his relationship with technology and the environment, and an important step in this direction was the formation in 1949 in England of the Ergonomic scientific research society. This is how an association of scientists from related scientific disciplines arose to work together to solve common problems in designing the effective work activity of a person who uses technical means and systems in the process of work. To designate a new scientific field, the term “ergonomics” was used, first proposed back in 1857 by the Polish naturalist Wojciech Jastrzembowski, who published the work “Essays on ergonomics, or the science of work based on the laws of natural science.”

The English ergonomist Brian Shackel proposed the following periodization of the stages of development of ergonomics in the 20th century:

50s - military ergonomics - modernization of military equipment;

60s - industrial ergonomics - design of vehicles and equipment for the production environment and space technology;

70s - ergonomics of consumer goods and services - safe use of household products, prevention of household injuries;

80s - computer ergonomics - from the simplest types - the shape of monitors and keyboards - to the problems of developing a user-friendly language and adaptive training and dialogue systems, workplace design;

90s - cognitive ergonomics, ergonomics of informatization (new information technologies).

In the USSR, ergonomics as an independent scientific discipline began to develop in the 50s.

The formation and development of this science was caused by changes in working conditions that occurred as a result of the rapid development of technology, mechanization and automation of labor, the emergence of intensified work methods and new equipment, as well as the need for scientific organization of labor (SLO). The reliability and efficiency of increasingly complex technology began to be largely determined by “human factors.” If they were not taken into account in complex tools, it would become almost impossible to use them. Technological progress, therefore, could not help but pose the problem of “man and machine.” In 1962, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics (VNIITE) was founded. For the first time in the country, an ergonomics department has been created within the structure of this institute. With the participation of the institute and its branches, many state and industry ergonomic standards have been prepared.

Ergonomics is based on a set of basic disciplines (draw in a notebook)

Systems engineering is a scientific and technical discipline covering issues of design, creation, testing and operation of complex systems

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Fig.1. The relationship of ergonomics with other disciplines

Subject, goals and objectives of ergonomics

*The first goal is to increase the efficiency and quality of human activity in the “man-machine-environment” system (or “man - tool - environment”)

The second goal is labor safety. The safety system includes safety and industrial sanitation services in all industries. Supervision and control over compliance with occupational safety regulations is carried out by specially authorized government bodies.

The third goal is to provide conditions (working environment) for the development of a person’s personality in the process of work.

CONCLUSION: The main goal of ergonomics is formulated as the unity of three aspects of research and design: 1) increasing the efficiency of activity and, accordingly, the functioning of human-machine systems; 2) protecting human health; 3) comprehensive development of the personality of people participating in the labor process. Accepting the thesis about the triune nature of the main goal of ergonomics allows us to avoid the separation of ergonomic research from the specific tasks of production development.

A system is a set of elements - a person (operator), a machine and the environment.

Environment - external factors that influence the performance of the operator and machine.

The subject of ergonomics is the specific work activity of a person using machines.

The object of ergonomics research is the “man-machine-environment” system (HMS). Ergonomics considers the CPMS as a complex functioning whole in which the leading role belongs to the person.

A human operator is any person who operates a machine: an airport dispatcher, a machine operator, a housewife with a vacuum cleaner. To the ergonomist, they are all operators.

*The task of ergonomics as a field of practical activity is to design and improve processes (methods, algorithms, techniques) for performing activities and methods of special preparation (training, training, adaptation) for it, as well as those characteristics of means and conditions that directly affect efficiency and quality activity, and the psychophysiological state of a person.

The design of the “man-machine-environment” system should take place in the joint activities of the designer and ergonomist.

EXAMPLE: Design of a household refrigerator by designers and ergonomists.

Designers are developing the technical part: refrigerator, freezer, thermal insulation, compressor, fan, lighting, sound signal, condenser, timer. The shape, structure and texture of the material are impact-resistant polystyrene, graphic symbols. Functional filling of the volume - height-adjustable shelves, shelves - barriers for drinks, a retractable chamber-container for storing vegetables and fruits, can be easily removed, which makes cleaning the refrigerator easier.

