home Boiler room Vertical layout drawing. Features of the vertical layout of the site

Vertical layout drawing. Features of the vertical layout of the site

garden plot around the house can be flat or sloping. Regardless of the terrain, the process will definitely require a vertical site planning project.

Vertical planning means carrying out engineering work to artificially change, transform and improve the terrain. Vertical layout area is one of the most important procedures in the process of improvement and engineering preparation of territories.

When organizing the relief of a site, it is necessary to try to minimize the amount of work carried out, while preserving the plant soil and fulfilling some requirements:

When creating sites, it is necessary to take into account their division into functional zones, as well as the organization of drainage of storm and flood waters from land plot.
Decrease in groundwater level.
Stormwater drainage should not be carried out through the area of a residential building.
Complete isolation from other storm water drains from the yard.

On a land plot that has differences in the level of location of individual territories relative to the surface of the earth, careful vertical planning of the site is required. One of the simplest elements of vertical planning are slopes, which represent a transition from one area to another when their levels differ.

In this video you can look at an example of a vertical layout from professional architects.

As a rule, the vertical planning project of a site is carried out in the following order:

Layout of alleys, park paths, platforms for various purposes– that is, planning elements of the territory that require careful adherence to possible surface slopes.
Production of projects for green spaces - planning elements that allow various surface slopes.

Creation of a detailed layout of the territory, as well as the construction of its high-rise frame with the further determination of the general high-rise solution of the site in accordance with the design elevations and surface slopes, ensuring the organization of melt and surface water runoff.
Creation of a detailed project for the vertical solution of the site by establishing new contours and designing a new terrain.
The working stage, which includes the development of a detailed cartogram of earthworks, with an accurate calculation of soil volumes.

Vertical planning methods

Very often, owners of uneven and sloping areas are faced with the fact that on such terrain it is simply impossible to implement many landscape design ideas. For this reason, it is necessary to seek help from specialists, for whom calculating the vertical layout to extract benefit from the scarcest areas is not difficult at all.

If the garden landscape is fairly flat, then a residential building, garden buildings, and various green spaces can be located here. As a rule, small slopes are erected next to the walls, designed to drain groundwater to the boundaries of the site or main paths. The slope is created by pouring soil in the required places on the site, and the paths themselves are made of hard materials. In addition, drainage is provided on both sides for high-quality drainage of storm water to the road ditch. These works can also be carried out with many other types of site planning.

Small slopes made when planning a garden plot

The project of vertical planning of the territory with a slope to the south makes it possible to obtain quite rich vegetation, since trees and shrubs grow simply wonderful on such a slope. In this case, it is recommended to locate the residential building at the highest point of the plot, as close as possible to the eastern border. Outbuildings, in turn, should be located at the bottom of the site.

Lecture on the topic: Engineering organization of populated areas.
Part 2: Vertical layout design methods.

Vertical layout design methods

Vertical planning of the territory can be done various methods. The choice of vertical planning method depends on the characteristics of the existing terrain and the stages of project development. In practice, the methods of design (red) marks, design profiles, design (red) contours, etc. are used. They are used both independently and in combination with each other (combined method).
Method of design (red) marks.
It is used at the preliminary stages of design, when the fundamental high-rise solution of the street network is determined, as well as during detailed vertical planning. This method makes it possible to determine the elevation, slope, and altitude position of the designed relief. In practice, the method of design marks is used when designing vertical layout schemes in design and planning work on the general plan of the city or on the project of detailed planning and development of a city district.

Designing a vertical layout scheme

The vertical layout design process consists of two successive stages. On the first preliminary stage the terrain and materials are carefully studied engineering surveys. At the second stage, the final vertical layout scheme is developed.
When developing a vertical layout scheme, it is necessary to avoid the formation of low spots at intersections and along street routes, i.e., drainless areas where street slopes are directed and where, accordingly, surface water will collect. On the vertical layout diagram, at intersections, at intersections of street axes and at points of change in slope, existing (black) and projected (red) marks are applied, as well as working marks with their own sign (the difference between the red and black marks); The arrow shows the direction of the longitudinal slope of the street from higher to lower elevations; the longitudinal slope is noted above the arrow; below it is the distance between the points limiting the section of the street with this slope. It is advisable not to change the design longitudinal slopes in sections of short length, since fractures of the longitudinal profile (sections with different slopes) are mated by vertical convex or concave curves that have certain smallest permissible radii.
An example of constructing a vertical layout diagram using the design marks method is presented in Fig. 3.

