Environmental problems of using heat engines. Presentation on the topic "environmental problem when using heat engines" Heat engines and their application environmental problems
“Heat engines and the environment” - Watt James. These substances enter the atmosphere. Carnot cycle. Internal combustion engines of automobiles. Refrigeration unit. Heat engines. Heat engine efficiency. Steam and gas turbine. Scheme of the working process of a four-stroke diesel engine. Steam turbine. Newcomen Thomas.
“Types of engines” - efficiency of an internal combustion engine. Greenpeace's fight against air pollution. Operating principle of an electric motor. Electric motor. Efficiency of diesel engines. Internal combustion engine. How it was (the discoverers). An energy-power machine that converts any energy into mechanical work.
“Use of heat engines” - Amount of harmful substances. First car. In aviation. Russian mechanic Ivan Polzunov. On the railway. German engineer Daimler. Heat engines play a positive role in life. Application of heat engines. State of green nature. Air. Vehicles. Let us trace the history of the development of heat engines.
"Modern thermal engines" - Engine. Special diesel fuel. Device. Piston engines. Internal combustion engine. Types of heat engines. English inventor. Gas turbine. A mixture of fuel and air. Pallet. An engine that burns hydrocarbons as fuel. Steam engine. Modern heat engines.
“Heat engines and their types” - A variety of types of heat engines. Diesel. Thermal machines. Internal combustion engine. Steam turbine. Types of heat engines. Jet engine. Internal energy. Gas turbine. Steam engine.
“Types of Heat Engines” - Steam turbine. Harm. Brief history. Internal combustion engine. Types of heat engines. Reducing Pollution environment. Carnot cycle. Rocket engine. The importance of heat engines. Brief history of development. Heat engines.
There are 31 presentations in total
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Plan: What is a heat engine; History of the creation of a heat engine; Modern types of heat engines; Environmental issues; Solving environmental problems.
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A heat engine is a machine in which the internal energy of fuel is converted into mechanical energy.
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The history of the appearance of heat engines goes back to the distant past. They say that more than two thousand years ago, in the 3rd century BC, the great Greek mechanic and mathematician Archimedes built a cannon that fired using steam. The drawing of Archimedes' cannon and its description were found 18 centuries later in the manuscripts of the great Italian scientist, engineer and artist Leonardo da Vinci.
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Types of modern heat engines: Internal combustion engines (ICE); Gas turbine; Rocket; Nuclear.
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Internal combustion engine An internal combustion engine is a heat engine that converts the heat of combustion of fuel into mechanical work. Compared to a steam engine, an internal combustion engine is fundamentally simpler. There is no steam boiler unit. more compact lighter more economical required liquid fuel best quality.
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ICE ARE DISTINGUISHED: Gasoline Gasoline carburetor; Gasoline injection; Diesel, compression ignition; Gas; Gas-diesel; Rotary piston; Combined internal combustion engine. By method of operating cycle: four-stroke two-stroke By number of cylinders: single-cylinder two-cylinder multi-cylinder
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GAS TURBINE ENGINE A gas turbine engine (GTE) is a heat engine in which gas is compressed and heated, and then the energy of the compressed and heated gas is converted into mechanical work on the gas turbine shaft. The working process of a gas turbine engine can be carried out with continuous combustion of fuel at constant pressure or with intermittent combustion of fuel at constant volume. Gas turbines are used in ships, locomotives and tanks. Many experiments have been carried out on cars equipped with gas turbines.
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Rocket engine A rocket engine (RM) is a jet engine that uses for its operation only substances and energy sources available on a moving vehicle (aircraft, ground, underwater). Thus, unlike air-breathing engines, RDs do not require an environment (air, water) to operate.
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Nuclear Engine A nuclear engine uses fission or fusion energy to create jet thrust. A traditional nuclear power plant is generally a structure consisting of a nuclear reactor and the engine itself. The working fluid (usually ammonia or hydrogen) is supplied from the tank to the reactor core where, passing through channels heated by the nuclear decay reaction, it is heated to high temperatures and then thrown out through the nozzle, creating jet thrust.
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Ecological situation Pollution from heat engines: Chemical. Radioactive. Thermal. Heat engine efficiency
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Impact on humans and the environment Vibrations, resonant vibrations negatively affect internal organs and psyche; Carbon monoxide, fatalities; Pollution of water, rivers, lakes during washing and with runoff; Low efficiency due to heat loss increases the greenhouse effect; Negatively affect plant and fauna causing mutations, they destroy mushrooms, berries, and collective gardens; The waste products of engines make the soil unviable; Exhausts cause cancer; Exhausts promote substance abuse leading to degradation; Exhaustion natural resources, burning them instead of fine processing.