Task - what does the ergonomist work on?

Ergonomists - developing an algorithm for operating refrigerators-freezers, measuring the dimensions of equipment (depth, width, height) depending on the anthropometric characteristics of a person and the area of ​​the room, research on a functional mock-up, evaluation of a prototype. The research is carried out by three people, characterized by average and threshold, i.e. low and high body sizes.

Modernization of a modern refrigerator - the freezer compartment has moved from top to bottom, shelves made of impact-resistant glass are located at eye level, which allows you to safely remove food and pots, and the doors have been rehung.

And the oven in the kitchen, on the contrary, has moved from below to chest level, which makes it easier for housewives to prepare food and monitor the heat treatment.

Lecture No. 2

Ergonomic requirements

ergonomics comfortable lighting

Ergonomic requirements are the requirements that are imposed on the HMS system in order to optimize the activity of the human operator, taking into account his socio-psychological, psychophysical, psychological, anthropometric, physiological and other objective characteristics and capabilities. Ergonomic requirements are the basis for the formation of the machine design, the design development of spatial and compositional solutions for the system as a whole and its individual elements.

Optimization - in the most general case: choosing the best (optimal) option from a variety of possible ones.

Basic ergonomic requirements for equipment - consider the SCHMS in the figure

(write down the requirements in the notebook, Fig. SChMS_SNiP)

Comment on the requirements and drawing:

The design of production equipment should ensure that labor operations are performed in optimal zones of the motor field of the arms and legs, depending on the required accuracy and frequency of actions. When designing equipment, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of alternating working postures “standing” and “sitting”.

The working areas of the equipment must have sufficient lighting according to the nature and conditions of the work. The production noise level should not exceed permissible values ​​in accordance with sanitary standards. The parameters of the air environment, taking into account the operation of production equipment, must meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.4. "Physical factors of the production environment."

Information display means must be placed in areas of the information field, taking into account the frequency and significance of incoming information, the type of information display means, the accuracy and speed of tracking and reading.

Controls should be placed on the equipment taking into account their functional purpose, frequency of use, sequence of use of functional communication with the corresponding means of displaying information (San P and N 2.2.2. 540-96).

All moving and rotating elements of equipment must be securely guarded and have locks to prevent injury. Possible dangers should be indicated with warning colors and safety signs.

The color scheme of the equipment must meet the requirements of ergonomics and technical aesthetics.

The distances between equipment must ensure the safe movement of workers and vehicles.

To attract attention, the signal should be modulated (intermittent trills, beating - 1-2 beats per second). It is recommended to combine audible alarms with visual ones. For example, a sound signal turns on when a malfunction occurs in the equipment, and a light signal informs about the location where it occurred.

All types of labor are conventionally divided into three groups: physical labor, where muscular activity predominates, sensory (for example, operator, dispatcher), where the load falls on the receptor systems (smell, touch, auditory and visual organs, i.e. the senses are involved) , and mental work. The convention of dividing into groups is explained by the fact that none of the types of work can be performed without the participation of the nervous system.

Ergonomic research primarily includes types of work activities that involve the use of technical equipment.

Ergonomic properties are the properties of products (machines, objects or their combinations) that manifest themselves in the “man-machine-environment” system as a result of the implementation of ergonomic requirements.

Ergonomics is the integrity of ergonomic properties, which include controllability, maintainability, usability and habitability.

Write down the definitions from the block diagram of ERGONOMIC PROPERTIES AND INDICATORS OF TECHNOLOGY.

Controllability - (several definitions) - compliance of the distribution of functions between a person (or group of people) and technology with the optimal structure of their interaction in achieving their goals.

CONVERSATION: You get into any Japanese car and in 5 minutes you know everything about it, but you get into a German car and you will study for a whole month. It’s the same with any equipment: TVs, washing machines, stoves, etc.

Maintainability is the compliance of the design of a technical object (or its individual elements) with the optimal psychophysiological structure (visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory capabilities) of the activities for its operation, maintenance and repair.

