What are lexical words. See what “I eat, but don’t do anything.” in other dictionaries
lower news, church lead; to know what, to know, to have information about, news, information, knowledge. And we did not know and did not experience such a misfortune.
To manage or rule, to manage, to dispose of by right. The head is in charge of the volost. He who knows what he eats, eats his dinner the same way. If only I knew where you were having lunch today, I would know whose song you are singing. If only I had known, I would have known. The grandfather does not even know where his granddaughters have lunch. If only I knew where to dine now! I don’t know, I don’t know, but it’s my business. It’s not expected, it’s not known, but trouble is in the yard. What I knew, I told you too. I eat, but don't do anything. And deaf and dumb, we know no sin. Whose I drink and eat (whose bread I eat), that is what I eat. The owner did not know that the guest had not dined. Whoever dines with us doesn’t even know us. Know to communicate with, to know, to deal with, to deal with. Get along with yours. Deal with him as you please. Know to go to court with someone, to deal with a court, to search, to compete. The volost is led by the head, managed.
Well, let's find out who should go, chickens. horse, throw lots, take the bottom and top of the stick. I know, you know, instead of I know, you know, I know, you know. But you know, I wasn’t happy at home. After all, union, know, know, understand, isn’t it, of course, isn’t it; pronunciation twist After all, I told you in advance, didn’t I tell you, didn’t I say something? Find out from him why he is going. Find out where he went. To manage a business, to manage. He got carried away and became arrogant. You cannot explore the depths of the sea. Visit your brother, visit him; check on his health. Try some beer. Tell me the truth, tell me. Translate this matter better, find out again. He foretold his death. Check on him, visit him. I found out about this. He goes from house to house and scouts. I’ll find out, I’ll say so, I’ll find out. I found out, but it was too late, I found out. Know the usage. only with a pretext. Unknown, unknown to whom, unknown. Notify, inform. To notify someone, to notify. Inquire about what. Notify me of your arrival. Maintaining [_cf. genus ] duration or church knowledge, knowledge, cognition, understanding, information, understanding, state of being in charge.
Department, management, range of action, management of what; in this meaning used and knowledge. These matters are not in my control.
Maintaining, paper from place equal in degree of subordination to equal; intercourse is the same as the relationship between officials. The patient lies without knowing, Vologda. without memory, consciousness. Slave, known, known, known;
to whom, subordinate, subordinate. Known adv. known; known; obviously; of course, of course, of course, undoubtedly. Usage also in childbirth. case. This was done without my knowledge, without my knowledge. The godfather was driving, no one knows where, talking about quirks. Sleeping without knowledge, Vologda. without memory and consciousness, tightly. Department [_cf. genus] industry, part public administration, constituting something whole. Each ministry constitutes a special department. Departmental, related to the department. Statement [fem. genus ] conducting; knowledge, information, news.
Painting on paper, summarizing in graphs and numbers;
old department, circle of subordination and actions. Vedomosttsa, will belittle. Vedomosti pl. newspaper, daily, time publication. Gazette, related to statements. Veglas, leader [male. genus] old church leader witcher, expert, master, connoisseur, artificer. Leader [male] genus] knowing what, knowing;
in charge of what. He knows nothing about it, he’s old. doesn't understand anything. Neveglas, ignoramus. Department [_cf. genus] old knowledge, information, experience, experience;
sometimes the same as witchcraft. Vedun [male clan] sorceress [fem. genus] sorcerer, wizard, healer, sorceress. Witchcraft, witchcraft [_cf. genus] old sorcery, sorcery, sorcery, sorcery, divination, etc. Vedovsky old. related to witchcraft, witchcraft. Witch [fem. genus] south. or take out the new one. lower and other witch, sorceress, recognized, according to the superstition of the people, with evil spirits, a villain who has a ponytail. They skillfully beat the witch, backhanded. A learned witch is worse than a natural one; According to legend, there are scientists and natural born ones. Well, off to Bald Mountain, to the witches! On Silu (July 30) witches die, drunk on milk, milking other people's cows. The witches stole the month, an eclipse [from eclipse there will be an eclipse, and from eclipse, an eclipse]: a belief in Ukraine and the north. Witchy, witchy, characteristic of a witch, belonging to. To witch, to cast a spell to harm others, to be evil, to harm. The Witcher [husband] genus] south. zap. chickens thief. witch;
The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation between the sound complex of a linguistic unit and a particular phenomenon of reality, fixed in the minds of speakers.