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Electric cars An electric car is a car driven by one or more electric motors powered by autonomous source electricity (batteries, fuel cells, etc.), rather than an internal combustion engine. An electric vehicle must be distinguished from vehicles with an internal combustion engine and electric transmission, as well as from trolleybuses and trams.
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Advantages of an electric car: No harmful emissions; Higher environmental friendliness; Easy maintenance, long service life, low cost; Low fire and explosion hazard in case of an accident; Simplicity of design (simple electric motor and transmission; no need to change gears); Possibility of recharging from a household electrical network (socket), but this method takes 5-10 times longer than from a special high-voltage charger; Massive use of electric vehicles could help solve the problem of “peak energy” by recharging batteries at night; Less noise; The possibility of braking by the electric motor itself without the use of mechanical brakes - no friction and, accordingly, wear of the brakes; Simple Possibility implementation of all-wheel drive and braking by using a “motor-wheel” scheme, which makes it easy to implement a system of turning all four wheels, up to a position perpendicular to the body of the electric vehicle.
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Disadvantages of an electric vehicle Available high-energy batteries are either too expensive due to the use of precious or expensive metals, or operate at too high temperatures; During sudden starts, traction batteries lose a lot of energy; The problem is the production and disposal of batteries, which often contain toxic components and acids; Part of the battery energy is spent on cooling or heating the vehicle interior, as well as powering other on-board energy consumers; For the mass use of electric vehicles, it is necessary to create an appropriate infrastructure for recharging batteries (“autocharging” stations); With the widespread use of electric vehicles at the time of their charging from a household network, overloads increase electrical networks; Long battery charging time; Low mileage on one charge; Deterioration of battery performance in the cold.
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Pollution prevention measures Reducing harmful emissions. Exhaust gas monitoring, filter modification. Comparison of efficiency and environmental friendliness various types fuel, transfer of transport to gas and fuel. Prospects for use electric motors, transport to solar powered; improvement of designs; noise protection strips; modifications with interchangeable parts; under control - disposal of used parts and substances; improvement of environmental law.
2014-05-28
In our lives we constantly encounter various engines. They power cars and planes, tractors, ships and railway locomotives. Electric current produced primarily using heat engines. It was the emergence and further spread of heat engines that provided the opportunity for the rapid development of industry in the 18th - 20th centuries.
The operation of heat engines involves the use of fossil fuels. The modern world community uses energy resources on a huge scale. For example, in 2007, energy consumption was approximately 5.1017 kJ.
All heat losses in various heat engines lead to an increase in the internal energy of surrounding bodies and, ultimately, the atmosphere. It would seem that the production of 5.1017 kJ of energy per year, related to the area of land developed by man (8.5 billion hectares), will give an insignificant value of 0.15 W/m2 compared with the supply of radiant energy from the Sun to the earth's surface: 1.36 kW/ m2.
The furnaces of thermal power plants, internal combustion engines of cars, airplanes and other machines emit substances harmful to humans into the atmosphere, such as sulfur compounds, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, chlorine, etc. These substances enter the atmosphere, and from it - to different parts of the landscape. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides combine with atmospheric moisture to form sulfuric and nitrate acids.
Pollution of air and water bodies, death of coniferous forests and many other evidence of the catastrophic state of nature have been noted in a number of regions of Ukraine and the Asian part of Russia.
The use of steam turbines in power plants requires a lot of water and large areas, allocated to the stands for cooling the exhaust steam. With the increase in power plant capacity, the need for water and new areas increases sharply.
A huge amount of fuel combustion products, in particular carbon dioxide, causes the so-called “greenhouse effect”. The fact is that carbon dioxide freely transmits the energy of solar radiation to the Earth, but does not “release” the thermal radiation of the Earth’s surface heated by the Sun back into outer space. As a result, the air temperature near the earth's surface rises.
The strengthening of the greenhouse effect due to the emissions of large quantities of carbon dioxide can lead to global warming, which is fraught with catastrophic consequences. For example, it has already begun to lead to the melting of polar ice and mountain glaciers, and if the greenhouse effect increases, the level of the World Ocean will begin to rise. According to some estimates, it could rise by more than a meter, leading to flooding of vast coastal areas.
