What is the communicative side of communication in psychology. The communicative side of communication, its characteristics
The communicative side of communication
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | The communicative side of communication |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Psychology |
Topic 2. Social psychology of communication
In psychological science, communication is traditionally perceived as a specific type of joint activity of people. So, in the works of the famous domestic psychologist B. G. Ananiev, a person is perceived as a subject of three basic types of activity - labor, knowledge and communication (Ananiev B. G., 1977).
In the structure of communication, cognitive (cognitive), affective (emotional) and behavioral components are usually distinguished. The cognitive component is associated with the exchange of information by verbal (sign) means, the affective component is associated with the exchange of information at the emotional level, the behavioral component is associated with communication from the standpoint of mutual regulation of the behavior and activities of communication partners.
Consider the characteristics of each of the selected parties of communication.
Communication in the narrow sense of the word is usually understood as the process of information exchange between people. At the same time, it should be understood that, in contrast to the simple ʼʼinformation movementʼʼ, between two devices we are dealing with the relationship of two individuals speaking ʼʼthe same languageʼʼ, who are active subjects and influence each other in the process of communication.
Even L. S. Vygotsky noted that “thought is never equal to direct meaning wordsʼʼ (Vygotsky L.S., 1956). For this reason, communicators must have not only identical lexical and syntactic systems, but also the same understanding of the situation of communication. And this is possible only if communication is included in some common system activities.
At the same time, in the conditions of human communication, quite specific communication barriers can arise. These barriers are of a socio-psychological nature.
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On the one hand, such barriers are associated with social, political, religious, professional differences that give rise to different interpretations of the same concepts, as well as with different worldviews. On the other hand, barriers can arise as a result of the individual psychological characteristics of those who communicate: shyness, secrecy, lack of communication skills, as well as mutual hostility or distrust.
The information coming from the communicator should be of two types - incentive and ascertaining.
Incentive Information expressed in an order, advice, request. It is designed to stimulate some kind of action. There are several types of motivation: activation (incitement to act in a given direction), interdiction (prohibition of unwanted activities), destabilization (mismatch or violation of certain forms of behavior or partner activity).
Ascertaining information acts in the form of a message, and does not imply a direct change in behavior. The very nature of the message should be different: the measure of objectivity can vary from a deliberately ʼʼindifferentʼʼ tone of presentation to the inclusion of elements of explicit conviction in the text of the message. Persuasiveness is the ability to form beliefs, i.e., the ʼʼconscious needs of the individual, prompting her to act in accordance with her value orientationsʼʼ. Factors that increase the persuasiveness of the message were also studied in the domestic social psychology, and in foreign. The Swedish scientist K. Asp formulated ways to increase the persuasiveness of information.
1. Relevance of information. All facts and arguments must be relevant to the idea that the source of information wants to convey. It is known that in the first place, reasoned facts are remembered, in the second - only facts. General statements and value judgments leave little trace in memory. The ratio of relevant information to other types of information determines its density. Asp proposed an index of information density that he developed - the ratio of the number of relevant pieces of information to the number, for example, of words in a message.
2. Breadth of information. It is expressed in a variety of arguments.
3. Depth of information. It is expressed not only in logical, but also in scientific validity.
Domestic studies also provide a whole list of factors that increase confidence in the perceived information.
1. Desirability property. A person is more inclined to trust that which is pleasant or useful for him, or that person who is sympathetic to him.
2. Property of logical consequence. If the initial premise is recognized by a person as true, and the conclusion is made with strict logical extreme importance, then the person will trust the truth of the conclusion the more, the shorter the logical chain of the conclusion and the more clearly the conclusion is formulated in terms that express ideas familiar to the person.
3. The property of emotionality. Persuasive power voice message proportional to his emotional intensity. Emotionally rich in descending order: one-on-one conversation with one person, lecture, film or television, radio, printed or handwritten text.
4. Cumulative property. Trust is the higher, the more often the facts that served as the basis for trust are encountered.
5. The property of immediacy. More credible are the facts that happened to the narrator himself.
6. Property of consent. Confidence is higher if other competent persons agree with the facts presented. Moreover, the degree of confidence is proportional to the ratio of the number of those who agree to the number of those who disagree. Conversely, the prevailing confidence can turn into doubt in case of disagreement of other competent persons.