Most words name objects, their characteristics, quantity, actions, processes and act as full-valued, independent words, performing a nominative function in the language (lat. nominatio- naming, name). Having common grammatical and syntactic meanings and functions, these words are combined into the categories of nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category. Their lexical meaning is supplemented by grammatical ones. For example, the word newspaper denotes a specific object; the lexical meaning indicates that it is " periodical in the form of large sheets, usually daily, dedicated to events of current political and public life." Noun newspaper has grammatical meanings of gender (feminine), number (this object is thought of as one, not many) and case. Word I'm reading calls the action “to perceive what is written, pronouncing it out loud or reproducing it to oneself” and characterizes it as real, occurring at the moment of speech, performed by the speaker (and not by other persons).
Among the significant parts of speech, pronouns and modal words lack a nominative function. The first ones only point to objects or their signs: I, you, such, so much; they receive a specific meaning in speech, but cannot serve as a generalized name for a number of similar objects, characteristics or quantity. The latter express the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed: Maybe, the mail has already arrived.
Functional parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) also do not perform a nominative function, that is, they do not name objects, signs, actions, but are used as formal grammatical linguistic means.
Lexical meanings of words, their types, development and changes are studied by lexical semantics (semasiology) (gr. sЇemasia- designation + logos- teaching). The grammatical meanings of the word are considered in the grammar of the modern Russian language.
All objects and phenomena of reality have their own names in the language. Words point to real objects, to our attitude towards them, which arose in the process of understanding the world around us. This connection of the word with the phenomena of real reality (denotations) is non-linguistic in nature, and nevertheless is the most important factor in determining the nature of the word as a sign unit.
Words name not only specific objects that can be seen, heard or touched at the moment, but also concepts about these objects that arise in our minds.
A concept is a reflection in the minds of people of common and essential features phenomena of reality, ideas about their properties. Such signs can be the shape of an object, its function, color, size, similarity or difference with another object, etc. A concept is the result of a generalization of a mass of individual phenomena, during which a person is distracted from unimportant signs, focusing on the main, fundamental ones. Without such abstraction, that is, without abstract ideas, human thinking is impossible.
Concepts are formed and consolidated in our minds with the help of words. The connection of words with a concept (significative factor) makes the word an instrument of human thinking. Without the ability of a word to name a concept, there would be no language itself. Denoting concepts with words allows us to make do with a relatively small number of linguistic signs. So, in order to single out one from many people and name anyone, we use the word Human. There are words to describe all the richness and variety of colors of living nature red, yellow, blue, green etc. Moving in space various items expressed in words goes (person, train, bus, icebreaker and even - ice, rain, snow and so on).
Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language most succinctly reflect the systemic connections of words. They represent lists of words of varying degrees of completeness and accuracy that make up the lexical system in all the diversity and complexity of its functioning in the language. Yes, word island does not indicate geographical location, size, name, shape, fauna, flora of any particular island, therefore, abstracting from these particular characteristics, we call this word any part of the land surrounded on all sides by water (in the ocean, sea, lake, river) Thus , in words those essential features and properties of objects are fixed that make it possible to distinguish a whole class of objects from other classes.
However, not all words name a concept. They are not capable of being expressed by conjunctions, particles, prepositions, interjections, pronouns, proper names. The latter deserve special mention.
There are proper names that name individual concepts. These are the names of outstanding people ( Shakespeare, Dante, Leo Tolstoy, Chaliapin, Rachmaninov), geographical names ( Volga, Baikal, Alps, America). By their nature, they cannot be a generalization and evoke the idea of an object that is unique in its kind.
Personal names of people ( Alexander, Dmitry), last names ( Golubev, Davydov), on the contrary, do not give rise to a certain idea about a person in our consciousness.
Common nouns ( historian, engineer, son-in-law) based on the distinctive features of professions and degree of relationship, we can get some idea about the people named by these words.
