home Convectors Is numerical superiority necessary for victory? Pride is a feeling of internal superiority. Constructive orientation of the theory of superiority

Is numerical superiority necessary for victory? Pride is a feeling of internal superiority. Constructive orientation of the theory of superiority

PRIDE

AURA COLOR

Orange color– PRIDE - exaggerated confidence in one’s outstanding abilities and perfection, in contempt for the vices of other people.

“You take yourself too seriously,” don Juan said slowly, “and you perceive yourself as a damn important person.” This needs to change! After all, you are so important that you consider yourself entitled to be irritated for any reason. So important that you can afford to turn around and leave when the situation doesn’t turn out the way you want. Perhaps you believe that by doing so you are demonstrating your strength of character. But this is nonsense! You are a weak, arrogant and narcissistic guy!
I tried to object, but don Juan did not allow me. He said that because of my inflated sense of self-importance, I had never completed a single task in my entire life. I was amazed at the confidence with which he spoke. But all his words, of course, were fully true, and this not only angered me, but also scared me greatly.
“A sense of self-importance, like personal history, is something that should be gotten rid of,” he said gravely.
K. Castaneda. Travel to Ixtlan.

In Christianity, pride is one of the deadly sins. And I must say, not without reason. It is pride, a sense of self-importance, that is the cause of suffering and illness, often incurable, as well as death.

It is pride that is the source of all harmful thoughts and emotions. After all, when a person puts himself above someone else, he begins to condemn, despise, hate, get irritated, and make claims. The feeling of one's own superiority over others gives rise to arrogance and the desire to humiliate (in word, thought, deed).
A sense of self-importance gives rise to enormous subconscious aggression, which then turns against the author himself.
This feeling means a person’s desire to put himself, his mind, his wisdom above the Universe, God, above anything or anyone in this world. A proud person cannot and does not want to accept traumatic situations in his life, that is, those situations that do not meet his expectations. He has his own understanding of the world around him, and he believes that this is the truest and best. He seeks to subjugate the world, often through violence. Therefore, any discrepancy with his ideas about what the world around him should be causes a surge of aggressive emotions in his soul: anger, resentment, hatred, contempt, envy, etc. And this, in turn, leads to various illnesses and death.

Pride- this is a feeling of internal superiority over others. This is primarily the result of a lack of understanding of one’s true place in the Universe, one’s purpose in this life, a lack of awareness of the purpose and meaning of life.
It turns out that all the energy is spent on directly or indirectly proving that one is right, on fighting the outside world. Imagine that a cell begins to fight with the entire organism and defend its interests, regardless of the interests of the entire organism.
Does the body need such a cell?
Can a cell dictate its conditions to an organism?
No.
The body will strive to get rid of it, otherwise such a cell will turn into cancer.

The Bible has some wonderful lines about pride:
“Pride will come, and shame will come, but with the humble comes wisdom.”
“Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.”
“It is better to be humble in spirit with the meek than to divide the spoils with the proud.”
“The heart of man is lifted up before he falls, and humility comes before glory.”
“Pride of the eyes and arrogance of the heart, which characterizes the wicked, is sin.”
“Following humility comes the fear of the Lord, riches and glory and life.”
“A man’s pride humbles him, but he who is humble in spirit gains honor.”

THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC SIGNS OF PRIDE:
1. Pride, first of all, is manifested by a sense of one’s own infallibility and the rightness and wrongness of others. Such people feel that they are always right, tend to criticize someone, discuss, gossip and blame.
2. The next manifestation of pride is self-pity.
Self-importance is hidden self-pity. Such a person is focused only on himself, he begins to play the role of a victim, composure, sobriety and balance disappear from his life.
3. Condescending attitude, condescension.
A person feels superior to others, and therefore considers all people inferior to himself.
4. Patronizing attitude towards someone.
This manifestation of pride is next to condescension. Usually these people help someone, after which they demand gratitude and respect. From such people you can hear: “You should be grateful to me for that. What have I done for you!”
5. Humiliation of others and yourself.
There are people who consider themselves losers, incapable of anything, low in spirit, and if they see someone higher than themselves, they are ready to crawl on their knees in front of them. But at the same time, if they notice people lower than themselves, they force them to behave in the same way.
6. A manifestation of one’s own importance is the opinion that “the world cannot exist without me.”
Such people think that everything depends only on them, everything rests on them: the world, work, family. There is a fine line here between a sense of responsibility and self-importance.
7. Taking yourself too seriously.
A person gets the feeling that he is a very important person. And this feeling gives him a reason to be irritated with or without reason. And when something in life doesn’t work out the way he wants, he can get up and leave. This situation can often be seen in families during divorce. Each spouse believes that by doing so they are demonstrating the strength of their character, but this is not so. Thus, on the contrary, they show weakness.
8. Excessive importance, in turn, gives rise to another problem - a person begins to focus on what others think and say about him. He is fixated on his problems and constantly talks about them, he exhibits narcissism and narcissism.
9. Bragging.
Feeling superior to others. A person begins to praise his virtues. And he does this because he has an inferiority complex, and he just needs to get the approval of others, to feel his importance.
10. Refusal to help.
A proud person does not allow other people to help him. And why? Because he wants to get all the fruits himself, he is afraid that he will have to share with someone.
11. The desire to gain fame, respect and honor, to rise.
People take credit for the merits and works of other people. But they also have a tendency to make idols out of people.
12. The idea that the activity a person is engaged in is more necessary and important than all others.
13. Rivalry.
The desire to do something bad hurts your opponent. Any competition leads to tension, causes aggression, a subconscious desire to humiliate an opponent, which ultimately leads to breakdowns and illness.
14. The desire to condemn people for their mistakes, deeds and actions.
Such a person consciously looks for shortcomings in people, mentally punishes them, all this is done with a feeling of anger, irritation and hatred. Sometimes you even want to teach a person a lesson.
15. Using words whose meaning is not clear to other people.
Scientists usually suffer from this vice.
16. Reluctance to share your knowledge.
17. Reluctance to thank and forgive. Touchiness.
18. Dishonesty with yourself and other people.
Such a person may not keep his promises, deliberately mislead people, or lie.
19. Sarcasm.
The desire to be sarcastic, to play an evil joke on a person, to offend with a caustic remark or rudeness.
20. Reluctance to admit that you have shortcomings - spiritual problems and pride.