7. Property of associativity. If several statements have persuasive power, then this power will increase if the statements are linked into a single logical system.
8. Property of indifference. The stated facts usually do not cause significant credibility, if they are indifferent to the listener who perceives them.
The transfer of any information is possible only through sign systems. There are several sign systems that are used in the communicative process: accordingly, they can build a classification of communicative processes. With a rough division, verbal and non-verbal communications are distinguished (Andreeva G. M., 1998).
With verbal communication as sign system use human speech. With the help of speech, information is encoded and decoded: the communicator encodes in the process of speaking, and the recipient decodes this information in the process of listening. For the communicator, the meaning of information precedes the process of coding (utterance), since he first has a certain idea, and then embodies it in a system of signs. It is important to note that for the listener, the meaning of the received message is revealed simultaneously with decoding. In the latter case, the significance of the situation of joint activity is clearly manifested: its awareness is included in the decoding process itself, the disclosure of the meaning of the message is unthinkable outside this situation.
Speech simultaneously acts both as a source of information and as a way of influencing the interlocutor.
The structure of speech communication includes:
§ the meaning and meaning of words, phrases; an important role is played by the accuracy of the use of the word, its accessibility, the correct construction of the phrase and its intelligibility, the accuracy of the pronounced sounds, words, expressiveness and meaning of intonation;
§ speech sound phenomena: speech rate (fast, medium, slow), voice pitch modulation (smooth, sharp), voice tonality (high, low), rhythm (uniform, intermittent), timbre (rolling, hoarse, creaky), intonation, diction of speech;
§ expressive qualities of the voice - characteristic specific sounds that occur during communication: laughter, crying, whispering, sighing, etc .; separating sounds - cough; zero sounds - pauses, as well as nasalization sounds - ʼʼhm-hmʼʼ, ʼʼe-e-eʼʼ, etc.
The accuracy of the listener's understanding of the meaning of the statement can become obvious to the communicator only when there is a change in ʼʼcommunicative rolesʼʼ, i.e., a change of ʼʼspeakingʼʼ and ʼʼlisteningʼʼʼ, when the recipient turns into a communicator and with his statement will let know how he understood the meaning of the received information. Dialogue, or dialogic speech, as a specific type of communication, is a successive change of communicative roles, during which the meaning of the speech message is revealed, i.e., information is enriched and developed.
In addition to verbal, the communicative process can be represented by non-verbal means.
Gestures in communication carry a lot of information; in sign language, as in speech, there are words, sentences. There are several approaches to dividing gestures into groups. The first of these includes the division of gestures into expressive ones based on their role in the communicative process:
1. Gestures-ʼʼillustratorsʼʼ are gestures of the message: pointers (ʼʼpointing fingerʼʼ), pictographs, i.e. figurative pictures of the image (ʼʼThis is the size and configurationʼʼ); kinetographs - body movements; gestures-ʼʼbeatsʼʼ (gestures-ʼʼ go-ahead>>); ideographs, that is, peculiar hand movements connecting imaginary objects.
2. Gestures - ʼʼregulatorsʼʼ - these are gestures expressing the attitude of the speaker to something. These include a smile, a nod, the direction of the gaze, purposeful movements of the hands.
3. Gestures - ʼʼemblemsʼʼ - are a kind of substitutes for words or phrases in communication. For example, clenched hands in the manner of a handshake at hand level mean in many cases ʼʼhelloʼʼ, and raised above your head - ʼʼgoodbyeʼʼ.
4. Gestures - ʼʼadaptersʼʼ - these are specific human habits associated with the desire to establish contact: touching, patting a partner on the shoulder, stroking, sorting out individual objects that are at hand (pencil, button, etc.)
5. Gestures - ʼʼaffectorsʼʼ - gestures that express certain emotions through the movements of the body and muscles of the face. There are also micro gestures: eye movements, redness of the cheeks, an increased number of blinks per minute, twitching of the lips, etc.