Rice. 3. Vertical layout diagram made using the design (red) marks method .

Profile method.
Designing a vertical layout using the profile method consists of carrying out sequential operations: dividing a grid of profiles on the plan of the designed territory, drawing up profiles in both directions of the grid, designing profiles in their mutual alignment at intersections, calculating the volume of earthworks (cuts and embankments).
The profile method is quite labor-intensive, since a large number of profiles of considerable length are designed simultaneously. Particularly difficult is linking design elevations at the intersection points of profiles. Errors in inconsistency of slopes along adjacent profiles, deviations from planned or specified surface shapes are always difficult to correct and sometimes require recalculation of many profiles.
A special case of vertical planning using the profile method is the design of city streets and roads, in which the profile method is the most convenient and visual. The longitudinal profile, when designing highways and roads, runs along the axis of the street, and transverse profiles are drawn up at each picket.
Method of design (red) contour lines.
This method is widely used in the development of vertical planning projects for neighborhoods, green areas, and transport routes.
The method of design contours is quite visual and allows you to determine not only the design elevations of any point on the territory, but also the working elevations, and, consequently, the areas for cutting and adding soil.
The construction of contour lines begins with streets and driveways, and then the design contours of the adjacent built-up area are linked to them.
Red contours, in contrast to the contours of the existing relief, show the projected relief of the territory, i.e. surface transformed for planning, development and improvement purposes. Design contours are usually shown in red on drawings, which is where they get their name “red contours”, in contrast to the “black contours” that define the existing topography of the territory. Red contours are designed in sections every 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5 m, which are called the pitch of the contours.
When designing, the elementary rules for depicting the relief in contour lines are taken into account: within the territory plan, the contour lines should not change the accepted section; horizontal lines of the same name do not intersect (except for intersections of terrain with a vertical wall); the horizontal lines do not end within the plan.
When developing a vertical layout project in the design horizontals, it should be borne in mind that in order to reduce the volume of excavation work, the red horizontals should be located as close as possible to the black ones, which have the same elevation. Their coincidence shows that in this place neither backfilling nor cutting of soil is needed.
Contour lines are shown on the plan as solid lines. For a better perception of the relief, entire horizontal lines are shown thicker.
Continuation of the lecture on the topic: Engineering organization of populated areas.
Part 1: Vertical planning of urban areas.
Part 2: Vertical layout design methods.
Part 3: Vertical layout of streets, roads, driveways and sidewalks.
Part 4: Vertical layout of intersections.
Part 5: Vertical layout of pedestrian paths, park alleys and paths.
Part 6:

The planning and development of the area are inextricably linked with the relief, which is the basis of all planning and development projects in populated areas. Even in the initial outlines of the planning solution, it is necessary to take into account the relief, which influences the choice of planning and development.

On the other hand, the relief always requires some transformation and adaptation to the building conditions, the construction of streets and entrances, and the laying of underground communications. In order to adapt the natural terrain to the requirements of urban construction, vertical, i.e., high-altitude, relief planning (geoplastic) is carried out, changing its shape. Vertical planning is done on the basis of studying the relief in situ and geodetic surveys of the territory to be developed.

Vertical cladding solves the following problems:

creation of a normal surface for construction of buildings of all types necessary for the construction of a populated area;
Creation favorable conditions for drainage of surface water from the planned territory;
creation of normal conditions for the movement of urban transport and placement of underground utility networks.

A comprehensive solution to all vertical planning problems should be achieved with the least amount of excavation work, which implies maximum preservation of the natural topography. In this case, it is necessary to maintain a balance of earthworks. The movement of earth masses should be minimal.

The general principle of modern urban planning is such a sequence in the organization of the relief, when they first solve the key issues of the vertical layout of the urban area as a whole, and then design the relief of individual elements of the city. In accordance with this, a sequence of stages for designing a vertical layout is established.