How to get rid of this harmful feeling?

Any human behavior has its own positive intention. Pride, as a way of thinking and perceiving the world around us, also has a positive intention. It is multifaceted. This is the desire for perfection, and the desire to feel calm and comfortable, and the desire to declare oneself to the whole world.

Every person wants to feel that he lives in this world for a reason, that there is some meaning in his life. But to feel your value and exclusivity due to your elevation above others means to nurture in your subconscious a program for the destruction of other worlds. After all, if I am better and higher, then others are worse and lower.
But in fact, on a subtle level, we are all equal.

Pride gives rise to the highest subconscious aggression, which returns with a powerful program of self-destruction in the form of injuries, accidents, incurable diseases and, finally, death.

It is important to realize that there are no good or bad people, better or worse. There are just people, and we make them the way we expect to see them. The higher a person exalts himself, the lower he will fall. The better he wants to look to others, the worse they will say about him.

Proud man - closed person. Not wanting to accept the world of another person, he makes his own world poor and wretched. And ultimately this leads to loneliness.
Many diseases arise from pride and how important it is to get rid of this feeling.

Create a program for yourself to free yourself from pride. To do this, first of all, learn to take responsibility for your life, for your destiny. The need to blame someone, including yourself, will immediately disappear. Learn to accept any situation in your life - without complaints or offense. And not just accept, but thank God, your subconscious mind for these events, no matter how negative they may seem at first glance.

Everyone knows the saying: “Everything God gives is for the best.” Try to find the positive aspects in any situation. Sometimes they are obvious, sometimes they are hidden from our consciousness, and often the understanding of what positive lesson we learned from it comes later.

What is acceptance? This is a deep understanding that we live in a very harmonious and fair world, and everything that happens to us in life must be accepted unconditionally, without claims or offense. Whatever situation happens to you, accept it as given by God. Go through it calmly.
Stop your thoughts and think - what did you do to create it?
Put into practice the laws you already know about:
“The outside reflects the inside” and “Like attracts like.”

What important and positive lesson should you learn from this situation?
Learning to accept a situation is an art.
In Christianity this is called humility. " Hit on one cheek - turn the other ".
Many people simply do not understand the meaning of this phrase. Many people cannot accept it because they take it literally, without seeing the hidden meaning in it.
It means: on an external, conscious level, you can express disagreement with the situation and strive to change it, but on an internal, subconscious level, that is, with your soul, this situation must be accepted without complaints or offense.
“Do not say: “I will repay evil”; leave it to the Lord, and he will protect you.”
Our consciousness is in the role of observer and evaluator of those life events that our subconscious mind presents to us. Therefore, you can consciously express dissatisfaction, but subconsciously the situation must be accepted.

We ourselves create all the events of our lives. The external can only be changed when we change something inside ourselves. Learn to accept people as they are . Remember that each person lives in his own world and creates his own unique world. This is what determines the exclusivity and uniqueness of every human being.
Imagine the human body. It contains trillions of different cells. What brings them together? Life! The desire for the whole, that is, service to a single organism. At this level, all cells are equal to each other. There are no better or worse cells. A heart or brain cell is no better than a colon cell. They cannot exist without each other. Any organism is a deeply balanced system. All cells are connected to each other. But at the same time, each cell is unique in its own way, since it carries out its own specific functions for the benefit of the whole organism. And if the cell copes with its duties perfectly, then it receives from the body everything it needs.

On a subtle subconscious level, every person is a particle of the Universe. And not only a person, but any living creature, any object. And here we are all equal. Everything in this world is united by one common goal - the desire for the Whole, that is, for God, the Universe, the Supreme Mind. And everyone makes their own unique contribution to the overall universal process of development. We are all going in the same direction, but each on our own path.
It is very important for a person to feel his value, importance and uniqueness in this world, but not by elevating himself above others because each person and object is important in his own way, but by realizing his uniqueness in the single organism of the Universe.
Everyone goes their own way. And everyone has the same goal. Everyone eventually comes to what they were looking for. I searched intuitively, subconsciously, going through certain life lessons. And the only thing that a person always has with him on this path and with which he ends his journey is his personal life story, destiny.
If people learned to accept all life situations without aggression and perceive events as lessons, and not as stress, learn from them, that is, draw positive conclusions in any situation, then life would be wonderful.

Sit back, relax, calm down. Stop your mind, your internal dialogue. Mentally place a smooth, light blue luminous field in front of your eyes. Now imagine that such a light blue light fills you from the inside, gradually becoming brighter and lighter. And at this moment mentally turn to the Higher Power, God. It does not matter whether you believe in God or in a Cosmic Intelligence, any idea of an intelligent beginning of the Universe is sufficient for such conversion. Address these Higher Powers with an unusual request. Do not ask for any benefits for yourself, even if not material, but spiritual. Just ask this force to enter you, guide you, do with you what is harmonious for the Universe. Ask for one thing - to help you find that one place in the harmony of the Universe that is destined for you. Become exactly the way you will best fit into the system of the World. Achieve that perfection, peace and tranquility that will allow you to know true happiness and freedom.
If at the moment of such a prayer or immediately after it you want to move around or sit in some unusual position, or maybe just walk around, breathing in a special way, or even dance, do not resist. This is a continuation of your meditation, the dynamic part of it. The Universe can respond to your willingness to cooperate through your body.

People who have often practiced such meditations, according to experts, can exactly copy the exercises and elements of various gymnastics systems, breathing exercises- everything that was found by human wisdom over many centuries of searching for the perfection of the spirit through the perfection of the body.
In the Bible, in the New Testament, there is a prayer that neutralizes pride in the best way - this is " Our Father ".
Read it every day, but do not read it mindlessly, but strive to understand its meaning.

Our Father, Who art in Heaven! Hallowed be Thy name;
Thy kingdom come; Thy will be done as it is in heaven and on earth.
Give us this day our daily bread;
And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors;
Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil;
For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever.
Amen.