Another classification of gestures proposed by A. Pease (2001) is of practical interest to the observer, since it allows one to recognize hidden intentions or emotional condition person:
1) gestures of confidence - the connection of fingers in the dome of the pyramid; rocking in a chair;
2) gestures of nervousness, uncertainty - intertwined fingers; pinching of the palm; tapping on the table with fingers, touching the back of a chair before sitting on it, etc .;
3) gestures of striving for self-control - hands are wound behind the back, while one squeezes the other; the posture of a person sitting on a chair and clutching the armrest with his hands, etc.;
4) waiting gestures - rubbing the palms; slowly wiping wet palms on a cloth;
5) gestures of denial - folded hands on the chest; body tilted back; crossed arms; touching the tip of the nose, etc.;
6) gestures of location to the interlocutor - putting a hand to the chest; intermittent touch to the interlocutor, etc.;
7) dominance gestures - gestures associated with showing thumbs, sharp swings from top to bottom, etc .;
8) gestures of insincerity - covering the mouth with the hand; touching the nose as a more subtle form of covering the mouth, indicating either a concealment of the truth or doubt about something; turning the body away from the interlocutor; shifty gaze, etc.
It should be noted that the nuances that the inclusion of the optical-kinetic system of signs in the situation of communication gives are ambiguous when using the same gestures, for example, in different national cultures.
A special area of social psychology, where the location of people in space during communication, is commonly called proxemics.
The following human contact distance zones are distinguished.
Intimate area (15-45 cm); only close, well-known people are allowed into this zone; communication in this zone is characterized by trust, a low voice in communication, tactile contact, and touch. Studies show that violation of the intimate zone entails certain physiological changes in the body: an increase in the heartbeat, an increased release of adrenaline, a rush of blood to the head, etc.
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Premature intrusion into the intimate zone in the process of communication is always perceived by the interlocutor as an attack on his integrity.
Personal, or personal, zone (45-120 cm); it serves for an ordinary conversation with friends and colleagues, only visual-visual contact between partners supporting the conversation is assumed.
Social zone (120-400 cm); this zone is usually observed during formal office meetings, usually with those who are not well known.
Public area (over 400 cm); this zone means a zone for communication with a large group of people who are, for example, at a rally, etc.
In general, all systems of non-verbal communication undoubtedly play a large auxiliary (and sometimes independent) role in the communicative process. Together with the verbal communication system, these systems provide the exchange of information that is extremely important for people to work together.
The communicative side of communication - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Communicative side of communication" 2017, 2018.
During the conversation, one of critical aspects interaction advocates information exchange: various ideas, ideas, interests, moods, feelings, attitudes, etc. All this can be considered as information, and then the communication process can be understood as a process of information exchange. The communicative side of communication consists of exchange of information between communicating individuals.
Communication(from the English communicate - communicate to transmit) - one of the sides of human communication is informational, involving the exchange of ideas, ideas, value orientations, emotions, feelings, moods, etc. between people). Communication occurs through the interaction of people. However, when a person performs any activity individually, then communication is carried out here as well, since a person performing a certain job is guided by the assessment and opinion of others about his work.
The information exchange process is characterized by the following features:
1. In the process of information exchange, we are dealing with two individuals, each of which is an active subject. Any communication involves mutual information, the establishment of joint activities. The significance of information plays a special role: information must not only be accepted, but also understood and comprehended. Therefore, in every communicative process, activity, communication and cognition are really given in unity.
2. When exchanging information, there is a psychological impact of one communicator on another in order to change his behavior. The effectiveness of communication is measured precisely by how successful this impact was.
3. Communicative influence as a result of information exchange is possible only when the person sending the information (communicator) and the person receiving it (recipient) have a single or similar system codification And decodification, i.e. everyone must speak the same language. Only the adoption of a single system of meanings ensures the ability of partners to understand each other.
4. Information always changes in the process of communication.
5. There may be specific communication barriers who wear social or psychological character. The situation may become more complicated due to the fact that partners belong to different social, political, religious groups or due to the individual psychological characteristics of those communicating, with hostility towards each other, distrust, etc.
