What did Charles Martell do? What did you become famous for? Where did the expression "Carl" come from? Origin of the meme Hello from TV series lovers

So our communication moved to the Internet. Numerous memes have taken the place of the usual bureaucratic expressions and stable expressions of speech. Sometimes we pick up such a pattern, but we ourselves have no idea where it comes from. So now we’ll talk here, on the Internet, about the Internet. Let's talk about the origin of one of the latest popular memes - "..., Karl!"

The phrase was quite recently found everywhere, but now its use has subsided somewhat. So where did the expression "Carl" come from?

Hello from series lovers

So, who is this Karl and what did she do that his name has become so in demand as an expressive particle?

For an inexperienced viewer, knowledge of history will give ideas about some Frankish king. Who, if not Charlemagne, can conquer the world, albeit in this way? But no! The whole thing is completely different.

So, it’s time to stop tormenting the reader looking for answers and introduce him to the hero who bears this famous name. We bring to your attention the most famous series based on comics: “The Walking Dead”. In it, Carl is the name of a teenage boy left with his father in a post-apocalyptic world filled with zombies.

We are sure that those who are familiar with this serial film first-hand have never been among the ignorant. But for the rest, we will further tell you which particular scene from the series will give a comprehensive answer to the question of where the expression “Karl!” came from.

Description of the context in which the phrase appears

The search for the origins of the famous meme leads to the third season of The Walking Dead. At the end of the fourth episode, perhaps one of the most tragic in the history of the plot, a scene occurs between the main character, Sheriff Rick Grimes, and his son Carl.

For reference: the front of healthy people, which includes our heroes, was destroyed. The sheriff's wife goes into labor, after which she does not survive. Karl becomes a witness to the death, and with this news he stands before his father.

So, the scene: a silent, grief-stricken boy, a man who understands the tragedy from his eloquent son. Then the scene takes on a dramatic development: Rick Grimes is screaming and clutching his head on the ground, and Carl is still standing in a stupor, simply heartbroken. At the end of his desperate, anguished cries, the man says his son’s name several times. That's how it all started.

It took some time since the scene premiered (November 2012) for the phrase to become a meme. Now you can tell your friends where the expression “Karl!” came from.

History of the development of the phrase

First the phrase "Carl!" They tried to popularize scenes of a conversation between father and son along with a video segment. But for some reason this option did not gain much popularity.

Fans then began making jokes about various themes from The Walking Dead, including putting their own humorous spin on the visual drama of the scene. It was with this spirit that a selection of the best expressions of Rick Grimes was published back in 2013. Fans took the time to select the best material, including many photos of this scene with various dialogue options.

The phrase “shot” only in 2015, when in the city of Stavropol, on Maslenitsa, local chefs intended to bake a three-meter pancake. The visitors of the holiday never saw the dish, but pieces of the failed pancake were distributed. “Damn, they handed it out to people with shovels. With shovels, Karl!” - it’s just asking from the tongue.

Meaning of the phrase

We have already learned where, when and in what context the name Karl was pronounced, we have become familiar with the series that became the “parent” of this meme. So what does the expression “Karl!” mean?

In a scene from the series, Rick Grimes, after a woeful monologue, with particular expression repeats one of his phrases to his son, at the end calling his name. The verbal formula of the meme was formed in the following form: a statement, repetition of the most active element of the phrase with enhanced expression, the omnipresent “..., Karl!”

Frequent use of the meme formula

So we know where the expression “..., Karl!” came from. Nowadays, the most common picture is a comic book (based on a photo from the series) with a father and son, where the latter complains about something, and the father answers him. Often the father's answer says that it was worse before. Worse, Karl!

How many nostalgic moments have been captured by folk meme art in meme pictures with Rick and Carl! And how, instead of telephones, children used to take cups tied with thread, and how they put movies on to download all night, and how in the summer they went to weed potatoes in the garden instead of the sea.

Summary

So, now we know where the expression “Carl!”, one of the popular memes on the Internet, came from. It turned out that the action-packed series “The Walking Dead” is sending us such greetings. It is in the third season of the series that the search for the origins of the meme takes us, and not into history where one might think that Charlemagne, for example, is mentioned in this way. Although the popularity of the phrase is now declining, the humor inherent in it does not leave us.

We wish you a good mood and a pleasant time! Have fun, Karl!

(Latin Carolus Magnus, French Charlemagne, German Karl der Grosse)