Animal names may be close to generic names. So, if the horse's name is Bulany, this indicates his gender and suit, Squirrel usually call animals that have white fur (although this can be called a cat, a dog, or a goat). So different nicknames relate differently to generalized names.
The meaning of the word is spelling, lexical direct and figurative meaning and interpretation (concept) of the word from the dictionary Dahl's Dictionary
Dictionary - reliable assistant in any situation. Every person very often faces a situation where he does not understand the meaning of a word or expression. As a rule, this happens in specific sectors of activity that are little known to the general circle of people. We give you the opportunity to familiarize yourself with more than twenty Russian dictionaries, including such well-known ones as: Dahl's explanatory dictionary, Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary and others.
Our world is multifaceted, has a lot of different directions and opinions, many specific and professional terms. In order for people to understand each other, communicate, share information and not experience any difficulties, for all this we publish Russian explanatory dictionaries on our website. Each Russian dictionary has its own unique history and carries echoes of its creator, his work and efforts. Each Russian explanatory dictionary is the result of incredibly painstaking work and research. Dictionaries, in the literal sense of the word, have been collected bit by bit for many years. Each dictionary required from its creator a lot of energy, travel around the country, and a lot of communication with representatives different nations and professions. For example, Dahl's explanatory dictionary required 20 years of effort from its creator, Vladimir Dahl, a talented Russian lexicographer. Vladimir Dal traveled all over Russia, from Siberian frosts to Kamchatka, so that his explanatory dictionary today has a reputation as one of the highest quality and most widely used dictionaries of our time.
| Popular words: Dahl's Dictionary | |
|---|---|
| Grainless | Overshek |
| Kick out | Track |
| Yawn | Reduce the price |
| Vymo | |
Vocabulary is a very important part of language science. She studies words and their meanings. It’s no secret: the richer a person’s language stock, the more beautiful and figurative his speech. You can learn most new words by reading. It often happens that a new word appears in a book or magazine; in this case, a dictionary of lexical meanings will help, it is also called an explanatory one. The most common ones are those issued by V.I. Dahl and S.I. Ozhegov. They are the ones he trusts modern science about language.
The vocabulary wealth of the Russian language
Language, including Russian, is a developing phenomenon. New cultures, inventions of science and technology appear, one civilization replaces another. Of course, all this is reflected in the language. Some words appear, some disappear. It is vocabulary that reacts vividly to these changes. All this constitutes the richness of the language. K. Paustovsky gave a very colorful explanation of the totality of words, saying that for every surrounding phenomenon or object there is a corresponding “good” word, or even more than one.
Scientists have proven that for one person to understand another, it is enough to have 4-5 thousand words in stock, but this is not enough for beautiful, figurative speech. Russian is one of the most beautiful languages, so it is simply necessary to take advantage of its richness. Moreover, knowledge of individual words with their interpretations is not enough (for this you can simply learn a dictionary of lexical meanings). It is much more important to know words that are related in meaning, their figurative meaning, to understand and use antonyms, and to use homonymous units.
Lexical meaning of the word
The word is the most important unit of any language. It is from them that combinations and subsequently sentences are made that people communicate with each other. How to distinguish one word from another? Using phonetic design. Lexical meaning will also help with this. This is what differentiates the words. They can designate, for example, objects, people or living beings ( table, teacher, wolf); natural phenomena ( wind, frost), actions ( run, watch), signs ( beautiful, pink).
Over the course of centuries, words can change their lexical meaning. Let's take for example the word garden. Until the 20th century, this word also meant a garden. In modern times, the lexical meaning has changed: garden now it is a fenced area where vegetables are grown.
There are words whose lexical meaning is a certain image that is easy to imagine and depict: wood, cabinet, flower. For others it is very abstract: love, grammar, music. The lexical meaning of the Russian language is summarized in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways of interpretation: words with the same meaning. For example, way - road. Some dictionaries offer a detailed explanation: path – specific place in the space through which they move.
Why is it necessary to know the lexical meaning?
It is very important to know the lexical meaning - this will save you from some spelling errors. For example:
- Try on wedding dresses- a tedious but enjoyable process.
- She was always good at reconciling enemies.