The transmission of any information is possible only through sign systems. If the sign system is used human speech, then we are talking about verbal communication. Speech is the most universal means of communication, because in this case, the meaning of the message is least of all lost, but a high degree of general understanding of the situation should accompany this. Through speech, not only “information moves”, but the participants in communication influence each other in a special way, orient themselves to each other, convince each other, i.e. seek to achieve a specific change in behavior.
By itself, the information coming from the communicator can be of two types: incentive And ascertaining.
Incentive Information expressed in an order, advice, request and stimulates some kind of action. Stimulation can be different: activation- motivation to act in a given direction; interdiction- an impulse that does not allow, on the contrary, certain actions, a ban on undesirable activities; destabilization- mismatch or violation of some autonomous forms of behavior or activity.
Ascertaining information acts in the form of a message, it takes place in various educational systems and does not imply a direct change in behavior.
In order for the information to accurately reach the addressee, an American researcher Harold Lasswell proposed to study the persuasive effect of the media communication process model, which included 5 elements:
1. Who? (transmits a message) - Communicator
2. What? (transmitted) - Message (text)
3. How? (transmitting) - Channel
4. To whom? (message sent) - Audience
5. With what effect? - Efficiency
Consideration of the communicative side of communication involves an appeal to such a concept as subjective information content of a person.
Subjective information content of a person- a characteristic of the subject, indicating the degree of his awareness of the subject, means of communication, interlocutor and other components of the communication process. Many factors influence the subjective information content of a person. Among them are:
Individual psychological properties of the subject;
Previous experience in interpersonal interaction;
Age features;
cognitive characteristics;
Sociocultural level;
The level of general psychological culture;
In many ways, the result of any interaction depends on the level of subjective informativity of the participants. If the level is insufficient, misunderstanding may occur, communication will be difficult due to the occurrence of various kinds of barriers, causal attributions etc. Let us consider in more detail the concept of a communication barrier.
Communication barrier- This a psychological obstacle to the adequate transfer of information between communication partners.
Allocate: barriers to understanding, barriers of socio-cultural difference, relationship barriers.
2. Socio-cultural barriers- This social, political, age and gender And professional differences between partners in communication, which lead to different interpretations of certain concepts used in the communication process.
3. Relationship barriers is a psychological phenomenon that occurs in the process of communication between the communicator and the recipient. We are talking about the emergence of a feeling of hostility, distrust towards the communicator, which extends to the information transmitted by him.
Considering the types of communication in the previous question, we indicated that the process of information exchange goes through two channels: verbal(through speech) and non-verbal. Non-verbal communication is of fundamental importance in the process of transmitting information from the communicator to the recipient.
Recall that Non-verbal communication- This communication between individuals without the use of words, i.e. without speech and language means, presented in direct or some sign form. Psychologist Allan Pease believes that up to 80% of information is transmitted with the help of non-verbal means of communication.
There are the following types of non-verbal means of communication.
1. Kinesics studies the external manifestations of a person, including: facial expressions(movement of facial muscles) pantomime(body movement - posture, gait, posture), gestures And sight.
2. Extralinguistics explores speech pauses, coughing, crying, laughter, and paralinguistics - loudness, timbre, rhythm, pitch.
3. Takeshika studies touch in the process of communication (handshake, kiss, touching).
4. Proxemics explores the location of people in space during communication (distance to the interlocutor, personal space).
The quantity and quality of non-verbal signals depends on a person's age, gender, temperament type, social status, and nationality.
facial expressions is closely related to emotions and allows a person to guess about the feelings of joy, sadness, tension or peace experienced by the interlocutor. Facial expressions help a person convey mood, attitude to what he is talking about, joy, anger, sadness, that is, the most common emotional states of the face. Facial expression plays an important role in communication, providing emotional contact between interlocutors.
Smile is universal remedy non-verbal communication. It denotes the need for approval, benevolence. Some psychologists are of the opinion that a person smiles not only because he is happy about something, but also because a smile helps to feel confident and be happier. A smile decorates a person, gives the joy of meeting, speaks of the location and friendliness of a communication partner. A smile can be friendly, ironic, ingratiating, contemptuous, not laughing, etc. It should be remembered that the smile should be appropriate for the situation and should not irritate the interlocutor.