(c. 742-814), king of the Franks and Lombards, re-creator of the Roman Empire in the west, one of the greatest rulers in history. By the end of Charles's tenure on the throne, his power extended over all of Central and Western Europe - from the North Sea to the Mediterranean and from the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea. Charles founded militarized settlements in the depths of Muslim Spain and in the territory of Slavic Eastern Europe, and in the Balkans he came into direct contact with the possessions of the Byzantine Empire. But Charlemagne was not just a military leader, but a brilliant administrator who ruled a colossal and complex kingdom with amazing efficiency. He carried out numerous economic and agrarian reforms, patronized education, and actively participated in resolving complex church issues. Charlemagne concentrated in his hands power over all aspects of life, both religious and secular. Charlemagne was apparently born in 742; his birthday is traditionally considered to be April 2. Information about the place where he was born is contradictory: the castles of Ingelheim near Mainz and Karlheim near Munich, as well as Aachen and Salzburg are indicated. Charles was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and grandson of Charles Martel, the conqueror of the Arabs at Poitiers (732). His mother was Bertha, or Bertrada, daughter of Calibert, Count of Lansky. Marriage between parents was legalized only in 749.
Carolingian dynasty. The largest of the Germanic kingdoms that arose in Western Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire was Frankish. The Franks were led by kings from the Merovingian dynasty for almost 300 years. By the 7th century. The Merovingians degenerated into inactive and insignificant rulers. Due to the chronic weakness of the monarchs, real political power in the kingdom was exercised by the king's closest associate, called the majordomo. In 751, Pepin the Short, a scion of the ancient Carolingian family, which invariably supplied the Merovingians with majordomos, decided to put an end to the illusory power of his overlords. With the support of the Pope, he removed the last of the Merovingians and placed the crown on himself. The first Carolingian king, he expanded and strengthened the Frankish power in a close alliance with the popes. When Pepin was anointed to the throne, which was performed by Pope Stephen II in the Abbey of Saint-Denis near Paris in 754, his sons Charles and Carloman were also anointed. When Pepin died on September 24, 768, the kingdom, according to his will, went to two sons, Charles and Carloman (theoretically, it remained indivisible, but in fact each of the sons was an independent ruler of his part). From the very beginning, this created tension between the brothers. However, the situation, fraught with the threat of the collapse of the kingdom, ended when Carloman suddenly died in December 771. Charles quickly moved to his brother’s region and obtained an oath of allegiance from Carloman’s subjects, and Carloman’s wife with two sons fled and took refuge with the Lombard king Desiderius. With the death of his brother, Charles overnight became the most powerful ruler in Western Europe. His possessions covered most of modern France, Belgium, a significant part of the Netherlands and western Germany, and nominally Bavaria, which then included most of modern Austria. Charles immediately set about strengthening his new possessions and expanded their borders to the east, north and south.
First conquests. At the beginning of his reign, Charles suppressed the rebellion in Aquitaine in a short time, and later finally annexed this most Romanized region to the crown, replacing many local rulers with Franks and turning it into a vassal kingdom, headed by his son Louis. He then turned against the northern Saxons, pagans who continued to resist attempts by Anglo-Saxon and Frankish missionaries to convert them to Christianity and raided Frankish areas along the lower Rhine. The first campaign against the Saxons took place in 772. At first, the conquest and baptism of the Saxons took place with deceptive ease, but soon revolts and refusals of the new faith began. For 30 years, cruel campaigns, accompanied by extensive devastation and mass migrations, had to be carried out every now and then, until Saxony was finally conquered and Christianized. Friendly relations historically connected the Franks with the Lombards, who conquered northern Italy. However, in the middle of the 8th century. Charles's father Pepin broke this tradition. He twice invaded the region of the Lombards to repel their onslaught on the papal possessions. In 772, the Lombards again captured the cities claimed by the pope and threatened Rome itself. This time Charles did not limit himself to a punitive campaign, but conquered the entire region of the Lombards, removed their king Desiderius and placed his crown on himself, uniting both kingdoms in a personal union. At Easter 774, Charles visited Rome for the first time (he visited there four times in total) and resumed the so-called. "Donation of Pepin", on the basis of which the Papal States arose. Charles then decided to tackle the southern borders of his kingdom. In 778, he took advantage of the call for help from Spanish Muslims who were fighting for independence from the Emir of Cordoba from the Umayyad dynasty, and his large army, recruited from subject and allied peoples, crossed the Pyrenees. This campaign, which rarely happened to Charles, was unsuccessful, his army was unable to take Zaragoza, and during the retreat the Basque highlanders attacked the Frankish rearguard and destroyed it to the last man. This relatively insignificant episode was the historical basis for the emergence of the great French medieval epic The Song of Roland, from which a whole cycle of stories about Charlemagne later arose. Without interrupting the fierce war against the Saxons, which took place with varying success, Charles annexed the hitherto semi-independent Bavaria to the kingdom. In 781 he forced his cousin Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria from the Agilolfing dynasty, to take an oath of allegiance, in 787 Tassilo was forced to renew this act, and in 788 the king brought charges of conspiracy against him, deprived him of the duchy and imprisoned him in a monastery. Six years later, Tassilo was again allowed to emerge from oblivion, and he announced the renunciation of all claims to the ducal throne of Bavaria for himself and his heirs. One of Charles’s most outstanding achievements in the eyes of his contemporaries was the conquest of the Avars, probably a people close to the Huns, who captured the province of Pannonia, which was previously part of the Roman Empire, i.e. lands east and south of Bavaria. Over the course of two and a half centuries, the Avars accumulated significant wealth - thanks to their raids and the monetary payments they exacted from the Byzantine Empire. These treasures were collected in the fortifications of the Avars - huge ring-shaped fortresses called "hrings". It was stated that the main hring was protected by nine walls in succession. The war with the Avars lasted for many years, and when it ended, Pannonia was devastated and the power of the Avars was broken. Eric of Friuli, Charles's general, and his son Pepin managed to seize the Avars' treasury.