In the first example, the word “try on” is used in the meaning of “to try on”, so the root should be written e. In the second sentence we are talking about the world, so the letter is required And at the root.
Not only words, but also morphemes have different lexical meanings. Yes, prefix at- used when talking about the incompleteness of an action, immediate proximity, approach or accession; pre- in cases where the highest degree of something is meant ( very funny - very funny, But: move (attachment), sit down (incompleteness), seaside (close to the sea).
There are also roots that have different lexical meanings. These are like - poppy-/-mock-; -equals-/-exactly-. If the word means immersion in liquid, you should write - poppy- (dip cookies in milk), another thing is the meaning of “pass, absorb liquid”, in this case the writing is required - mock- (wet feet). Root - equals- should be written when talking about equality ( equation); -exactly- used to mean something smooth, even ( trim bangs).
Single and polysemous words
The wealth of words in the Russian language consists of those units that have several or only one lexical meaning. These are unambiguous and ambiguous words. The first have only one interpretation: birch, scalpel, Moscow, pizza. As can be seen from the examples, the group of unambiguous words includes proper names, recently emerged or foreign words, also narrowly focused. These are all kinds of terms, names of professions, names of animals.
There are much more polysemous words in the language, that is, those that have several meanings. As a rule, interpretations revolve around a certain feature or meaning. An explanatory dictionary will tell you that a word has multiple meanings. The meanings of such lexemes are listed below the numbers. Let’s take the word “earth” as an example. It has several interpretations:
- One of the planets in the solar system.
- Land is the opposition to the concepts of “water” and “sky”.
- Soil is a fertile layer that allows you to grow all kinds of crops.
- Territory that belongs to someone.
- For some countries it is a federal unit.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word
All polysemantic words can contain a direct or figurative interpretation. If you encounter the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words,” you need to look in a dictionary. There, next to the meaning, it will be indicated whether it is direct or figurative. The first is the main one; the second was formed on the basis of the main one based on the principle of similarity.
For example, consider the word “hat”. First, its main meaning is a headdress with a small brim. Based on the similarities, a figurative interpretation was formed: upper part any object, expanded and flat - mushroom or nail cap.
It is figurative meanings that give speech a special imagery; on their basis, such tropes as metaphor are created (hidden comparison: sheaf of hair), metonymy (contiguity of features: silverware) and synecdoche (a part is used instead of the whole: the peasant was actually a slave).
Sometimes there are cases when only a figurative meaning appears in a language, and to complete a task such as “Determine the lexical meaning of words”, you will need not only an explanatory, but also an etymological dictionary. For example, this happened with the adjective “red”. Its direct meaning “beautiful” was preserved only in ancient toponyms (“Red Square”) or folklore (proverbs).
Homonyms
The meanings of words can be compared or contrasted. The program for grades 5-6 studies such relationships. The lexical meaning of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms is very interesting. Let's look at all these types of words.
Homonyms are those words that are identical in pronunciation or spelling, but their meaning is completely different. Yes, words carnations(flowers) and carnations(pointed rods for fastening materials) are spelled the same and pronounced differently. Another example: braid– type of hairstyle, and braid- agricultural implement. Homonyms can also be grammatical. So, in the phrases “light the oven” and “bake pies”. Word bake is a noun in the first case and a verb in the second. The concepts of homonymy and polysemy should not be confused. The first does not presuppose any similarity between concepts, while the second is built on the principle of similarity of any attribute.
Synonyms
Synonyms are words with identical lexical meaning. For example, the words “friend, buddy, comrade, fellow” have the meaning of a close, trusted person. However, synonyms still differ in shades of meaning. Friend, for example, denotes a particularly close person.
Synonyms also have different stylistic colors. So, shirt-guy used in colloquial speech. As a rule, synonyms are words of one part of speech, but they can be stable combinations. Knowledge of the phenomenon of synonymy helps to avoid spelling errors. So, to find out the correct spelling of the particle Not with nouns or adjectives, you must follow the algorithm: “define the lexical meaning and try to find a synonym without Not: foe - enemy".