Sight is the first step on the way to the interlocutor. The look is very eloquent and expresses a variety of feelings and states. It can be tough, prickly, kind, joyful, open, hostile, affectionate, inquiring, wandering, frozen, etc. Eye contact helps regulate the conversation. When a person speaks, he usually looks at the interlocutor less often than when he listens to him. If the speaker's thought is finished, then he, as a rule, looks into the eyes of the interlocutor, as if saying: "I have said everything, the word is yours." A glance to the side or sideways is perceived as an expression of suspicion or doubt.
Gestures. In a conversation, we often accompany words with actions in which hands play the main role. Even a simple handshake carries information about the interlocutor. A hand for a handshake, given palm down, as a rule, means the superiority of the partner, a hand given with a palm up, consent to submission, and a hand given vertically, a partner handshake. Every human gesture is like a word in a language, it is inextricably linked with the train of thought and the movement of human feelings.
In communication, the following are most often encountered: types of gestures:
Evaluation gestures in which a person evaluates information (scratching the chin, stretching the index finger along the cheek, standing up and walking around);
Gestures of self-control (hands are brought together behind the back, while one squeezes the other or when a person sitting on a chair clutches the armrests);
Dominance gestures (gestures associated with showing thumbs, as well as sharp swings from top to bottom);
Gestures of location (putting a hand to the chest, meaning honesty, touching the interlocutor).
Pose is the position of the human body. Your appearance largely depends on the ability to hold and move correctly. Our way of standing, walking and sitting is an additional source of information. The most informative are the shoulder girdle and the upper part of the human body. The human body is capable of taking about a thousand different positions, of which, due to the cultural tradition of each nation, some are forbidden, while others are normative.
In the course of communication, you can observe the most "readable" postures:
Open, characterizing sincerity and truthfulness (open palms of the hands, turned towards the interlocutor, arms and legs are not crossed, unbuttoned jacket;
Closed, or protective, meaning a reaction to possible threats or conflict situations (crossed arms, sitting on a chair astride, while the back of the chair is a shield, protection; and also when a person sits on a chair, crossing his legs or crossing them;
The posture of readiness characterizing the desire for active action, enthusiasm for achieving the goal (hands lie on the hips, the torso is tilted forward, the hands rest on the knees, and the legs rest on the floor so that one leg protrudes slightly forward, leaving the other behind.
An important place for communication voice which is the expression of our feelings. People who are timid and unsure of themselves speak in a quiet voice; very loud, "strung up" speech can be perceived as harshness and aggression. In a normal environment, you need to speak at a normal volume so that everyone can hear you well. Each person needs to work on the production of voice, especially the teacher. Of essential importance is the flexibility, plasticity of the voice, the ability to easily change it depending on the content of the speech. In addition, it is very important tone speech, that is, coloring, the voice of a person, with the help of which he conveys his feelings and thoughts. A well-trained voice is characterized by richness of timbre coloring. Timbre- this is the coloring of sound, brightness, warmth, softness and individuality. It is no coincidence that there are voices that attract us and fascinate us for a long time.
One of the most important means can be the skillful use of pauses, which help to convey and perceive the meaning of the statement.
Proxemics deals with the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication. I single out 4 spatial zones, or distances in communication:
1. intimate(from 0 to 45 cm). It is the most important distance and protected by man. The closest people are allowed to enter this zone;
2. personal(from 45 cm to 120 cm). This distance is used in everyday communication among familiar people;
3. social(from 120 cm to 400 cm). This is the distance of official meetings with strangers whom we do not know very well (a newcomer to the group, a new employee in the team);
4. public or public(from 400 cm to 750 cm). When interacting with a large number of people.
The determining factor in the distance between communicating is social and age differences.
So, the non-verbal behavior of a person, despite its subordination to the language, has a relative independence, is formed in a particular culture and bears its imprints and is not always realized by a person. This can lead to the emergence of communicative dissonance, when there is a discrepancy between the verbal and non-verbal levels of information communication.