There is another side to pride that often goes unnoticed, even by religious leaders. After all, pride is not only an arrogant attitude towards the world around us, which gives rise to aggression directed outward, but it is also a humiliation of oneself, an incorrect attitude towards oneself, which also gives rise to aggression. Various religious schools teach the correct attitude towards other people, towards the world around us, but pay little attention to the correct attitude towards oneself. Much of their teaching is based on guilt, fear and punishment for sins. They teach to love God, the First Cause of all things, and love for God begins with love for oneself, as a particle of God. After all, God is in the soul of each of us. And if a person, for example, scolds himself for some action, then he scolds God, and this is already a manifestation of pride. Therefore, you need to comprehend the world around you and universal laws by changing your attitude towards yourself, and through self-change and self-improvement - and towards the world around you.
"I don't want to be as proud as a jewel"

An awakened person does not have that arrogance that an ordinary person considers his right, since an awakened person is not only extremely modest, but also does not show the respect to the mind that is characteristic of an ordinary person. Thus, he is much more intelligent than the average person, since to think that intelligence fully justifies the need to avoid challenges in life is to behave completely unreasonably. An awakened person uses his mind only to guide him to experience life in its fullness, and not as an excuse to run away from challenges.
There is a huge difference between arrogance and humility. Arrogance is based on the assumption that a person is superior to someone or something. Humility rests on the knowledge that one is not higher or more important than anything else.

Unlike an ordinary person, an awakened person knows that he is no more or less significant than everything else. He knows this due to the fact that he lives. The priceless gift of life with which he is endowed is the same vital force that is awarded to the king, the beggar and the insect. Such knowledge is extremely sobering, and only a vain fool would not be humbled by pondering this fact. An awakened person is not characterized by arrogance; in his humility, he experiences deep respect for all living things, regardless of what kind of life it is - his own, the life of a king or a beggar, an animal or a plant, an insect or an atom.

People often confuse humility with arrogance and therefore lack true respect for life.
Cm.

FLATTERY

Flattery is praise with a selfish purpose. Feigned approval, sly servility.
A flattering person is ready to elevate another to any heights, just to get something from him, be it material benefit or attention or approval.
A flattering person destroys himself and the world around him. After all, by elevating someone, he humiliates himself.
There is flattery, as one of the derivatives of pride.
Probably everyone who communicated with such people felt unpleasant feelings.
These unpleasant sensations appear because flattery carries a charge of subconscious aggression. It’s not for nothing that they used to say that flattery takes out the soul.
A self-sufficient person strives to express his individuality in this world; a person who respects himself is free from flattery.

Alfred Adler at the beginning of his career was one of the adherents of Freud's psychoanalytic theory. However, pretty soon their views diverged. At the same time, Adler not only expressed criticism of the provisions of psychoanalysis, but also created his own theoretical system, which was not inferior to Freud’s in its breadth of coverage of the main aspects of human behavior. His theory is called " individual psychology". This name reflects the main postulate of his theory - the unity and integrity of each person (the word "Individuum" in Latin means "indivisible").

Some of Adler's discoveries have become firmly established in both scientific and everyday life. First of all, this relates to his theory " inferiority complex".

From Adler's point of view, a small child, especially in the first years of life, acutely feels his weakness and dependence on powerful adults. This situation feels like inferiority. However, every person goes through a period of dependence and is characterized by feelings of inferiority. To cope with this feeling, the desire for superiority, flawlessness and perfection is used. This desire is the main motivational force in human life.

This is what the normal state of affairs looks like. However, there are cases when the feeling of inferiority experienced by a child becomes excessive. This excessive feeling is an inferiority complex. Adler emphasized that this is not just a complex, but " almost a disease, the destructive effect of which varies depending on the circumstances". Adler identified the following factors as the reasons for the development of the complex.

Firstly, physical disability. One of Adler's early works is devoted to the study of mental compensation for physical inferiority. The weakness of any organ attracts increased attention from a person, and he strives to compensate for this weakness. For example, a weak and sick person devotes a lot of time to sports in order to gain strength and physical health. However, compensation is not always successful. If a task turns out to be beyond a person’s strength, he develops an inferiority complex.
Secondly, excessive care or rejection on the part of parents. Excessive care leads to the child growing up not confident enough in his abilities, since others have always done everything for him. In addition, he is freed from the need to cooperate with other people, so all his desires were already fulfilled. Subsequently, it will be more difficult for him to adapt to social life. Rejected children lack confidence in their ability to be useful, loved, and appreciated.

Adler considered impatience, arrogance, and pugnacity to be external signs of an inferiority complex in children. Adults typically use statements like " Yes, but...", "I would have done this if not...". They reflect their constant internal doubts.

People with an inferiority complex also have compensation in the form of a desire for superiority. Moreover, it, like inferiority, is excessive. In this case, they talk about a superiority complex. In fact, inferiority and superiority complexes are closely related and complementary phenomena.

What is the desire for excellence? As mentioned above, it arises in response to a feeling of inferiority and is the leading motive for human activity. It is interesting that Adler did not immediately come to this conclusion. At earlier stages of his scientific path, he considered first aggressiveness and then the desire for power to be the driving force of human behavior. And only the last step in his theory was the desire for superiority. Adler considered the possibilities of development under the influence of the desire for superiority to be limitless, like the desire from minus to plus. Adler considered this desire to be innate. But from birth it is present in us only in the form of a theoretical possibility, and not a real given. Each person realizes the desire for excellence in his own way. This difference manifests itself in our purposes. Adler considered a person’s life goals to be extremely important. He shared the view that human behavior is determined to a greater extent by ideas about the future than by events of the past. He called ideas about the future “fictitious goals.” These goals are fictitious because they either do not correspond to reality at all, or their reality cannot be verified. At the same time, fictitious goals play a huge organizing role in a person’s life. A person lives as if these goals were real. A person's purpose is formed in the fifth year of life and is the focus of the desire for excellence. Thus, the desire for excellence is the energy, the driving force human activity, which is reflected in a person’s fictitious life goal.

The desire for excellence has several important characteristics.

First, it represents a single fundamental motive, and not a collection of disparate aspirations.

Secondly, the goals that a person chooses for its implementation can be either positive or negative and selfish.