Proclamation by Emperor. The Carolingian state extended from Frisia on the North Sea to the Lombard region and the north-eastern Adriatic. In the west, the kingdom was washed by the Atlantic Ocean, and in the southwest, Charles was subject to a significant part of northern Spain. In addition, Charles owned most of Italy and collected tribute from many areas in the east. In order to ensure border security in the border areas, a so-called system was formed. marks, regions headed by margraves. The natural result of such significant territorial growth was the idea of ​​​​the revival of the Western Roman Empire, and by the end of the 8th century. Charles's courtiers and dignitaries increasingly called for such a restoration. At Christmas 800, Charlemagne reached the pinnacle of his power when the people of Rome proclaimed him Emperor of the Romans and crowned him with a golden crown by Pope Leo III. Charles accepted the title, but the creation of the new Western Roman Empire did not change the way of government and did not bring any territorial gains. Coronation in the Basilica of St. Petra was one of the fruits of the close alliance between church and state which Charles assiduously promoted. Deeply devout (he attended church four times a day) and well-versed in theology, Charles cared for both the material and spiritual needs of his subjects and therefore saw himself as the God-given protector of the church, as well as its ruler and lawgiver. Charles had close friendship with Pope Adrian I (772-795), and in relation to Leo III (795-816) he chose a patronizing and at times didactic tone. Many of Charles's advisers and officials were clergy, and he rewarded loyal servants by granting them rich abbeys and bishoprics. Charles took a direct part in developing arguments against the Adoptian heresy, which was put forward and spread by Bishop Elipand of Toledo and Bishop Felix of Urgel. He led the church's struggle against the iconoclasts and insisted that the pope include the filioque (the provision of the procession of the Holy Spirit not only from the Father, but also from the Son) in the creed. Charles generously distributed monetary and land grants to churches and monasteries, carried out reforms in the field of rituals and liturgy, and issued countless decrees aimed at forcing priests, monks and laity to observe church rules in everyday life. He showed concern for the education of church ministers and tried to eradicate many abuses in church affairs that arose under his predecessors. At the same time, Charles introduced the conquered peoples to the church; missionaries accompanied his army on campaigns, and he accepted assurances of the submission of the Saxons, Slavs and Avars only when they adopted Christianity.
Cultural achievements. Charlemagne deliberately encouraged secular culture, inviting philologists, architects, musicians and astronomers from all over the empire, as well as from Ireland and England, to his capital Aachen. Under the leadership of the great Anglo-Saxon scientist Alcuin, who was actually Charles’s “minister of education” of the empire (in 796, having retired from the court, he became Abbot of Tours), and with the participation of such famous figures as Theodulf, Paul the Deacon, Eingard and many others (all of them were part of the informal “Palace Academy”) the education system was actively revived, which received the name of the Carolingian Renaissance. Under him, the study of classical Latin was revived, annalistics was encouraged, and a whole stream of imitative poetry poured out from the pens of talented courtiers. Karl himself took grammar lessons from Alcuin and began to compile a grammar of the German language. He also worked on correcting the texts of the Gospels and, already in his old age, tried to learn the difficult art of calligraphy (the mention of this fact in Einhard’s biography of Karl was the basis for the false idea that he allegedly did not know how to write). The collection of traditional short German heroic poems he ordered, unfortunately, has not survived. New schools were opened everywhere at monasteries and churches, and it was envisaged that the children of the poor would also receive an education. Under the leadership of Alcuin, scriptoria (rooms for correspondence and storage of manuscripts) were revived or established in monasteries, where a magnificent font called “Carolingian minuscule” was used for correspondence, and copying was carried out at such a rapid pace that the lion’s share of the entire heritage of antiquity has reached us through the efforts of that very era. The impulse given to learning by Charlemagne continued to operate for a whole century after his death.
Other achievements. The restoration and construction of roads and bridges, the settlement of abandoned lands and the development of new ones, the construction of palaces and churches, the introduction of rational agricultural methods - this is not a complete list of the merits of Charlemagne. He erected a bridge over the Rhine at Mainz and made an unsuccessful attempt to connect the Rhine with the Danube by a canal. The palace and chapel in Aachen (the latter was built on the model of the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna and decorated with mosaics and marble exported from Italy) were considered by contemporaries to be one of the wonders of the world. Karl introduced order and uniformity to the prevailing chaos of weights and measures and carried out a reform of the financial system. By frequently moving his dignitaries when the Lombards went to Aquitaine, the Franks to Bavaria, etc., Charles tried to stop the abuses of power by the counts and bishops and centralize power in the state. The state was divided into missatica (districts), which were periodically visited by missi dominici, i.e. royal envoys. The commission, consisting of one cleric and one layman, studied court decisions and financial documents, listened to complaints against local rulers, and rooted out lies, corruption and greed in the administration and society.
Last years. The last years of Charlemagne's life were marred by a number of tragedies and failures. Here is the collapse of hopes of achieving recognition from the Byzantine emperor, and the resumption of attacks by the Normans on the northern outskirts of the empire, and the death of the wife and sister of Charles and his sons Pepin and Charles that happened in an extremely short time. As a result, the rights to the throne passed to the most weak-willed son, Louis of Aquitaine, later known as Louis the Pious. Charlemagne died in Aachen on January 28, 814. In 1165, at the insistence of Frederick Barbarossa, Antipope Paschal III canonized him. The empire created by Charlemagne disintegrated within the next century. Under the weak sovereigns, who turned out to be his son and grandsons, the centrifugal forces of feudalism tore it apart. However, the union of state and church he accomplished predetermined the character of European society for centuries to come. Charles' educational and ecclesiastical reforms remained important long after his death. An extensive corpus of tales and legends resulted in a cycle of novels about Charlemagne. The few powerful rulers who ascended the thrones of Europe looked to the historical Charlemagne as the supreme example of sovereignty. The Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, which traced its origins to the coronation of Charlemagne in Rome, lasted a thousand years until it was destroyed by another great conqueror - Napoleon (who, by the way, also called himself Charlemagne's successor).