The study of communication shows the complexity, diversity, multi-level manifestations and functions of this phenomenon. The indicated complexity of the phenomenon of communication requires the allocation of its individual components, a description of the structure. There are several approaches to structuring communication. One of the most frequently used is the approach in which there are three interrelated sides communication - communicative, interactive and perceptual.
Communication consists in the exchange of information between communicating individuals. The interactive side of communication is manifested in the organization of interaction between the participants in communication, i.e. in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, states, but also actions. The perceptual side of communication is the process of perception by partners in communication of each other and the establishment on this basis of mutual understanding between them.
The communicative side of communication
Communication is the exchange of information. Speaking of communication, we primarily mean the exchange between people of different ideas, ideas, interests, moods, feelings, attitudes, etc. If all this can be considered as information, then the process of communication can be understood as a process of information exchange.
The specifics of interpersonal communication is revealed in a number of processes and phenomena: psychological feedback,availability communication barriers, communicative influenceresearch and the existence of different levels of information transfer(for example, verbal and non-verbal). Let's analyze these features in more detail.
The main goal of information exchange in communication is the development of a common meaning, a common point of view and agreement on various situations or problems. Interpersonal communication is characterized feedback mechanism. The content of this mechanism lies in the fact that in interpersonal communication the process of information exchange doubles, as it were, and, in addition to the content aspects, the information coming from the recipient to the communicator contains information about how the recipient perceives and evaluates the behavior of the communicator. Distinguish between direct and indirect feedback. Indirect feedback is a veiled form of transferring psychological information to a partner. For this, various rhetorical questions, ridicule, ironic remarks, emotional reactions unexpected for the partner are usually used. In this case, the communicator must himself guess what exactly the communication partner wanted to tell him, what his reaction and his attitude towards the communicator really are.
In the process of communication, the participants in communication are faced with the task of not only exchanging information, but also achieving its adequate understanding by partners. That is, in interpersonal communication, the interpretation of the message coming from the communicator (to the recipient) stands out as a special problem.
Communication barrier- this is a psychological obstacle to the adequate transfer of information between communication partners (see above).
It is customary to distinguish two main type communicative impact: authoritarian and dialogic communication. First of all, these two types of communication differ in the nature of the psychological attitude that the communicator has in relation to the recipient. In the case of authoritarian influence, the installation "from top to bottom" is realized, in the case of dialogical influence, the installation is equal. The "top-down" attitude presupposes not only the subordinate position of the recipient, but also the communicator's perception of him as a passive object of influence: the communicator broadcasts, the listener listens and uncritically absorbs information. It is assumed that the recipient does not have a stable opinion on a particular issue, and if he does, he can change it in the direction the communicator needs. With an equal attitude, the listener is perceived as an active participant in the communication process, having the right to defend or form his own opinion in the process of communication. Accordingly, the positions of recipients in communicative acts of an authoritarian dialogic type also differ. In the first case, the listener acts as a passive contemplator, in the second, he is forced to engage in an active internal search for his own position on the issue under discussion. There are differences in the organization of the communicative space: 1) with an authoritarian - all participants see only the lecturer; 2) in the case of dialogic - both the communicator and each other.
Information as such can be two types: motivating and assertive. Incentive information appears in the form of an order, advice or request. It is meant to stimulate some kind of action. Stimulation, in turn, is divided into activation (incitement to action in a given direction), interdiction (prohibition of unwanted activities) and destabilization (mismatch or violation of some autonomous forms of behavior or activity). stating information appears in the form of a message and does not imply an immediate change in behavior.
Three can be distinguished communicator positions during the communication process: open(when the communicator openly declares himself a supporter of the stated point of view, evaluates various facts in support of this point of view); suspended(when the communicator is emphatically neutral, compares contradictory points of view, not excluding orientation towards one of them, but not declared openly); closed(when the communicator is silent about his point of view, sometimes he even resorts to special measures to hide it).