Antonyms
Antonyms are words that are diametrically different in lexical meaning: friend - enemy; go – run; deep - shallow; up – down. As we can see, the phenomenon of antonymy is characteristic of any parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The use of such words gives special expressiveness to speech, helps to convey particularly important thoughts to the listener or reader, therefore very often words with opposite meanings are found in popular sayings - proverbs. For example, “It lays down softly, but sleeps hard.” In this case, “softly and hardly” are antonyms.
As you can see, the Russian language is very diverse, so the topic of interpretation of words has been studied for several years. In addition, it is included in the main school exams, where it appears, for example, the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words” or “Choose a synonym/antonym/homonym for the word” and so on.
Types of lexical meanings of words in Russian
In this article we will look at the types of lexical meanings of words and present their most famous classification, created by V. V. Vinogradov.
What is lexical meaning?
As you know, a word has two meanings - grammatical and lexical. And if the grammatical meaning is abstract and inherent in a large number of words, then the lexical meaning is always individual.
Lexical meaning is usually called the correlation of objects or phenomena of reality fixed in the mind of a native speaker with a certain sound complex of a language unit. That is, lexical meaning denotes the content inherent in a particular word.
Now let’s look at the basis on which types of lexical meanings of words are distinguished. And then we’ll look at one of the most popular classifications.
Types of lexical meanings
Semantic correlation of various words of the Russian language allows us to identify various types lexeme. Today there are many systematizations of such meanings. But the most complete classification is considered to be that proposed by V.V. Vinogradov in his article entitled “Basic types of lexical meanings of words.” We will analyze this typology further.
By correlation
Based on nomination (or correlation), it is customary to distinguish two meanings of a lexeme – direct and figurative.
Direct meaning, also called main or basic, is a meaning that reflects the phenomenon of reality, the real world. For example: the word “table” means a piece of furniture; "black" is the color of coal and soot; “boil” means to bubble, seethe, evaporate from heating. Such semantics is permanent in nature and is subject only to historical changes. For example: “table” in ancient times meant “reign,” “throne,” and “capital.”
The main types of lexical meanings of a word are always divided into smaller ones, which we proved in this paragraph, talking about literal and figurative meanings.
Returning to the main topic, we can add that words in their literal meaning are less dependent than others on the context and other words. Therefore, it is believed that such meanings have the least syntagmatic coherence and the greatest paradigmatic conditionality.
Portable
Types of lexical meanings of words were identified on the basis of living Russian speech, in which language games are very often used, part of which is the use of words in figurative meanings.
Such meanings arise as a result of the transfer of the name of one object of reality to another on the basis of common features, similarity of functions, etc.
Thus, the word was able to have several meanings. For example: “table” - 1) in the meaning of “piece of equipment” - “machine table”; 2) in the meaning of “food” - “get a room with a table”; 3) in the meaning of “department in an institution” - “round table”.
The word “boil” also has a number of figurative meanings: 1) in the meaning of “manifestation to a high degree” - “work is in full swing”; 2) excessive manifestation of emotions - “seething with indignation.”
Figurative meanings are based on the convergence of two concepts with the help of various kinds of associations that are easily understood by native speakers. Very often, indirect meanings have great imagery: black thoughts, seething with indignation. These figurative phrases quickly become fixed in the language, and then end up in explanatory dictionaries.
Figurative meanings with pronounced imagery differ in their stability and reproducibility from metaphors invented by writers, publicists and poets, since the latter are strictly individual in nature.
However, very often figurative meanings lose their imagery for native speakers. For example, “handles of a sugar bowl”, “bend of a pipe”, “chime of a clock” are no longer perceived by us as figurative phrases. This phenomenon is called extinct imagery.
Types of lexical meanings of words by origin
Depending on the degree of semantic motivation (or origin), the following are distinguished:
- Motivated words (secondary or derivative) - are derived from word-forming affixes and meanings of the word-derived stem.
- Unmotivated words (primary or underived) - they do not depend on the meaning of the morphemes that make up the word.
For example: unmotivated words include “build”, “table”, “white”. Motivated ones include “construction”, “desktop”, “whitewash”, since these words were formed from unmotivated ones; in addition, the primary source words help to understand the meaning of the newly formed lexemes. That is, “whiten,” derived from “white,” means “to make white.”