LITERATURE
Ronin V.K. Slavic politics of Charlemagne in the Western European medieval tradition. - In the book: Middle Ages, vol. 49. M., 1986 Garishchanov Kh.Kh. Title of the first Carolingian kings. Charlemagne and the Roman imperial tradition. - In the book: Antiquity: myths and images. Kazan, 1997

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

See what "CHARL THE GREAT" is in other dictionaries:

- (lat. Carolus Magnus) (742 814) Frankish king from 768, emperor from 800; from the Carolingian dynasty. His conquests (in 773 74 of the Lombard kingdom in Italy, in 772 804 of the Saxons, etc.) led to the formation of a vast empire. Karl's policy... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (lat. Carolus Magnus) (742 814), Frankish king from 768, emperor from 800, from the Carolingian dynasty. His conquests (in 773,777 of the Lombard kingdom in Italy, in 772,804 of the Saxons, etc.) led to the formation of a vast empire. Conducted... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Charlemagne- Charlemagne. Mosaic. VIII century Charlemagne. Mosaic. VIII century Charlemagne () Frankish king from 768, emperor from 800. From the Carolingian dynasty, eldest son of Pepin the Short, grandson of Charles Martell. His conquests (. in Italy, in 772,804 and ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of World History

The future philosopher was born on May 5, 1818 in the family of ethnic Jews Heinrich Marx and Henrietta Marx in the German city of Trier. The parents belonged to two large families of rabbis. Karl's father practiced law and became a Lutheran for the sake of his career. The mother and her children were baptized seven years after her husband, in 1824. Karl Marx was the third child in a large family. His father, a fan of the ideas of the Enlightenment and Kantian philosophy, had a great influence on the boy’s upbringing.

Heinrich's friend Ludwig von Westphalen introduced young Karl to the philosophy of antiquity and the literature of the Renaissance. In 1835, the young man graduated from the Trier Friedrich-Wilhelm Gymnasium, where he received a basic knowledge of mathematics, Latin, German, Greek and French. After which he entered the University of Bonn, and then transferred to Berlin. At lectures, students were taught philosophy, law and history. Having independently studied the works of thinkers of the past, Marx took the teachings of Hegel as the basis for his own worldview, in which the young man was attracted by the atheistic and revolutionary aspects.

Under the guidance of Ludwig von Westphalen, Karl Marx, at the age of 24, created a dissertation on the study of the philosophical theories of Epicurus and Democritus. In addition to classical philosophy, Karl Mark paid special attention to the works of Feuerbach, Smith, Ricardo, Saint-Simon and other contemporary thinkers.

Social and political activities

At the beginning of his career, Marx intended to become a professor at the University of Bonn, but the reactionary government at the end of the 30s had already begun a purge among the teaching staff of the university in order to destroy the sprouts of the left movement in the bud. Following Ludwig Feuerbach, Professor Bruno Bauer was fired, so Marx abandoned the idea of ​​teaching.

A year later, Marx’s book “Towards a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law” was published. The young man gets a job at the Rheinische Gazeta, where he writes a political column. The philosopher sharply criticized the ruling regime. Ultimately, from the pages of the publication, Marx began to call for the overthrow of the existing regime, which incurred the wrath of the government. While working as a newspaper editor, Karl realized that he had little understanding of the structure of political economy, so he delved into the study of the issue of interest.

The ruling elite is trying to win over a young journalist-philosopher who receives support from the population of Prussia. But Marx does not agree to compromise with the police regime. For such a decision, the young thinker is forced to be deported. In the fall of 1843, Karl Marx and his family hastily left his homeland and moved to the capital of France.

In Paris, the philosopher meets his future colleague, as well as the German poet Heinrich Heine. For two years the reformer moved in radical circles in France. Marx gets acquainted with the ideas of the founders of anarchism P. Proudhon and M. Bakunin.