CONVERSATION: For clarity, take examples of a “friendly” or also so-called intuitive interface (ease of use of equipment without additional use of instructions for use - you look at the equipment and you know where to click based on the markings). Why do you take a Samsung phone of any model and after a couple of minutes you know where to click, but you take Nokia and spend the whole evening getting to know it.

Mastery is the ability inherent in technology to quickly master it (acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and management skills). The requirements set by technology for the level of development of professionally significant psychophysiological and psychological functions of a person.

CONVERSATION: An example is the Vista operating system. When people tested it, they began to return to XP again. It turned out to be an inconvenient shell. Microsoft Corporation did not recoup the money invested in development and quickly began to develop a new operating system, a kind of symbiosis of XP and Vista.

Habitability is the correspondence of the operating conditions of equipment to the biologically optimal parameters of the working environment, providing a person with normal development, good health and high performance. Possibility of reducing and eliminating operating conditions of equipment harmful to the natural environment.

CONVERSATION: To what extent do college classrooms comply with the sanitary and hygienic requirements for premises: for a classroom - for 1 person -2.5 m², in a computer class - 4.5 m², in an oil painting workshop - 3.5 m² + hood; illumination, temperature, humidity, dust, noise, radiation.

An ergonomic norm is a functional optimum, which refers to the flow of all processes in the system with the greatest possible coherence, reliability, economy and efficiency. The optimal state is the best and most adequate of the realistically possible homogeneous states, most corresponding to certain conditions and tasks of the functioning of systems.

Ergonomics in construction, architecture and equipment design of buildings and premises has so far been little studied and requires ergonomic research and development. Most studies are related to the study of harmful and dangerous factors in construction, where the physical load of workers is still extremely high compared to other industries. Lifting and carrying loads in many cases is carried out manually. Exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of dust in the air, high levels of noise, vibration, poor lighting, especially in the winter, work in unfavorable climatic conditions.

CONVERSATION: During your internship in your second year, you used a hand mixer to mix dry bulk mixtures. In Fig. 3 you can see modern models of hand-held construction mixers that meet ergonomic requirements. It is light in weight, has a comfortable side handle, adjustable rotation speed, and the tools are made of impact-resistant materials.

Ergonomic requirements at the stages of design, construction and operation of structures are operational and technical properties, i.e. life activity in the emergency system (accounting for the functional processes occurring within); labor safety issues; the relationship between building materials (plasterboard, natural or artificial stone, wood, metal, reinforced concrete, brick, paints and varnishes, polymer-based materials), structural systems and architectural form; rational choice, experience in application for the design of load-bearing and enclosing structures, external and internal finishing of buildings and structures (interior, exterior).

Architectural and interior design faces ergonomic challenges when solving the following problems:

1) dimensions, shape and other general properties of space;

2) organization of travel routes that meet the requirements for the implementation of activities and its efficiency, labor protection and safety;

3) compatibility of human activities and the environment;

4) the main types of furniture, accessories, equipment and their design characteristics that affect the performance of the activity, its results and the satisfaction received from it;

5) arrangement of furniture, fixtures and equipment;

6) groups of people and activities requiring special furniture, accessories and their placement, as well as those aspects of occupational health and safety;

7) surface finishing, if it can influence human perception and activity;

8) the influence of temperature, air movement, humidity, sound, noise, lighting and climatic conditions on human performance and the creation of comfortable operating conditions;

9) the impact of new products and developing technology on the characteristics of the traditional building type.

*The main structural elements of ergonomics are the successive stages of ergonomic methodological research (draw a structural diagram, Fig. 2.)

1. theory, methodology (system of principles, techniques and methods),

2. scientific knowledge about the object of study,

3. the block of operational tools and research methods covers three most important areas of ergonomic research: analysis of human activity with the study of the factors of its occurrence, synthesis (modeling) and evaluation of the object, development of ergonomic requirements and indicators,

4. object of study “person-object-environment”

5. results of ergonomic research - scientifically and experimentally substantiated data necessary for the design development of the system (ergonomic assessment and certification of the object)

Ergonomics is organically connected with design, one of the main goals of which is the formation of a harmonious subject environment that meets material and spiritual needs. At the same time, not only the properties of the appearance of objects are worked out, but mainly the structural connections that give the system functional and compositional unity.