The altitude position of the territories of residential complexes is determined longitudinal profiles city streets. The street system is the “skeleton” on which the organization of the city’s relief is built. The design of its vertical layout begins with the tracing of the street network. The trays of the roadway of the street network serve as receivers of rain and melt water flowing by gravity from the territory of the neighborhoods, so it is advisable to place them along the routes of natural catchment areas - thalwegam.

The location of streets at higher elevations than neighborhoods is advisable only in arid areas where there is a system of irrigation canals-ditches on the territory of microdistricts and where, therefore, the inverse problem is solved - collecting atmospheric water in the green courtyards of microdistricts.

The slopes of city streets are determined taking into account traffic safety conditions (maximum slopes) and better water flow (minimum slopes). Longitudinal and transverse slopes also depend on the purpose of the street and on the type of roadway surfaces adopted. The acceptable slopes of city streets according to the standards range from 0.4 to 6%.

The intersection marks of the axes of the main streets of the city are the nodal points of the vertical layout. The absolute elevations of the existing terrain at a given point are called black, and those designed in accordance with the required street slopes are called red. Based on them, the red and black marks of the intersection of the red lines (corner marks) of each of the residential areas or microdistricts are determined.

A city planning diagram drawn up on this basis makes it possible to identify the expected volumes of basic earthworks and carry out economic analysis street layout options. Final scheme is the basis for the architectural plan of the city and solving issues of vertical planning of individual districts and microdistricts.

The vertical layout of the microdistrict territory creates favorable high-altitude conditions for the overall architectural and planning solution (placement of buildings, green areas, intra-block driveways and platforms) and ensures the discharge of surface water through the trays of intra-block driveways and streets bordering the microdistrict into a reservoir or through a street water inlet into a storm sewer.

The relief of the planned territory of the microdistrict is largely determined by the nature of the natural relief and can have various forms: roof-shaped with slopes towards the surrounding streets; in the form of a single slope plane; gable with watershed; gable with a channel along the thalweg and water discharge to the underlying street; in the form of an overturned truncated pyramid with water discharge into the intra-block storm network; neighborhoods located on steep slopes are planned as terraces.

Each terrace has its own internal passages, not connected with the passages of other terraces; their own exits and their own drainage system with water discharge into the trays of adjacent streets. The terraces are separated by retaining walls and communicated with each other by stairs. The width of the terraces depends on the steepness of the slope: the steeper the slope, the narrower the terrace. This achieves a reduction in the volume of excavation work and the height of the separating retaining walls. The terrace must have a slope of at least 0.5%.

To avoid possible stagnation of surface water in the microdistrict and especially on intra-block driveways, horizontal platforms should not be made. Subject to the general shape of the surface of the territory, its individual elements must have their own regulatory slopes:

longitudinal slopes of intra-block driveways range from 0.4 to 8%. In case of very difficult terrain, a slope of up to 10% is allowed. Transverse slopes make 2-4%; pedestrian paths and alleys must have a slope of 0.5 to 6%; utility sites, children's playgrounds, recreation areas - 0.5-5%; sports grounds - 0.5-1%. It is better to raise such sites above the adjacent territory and arrange landscaped slopes along the perimeter. This will help the areas dry out faster after rain; areas allocated for green spaces can remain in their natural state.

The entire system of planes of the territory of the microdistrict is graphically depicted using the method of “red” (design) contour lines, which give a visual representation of the designed relief.

After establishing the design elevations of passages and sites, the vertical layout of the block establishes the elevations of individual buildings (their corners, entrances, floors of the first floors), which are also applied to this plan. In this case, both “red” (design) and “black” (existing) marks are indicated. The elevations of the corners of buildings are determined by horizontal lines using the interpolation method. Entrance elevations, as a rule, should be 0.12-0.15 m higher than the blind area. The level of the finished floor depends on the purpose of the building, and its relative elevation is always taken as ±0.00 m.

The correct placement of buildings in relation to the terrain is of the utmost economic importance, ultimately determining the cost square meter living space. Incorrect “landing” of the building on the terrain causes a useless increase in the volume of the basement floors, increases the volume and complicates the construction of foundations, and necessitates the installation of additional external staircases. With such decisions, standard building designs are subject to significant alterations.