The desire for superiority is associated with a constant increase in tension as you move towards the goal. And, besides, people not only strive for excellence on their own, but also improve the culture of society as a whole.

It has already been noted that the desire for superiority, like the feeling of inferiority, can be excessive. Then they talk about “overcompensation” and a superiority complex. In such a situation, a person has a desire to elevate himself, while belittling others. He usually appears boastful and arrogant. This behavior masks inner insecurity and the inability to accept oneself. A person can also flaunt and exaggerate his qualities, boasting about them at every opportunity.

A superiority complex often causes a person to choose negative goals for himself, such as becoming a criminal. Adler saw the cause of crime precisely in the superiority complex, and not in the original depravity of human nature. When becoming a murderer or a thief, a person can feel like a hero, rejoicing in the fact that he humiliated or deceived other people.

The ideas of an inferiority complex and the desire for superiority are closely related to the concept of " social interest". Adler considered it obligatory to study man in his connection with society. Drawing an analogy with the animal world, Adler argued that all weak individuals unite in groups in order to more successfully defend themselves and satisfy their needs. Adler classified man as a weak individual. In addition, everyone a person has congenital deficiencies, and being in a group can reduce their effect.

Social interest is a sense of community, the desire to enter into cooperative relationships, the ability to love and respect others, and act in common interests.

Adler considered it, like the desire for superiority, to be an innate quality of a person. Initially it also exists as a potential possibility. Its development largely depends on the correct behavior of parents, who can both successfully develop social interest in a child and completely extinguish it.

The mother, by her example, should demonstrate love and good attitude towards the father, other children and people around him. Its task is not just to awaken social interest in the child, but also to help take it outside the family, spreading it to other people. If the mother is focused only on the child, he will not develop social interest, he will not have the ability to cooperate with other people, since this was not necessary in childhood. A cold or father-focused mother will make the child feel unloved, and his first attempts at showing social interest will go unnoticed and unsupported. Children of authoritarian and emotionally distant fathers also lose social interest and pursue the goal of achieving personal superiority over others. An unhappy marriage of parents and lack of good relationships in the family also negatively affect the development of social interest.

Adler considered social interest to be an indicator mental health. Normal, healthy people always have a desire for the well-being of all people; social goals are important to them. Poorly adjusted people are self-centered, they are dominated by personal goals, they are concerned only with their own interests and self-defense.

It should be noted that all components of Adler's theory are interconnected. For example, an inferiority complex causes a person to develop an excessive desire for superiority, which, in turn, affects life goals, making them selfish, divorced from social interest. Therefore, when treating neuroses, Adler considered it very important not only to achieve the patient’s understanding of the current situation, but also to form the right goals and develop social interest.

At the same time, the concept of social interest carries with it some contradictions. For example, a person’s goal may be “very social” - improving living conditions for all people, and the methods of achieving it may be cruel and violent (terrorism). Or, on the contrary, human behavior is social (charity), but it serves the achievement of personal selfish goals (increasing ratings in elections).

Adler's theory had great importance for the development of psychology. He is sometimes considered the first social psychologist, due to his study of man in the context of his environment and society as a whole and his discovery of social interest. In addition, Adler is also considered the forerunner of humanistic psychology, due to the fact that he considered man " creator of your own destiny", (thanks to " Creative Self" - the most important component of personality).

Literature.

1. Kjell L., Ziegler A. Theories of personality. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1997.

2. Adler A. The Science of Living. - Kyiv. 1998.

3. Adler A. Individual psychology as a path to knowledge and self-knowledge of a person // Essays on individual psychology. - M. 2002.

It is no coincidence that the author included this saying of the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov in the epigraph of the article. Perhaps, schoolchildren’s acquaintance with the art of war begins with this Suvorov postulate. Unfortunately, for many, this is where acquaintance with military strategy and tactics ends, except for a couple or three more common Suvorov phrases like “the bullet is stupid, the bayonet is great,” “hard in training, easy in battle.” Then a young man of middle school age becomes acquainted with touching tales on military themes regarding Suvorov’s miracle heroes, the crushing victories of a handful of Russian soldiers over crowds of thousands of ferocious Turkish Janissaries. A little later, but also within the framework of the school course, the young man becomes acquainted with the assault on Izmail and Suvorov’s crossing of the Alps. And throughout the entire domestic historical science of the second half of the 18th century there is a red thread running through the statement - Suvorov always (that is, always!) fought against an enemy many times superior to him in numbers and always won crushing victories.

A small digression - perhaps in all the memoirs of all commanders, as an excuse for their failures or to emphasize the enormity of their victories, the thesis is given that he had to fight with an enemy many times superior to him in numbers. Moreover, this thesis is easily revealed in memoirs from both sides about the same events.

Very quickly, the conviction is deposited in the young brain that any military victory can only be considered a true victory when the commander defeated an enemy significantly superior in numbers. But if the commander created for himself a superiority over the enemy by five to six times and defeated him in a heavy battle, then this is not a victory at all, but like this - “They threw their hats and are still bragging. It’s a shame, a shame, gentlemen of the military to be proud of such a victory, not for it's Suvorovsky."

And for some reason the young man doesn’t think that just yesterday, in order to take revenge on his enemy, he invited a couple of friends with him to a showdown. He considers it quite normal that a football team that considers itself the strongest does not go to the game with half its strength and considers the hockey coach’s excuses that the team does not have enough people and at the decisive moment of the game he could not throw fresh forces onto the field quite convincing.

It turns out that when going into a street fight, it is quite worthy to create a numerical advantage for yourself. That only with fresh players in reserve can a coach count on victory. But it is a shame for the military to create a numerical superiority for itself when planning a battle. They say that one should fight only through skill and necessarily with fewer troops than the enemy. What is the skill of a commander? We will return to this issue later.

However, for some people this interpretation of this Suvorov phrase is convenient and beneficial. I mean the fifth column of journalists and writers, whose main task was to debunk the entire history of the country from 1917 to 1991, to belittle the significance of the USSR’s victory over Germany in the war of 1941-45, to dim, and if possible, to completely extinguish the shine of Stalin’s victories generals.