The concept of *ergodesign combines scientific ergonomic studies of the “human factor” with project design developments.

HOMEWORK: prepare material on psychological processes (phenomena): attention, thinking, memory, observation.

Lecture No. 3

Factors determining ergonomic requirements

Lesson objectives:

A team of specialists is involved in ergonomic research: psychologists, physiologists, hygienists, architects, designers, engineers, etc.

*The branches of science closest to ergonomics:

* engineering psychology (study of the designs of tools, machines, devices and features of production operations from the point of view of human psychological properties);

* labor psychology (the study of the relationship between the individual and the conditions, process and tools of labor);

* labor physiology (the study of changes in the body during work);

* occupational hygiene (creating favorable working conditions, ensuring human health and ability to work).

Hygiene is a branch of preventive medicine that studies the influence of the external environment on human health and performance; the practical area of ​​application of hygiene is sanitation - the development of sanitary standards and requirements.

In ergonomics, a search is being made for the mutual adaptation of technology and man: on the one hand, the adaptation of technology to human capabilities, on the other, the adaptation of man to working conditions.

An ergonomic approach to solving the problem of optimizing human life is determined by a complex of factors. The main ones, due to the individual characteristics of a person:

Socio-psychological factors assume that the design of the machine (equipment, equipment) and the organization of workplaces correspond to the nature and degree of group interaction, and also establish the nature of interpersonal relationships, depending on the content of joint activities to manage the facility (satisfaction with work, pay, social security, work schedule) .

EXAMPLE: The conditions in which the members of a work group interact influence the success of their joint activities, satisfaction with the process and the results of their work. An analogy can be drawn with the natural and climatic conditions in which a plant lives and develops. It may flourish in one climate, but wither in another. The same can be said about the socio-psychological climate: in some conditions people feel uncomfortable, tend to leave the group, spend less time in it, their personal growth slows down, in others the group functions optimally and its members have the opportunity to fully realize their potential .

Psychological factors predetermine the compliance of equipment, technological processes and the environment with the capabilities and characteristics of perception, memory, thinking, psychomotor skills of the fixed and newly formed skills of a working person

Anthropometric factors determine the correspondence of the structure, dimensions of equipment and their elements to the structure, shape, size and weight of the human body, the correspondence of the nature of the product’s shape to the anatomical plasticity of the human body.

Psychophysiological factors determine the compliance of the equipment with the visual, auditory and other capabilities of a person, the conditions of visual comfort and orientation in the subject environment.

Physiological factors are designed to ensure that the equipment matches the physiological properties of a person, his strength, speed, biomechanical and energy capabilities.

Hygienic (hygiene - Greek Hyhieinos - bringing health) factors predetermine the requirements for illumination, gas composition of the air, humidity, temperature, pressure, dust, ventilation, toxicity, electromagnetic field strength, various types of radiation, incl. radiation, noise (sound), ultrasound, vibration, gravitational overload and acceleration (microclimate)

If we talk about psychological aspects, they are connected, first of all, with the psychology of work: psychological characteristics of the individual; psychological characteristics of attention; the role of the psychological climate in the team.

Psychological characteristics of a person are a set of significant and more or less permanent characteristics of a person. They do not remain unchanged throughout life, but change with the development of personality and largely depend on environmental conditions (social, cultural, material, etc.).

The main psychological characteristics of the individual include:

* worldview, i.e. a system of views on surrounding phenomena in nature and society;

* personal interests (life values ​​and goals, spiritual needs, materialism, etc.);

* personality traits, i.e. a set of core psychological properties,

leaving an imprint on actions, all life activities (initiative,

conscientiousness, indecisiveness, etc.);

* abilities and giftedness, i.e. predisposition to more successful performance of any type of activity;

* the strength of the nervous system (its performance) and the type of nervous system of the individual, which determines the speed of transition from one activity to another.