Using the principle of free planning, it is possible to use the relief more rationally than with perimeter development. True, placing buildings only along horizontal lines is not always feasible. This may be hampered by specific building conditions, orientation requirements, etc. If it is necessary to place buildings across slopes, it should be taken into account that the economical placement of extended buildings on the terrain is achieved provided that the difference in elevations of the planned ground surface at the opposite ends of the house should not exceed 0.80 m. An excess of 1.00-1.30 m is allowed only in mountainous areas and with special justification.

From this we can draw several practical conclusions.

With terrain slopes of up to 1%, buildings can be located regardless of the direction of the horizontal lines.
With slopes of 1 to 3%, buildings no longer than 50 m can be located across the horizontal lines. Longer buildings should be placed along the horizontal lines.
With a slope of 3 to 5% (weakly rugged terrain), buildings up to 30 m long can be located across the horizontal lines.
With a slope of 5 to 8% (rough terrain), all buildings are placed parallel to the horizontal lines or stepped buildings are used, lowering the elevation of the 1st floor of each section or block.
With a slope of more than 8% (highly rugged terrain), only terraced construction is used.

In cases where, depending on specific conditions development, it is necessary to place long buildings across differences in relief; in order to avoid the forced construction of basements and preserve standard entrances to the house, a local (island) vertical layout for the building should be made: soften by cutting the natural slope to a value that creates a difference at the corners of the building of no more than 0.8 m and, if there is good bearing capacity of the soil located directly under the plant layer, create horizontal platforms by backfilling the building. In this case, the bedding must ensure a depth of laying the foundation into the continental layer of at least 0.5 m. The bedding around the building is designed in the form of an earthen slope. Approaches to staircases are arranged in earthen slopes or by constructing a horizontal passage along the upper edge of the earthen cover. To reduce the height of the sprinkling, it is recommended to use a small softening slope (up to 0.5%) along the building.

When designing the vertical layout of inter-highway areas, you should carefully study and use the existing topography, carefully preserving the vegetation layer necessary for plant growth. The currently used method of free development of microdistricts in combination with large green areas makes this problem completely solvable.

The vertical layout of microdistricts in most cases can only consist of high-rise placement of driveways and pedestrian alleys, children's and physical education playgrounds, and sites for placing buildings. The remaining space, amounting to about 40% of the total area of the microdistrict, occupied by lawns, can be preserved in natural relief with the existing vegetation cover. Skillful use of rugged terrain makes it possible to find a rational spatial solution in the organic connection of architecture with nature.

When creating the design relief of the inter-highway territory, it is necessary to maintain a balance of earthworks in order to eliminate the need to transport or transport soil. In this case, the volume of earth removed from the pits for the foundations of buildings and trenches of underground networks should be taken into account. In case of excess soil, it can be used in poorly defined terrain for artificial embankments and slopes, which, after landscaping, will create a more picturesque landscape.

The main objectives of the vertical planning of green areas are:

- ensuring the drainage of excess surface water - rain, flood, melt;
- creating conditions for convenient movement of pedestrians and vehicles along roads, garden paths, alleys, as well as stay, recreation, and games on playgrounds;
- creation of plastically expressive forms of relief in accordance with the designer’s plan, or maximum adaptation of the existing relief;
- creation of favorable conditions for the growth of valuable vegetation - trees, shrubs, herbaceous associations;
- organization of relief in order to eliminate the phenomena of soil erosion, strengthen slopes, steep banks of reservoirs by installing special structures;
- organization of relief in rough terrain by installing special structures - stairs, retaining walls, slopes, terraces.

The main methods of vertical planning are: The method of design - longitudinal and transverse - profiles. This method is used for vertical planning of large linear structures, such as streets and highways, driveways, park alleys and roads (Fig. 4). Method of design - “red” - contours. This method is used, as a rule, when designing individual objects and their sections. Its essence lies in the design of a new relief in design contours in accordance with the assigned tasks. In this case, in the drawing, relief sections are given depending on the scale of the plan and the relief of the territory. Thus, with a territory plan scale of 1:2,000, the relief cross-section is 1.0 or 0.5 m; at a scale of 1:1,000 - 0.5 or 0.2 m; at a scale of 1:500 - 0.5 or 0.2; 0.1 m. For terrain with uniform slopes, design horizontal lines with a relief section of 0.5 m are applied.