So books are being produced in which it is convincingly and not very well proven that the Soviet commanders did not know how to fight, that all victories were achieved only through mischief, due to the fact that Stalin’s marshals drove millions of Red Army soldiers into the fire and only flooded the onslaught of the Wehrmacht with rivers of people’s blood, instead of, like the German generals, achieving success with graceful, witty blows with obviously smaller forces. And from under these statements, the thesis creeps like a snake into the reader’s heart that the victory of the Soviet Union came at too high a price, was wasted and unnecessary. This means that this is not a victory at all, but ugh, and the whole war against Hitler is only the desire of Stalin and the communists for world domination.

This is usually proven using simple arithmetic calculations. Sometimes these calculations are primitive, deceitful and stupid, designed for the amateurism of readers. A certain military dropout, a failed intelligence officer and simply a traitor, Rezun (V. Suvorov), especially thrives here. Sometimes the calculations are more competent and, from a statistical point of view, impeccable. This is, for example, Mr. Drogovoz with his book “The Tank Sword of the Land of the Soviets,” where, against the background of completely truthful and accurate data, conclusions are drawn that are no less false, although for amateurs his layouts seem completely objective and convincing.

However, as soon as we open the works of German historians (and English, American, French too), we immediately come across their bitter complaints that the German generals did not have enough soldiers, tanks, guns, gasoline, and ammunition. In black and white, they describe the victories of the Wehrmacht and tell how the Germans managed to create numerical superiority and accumulate forces and resources. They make no secret of the fact that the first and main condition for success is the accumulation of forces superior to those of the enemy, and that successfully attacking troops stop the offensive not when they reach the goal, but when their superiority in forces is exhausted.

This is the deep meaning of the two main methods of warfare - offensive and defensive. An offensive is only possible when side A has, in one way or another, accumulated forces superior to side B. Defense is the lot of side B, which currently has smaller forces. Any military man knows that the attacker always suffers more significant losses than the defender (very often 3-4 times more). The offensive stops when the forces of side A and side B come to an approximate balance. Then there is a pause, during which both sides strive to increase their forces as quickly as possible to the level of superiority over the enemy. After which, the side with numerical superiority begins an offensive.

If it were different, i.e. success would have been achieved due to the great talents of generals, officers, and the skills of soldiers of one side over the generals, officers and soldiers of the other side, then we would have seen a completely different historical picture.

The author of this article is not a general and did not lead divisions, corps or armies into battle. Therefore, his statements and calculations are not without a certain degree of amateurism. Consequently, everything that is said above and what will be said below is not the absolute truth in its ultimate instance. The author only invites readers to think about the constituent elements of victory, the principles of strategy and tactics. As proof that it is worth thinking about issues of war and peace yourself, about the principles of strategy and tactics, and not relying on anyone else’s statements and not accepting their postulates as your own beliefs (“Many people resemble sausages - what’s stuffed into them, then they carry within themselves." Kozma Prutkov), below the author will refer to the work of Carl von Clausewitz "On War".

This is not a desire to put Clausewitz’s opinion into the readers’ heads like mincemeat into a sausage, but information for thought, because as he said in his book: "Theory should be consideration, not teaching" .

So, Clausewitz: “If we consider without prejudice the history of modern wars, we will be forced to admit that numerical superiority is becoming more and more decisive every day; therefore, we must value the rule of being as strong as possible at the moment of decisive battle at the present time somewhat more than ever before.” no matter what happened before."

However, this statement by Clausewitz does not at all mean that numerical superiority is the only condition for victory.

Here's what he writes next: “The courage and spirit of troops at all times increased physical strength, and this will continue to be the case. But we also encounter periods in history when a sharp superiority in the organization and armament of troops gave a significant moral superiority; in other periods, the same superiority was given by greater mobility of troops; further influenced by the newly introduced systems of tactics; then the art of war was carried away by the desire for the skilful use of terrain, guided by broad and comprehensive principles; on this basis, one commander from time to time managed to win significant advantages over another; however, this desire soon disappeared and had to give way to more natural and simple techniques. If we look without bias at the experience of recent wars, we will be forced to say that neither in entire campaigns, nor in decisive battles, i.e. general battles, such phenomena have almost never been observed..."

Those. Clausewitz argues that it is possible that in earlier times numerical superiority or superiority in strength played a lesser role than it does now, but neither then nor now can superiority in strength be discounted. He points out that as historical development in general, and the development of the armed forces, there is a certain standardization of military affairs and the level of military art in different countries aligned: “Armies today have become so similar to each other in weapons, equipment, and training that there is no particularly noticeable difference in this regard between the best of them and the worst. The degree of training of scientific forces, however, still, perhaps, represents significant differences, but it mainly leads only to the fact that some are the initiators and inventors of certain improvements, and others are their quick imitators.Even commanders of a subordinate order - commanders of corps and divisions - everywhere adhere to the same views and methods in relation to their profession ; thus, in addition to the talent of the commander-in-chief, which can hardly be thought of as having any constant relationship with the level of cultural development of the people and the army and which, on the contrary, is entirely a matter of chance, the mere involvement of troops in a war can still give one of the sides a noticeable advantage over the other. The more decisive the balance in all this is, the decisive influence is exerted by the numerical balance of forces.

Isn’t this the basis of Suvorov’s statement “Fight not with numbers, but with skill”? After all, this postulate was born during the wars of the 18th century between Russia and Turkey, when, according to Clausewitz, the numerical superiority of the Turkish army could be overcome by greater mobility, better training, weapons and better use of the terrain by the Russian army. Let's remember Suvorov's - "Speed, eye, onslaught." It would seem that train the army better, train it, arm it with the best weapons and it’s in the bag, that is, victory is in your pocket. You don’t need a huge mass army; it’s better to have one that is smaller in number but higher in quality. Modern supporters of a professional contract army in Russia also emphasize this. But let's return to Clausewitz's words: “The armies of our day have become so similar to each other in weapons, equipment, and training that there is no particularly noticeable difference in this respect between the best of them and the worst.” Has anything changed in this regard at the beginning of the 21st century? And will not the one who can field a large army at the right time be in an advantageous position? Yes, in the USA, at present the army is not so large in size, but look into its “reserves”, figure out what lies behind the concepts of “Army of Reserve”, “Reserve Component”, “Army National Guard”, then I guarantee that you will discover that the US military is much larger than the public is led to believe.
By the way, when Suvorov met with an army equal in level of training, tactical techniques, weapons, namely the French, we do not see a single Suvorov battle where he, with smaller forces, would have defeated more numerous forces. Moreover, the actual betrayal of the Austrians, the loss of Rimsky-Korsakov’s corps, which deprived Suvorov of superiority in forces, forced him to retreat through the Alps.