But not everything is so simple; the motivation of some words does not always manifest itself so clearly, since the language changes, and it is not always possible to find the historical root of the word. However, if you conduct an etymological analysis, you can often find an ancient connection between seemingly completely dissimilar words and explain their meanings. For example, after etymological analysis we learn that the words “feast”, “fat”, “cloth”, “window”, “cloud” come from “drink”, “live”, “knot”, “eye”, “drag” respectively. Therefore, it is not always possible for a non-specialist to distinguish an unmotivated word from a motivated one the first time.
Types of lexical meanings of words by compatibility
Depending on the lexical compatibility of meanings, words can be divided into:
- Free - they are based on only subject-logical connections. For example: “drink” can only be combined with words that denote liquid (tea, water, lemonade, etc.), but can never be used with words like “running,” “beauty,” “night.” Thus, the combination of such words will be regulated by the subject compatibility or incompatibility of the concepts that they denote. That is, “freedom” in the combination of such words is very conditional.
- Non-free - such words are limited in their ability to be lexically combined. Their use in speech depends on both the subject-logical factor and the linguistic factor. For example: the word “downcast” can be combined with the words “eyes”, “look”, “eyes”, while these words cannot be correlated with other lexemes - they do not say “put your foot down”.
Non-free types of lexical meanings of words in Russian:
- Phraseologically related - implemented exclusively in stable (or phraseological) combinations. For example: sworn enemy - sworn friend is not used, unless this is the author's language game.
- Syntactically conditioned - implemented only in those cases when the word is forced to perform a function unusual for it. For example, the words “hat”, “oak”, “log” become predicates, characterizing a person as narrow-minded, stupid, bungled, insensitive, and lacking initiative. Playing such a role, the word always acquires figurativeness and is classified as a type of figurative meaning.
Syntactically determined meanings also include those vocabulary constructions that can only be realized under certain syntactic conditions. For example: “whirlwind” acquires a figurative meaning only in the form gender. n. - “whirlwind of events.”
By function
Types of transfers of the lexical meaning of words can be distinguished depending on the nature of the functions performed:
- Nominative - the name comes from the word “nomination”, and means the naming of objects, phenomena and their qualities.
- Expressive-semantic - in such words the predominant seme becomes connotative (emotional-evaluative).
An example of a nominative word: “tall man” - this phrase informs the listener that the person being described is tall.
An example of an expressive-semantic word: in the same case as described above, the word “tall” is replaced with the word “lanky” - this is how a disapproving, negative assessment of this growth is added to information about high growth. Thus, the word "lanky" is an expressive synonym for the word "tall".
By the nature of the connection
The main types of lexical meanings of Russian words depending on the nature of the connection in lexical system some values with others:
- Correlative meanings are words that are opposed to each other on some basis: good - bad, far - close.
- Autonomous meanings are relatively independent words denoting specific objects: chair, flower, theater.
- Deterministic meanings are words determined by the meaning of other words, since they are expressive or stylistic variants of them: the word “nag” is determined by the word “horse”, “beautiful”, “magnificent” - “good”.
Conclusions
Thus, we have listed the types of lexical meanings of words. Briefly we can name the following aspects that formed the basis of the classification we presented:
- Subject-conceptual connections of words or paradigmatic relationships.
- Syntagmatic relationships or the relationship of words to each other.
- Derivational or word-formation connections of lexemes.
By studying the classification of lexical meanings, one can better understand the semantic structure of words and understand in more detail the systemic connections that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern language.
What is lexical meaning? We need to give examples!
Sasha Markhakshinov
Lexical meaning is the correlation of the sound shell of a word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant ones that help to distinguish one object from another. Lexical meaning reveals the characteristics by which general properties for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes differences that highlight a given object, action, phenomenon. For example, the lexical meaning of the word giraffe is defined as follows: “an African artiodactyl ruminant with a very long neck and long legs,” that is, the characteristics that distinguish the giraffe from other animals are listed
Pavel Kiyamov
Evgeny Dzerzhinsky
The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and an object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word The direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that arises not as a result of direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the human face, the muzzle of an animal (straight); – the front part of the vessel, aircraft(portable); – bird’s beak (portable); – toe (toes of shoes).