In the practice of developing a vertical planning project for the territories of parks, gardens, squares, boulevards, as well as their individual planning elements - platforms, alleys, garden paths - as a rule, the method of design contours is used in combination with the method of longitudinal and transverse profiles. The vertical planning project for the green area is carried out on the basis of the general vertical planning project for the territory of the city, district, adjacent highways and streets. The green area should be “tied” along vertical marks to adjacent elements of the urban layout. To develop projects for vertical planning of territories and carry out projects in nature, knowledge and practical skills acquired in the discipline “ The engineering geodesy" In order to begin developing a vertical layout project for the territory, you need to know:

- types and forms of relief of the green area - hill, saddle, hillock, thalweg, etc.;
- depicting the relief with horizontal lines and “reading” the relief according to the topographic survey plan;
- main relief indicators - cross-section of horizontal lines, slopes of the surface of the territory and individual sections;
- techniques for finding existing relief marks between horizontal lines and calculating surface slopes in different areas of the territory. Examples are shown in Fig. 5.

The design of the vertical layout of a landscaping facility is carried out, as a rule, in the following sequence:

1) design of alleys, park roads, paths, sites for various purposes; these are planning elements of the territory that require strict adherence to the permissible surface slopes (Table 1);
2) designing areas intended for green spaces, that is, for lawns, flower beds, planting trees and shrubs; These are planning elements that allow various surface slopes and “interruption” of the relief with slopes and retaining walls. The vertical planning project for a green area - garden, boulevard, square, park - is being carried out in stages, in three stages. The drawing of the general plan of the facility is taken as a basis. The first stage is the development of a vertical layout scheme for the territory or the construction of its high-rise frame, determining the general high-rise solution of the territory based on design elevations and surface slopes that ensure the organization of surface and melt water flow. The second stage is a detailed project for the vertical solution of the territory by establishing new, “red” horizontal lines and designing a new relief of the territory. The third stage is the working stage, development of a cartogram of earthworks with calculation of the volumes of soil exported and imported to the site. At the first design stage, the following operations are performed.
1. The relief of the object is studied, in the drawing arrows show the general slopes throughout the territory and in its individual sections, drainage areas are identified, relief forms are analyzed, possible changes in the relief are outlined, places with a flat relief for sites, with depressions (depressions) for reservoirs and etc., the boundaries of the territory are clarified - “red lines”.
2. Existing relief marks at reference points are determined:
- - at points along the “red lines” that limit the landscaping object, - at entry points to the territory, at points at the corners of entrance areas, on the axes of roads, paths;
- - at the intersections of the axes of park roads, alleys, paths;
- - at the corner points of the platforms and at the junction points of the platform and the track;
- - in the centers of the platforms - circle, oval, rectangle, etc.;
- - at points on the axis of the beginning and end of the tracks and at the points of characteristic bends of the tracks;
- - at corner points of road intersections;
- - in characteristic areas of relief fracture throughout the territory (Fig. 5).

A necessary design condition is to link the surface of the green area to the red lines of adjacent city highways, streets, etc.

3. Using the center lines of the road and path network and sites, slopes are calculated using the marks of the points found. The requirements for the slopes of the surface of paths and platforms are taken as a basis. If the slopes of the analyzed sections are greater or less than the maximum values, then new slopes are designed for the sections and design “red” marks are determined. Then the working elevations are calculated - the difference between the design and existing elevations. Working marks show the volumes of cutting or filling of soil in a given location (Fig. 6).
4. Having developed a vertical layout scheme and received a “high-rise frame” of the facility’s territory, they outline the directions of surface water flow, establish lines of open storm drainage trays, areas where there should be water-absorbing wells - at the intersections of main alleys, in places without drainage, exits to the city storm water system sewerage (Fig. 6). Establishment of transverse slopes and profiles of park roads and alleys in accordance with existing requirements.