In the process of communication are carried out: the mutual influence of people on each other; exchange of various ideas, interests, moods, feelings, etc. To describe the process of mutual influence, it is not enough to know only the structure of the communicative act. It is also necessary to analyze the motives of those who communicate, their goals, attitudes, etc. To do this, one should turn to those sign systems that are included in speech communication in addition to speech. Being a universal means of communication, speech acquires significance only if it is included in the system of activity. Such inclusion necessarily implies the use of other - non-speech - sign systems. At the same time, speech is supplemented not only by expressive reactions of behavior, but also by its semantics, i.e. the meaning of actions (V.G. Ananiev). In other words, the completeness of the description of communication requires taking into account non-verbal means of communication.
1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3
2.Communicative side of communication…………………………………………4
3.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….
4. List of used literature……………………………………..
1. Introduction
In my control work, I set the task to consider next questions:
1. What is the psychological essence of communication barriers?
2. What does the concept of communication mean in the narrow and broad sense of the word?
3. What is the psychological meaning of feedback?
4. Why is the semantic barrier one of the most
a common obstacle in understanding the subjects of each other?
5. How are the barriers of socio-cultural differences related to the values of the subjects of communication?
6. What is the importance of visual contact in the communication process?
7. What are the conditions and means of distinguishing communication competence?
Communication in Latin means "common, shared with all."
A process of two-way exchange of information leading to mutual understanding.
The communicative side of communication consists in the mutual exchange of information between partners in communication, the transfer and reception of knowledge, ideas, opinions, feelings.
In real communication, people can get to know each other for the purpose of further joint action, or, on the contrary, people involved in joint activities get to know each other.
This should be accompanied by a high degree of common understanding of the situation by all participants in the communication process.
The communication process is the exchange of information between people, the purpose of which is to ensure understanding of the information transmitted and received.
Main communication functions:
1.informative - information transfer
2.interactive - organization of interaction between people
3. perceptual - perception of each other by communication partners
4. expressive - excitation or change in the nature of emotional experiences.
There are four main elements needed to carry out the communication process:
1. sender of information
2.message - actual information
3.channel-means of information transmission
4. information recipient.
The communication process is divided into five stages:
I STAGE - the beginning of the exchange of information, when the poisoner must clearly imagine what he wants to transmit and what kind of response to receive.
Stage II - the embodiment of the idea into words, symbols, into a message.
Various channels of information transmission, speech, gestures, facial expressions, written materials, electronic means of communication are selected and used.
Stage III - the transfer of information through the use of selected
communication channels.
Stage IV - the recipient of information translates the symbols into his thoughts.
V stage - feedback - the recipient's response to the information received,
at all stages of the communication process, there may be interference that distorts the meaning of the transmitted information.
Information in communication is not just transmitted from one partner
to another (in this case, the person transmitting information is usually called a communicator, and the person receiving this information is called a recipient).
Communication
Communicator Recipient
Feedback
Feedback is information containing the recipient's reaction to the behavior of the communicator.
The purpose of feedback is to help the communication partner understand how his actions are perceived, what feelings they cause in other people.
To ensure the success of communication, you need to have feedback - information about how people understood you.
The ability to use feedback in communication is one of the most important moments in the communication process.
Feedback refers to the technique and methods of obtaining information about a communication partner used by the interlocutor to correct their own behavior in the process of communication.
Feedback includes conscious control of communicative actions, observation of the partner and assessment of his reactions, subsequent change in accordance with this own behavior.
Feedback involves the ability to see yourself from the side and correctly judge how the partner perceives himself in communication.
The feedback mechanism involves the partner's ability to correlate their reactions with the assessments of their own actions and draw a conclusion.
In the process of communication, the exchange of information between its participants is carried out both at the verbal and non-verbal levels.
Verbal communication uses human speech, natural sound language as a sign system.
Speech is the most universal means of communication, since when transmitting information through speech, the meaning of the message is least of all lost, and the participants in joint activities also influence each other.
Non-verbal communication includes the perceived appearance and expressive movements of a person - gestures, facial expressions, postures, gait.
In many ways, they are a mirror projecting the emotional reactions of a person, which we kind of “read” in the process of communication, trying to understand how the other perceives what is happening.
This also includes such a form of human non-verbal communication as eye contact, which takes place in visual communication.
A significant part of human communication takes place in the underwater part of the "communicative iceberg" - in the field of non-verbal communication.
Through the system of non-verbal means, information about the feelings experienced by people in the process of communication is also transmitted.