There are four main characteristic types of the nervous system:

1. Weak (melancholic) - characterized by weakness of the processes of excitation and inhibition. Such an employee is not distinguished by high efficiency, but is able to respond to more subtle signals and is prone to subtle, careful work.

2. Strong unbalanced type (choleric). In him, the processes of excitation prevail over the processes of inhibition. Such a person is unlikely to be engaged in monotonous work or work that requires long-term concentration. However, he is capable of quickly switching attention and taking initiative.

3. Strong, balanced, mobile type (sanguine). A strong nervous system with balanced and easily switchable processes.

4. Strong balanced inert type (phlegmatic). The calm, stress-resistant, low-excitability type is indispensable for pedantic, meticulous work that requires perseverance.

As a rule, characteristic types of the nervous system are not found in their “pure” form. Real concrete people have mixed traits with a predominance of one type or another.

Psychological characteristics of an individual influence both the choice of profession, the degree of mastery of it, and largely determine psychological compatibility with colleagues (psychology of professions - determining the choice up to 30 years)

In the process of life (at work, when driving a car, in seemingly simple everyday situations, etc.), attention plays a large role - a complex psychological phenomenon closely related to thinking.

Attention is the ability of a person to purposefully focus his consciousness on a certain object, certain thoughts and at the same time distract from others. Due to this feature of mental activity, some objects can be perceived brightly and clearly, while others fall out of sight and fade into the background.

The qualitative side of attention, which has professional significance, is determined by its direction, concentration, stability, volume, depth, and speed of switching.

The direction of attention is characterized by the level of concentration of a person’s mental activity on objects of attention, which can be external and internal.

The volume of attention is characterized by the number of objects of attention and, depending on the characteristics of the individual and specific working conditions, can vary significantly. You can work most fruitfully with no more than 5 objects of attention (maximum - up to 7).

Sustainability of attention is characterized by the duration of its concentration on objects of attention.

EXAMPLE: As special studies show, for work that requires a high concentration of attention in a production environment, a person can hold it on a certain object for 15-20 minutes, after which attention weakens.

The stability of attention during the work process is influenced by the depth of knowledge the worker has of the object of attention; state of the object (it is easier for a person to concentrate attention on dynamic rather than static objects).

The process of attention distribution is closely related to the process of switching attention (i.e., deliberately transferring it from one object to another).

Thinking is a process of cognitive activity, which is characterized by generalization and indirect reflection of reality. Mental operations: analysis (decomposition) - synthesis (restoration of the whole); comparison (contrast); abstraction (mental distraction); generalization (unification by attribute).

Forms of thinking:

A concept is a reflection in the human mind of the general and essential properties of an object or phenomenon.

Judgment is the main form of thinking in the process of which connections between objects or phenomena are affirmed or denied.

Inference is a complex mental activity during which a person, by comparing and analyzing various judgments, comes to new general and particular conclusions. A person uses two types of inferences - inductive (a method of reasoning from particular judgments to a general one) and deductive (a method of reasoning from a general judgment to a particular one)

Types of thinking:

Visual - active, figurative, abstract

Memory is a mental process, without which normal human life is impossible. It consists of remembering, preserving and subsequently reproducing or recognizing something previously perceived, experienced or done.

Thanks to memory, a person can master the experience accumulated by previous generations of people; successfully apply your personal experience in practical activities; continuously expand your knowledge, skills and abilities.

Any manifestation of memory requires, first of all, memorization, i.e., imprinting the perceived material, then storing this remembered material in consciousness for some (often a very long) time; and whether this material has been preserved in consciousness or not can only be said if there is an attempt to recognize or reproduce it. Each of these four stages of memory has its own characteristics.

Observation is a purposeful and systematic perception of phenomena, the results of which are recorded by the observer. In the activities of a teacher, various types of objective observation can be used.