Table 1. Slopes of the road and path network and surface individual species sites

The central path is given a gable transverse profile, and the side paths are given a single-pitch profile. Example. When assessing the longitudinal slope of a park road, the location on the axis of a point with a given elevation R, located between points A and B, whose elevations are known, is determined. The position of the desired point C is found using the formula:

You can find the position of the desired point graphically. To do this, at points A and B, perpendiculars to line AB are restored in directions opposite to it, on which the excesses of points A and B relative to C are plotted on one arbitrary scale. The sought point lies at the intersection of line AB with the line connecting the ends of the perpendiculars. By measuring the distance from point A to the point of intersection of two lines, we obtain the required distance. The second stage is the design of the vertical layout with the design horizontals. The basis is taken as a drawing of a vertical layout scheme, that is, the resulting solution for the high-rise frame of the territory, the establishment of design elevations and slopes, the fundamental decision and organization of surface water flow by determining the directions of flow.

Based on the established longitudinal slopes of park roads and the accepted cross-section of the design contour lines (for example, 0.1 m), their position in the horizontal plane is determined at the accepted scale (M 1:500). For this purpose, lines are “graduated” along the axes of roads > alleys, at intersections, along the lines of open trays. An open tray is a device designed to collect and drain surface rain and melt water. Trays are made of concrete, stone paving stones, bricks and other materials.

Example. Construction of design contours of a section of a park road with a sidewalk. When designing a park road, first determine the elevations of the design contours along the axes and in the trays of the park road. In Fig. Figure 7 shows an example of grading and constructing contours of a section of a landscaped park road, which has a pronounced transverse profile of a parabolic shape, a ridge (axis), open trays along its contours, a main part for limited traffic and a sidewalk for pedestrian traffic. The site has a longitudinal slope or (ppm), transverse slope or 20%. The sidewalk has a single-pitch profile with a transverse slope. . The main part of the road is separated from the sidewalk by a side stone (curb), rising 0.10 m above the roadway. Lines, lines of open trays used to collect and drain surface water. On cross sections the road shows section points (1-1) and (section II-II), at which it is necessary to determine from the tray mark, ridge and curb. Using the value, determine the position of contour lines that are multiples of one meter (152.00 and 151.00 m) on the ridge, tray and curb. First, determine the marks of the points on the ridge, tray and border in section 1-1. Considering that the point elevation is 150.75 m and the road width is 8 m, the point elevations are calculated at the beginning of the point elevations on the ridge, tray and curb in section 1-1. I = 150.75-0.02-4 = 150.67 m. With a sidewalk width of 3 m, the marks of its points At and At* will be respectively equal to 150.67 + 0.1 = 150.77 m and 150, 77 + 0.02-3 = 150.83 m. The elevation of point Ab - the edge is 150.83 + 0.1 = 150.93 m. Then, using the dependence-excess, m; ix - longitudinal slope of the road; M scale of the plan, calculate the distance along the ridge from the horizontal point of 151.00 m on a plan of scale 1:500.

compaction soil vertical earthen

Rice. 5.

Substituting the required values into the specified formula, we obtain the required distance, which will be equal to 16.6 mm on the plan scale. Calculate the position of the horizontal line with a mark of 151.00 m on the edge, sidewalk, tray using the above dependence. The required distances relative to the points will be equal to 33 mm; relative to points relative to a point, relative to a point Set aside from sections I-I along the lines of the ridge, tray, sidewalk and edge, calculated the corresponding distances and connecting the sequentially obtained points, we will form a horizontal line with an elevation of 151.00 m. It will take the form shown in Fig. 31. Having determined the position of contour lines 152.00 and 153.00 m in the same way, it is not difficult to determine the position of contour lines that are multiples of 0.1 m, both along the ridge and along the trays. The orientation of the horizontal lines along the sidewalk of the park road is opposite to their position on the main part of the road, which is explained by the single-slope profile of the sidewalk. When drawing horizontal lines, they bend at an angle a, the magnitude of which depends on the magnitude of the longitudinal and relative to the transverse slope points of the roadway