After 1845, Karl Marx moved to Belgium. Together with Engels, the philosopher becomes a member of the secret international society “Union of the Just,” which was organized in Brussels by German citizens. The underground members instructed two figures to create the text of the program of a communist society. As a result of the joint work of Marx and Engels, the “Manifesto of the Communist Party” was written, which was published in a limited edition at a London printing house in early 1848.

In the same year, the Belgian authorities forced Marx to leave the country, and the communist theorist moved to Paris for a month, from where he was sent back to Germany. In Cologne, under the leadership of Marx and Engels, the revolutionary publication Neue Rheinische Zeitung begins work, but within a year its publication ceases due to the defeat of workers' uprisings in the Saxon, Rhine and Southwestern districts of Germany. Repression begins.

London period

Work in a political publication compromises Karl before the authorities, and the scientist and his family emigrate to London in the early 50s. It was in Great Britain in 1867 that the main work in the biography of Marx, Capital, appeared. The philosopher works a lot to study various fields of science, among which social philosophy, political economy, mathematics, agricultural chemistry and mineralogy attracted Marx’s special attention. At first, Marx’s family in London was extremely poor, but soon his friend Engels came to the aid of the philosopher, who financed the large family free of charge.

In 1864, under the leadership of Marx, the "International Workers' Association" or First International opened. Initially, the backbone of the organization consisted of anarchists, French socialists, Italian republicans, and trade unionists. Due to the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1872, Marx's organization moved to New York, but after 4 years the community ceased to exist in America. It was only in 1889 that the Second International began its work, a successor to the ideas of the First International.

Marxism

The ideological principles of Karl Marx were formed in the mid-40s. The scientist’s worldview was based on the ideas of Ludwig Feuerbach, with whom Marx initially agreed and then entered into controversy. In his own work, the philosopher summarized the views of the teachings of the German, English and French philosophical and political schools. Based on the material he studied, Karl Marx created a consistent, integral system of views on materialism, scientific socialism and the labor movement.

Materialistic history

The concept of “materialist history” first appeared in the joint work of Marx and Engels “German Ideology”. This theory was further developed in the Communist Manifesto and the Critique of Political Economy. Marx logically derived the famous formula: “Existence determines consciousness.” According to the scientist, the basis of every society is the productive forces on which other social institutions are based: politics, jurisprudence, religion, art.

The main task of society is to maintain a balance between production forces and production relations, which, if contradictory, lead to social revolution. In the theory of materialist history, Karl Marx distinguishes the features of the slave, feudal, bourgeois and communist systems. Communism is divided into two stages, the lowest of which is socialism, and the highest is communism itself with the abolition of all financial institutions.

Scientific communism

Karl Marx, within the framework of the concept of progress in human history, identified class struggle as the driving force of social development. Marx and Engels considered the proletariat to be the class that would overthrow capitalism and lead to the establishment of a new international classless order. This will require a world revolution.

"Capital" and socialism

Karl Marx, in his work Capital, most fully revealed his own concept of the economics of capitalism. The first volume was published 6 years before the death of the scientist, the next two were published only after the death of the philosopher, with the assistance of a friend of Friedrich Engels. The fourth volume of Karl Marx’s work was the book “Theories of Surplus Value”, which was written 5 years before the release of the first volume of “Capital”.

Karl Marx at work on Capital

The text of the essay reveals issues related to the sphere of capital production and the law of value. The concepts of the formula of capital, labor, constant capital, variable capital, absolute (quantitative) and relative (qualitative) surplus value are formulated. According to the theory of Karl Marx, capitalism, by the constant discrepancy between variable and constant capital, provokes economic crises, which ultimately leads to the undermining of the system and the gradual abolition of private property, which is replaced by public property.

Personal life

During his student years, Karl Marx met a young girl, the first beauty of the city of Trier. Countess Jenny von Westphalen was 4 years older than the young thinker, but this did not prevent a whirlwind romance. The aristocrat rejected a number of respectable suitors for the sake of a young student. For 6 years, the young people were secretly engaged, since the German aristocratic family to which the bride belonged had a negative attitude towards the aspiring philosopher and writer of Jewish origin. But this did not stop the lovers from getting married in 1843 in the city of Kreuznach.

Subsequently, Jenny's half-brother, who served as Prussian Minister of the Interior for 8 years, persecuted the Marx family and contributed to their eventual expulsion from the country. By the way, the great-nephew of Karl Marx’s wife, Ludwig von Krosigg, was Minister of Finance and then the last Prime Minister of the Third Reich.

Marx's marriage turned out to be extremely strong and long. The philosopher's wife was not only his faithful wife, but also his comrade-in-arms. Jenny helped Karl Marx write books. The loving couple had seven children in their family, but four of them died in childhood. The writer's three daughters became famous. The eldest Jenny is a politician, journalist, wife of Paul Lafargue. Laura is a French socialist, the wife of Charles Longuet. Eleanor is the wife of Edward Aveling. Historians attribute to Karl Marx the paternity of the child of the family's housekeeper, Helena Demuth. After the death of the philosopher, Engels took custody of the boy.

Death

In 1878, Marx's wife died after a long illness. Jenny battled cancer for several years. The loss broke Karl, and he died of pleurisy on March 14, 1883. Marx was buried next to his wife in Highgate Cemetery.