Clausewitz cites the Battle of Borodino as evidence of the prevailing nature of the influence of the factor of superiority of forces over all others: " One has only to read without prejudice the description of the Battle of Borodino, where the first army in the world - the French - faced off against the Russian army, which, undoubtedly, in many aspects of its organization and in the degree of training of its individual units, could be considered the most backward. In the whole course of the battle there is not the slightest manifestation of great skill or intelligence; this is a calm struggle between the opposing forces, and since the latter were almost equal, nothing else could happen but a slow lowering of the scales to the side on which there was greater energy in the leadership and greater combat experience of the army. We chose this particular battle as an example because in it, more than in any other, the sides were numerically equal."

Simply put, Clausewitz argues that the outcome of the Battle of Borodino could not have been different from what it turned out to be. The forces were approximately equal in number, and although the French army was better trained, and its leader was an outstanding commander, the French did not achieve decisive success precisely because of the balance of forces.

He further writes: “Bonaparte, the greatest commander of our time, in all his victorious general battles, with the exception of the battle of Dresden in 1813, always knew how to concentrate an army that was stronger or, in any case, only slightly inferior to the enemy, and where he failed, as at Leipzig, Brienne, Laon and Waterloo, he was defeated."

Does all of the above mean that it is enough to create a numerical superiority over the enemy and the more the better, as victory is in your pocket? Apparently, Soviet military leaders and Stalin himself thought so when in the thirties they created a tank armada, the size of which was not equal anywhere else in the world. However, the art of war does not fit into the framework of the four operations of arithmetic. This is algebra and algebra of higher order. Stalin managed to create not a numerical superiority in tanks, but a big bluff that Hitler did not catch. But the “great military historian” Rezun catches his readers and admirers like stupid crucians, who excitedly counts these iron boxes, inviting everyone to consider them tanks.

No, numerical superiority is only one of the factors that makes up victory. Clausewitz writes: “...with the help of numerical superiority we not only do not achieve everything or the main thing, but may even achieve very little, depending on how the accompanying circumstances develop. But numerical superiority itself can have different degrees; it can be thought of as double, triple, quadruple, etc. Everyone understands that numerical superiority, brought to a certain high degree, must overcome everything else. From this point of view, we must agree that numerical superiority is the most important factor in battle, but it must be great enough to counterbalance all other related factors."

Those. we see that Clausewitz does not consider numerical advantage to be the only component of victory, but considers it to be the main factor. Superiority in the quality of equipment, training of personnel, tactical techniques, and the art of commanders to a certain extent can compensate for the insufficiency of an arithmetic advantage in numbers, but only when the difference in numbers is small.

However, as a rule, it is impossible to achieve an absolute numerical advantage of the troops of one side over the other. Clausewitz writes: "...at the decisive point it is necessary to bring into battle as many troops as possible."

The author believes that it is the ability to create numerical, precisely numerical superiority in forces in in the right place at the right time and forms the basis of a commander’s talent. However, not everything here depends on the commander. What forces and at what time the state can replenish it does not depend on the commander. He can only use what he has been given to the best or worst extent.

So maybe A.V. Suvorov, when he declared, “fight not with numbers, but with skill,” meant the ability to concentrate superiority in forces in a decisive place, and not at all the requirement to replace superiority in forces with the talents of a commander? After all, even in boxing, the world flyweight champion will not enter the ring against a first-class heavyweight. Skill is skill, but the difference in weight makes up for the lack of skill.

Note that all the talents of Hitler’s generals began to rapidly melt away during the Second World War as Germany depleted its human and industrial resources. A common phrase among our writers and journalists of that time and later regarding Soviet commanders became something like this - “... during the war, the military skill of Soviet military leaders increased immeasurably...”. Well, etc. etc. It turns out interesting - Soviet military leaders gained combat experience, learned from mistakes, developed their tactical and strategic thinking, while the German generals became dumber day by day? Or maybe the reason lies elsewhere - the USSR, for many reasons, continuously increased its numerical superiority, and Germany, for the same reasons, exhausted its strength? Is this why the Soviet commanders have more and more military successes and the German commanders have less and less?

So maybe it really is that they threw hats at the Germans and covered them with Red Army blood? The book “Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century. Statistical research” was recently published. Six hundred pages of almost nothing but tables. Very cold shower for those who like to write: “...according to my calculations...” and for those who perceive their writings as the absolute truth. A large team of statisticians worked on the country’s loss figures for several years. Reading this book, you immediately see that it is impossible to reduce everything to a few numbers. You can count and summarize results in different ways. I do not undertake to prove the truth or falsity of this book, but the abundance of numbers and their layout in many columns, tables and pages convinces that if it is a fake, then it is brilliant, and if it is true, then it is clear that it is clear to give an unambiguous answer about the number of losses as with one way or the other is impossible. Well, for example, how to count those Soviet soldiers who, having been captured, replenished the German divisions (in many German divisions in 1942, up to 15% of the number were so-called “hiwis,” i.e., volunteer assistants). But during the war there were up to a million such people. On the one hand, they are taken into account as irretrievable losses of the Red Army, on the other hand, they died along with the Germans, thus reducing the number of losses of purely Germans. How to count the military units of Finland, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Slovakia, Romania? After all, they also fought against the Red Army, but many historians do not take into account the loss figures of these countries at all. In addition, many not entirely conscientious historians, when counting the losses of the USSR, take into account all losses, including the civilian population (about 26 million people), and on the German side only the Wehrmacht military personnel (about 7-8 million people).

The author, trying to find out the degree of ruthlessness Soviet generals in relation to the Soviet “lower ranks” and the caring attitude of German generals towards their comrades in soldier’s uniform, I took the numbers from the columns of two tables of this statistical study, which have the same name “Killed, died from wounds, missing, non-combat losses.” Those. figures directly indicating those killed in and around battles. So, the Red Army - 4 million, 559 thousand people, the Wehrmacht (and its allies) - 4 million, 273 thousand people. The numbers are approximately the same. So the statement that Stalin did not value a soldier’s life for a penny can also be applied to Hitler on the same grounds.