We resort to the analysis of "non-verbal" in those cases when we do not trust the words of partners. Then gestures, facial expressions and eye contact help determine the sincerity of the other.
Like all non-verbal means, eye contact has the value of an addition to verbal communication, that is, it indicates a readiness to maintain communication or stop it, encourages the partner to continue the dialogue, and finally, helps to more fully discover one’s “I”, or, on the contrary, hide his.
In socio-psychological research, the frequency of exchange of glances, their "duration", the change in the statics and dynamics of the gaze, its avoidance, etc. are studied.
Non-verbal means are an important addition to verbal communication. Their role is determined not only by the fact that they are able to strengthen or weaken the speech influence of the communicator, but also that they help the participants in communication to identify each other's intentions, thereby making the communication process more open.
In the process of communication, a person can play each of three roles: to be a transmitter, a receiving and transmitting means of communication.
At the same time, it is the most interference-prone communication channel, and yet information is very often transmitted through people, which causes certain distortions in the process.
A person as an element of communication is a complex and sensitive "recipient" of information with his feelings and desires, life experience. The information he receives may cause an internal reaction of any kind, which may enhance, distort or completely block the information sent to him.
The adequacy of the perception of information largely depends on the presence or absence of communication barriers in the process of communication.
In the event of a barrier, the information is distorted or loses its original meaning, and in some cases it does not reach the recipient at all.
Communication interference can be a mechanical break in information and hence its distortion; ambiguity of the transmitted information, due to which the stated and transmitted thought is distorted.
It happens that the receivers clearly hear the transmitted words, but give them a different meaning. In this case, the transmitter may not even detect that its signal caused an incorrect response. This speaks of a substitutive-distorting barrier.
A much greater possibility of distortion is associated with emotions - emotional barriers. This happens when people, having received any information, are more preoccupied with their feelings, assumptions, than real facts.
The emergence of a barrier of misunderstanding may be due to a number of reasons, both psychological and other. It can occur due to errors in the information transmission channel itself - this is the so-called phonetic misunderstanding.
First of all, it occurs when the participants in communication speak different languages and dialects, have significant defects in speech and diction, and a distorted grammatical structure of speech.
There is also a semantic barrier of misunderstanding, associated primarily with differences in the systems of meanings of the participants in communication. This is a jargon and slang problem.
Even within the same culture, there are many microcultures, each of which creates its own “field of meanings”, characterized by its own understanding of various concepts, phenomena, or expressions. In different microcultures, the meaning of some values is not equally understood. In addition, each environment creates its own mini-language of communication, its own slang, each with its own favorite quotes and jokes, expressions and turns of speech.
All this together can significantly complicate the process of communication, creating a semantic barrier of misunderstanding.
The reason for the psychological barrier can be socio-cultural differences between communication partners. These can be social, political, religious and professional differences that lead to different interpretations of certain concepts used in the communication process.
The very perception of a communication partner as a person of a certain profession, a certain nationality, gender and age can also act as a barrier.
The credibility of the communicator in the eyes of the recipient is of great importance for the emergence of the barrier. The higher the authority, the less the barrier to the assimilation of the information offered.
The very reluctance to listen to the opinion of a particular person is often explained by his low authority. It depends on the psychological predilections of the recipient whether he perceives the system of evidence offered to him or considers it unconvincing. For a communicator, the choice of a system of evidence adequate to a given moment is always an open problem.
Effective communication is characterized by: achieving mutual understanding of partners, a better understanding of the situation and the subject of communication (achieving greater certainty in understanding the situation, contributes to solving problems, ensures the achievement of goals with the optimal use of resources).
The ability to establish and maintain the necessary contacts with other people is communicative competence.
Communicative competence is considered as a system of internal resources necessary to build effective communication in a certain range of situations of interpersonal interaction.
Conclusion.
After completing test I solved the tasks, considering the communicative side of communication.
Bibliography.
1.Social psychology; Morozov A.V.; M.; Academic prospect; 2005.
2. Psychology and ethics of business relations; Stolyarenko L.D.; Rostov n/a: "Phoenix"; 2003.
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