The procession was attended by 10 people, comrades of Marx. Friedrich Engels, who became the editor of the philosopher's unpublished works, had a great influence on the dissemination of Karl Marx's ideas.

Memory

The name of Karl Marx was glorified after the victory of the October Revolution of 1917. On the territory of the USSR, a Karl Marx street or avenue appeared in every locality. In the homeland of the ideological leader of the international proletariat, the Karl-Marx-Stadt district was founded during the formation of the GDR. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, when the Democratic Republic was abolished, the district ceased to exist.

During Soviet times, monuments to Karl Marx were opened in almost every locality. The first monument appeared in the city of Penza in 1918. Some libraries and research centers were dedicated to the name of Karl Marx.

Bibliography

• The difference between the natural philosophy of Democritus and the natural philosophy of Epicurus - 1841
• Towards a critique of Hegel's philosophy of law - 1843
• Economic and philosophical manuscripts - 1844
• Theses on Feuerbach - 1845
• German Ideology - 1846
• Wage labor and capital - 1847
• Salary - 1847
• Manifesto of the Communist Party - 1848
• Toward a Critique of Political Economy - 1859
• Wages, Prices and Profits - 1865
• Capital, vol. 1. - 1867
• Capital, vol. 2. - 1885
• Capital, vol. 3. - 1894
• Capital, vol. 4. - 1905

: Charles ruled Austrasia, and Carloman ruled Neustria. Charlemagne's long reign was spent in almost continuous wars with his neighbors, in which he showed outstanding talents as a commander and military administrator.

Carloman died soon after (771). Charles forced his widow to flee with her young sons to Italy and became autocratic. In 772, under the pretext of stopping the atrocities committed by the Germanic Saxon tribe against Christian missionaries, Charlemagne began a stubborn war with the Saxons, which lasted intermittently for more than 30 years. Having become the head of a large army, Charles crossed the Rhine and, having defeated the Saxons on the Weser River, took the sacred Saxon city of Eresburg (near modern Osnabrück). Having destroyed the main pagan shrine of the Saxons, Irminsul, Charles forced them to peace in 773.

Charlemagne. War with Saxony

King who ruled in Italy Lombards Desiderius initially sought an alliance with Charles and gave him his daughter, Desiderata. For the sake of this marriage, Charlemagne dissolved his first marriage. But a year later he divorced (771) and Desiderata. The angry Desiderius wanted to proclaim his son Carloman, who lived with him, as the Frankish king, but the pope Adrian I did not agree to crown him on the throne. The Lombards began to devastate the region of Rome in retaliation. Called to the aid of the pope, Charlemagne made a remarkable campaign in Italy (773-774). Dividing his army into two parts, he quickly crossed the Alps and, encircling the enemy, forced Desiderius to retreat from the Roman region to Pavia and Verona. After a 7-month siege, Pavia was taken, the enemy army was scattered, and the Lombard state was annexed to the possessions of the Franks (774). Adrian I recognized Charlemagne as the patron of Rome and the king of Italy, and Charles in return approved the gift of the Church region made by his father Pepin in favor of the Roman throne. As a secular ruler, the pope was considered a vassal of the Frankish sovereign.

Charlemagne and Pope Adrian I. 15th century miniature

In 775, the war with the Saxons resumed, led by. Dividing the troops into several armies, Charlemagne marched them across the Rhine and, destroying all the cities and villages along the way, won a series of brilliant victories over the Saxons and conquered many tribes, forcing them to accept baptism by force (777).

Death of Roland. Artist J. Fouquet, ca. 1455-1460

In 781, Charlemagne again went to Italy to pacify the rebellion raised by Adelhis, the son of Desiderius, the former king of the Lombards, at the instigation of the Duke of Bavaria Thassilona. Adelhis, with the support of the Byzantines, tried to restore the independence of the Lombard state, but to no avail. During this campaign, the pope crowned the sons of Charlemagne: Pepin as the future king of Italy, and Louis as the future king of Germany.

While Charles was waging wars in Spain and Italy, the Saxons again rebelled and, having captured the banks of the Rhine and Weser, declared Widukind their king, expelled the missionaries and priests and returned to their previous orders. In 782, the Saxons defeated the Frankish troops at Mount Zuntele, but soon Charlemagne inflicted a series of brutal defeats on them at Lippe, Detmold and Westphalia and forced them to recognize the power of the Franks again. Widukind submitted to the Franks and was baptized (785).

Widukind takes the oath of allegiance to Charlemagne in Paderborn, 785. Artist A. Schaeffer, 1840

In 786, the Dukes of Bavaria and Benevento formed an alliance against Charles, calling for help Avars. Without giving time to the enemies to unite, Charlemagne first defeated the Duke of Benevento and took away his possessions, then moved on the Bavarian Duke of Tassilon. Having surrounded the Bavarians at Augsburg, Charles forced them to sue for peace. Thassilon voluntarily surrendered to the Franks. The trial of the Duke of Bavaria sentenced him to death, but Charles was content with imprisoning him and his son in a monastery. The Avars who came to the aid of the Bavarians were thrown back to the Danube, into ancient Pannonia. Following his constant tactics, Charlemagne divided the army into 3 parts: he sent one along the left bank of the Danube, he himself went along the right bank, and the third he put on boats, along with food and supplies. Near present-day Vienna, the Avars were defeated and put to flight, and their country was devastated.