The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and an object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word The direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that arises not as a result of direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the human face, the muzzle of an animal (straight); – the front part of a ship, aircraft (portable); – bird’s beak (portable); – toe (toes of shoes).
Kiseleva Tatyana
The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and an object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word The direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that arises not as a result of direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the human face, the muzzle of an animal (straight); – the front part of a ship, aircraft (portable); – bird’s beak (portable); – toe (toes of shoes).
What is the lexical meaning of the word??? rule =(
Irina Robertovna Makhrakova
The lexical meaning of a word is its interpretation, this is what the word means.
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● selection of synonyms;
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Words can have one meaning - they are called unambiguous, or they can have several meanings (two or more) - they are called polysemous.
Meanings can be direct - these are primary, original meanings, or they can be portable - these are secondary meanings that arise on the basis of transferring primary meanings to other objects, signs, actions. 
Examples of interpretation of the lexical meaning of a word:
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Alexandra is wild
The lexical and grammatical meanings of a word differ.
The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the word with certain phenomena of reality.
All words of a language have lexical meaning, but the meanings of independent and auxiliary parts of speech differ. Independent parts of speech name objects, actions, signs, quantities (man, run, fast, twelve), and service parts express the relationship between words in a phrase and a sentence or introduce additional semantic shades into the sentence (on, in, through, since, because , whether, -ka) .
The grammatical meaning of a word is its characteristic tics in terms of belonging to a certain part of speech, as well as the meaning of its grammatical form.
The lexical meaning of a word is contained in the base of the word, the grammatical meaning is in the affixes.
For example, the lexical meaning of the word “house” is “a residential building, as well as (collective) people living in it,” and the grammatical meaning is that it is a noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, that it can be defined by an adjective, change according to cases and numbers, and act as a member of a sentence.
1. What are the lexical and grammatical meanings of a word? 2. Talk about single-valued and polysemantic words; straight and p
1. What are the lexical and grammatical meanings of a word? 2. Talk about single-valued and polysemantic words; literal and figurative meanings of the word. 3. What expressive means of language do you know based on the figurative meaning of the word?
Irina Robertovna Makhrakova
THE LEXICAL MEANING OF A WORD is its interpretation, this is what the word means.
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The lexical meaning of words is explained in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways to interpret words:
● by describing an object, feature, action, etc.;
● selection of synonyms;
● using an antonym / antonyms;
● selection of words with the same root.
Words can have one meaning - they are called SINGLE MEANING, or they can have several meanings (two or more) - they are called MULTIPLE MEANING.
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MEANINGS can be DIRECT - these are the primary, original meanings of words, or they can be PORTABLE - these are secondary meanings that arise on the basis of transferring primary meanings to other objects, signs, actions. 
FIGURE MEANINGS OF WORDS are the basis of such figurative means of language as METAPHOR, METONYMY, PERSONIFICATION, so the use of words in a figurative meaning gives speech and language works of art brightness, imagery, expressiveness.
An example of interpretation of the lexical meaning of a word:
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IN ADDITION TO LEXICAL MEANING, words of significant parts of speech have GRAMMARICAL meaning. This is the meaning of number, gender, case, person, for example:
● the ending -IT in the verb SEES expresses the grammatical meaning of the singular, 3rd person;
● the ending -A in the verb LOOKED expresses the grammatical meaning of the singular, feminine, and, together with the formative suffix -L-, also the meaning of the past tense;
● the ending -U in the noun COUNTRY expresses the grammatical meaning of the feminine gender, singular, nominative case;
● the ending -YMI in the adjective MYSTERIOUS expresses the grammatical meaning plural, accusative case.
Anton Ulyanchenko
The lexical meaning of a word is essentially its definition,
Grammatical is the function that this word carries in a sentence (for example, is it a subject, predicate, object)
Single meaning words are words with one meaning, polysemous words are words with many meanings. For example, cough is an unambiguous word, for example, and shoe is ambiguous (both shoes and a buffer for stopping trains)
Direct meaning - words and expressions taken literally. For example: creaking the table.
The figurative meaning of a word is what is perceived as a metaphor, not literally. For example, reluctantly.