Concluding this reflection, I would like to again refer to Clausewitz: " So, we believe that in our conditions, as in all similar ones, the balance of forces at the decisive point is a huge matter and that, in general, for ordinary cases it is the most important of all conditions. The number of troops at a decisive point depends on the absolute size of the army and on the art of its use."

Historical and biographical information

Karl Philipp Godfrey von Clausewitz (1780-1831), German military leader, theorist and historian, major general of the Prussian army (1818).
In military service since 1792, in the Russian army in 1812-1814. Graduated from the general military school in Berlin (1803.)
Participated in the war with France 1806-07. From 1808 on the Russian General Staff. In 1808-09, head of the office of the Military Reorganization Committee. Since October 1810, he taught strategy and tactics at the combined arms military school.
At the request of patriotic generals and officers (G. Scharnhorst, A. Gneisenau, G. Boyen and others), who opposed Prussia’s subordination to Napoleon, in February 1812 he drew up a program for the national liberation of Germany through a people’s war in alliance with Russia against the French invaders.
In May 1812, Clausewitz joined the Russian army. During Patriotic War 1812 was quartermaster of the cavalry corps P.P. Palen, then F.P. Uvarov, from October - P.H. Wittgenstein. From 1813, chief of staff of the Combined Russian-Prussian Corps.
In 1814 he returned to Prussian service, from 1815 the chief of staff of the army corps, from 1818 the director of the combined arms military school, from 1831 the chief of staff of the army on the Polish border.
Clausewitz independently studied over 180 wars and campaigns that took place from 1566 to 1815, and wrote a number of military historical works. Clausewitz's main work is the study "0 War". In the Soviet Union, this book was published only once in 1936, and again in Russia in 2002.

Literature

1. K. von Clausewitz. About war. Publishing house AST. Moscow. Terra Fantastica. Saint Petersburg. 2002
2.Viktor Suvorov. Suicide. Why did Hitler attack Soviet Union? AST. Moscow. 2000
3.B.Liddell Hart. Second World War. AST.Moscow 1999 Terra Fantastica. Saint Petersburg.
4.Kurt von Tippelskirch. History of the Second World War. AST. Moscow. 2001
5.Kurt von Tippelskirch. Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkieges. Bonn. 1954
6. Adolf Hitler. My struggle. T-OKO. 1992
6.G.K.Zhukov. Memories and reflections. APN.Moscow. 1987.
7. N.N. Voronov. In military service. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1963
8.K.K.Rokossovsky. Soldier's duty. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1988
9. G.Goth. Tank operations. Ed. "Rusich". Smolensk. 1999
10. G. Guderian. Tanks, go! Ed. "Rusich". Smolensk. 1999
11. Military history magazine No. 3-95.
12. Combat and numerical strength of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Statistical collection No. 1 (June 22, 1941). Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1995
13.Adolf Hitler. "My struggle". CD "Educational Encyclopedia - Hitler".
14.Z.Westphal. Fatal decisions. Polygon. St. Petersburg. 2001.
14. G. Derr. March to Stalingrad. Test site. St. Petersburg. 2001.
15.V.A. Zolotarev. History of Russian military strategy. Polygraph resources. Kuchkovo field. Moscow. 2000
16.I.G.Drogovoz. Tank sword of the country of the Soviets. AST. Harvest. Moscow. Minsk. 2001
17. A.P. Gorkin and others. Military encyclopedic dictionary. Scientific publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia". Ed. "Ripol Classic" Moscow. 2001
18. G.F. Krivosheev and others. Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century. Statistical research. Olma Press. Moscow. 2001
19.V.Keitel. Reflections before execution. Rusich. Smolensk 2000
20.E. von Manstein. Lost victories. Phoenix. Moscow. Rostov-on-Don. 1999

Superiority

noun, With., used compare often

Morphology: (no) what? superiority, what? superiority, (see) what? superiority, how? superiority, about what? about superiority

1. Superiority refer to someone's professional or moral excellence in comparison with other people.

2. Superiority is when someone achieves an advantage as a result of competition, competition, etc.

Prove your superiority over others. | Maintain your superiority. | Recognize someone else's superiority. | The leader of the standings confirmed his superiority.

3. Superiority call someone's most favorable position, existence, compared to everyone else.

Striving for excellence. | Cultural, scientific, economic superiority. | Fascism is an ideology that asserts the superiority and exclusivity of a particular nation or race.

4. Superiority they call the achievement by someone of the highest degree of awareness and development in any competitive process.

Technical excellence. | Superiority in competition. | Technological superiority.

5. Superiority is called the numerical advantage of someone who is in a forceful confrontation with someone.

Absolute, overwhelming, triple superiority.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Dmitriev. D. V. Dmitriev. 2003.

Synonyms:

See what “superiority” is in other dictionaries:

Advantage, dominance. Wed. importance, dominance, primacy... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries... Synonym dictionary

EXCELLENCE, superiority, plural. no, cf. (book). Possessing the highest dignity, superior qualities compared to someone else, an advantage over someone else. Show your superiority. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

EXCELLENCE, ah, cf. Advantage over anyone than n. in which n. respect. Prove your P.P. in technology. Numerical item. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

superiority- great superiority significant superiority colossal superiority undeniable superiority enormous superiority overwhelming superiority solid superiority ... Dictionary of Russian Idioms

superiority- over whom with what (obsolete before whom with what) and in what. 1. over whom than (possessing higher virtues in comparison with whom, than l.). The superiority of machine production over manual production. [Prokhor] was aware with annoyance of her superiority over himself (Shishkov). I… … Control Dictionary

superiority- SUPERIORITY1, a, cf Possessing higher merits or quantitative advantage compared to someone, than l. Prove your superiority. SUPERIORITY2, a, cf Exclusive right to use something. due to the possession of higher... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

superiority- (Russian superiority) 1. odlika, izvoreden success (in old school) 2. prenost, nadmojnost 3. what are the titles in old times: visost, exaltation, excellence... Macedonian dictionary

Wed. 1. Possessing higher virtues and qualities compared to someone else. 2. Quantitative excess against something. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

Excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence, excellence (

50 main psychological traps and ways to avoid them Medyankin Nikolay

What prevents us from feeling superior?