Types of observations

Direct - carried out by the researcher himself, directly observing the phenomenon and process being studied

Indirect - ready-made observation results prepared by other people are used: message

Open (explicit) - observation that takes place in conditions where the teacher and children are aware of the fact of the presence of unauthorized persons.

Covert - observation through a glass wall that allows light to pass in one direction. Use of hidden cameras, etc.

Included (participatory) - The observer is included in a certain social situation and analyzes the event “from the inside.”

Mental processes: observation, perception, sensation, imagination, speech.

All these processes and properties of the human psyche depend on the natural abilities and inclinations of a person to a certain type of activity, as well as on training (industrial practice) and the created production conditions.

Conduct a TEST FOR THE TYPE OF TEMPERAMENT (standard, which is carried out by psychologists) or a TEST for attention, thinking, memory

Lecture No. 4

Comfortable human stay in the architectural environment

In the process of life, a person is under the complex influence of material environmental conditions, which largely determine his activity, performance and health. The teacher of the German school of design - Bauhaus - Oskar Schlemmer said that man is the center of the universe, the master of the situation and controls the threads of the environment at will (Figure 4a)

In reality, everything is completely different, and today a person increasingly finds himself not the master of the situation - a spider, but a victim-fly caught in a thick web of unfavorable factors.

Human activity, performance and health are largely determined by the properties of the environment and the impact of unfavorable factors of natural and man-made origin. Of particular danger are the so-called “silent” environmental factors, which are not directly perceived by the senses, but very actively influence the human condition.

EXAMPLE: Microwave ovens - cooking in them is very convenient, fast, and economical in terms of energy consumption. Research shows that cooking food in microwaves is not good for our health, especially when using disposable polystyrene utensils. Heating introduces harmful toxins into food.

More often than not, it is difficult to identify the factors that are critical to an individual's optimal condition.

Additional difficulties in assessing the environment are created by significant differences and individual characteristics of the human body. Different people react very differently to the influence of the same stimuli acting with the same intensity. Individual susceptibility and the level of body resistance that depends on it in relation to physical and chemical influences change under the influence of external conditions and internal factors.

EXAMPLE: Occupational diseases, cumulative trauma (accumulative) - develops gradually over time as a result of work activity

Real technical capabilities of monitoring (control) of the environment and recording the physiological state of the body dictate the need to introduce certain conventions with their differentiation (division, dismemberment of the whole) into groups and elements.

For example, the direct impact of climate on the human body determines its thermal state, behavior, morbidity, etc. Climate has a direct impact on the adoption of one or another volumetric-spatial solution in architectural design, the choice of structural and finishing materials, etc.

State of the environment, i.e. The environmental situation in homes and public buildings (primarily medical, preschool and school) requires the close attention of architects and designers due to the increasing electronicization of equipment, the use of new generations of synthetic materials in construction, decoration, furniture manufacturing, etc.

Electromagnetic and electrostatic fields, radiation - these so-called “quiet” factors created by technical equipment and devices have a harmful effect on the health of the current generation (especially children, elderly and sick people), but can have an even more detrimental effect on descendants.

EXAMPLE: a microwave oven, a vacuum cleaner, a computer, or an incorrectly installed “warm floor” can pose a danger due to the permissible level of the magnetic field being tens of times higher.

The essence of the danger of using synthetic (sometimes natural materials) in interiors is that construction and finishing materials, materials for the manufacture of furniture and equipment, to one degree or another, affect the space of the living environment and the people living there.

Materials as one of the main means of solving problems put forward by architecture: the implementation of a creative concept, aesthetic expressiveness, economic and functional feasibility.

There are three main mechanisms for this effect.

Chemical exposure occurs as a result of the release of chemical substances into the indoor air that can evaporate or sublimate through the surface of the material and structural elements into the air (formaldehyde, phenol, vinyl chloride, acrylic, etc.).

The physical impact is caused by the electrification of materials and the impact of a static electricity field on a person, the penetration of sound waves (noise) through the material (partitions) and their effect on the hearing and nervous system, insufficient thermal insulation capacity of interior structures and equipment elements; Radioactive radiation from materials is also possible.