The fight against the Avars, however, dragged on for many more years, since these descendants of the Huns, avoiding big battles, hid in the mountains, forests and swamps, making incessant attacks on the Frankish troops with small detachments of their tireless and elusive riders. The war with the Avars was only ended in 796 by the son of Charlemagne, Pepin, but their complete pacification followed only in 804.

In addition to these major wars, Charlemagne had to wage smaller ones: with the Moors, Bretons, Danes, Slavs, etc. According to the famous historian Guizot During his reign, Charles made 53 campaigns. By the end of the 8th century. Charlemagne's dominions extended from the Baltic Sea to the Ebro River and from the Adriatic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. For the help that Karl gave to dad Leo III against the rebel Romans, he was solemnly crowned in Rome and received the title of Holy Roman Emperor (800). In terms of the space of land and the number of peoples and tribes subject to him, the monarchy of Charlemagne was perhaps then the most powerful in the world.

Raphael. Coronation of Charlemagne, c. 1516-1517

Charlemagne achieved fame and power through his outstanding personal qualities. Almost illiterate himself, Karl tried by all means to spread enlightenment and attracted famous scientists to his service (theologians Alcuin and Rabanus the Maurus, historians Paul the Deacon and Einhard, etc.). As an administrator, Charlemagne was undeniably a major figure. By his order, all ancient regulations on the procedure for performing public and military service were collected, corrected and systematized. These decrees, known as "capitularies", supplemented by new laws, precisely determined who was obliged to perform what service and in what order.

Alcuin and Raban the Moor - learned luminaries of the court of Charlemagne

In all his possessions, old and newly annexed, Charlemagne introduced a uniform administrative-military system, according to which the country was divided into squads or corps (duchies and counties), and the latter - into thousands, hundreds and dozens, ruled by dukes, counts, thousanders , centralves, captains, etc. The border regions were margraviates, and the power of the margraves was more extensive than that of “ordinary” counts. By virtue of capitularies Charlemagne, all freeborn men were obliged to perform military service in accordance with their condition. Thus, those who had 12 households had to go to war fully armed, on horseback; those who had 4 households went on a campaign personally, and less than 4 households united in groups and supplied one equipped warrior. The royal vassals made up the cavalry, the poorest population - the infantry. There was no standing army, and troops for campaigns were convened as needed. The weapons were heavy and rich. Under Charlemagne, long shields, longbows, breastplates, helmets and chain mail were introduced. The number of mounted warriors was significantly increased and was almost equal to the number of infantry. The battle formation of Charlemagne was usual for the Middle Ages: large masses of close troops, with archers in front. All residents of the country were obliged to supply the troops with a certain amount of grain, food supplies, fodder, horses, pack animals and carts. In addition, each county was required to have special food supplies for passing troops.

Frankish state under Charlemagne. Map

Starting the war, Charlemagne collected information about the enemy, about his forces, means, methods of waging war, about the morals and customs of the inhabitants, and often entered into secret relations with the enemy for this purpose, often resorting to gifts and bribery. Charlemagne's wars were predominantly offensive, and he usually quickly invaded the enemy's country with several armies from different sides, directing all troops to the most important, in his opinion, strategic point, where he gave a decisive battle with the entire mass of concentrated forces. Charles waged wars with merciless cruelty: the enemy country was devastated and ruined, prisoners were exterminated, and residents were often expelled to other countries. After the suppression of one of the Saxon uprisings, over 4 thousand people were put to death in one day. Annexing a conquered country with a pagan population to his possessions, Charlemagne introduced Christianity into it with fire and sword, issuing harsh laws against those who did not want to be baptized. No one in the 8th century. did not wage wars on such a vast scale, with such means and over such a large space as Charlemagne, and no one achieved such large and brilliant successes. Such results should be credited to the personal qualities of Charles, who in the conduct of the war was able to combine caution and strictly deliberate activity with speed, resourcefulness and determination.

Charles died on January 28, 814 in Aachen, after an 8-day illness. His tomb in the cathedral of this city consists of a stone with the simple but significant inscription Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne). His appearance was majestic; he was tall and of extraordinary strength; He dressed simply, was moderate, pious, polite, eloquent, and loved family pleasures. However, ambition and false jealousy sometimes carried Charlemagne to such actions that, taking into account his other qualities, seem almost incredible.

Born on May 14, 1316 into the royal family. He had a difficult childhood. His young father, John of Luxembourg, who had recently taken the Czech throne, had to contend with both the local gentry and his ambitious wife Eliška Přemyslovna.

At birth, the future Emperor Charles IV received the name Wenceslas: in honor of his outstanding ancestors on his mother’s side. Only during his seven-year stay in France, during anointing, was he given a new name in honor of his uncle, the French king from the Kapet family.