All people are equal, there is no one who is higher or lower than others. Therefore, both the inferiority complex and the superiority complex are only a person’s subjective perception of himself, and in fact self-deception.

A person with a superiority complex essentially feels just as insecure as a person with an inferiority complex. But if someone who is sure that he is worse than everyone else usually suffers quietly and executes himself, then a person with a superiority complex is looking for ways to feel confident. This is why he tries to suppress others with his imaginary superiority. After all, he feels good only when there is someone nearby whom he can humiliate, whom he can laugh at, whom he can subjugate. He would feel best if everyone looked up to him and were obedient. But these dreams are impossible. Because most people do not accept the role of obedient, weak, subordinate puppets who can be commanded as they please.

A person with a superiority complex essentially wants to adapt reality to himself - to make people the way he would like them to be. And if people do not obey, he loses his temper. As a result, he develops a real neurosis due to the constant contradiction between the desired and the actual. A person gets angry if someone does not want to recognize his greatness, primacy, and special significance. Deep down, he is unhappy because he is too dependent on those around him and on whether he has power over them.

A person possessed by a superiority complex to its extreme extent can become socially dangerous. This happens if he fails to assert his superiority in socially acceptable ways. The most serious crimes are sometimes committed in order to feel their imaginary superiority and power over other people.

But the most important thing is that the superiority is imaginary. This means that a person does not become happier because he considers himself superior to others. Deep down in his soul, he still remains a flawed, unhappy creature, unable to love either himself or others. In fact, he does not really live - but only fights all his life for the illusion of his greatness. As a result, his strength and vital energy are wasted.

He does not achieve creative goals and can come to complete collapse and loss of the meaning of life!

Exercise 1.

Realize your true worth

Maybe you are afraid to shed your mask of superiority because you feel that in this case you will have to face your true self, and you will feel weak, pathetic and flawed without this mask? Tell yourself that you have nothing to fear. You have a strong personality inside you, which is valuable in itself, without any masks.

Imagine that there is someone who loves you with unconditional love, as you are, without any masks, loves you both strong and weak. Imagine that you feel the gaze of his loving and forgiving eyes on you. You can imagine, for example, that this is how your ideal mother looks at you - the most loving and kindest in the world. But in fact, in this way you will meet the most loving, kind and forgiving part of yourself.

Say to yourself—on behalf of that loving part of you: “I have value in and of myself. This value is absolute, it does not depend on anything. No circumstances, no words or actions of other people can destroy my true value. I allow myself to be everything – both strong and weak. I accept myself as anyone. I love and appreciate myself in every way. I free myself from having to wear masks. I recognize my worth for who I am."

Exercise 2.

Praise from the Heart

Start appreciating both your strengths and the strengths of other people. If you haven’t noticed the positive qualities and good deeds of other people, make it a goal to start noticing it. If you suffer from a superiority complex, the achievements and merits of other people may cause you to feel something like jealousy. Do you think that if you recognize the merits of another, it will humiliate you? But this is not at all true!

You can recognize and appreciate both your own merits and the merits of others. Tell yourself: “No one is worse or better. All people are equal, and everyone is equally deserving of praise for their merits and merits. I deserve praise - and other people deserve praise. We are equal. From now on I communicate on equal terms with people. I respect myself, I respect others. I value myself, I value others.”

Find something to praise yourself for. If you are used to feeling superior to others, you will not have problems with this. And then make it more difficult for yourself: find something to praise someone else for, and praise him! Set yourself the following goal: after each praise to yourself, be sure to praise someone else. So that the number of praises to yourself is equal to the number of praises to someone else. For example, you might decide that you will praise yourself five times a day—and someone else five times. Do this every day. The number of praises can be changed, the main thing is that balance is maintained: as much for yourself as for others, no more and no less.

You will see how your mood will begin to change for the better, and your relationships with people will noticeably improve.

Exercise 3.

Being strong means not being afraid of your weaknesses

If you consider yourself stronger than others, but at the same time do not admit your mistakes and weaknesses, your strength is imaginary, ostentatious. A truly strong person is never afraid to admit that he was mistaken, that he was wrong. He is not afraid to apologize and ask for forgiveness. There is no shame in making mistakes; all people make them. It's a shame not to want to correct mistakes. If you made a mistake, admitted it and decided to correct it, this will not humiliate you at all. Learn to admit mistakes with dignity. Learn to admit your weaknesses and defeats. This will only give you strength and give you an incentive for subsequent victories.

Take paper, a pen, and promise yourself that you will be as honest with yourself as possible. After all, no one will know about what you write now - no one needs it except you.

Continue with the following phrases:

What I don't like about myself is that I...

There is something I don't do as well as I would like, and that is...

It happens that I am scolded and criticized for...

I remember the following failures most of all: ...

The qualities that I don't have, but that I would like to have are...

My bad, unwanted habits are...

Take your time, think about what you write. Then re-read and think: which of the shortcomings, mistakes and failures you listed are genuine, and which are imaginary? Maybe someone suggested to you that you have these shortcomings (or maybe you inspired it to yourself)? Maybe you exaggerate your failures and weaknesses? Do they seem like a tragedy to you, something that needs to be hidden from others, when in fact it is a trifle, and many other people also have the same flaw or make the same mistakes?

Reread the list of your shortcomings again, and after each one say out loud: “I accept this in myself. I don't judge myself for this. I forgive myself for this. I good man, I recognize my true value, which does not depend on anything.”

Then be sure to make a list of your strengths. This can be done by continuing the following phrases:

What I like about myself is that I...

There is something I do very well, better than other people, and that is...

I am praised for...

I remember most of all my following successes, victories and achievements: ...

I have the following positive qualities: ...

My good, healthy habits are...

Re-read and tell yourself: “I have both advantages and disadvantages, like all people. I accept both in myself. I am the same person as everyone else - no worse and no better. I have exactly the same rights to live and be myself as all other people.”

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