The biological impact is caused by the emergence of fungal colonies in humid and warm places and, as a result, allergic diseases due to the release of fungal spores into the air. The presence of insects and small rodents is also a biological effect.

The comfort of a person’s stay in an artificial environment is determined by the following blocks of data that determine its microclimate:

Hygienic characteristics (engineering equipment, air conditioning, maintaining temperature, humidity, cleanliness);

Psychophysiological factors (light sources, interior color scheme, choice of finishes: stone, metal, wood, textiles, paint and varnish coatings, rolled materials);

Spatial and anthropometric parameters (functional zoning into household zones and recreation areas, provide for ease of communication between zones and optimal conditions for performing each process).

Let's consider the hygienic factors that determine the characteristics of the living environment, created under the influence of climatic conditions, the functioning of tools and objects of work and leisure, technological processes in production or in everyday life, as well as the influence of construction and finishing materials and color solutions for interiors.

In Fig. Figure 4 b shows a zone of comfortable conditions that are acceptable and have little effect on human performance, as well as a zone of maximum permissible environmental conditions under which significant physiological changes in the body occur.

These elements of hygiene factors can be grouped into functional blocks.

Collaborating with students: using Fig. 4 b - fill out the table - *Objective characteristics (elements) of the habitat (change table No. 1) + explaining the unit of measurement + additions under the table (my comments)

It is better to orient the kitchen to the northeast or northwest. It should have a connection with the basement and garden. It is advisable to have a visual connection with the garden gate, the door of the house, the area where children play, and the terrace.

The kitchen should have a good connection with the hallway, dining room and homework area. The kitchen is the apartment's workplace, a room in which a lot of time is spent. Often the kitchen, which is also a dining room, is a meeting place for the whole family.

When equipping a kitchen, you should strive for: short work paths, consistency in the work process, sufficient freedom of movement, comfortable body position when preparing food and matching the height of the equipment to the size of the body, avoiding standing work.

The minimum area of ​​the kitchen niche is 5-6 m2, the kitchen - 8-10 m2, the kitchen-dining room - 12-14 m2. To facilitate work, one must strive for an appropriate arrangement of equipment. From left to right this is a table, a stove, a work table for dishes, a sink, and a drying area. For convenient use of equipment and furniture, the distance between them should be 120 cm. With a depth of 60 cm of equipment and kitchen furniture, the width of the kitchen should be 240 cm.

A comfortable kitchen requires rational organization of the workplace. When placing equipment, care should be taken to ensure that paths are kept to a minimum, that they follow the sequence of work and that there is enough space for movement. The slight seating angle is an advantage. Furniture should ensure comfortable posture when working and correspondence of the heights of the working planes to the size of the body (achieved by different heights of the base). Kitchen equipment and furniture are manufactured to fit well together and be interchangeable. In small kitchens, light-colored tile floors and light-colored walls and ceilings are recommended, which helps create a bright, calm atmosphere.

Most kitchens are designed too small. The minimum area of ​​the kitchen space should be 8 m2. Small spaces require careful planning. It is not so much the kitchen area that is important, but the usable area for the appropriate arrangement of furniture and equipment. Standard dimensions of furniture and equipment are multiples of 60 cm. The ideal length of the front occupied by equipment and furniture is 7 m. Wall cabinets up to the ceiling provide additional space for dishes and other utensils. The minimum width of the kitchen is 240 cm. With a smaller width, it is recommended to place the equipment along one wall or in the shape of the letter L.

Equipment and floor cabinets have a height of 85-92 cm. Window sills should be high so that they do not interfere with the placement of equipment. Pay attention to the correct water and gas supply.

Dining rooms. 60 x 40 cm is the table area needed by a person when eating. It provides the necessary space for eating without interference from neighbors. In the middle of the table it is necessary to provide a space 20 cm wide for placing dishes, so the ideal width of a dining table is 80-85 cm. Round, hexagonal and octagonal tables with a diameter of 90-120 cm are ideal for 4 people.