Vaclav’s mother was practically not with him as a child. He was brought up in harsh male conditions in fortresses and. At the age of 7, the boy was sent to Paris to live with relatives at the French court, where he had his own teacher. There the path to a rich education and significant political and personal connections was opened to him. Among others, the future Pope Clement VI became his friend. Karl also brought his first wife, Blanca, from Paris.

Video: Charles IV - Czech king and Roman emperor

Preparations for Charles's adult life continued in Luxembourg, in his family county, where the growing heir to the throne was received by the authoritarian Baldwin of Luxembourg, archbishop of Trevira. There, Charles studied diplomacy and the ability to rule, learned French, Latin, Italian and German, palace etiquette and the art of chivalry.

Finally, Father John called his son to northern Italy, where, in a tense, intrigue-filled atmosphere, he tried to stay on the Luxembourg throne. Here the future emperor put into practice his knowledge of military affairs and government.

After many years of absence, Charles finally returned to the Czech Republic in the fall of 1333. Since the head of state was in another country, he began to rule the Czech Kingdom as a Moravian margrave, in which he achieved noticeable success. Gradually, Karl became involved in foreign affairs. Fears for his own future and the father's jealousy of his son's success led to tension between Charles and John. The quarrels were fueled by John's new marriage to Beatrice Bourbon and the subsequent birth of a new descendant in the Luxembourg family.

Only when King John of Luxembourg drew up his political will, and the Czech Diet in 1341 recognized Charles as the future emperor, did relations between father and son settle down. The result was a common policy and success of the Luxembourg dynasty in Europe compared to other European families.

John of Luxembourg

By 1344, Charles achieved the elevation of the Prague bishopric to an archbishopric, thereby freeing the Czech state from direct dependence on the archbishopric of Mainz. In 1346, elections for Holy Roman Emperor were held, which Charles, with the help of Pope Clement VI, won. 5 out of 7 electors voted for him. A few months later, his coronation took place in Bonn, but Charles had to wait a few more years to take the imperial throne.

The Czech royal coronation was also an important stage in the fate of Charles IV. It took place on August 2, 1347. The Emperor ordered the St. Wenceslas crown to be changed in the spirit of Přemysl traditions. Together with the staff and scepter, it became a symbol of royal power. After the coronation, a luxurious feast took place and a new “coronation” temple of the Virgin Mary of the Snows was founded.

Coronation regalia of Charles IV

Now nothing stopped Karl from fulfilling his plans. He chose Prague as the place of his main residence, and made the center of power of the Luxembourgs from the Czech state. He put a lot of effort into the development of imperial cities and their interests. Unlike the usual methods of the time, he did not use expansive military force, but acted through political and marital diplomacy.

Emperor Charles IV entered into 4 marriages during his life. Finding himself a widower, he quickly found a “profitable” bride from a strong family. The emperor's second wife was Anna of the Palatinate from the rival Wittelsbach family. Charles IV entered into a third marriage with Anna Świdnicka, who gave birth to his first heir, Wenceslas IV. The last, fourth wife of the emperor, Elizabeth of Pomerania, became the main support for Charles and the mother of other heirs to the throne, the most successful of whom was Sigismund of Luxembourg.

Marriage of Charles IV

In April 1355, the imperial coronation of Charles IV took place in Rome, after which he formally became the secular head of Christianity and took on new responsibilities. During his reign, he strengthened not only the empire, but also the Czech Crown Lands, to which he annexed new territories. Charles also strengthened the position of Moravia, at the head of which he placed his brother Jan Jindrich.

Charles IV found the main support in realizing his interests in church circles. He was a deeply religious man and believed that only among church dignitaries he should look for educated advisers.

On April 7, 1348, Charles IV founded the university in Prague, which strengthened the position of the church and the capital. With the opportunity to receive an education, the emperor completed the acquisition of sovereignty by the Czech state.

The king’s ideas did not always find understanding among society. For example, the draft collection of laws Maiestas Carolina, which limited the possibilities of the gentry in the Czech Kingdom, was rejected. But in the Holy Roman Empire, the emperor managed to issue in 1355-56. The Golden Bull, which became the new constitution of the Empire. Among other things, the document also regulated the position of the Czech Kingdom.

Golden Bull on display in Prague

A powerful rival, a realistic politician - this is how one can characterize the man who ruled Europe for more than 30 years. Playing by the strict rules of big politics, Karl repeatedly deceived and let down his rivals. Perhaps because of his awareness of his sins, he sometimes showed incredible piety and collected the remains of saints.

Today, Charles IV is considered, above all, a talented founder and builder, whose efforts were evident in many cities. He paid special attention to the construction of churches and monasteries and their artistic decoration. But the most significant act of the emperor was the construction and founding of the New City () in Prague in 1348, with the help of which he wanted to make Prague a new Jerusalem. The scope, pace and quality of construction can inspire respect and admiration even at the beginning of the 21st century.

in Prague

An incredibly educated, energetic and purposeful ruler also corresponded to the canons of beauty of his time. He was an attractive man, about 175 cm tall, took care of his appearance and protected his own authority.

Charles IV died at the age of 62 on November 29, 1378. His solemn funeral was a tribute to the political power of one of the most brilliant European rulers.