Among other social dangers, one of the first places is occupied by those associated with the use of heat engines.
What do heat engines mean to us?
Every day we deal with engines that power cars, ships, industrial equipment, railway locomotives and aircraft. It was the advent and widespread use of heat engines that rapidly advanced industry.
The environmental problem of using heat engines is that emissions of thermal energy inevitably lead to heating of surrounding objects, including the atmosphere. Scientists have long been struggling with the problem of rising sea levels, considering human activity to be the main influencing factor. Changes in nature will lead to changes in our living conditions, but despite this, energy consumption increases every year.
Where are heat engines used?
Millions of vehicles powered by internal combustion engines transport passengers and cargo. By railways There are powerful diesel locomotives and motor ships along water routes. Airplanes and helicopters are equipped with piston, turbojet and turboprop engines. Rocket engines “push” stations, ships and Earth satellites into outer space. Internal combustion engines in agriculture installed on combines, pumping stations, tractors and other objects.
Environmental problem of using heat engines
Machines used by humans, heat engines, automobile production, the use of gas turbine propulsion systems, aviation and launch vehicles, pollution of the aquatic environment by ships - all this has a catastrophically destructive effect on the environment.
Firstly, when coal and oil are burned, nitrogen and sulfur compounds are released into the atmosphere, which are harmful to humans. Secondly, the processes use atmospheric oxygen, the content of which in the air decreases because of this.
Emissions into the atmosphere are not the only factor in the influence of thermal engines on nature. Manufacturing of mechanical and electrical energy cannot be carried out without releasing significant amounts of heat into the environment, which cannot but lead to an increase in the average temperature on the planet.
It is aggravated by the fact that burned substances increase This, in turn, leads to the emergence of a “greenhouse effect”. Global warming is becoming a real danger.
The environmental problem of using heat engines is that fuel combustion cannot be complete, and this leads to the release of ash and soot flakes into the air we breathe. According to statistics, all over the world, power plants annually discharge more than 200 million tons of ash and more than 60 million tons of sulfur oxide into the air.
All civilized countries are trying to solve environmental problems associated with the use of heat engines. The latest energy-saving technologies are being introduced to improve heat engines. As a result, energy consumption for the production of the same product is significantly reduced, reducing the harmful effect on the environment.
Thermal power plants, internal combustion engines of cars and other machines discharge large quantities into the atmosphere and then into the soil waste harmful to all living things, for example, chlorine, sulfur compounds (during the combustion of coal), carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen oxides, etc. Car engines emit about three tons of lead into the atmosphere every year.
At nuclear power plants, another environmental problem with the use of thermal engines is the safety and disposal of radioactive waste.
Due to incredibly high energy consumption, some regions have lost the ability to clean their own airspace. The operation of nuclear power plants has helped to significantly reduce harmful emissions, but the operation requires huge amounts of water and large ponds to cool the waste steam.
Solutions
Unfortunately, humanity is unable to abandon the use of heat engines. Where is the way out? In order to consume an order of magnitude less fuel, that is, reduce energy consumption, the engine efficiency should be increased to carry out the same work. The only way to combat the negative consequences of using heat engines is to increase the efficiency of energy use and switch to energy-saving technologies.
In general, it would be wrong to say that the global environmental problem of using heat engines is not being solved. All more electric locomotives are being replaced by conventional trains; Battery-powered cars are becoming popular; Energy-saving technologies are being introduced into industry. There is hope that environmentally friendly aircraft and rocket engines will appear. The governments of many countries are implementing international environmental protection programs aimed at preventing Earth pollution.
Description of the presentation ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM OF USING HEAT MACHINES. by slides
Nature conservation is an important task, because it is the advancement of the civilized world forward. One of the first hazards is occupied by environmental problems associated with the use of heat engines.
What do heat engines mean to us? Engines that drive cars, planes, rockets, etc.
And what is their environmental problem? The environmental problem of using heat engines is that emissions of thermal energy inevitably lead to heating of surrounding objects, including the atmosphere.
Environmental problem of using heat engines Firstly, when burning coal and oil, nitrogen and sulfur compounds are released into the atmosphere, which are harmful to humans. Secondly, the processes use atmospheric oxygen, the content of which in the air decreases due to this. Increase in the temperature of the planet The emergence of the “greenhouse effect”
Solutions: improving heat engines and increasing their efficiency, using other types of fuel, using non-traditional energy sources, saving energy