The greater the cross slope, the smaller the angle. Construction of design contours at the intersection of a park road. The intersection of the park road is the main planning node when designing a vertical layout. The main requirements when designing an intersection are the ease of movement of pedestrians in different directions, ensuring the flow of surface water, and connecting road surfaces. An intersection is the intersection of several planes with slopes of different magnitude and direction. The transition from the transverse profile of the alley is carried out with a “razmostka”, with the help of which the transition is made from a gable profile to a single-pitch one. When approaching an intersection, clearing is done by moving the crests of one road (usually an auxiliary road) or the crests of both roads to the corners of the intersection. The gable profile of a secondary road is converted into a single-slope one: the design is “conjugation into a tray”. In this case, the slope of the secondary road is equal to the longitudinal slope of the main road.

It is so conceived by nature that the surface of our planet has different relief throughout its entire area. A person, in pursuit of comfort in inhabited areas, tries to create conditions for maximum convenience of his stay. It is necessary to properly plan your site.

Geodetic survey

The vertical layout plan of the area includes the actual geodetic survey itself, clearing for construction and the start of the work itself.

If you intend to handle this on your own, there are several factors to consider:

soil type and condition;
degree of groundwater occurrence;
the possibility of earth heaving at low temperatures.

You need to know this data for further construction of the foundation, as well as when planning wells and basements. To carry out this work, you must have special equipment (for example, a hydraulic level).

Construction of a building

When constructing an object, it is necessary to choose its location, accurately determine the height of the floor covering of the lower floor, and determine the degree of soil subsidence. With the help of planning, a number of issues are resolved. For example, the foundation must be above the groundwater level. Buildings above the foundation should be located slightly above the snow level (in accordance with climatic conditions). When building a home, it is better to choose a site located at a higher level (out of the entire available area). The construction of the facility begins after a carefully selected site for construction. Often the starting point for work is nearby standing house or road.

After determining the desired point, they begin to calculate the depth of the object. There are several types of building a house on an angled plot. Usually there is a change in the landscape, in which all the irregularities on the surface are smoothed out. This project implies that construction will be carried out on a level area. A house built on an area with a normal slope needs to rework the basement side. In this case, the home will have some features and blend smoothly into the landscape.

The landscape is divided according to the following characteristics:

flat slope - no more than 3%;
small slope – up to 8%;
average slope – up to 20%;
steep slope - over 20%.

Change in terrain

With a vertical layout of the area, a number of advantages arise (for example, the creation of a drainage system, a series of walking paths that are located at an angle). It becomes possible to create a system for draining rain flows at a certain slope to the lower part of the site. It is almost always quite difficult for owners of uneven plots of land to carry out planning. To solve such problems, there are specialists who are engaged in planning and changing the landscape of land with a vertical slope.

Slope with an angle of one meter

In such a situation, it is necessary to draw up a basement project. On ground floor(in the walls of the lower floor) you need to install drainage. There are many examples of redevelopment of such an area, but not every owner, due to his strengths and capabilities, can with great confidence undertake the construction of housing in such non-standard conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to contact specialists for an accurate diagnosis of the area, the composition of its soil, the depth of groundwater and soil structure. Professionals in their field will help you make a map of the land plot.

Vertical planning model

When considering a building with a south-facing slope, it is recommended to locate the house as close to the east side as possible. The lower part is used for the construction of outbuildings (due to its low suitability for arrangement as a comfortable recreation area). It is advisable to start beautifying the area on the upper part of the square by planting several strips of flower beds, planting several along the perimeter of the entire recreation area ornamental trees, moving them to the south side.

The planning of the drainage network must be reasonably consistent with the terrain of the area and have a drain to the lower part of the site. If you are a follower of the Eastern philosophy of Feng Shui, you need to make sure that the doors are located to the north or face east.

House layout

The main building should be located approximately 10 meters from the border of your site. You must be separated from your neighbors' house by at least 3 meters. The buildings must be at right angles to each other. All measurements can be done independently (without having any construction skills or design experience). A tape measure is sufficient to measure distances.

Outbuildings

Outbuildings are erected simultaneously with the dwelling, although it is best to do this after the completion of the main building. Outbuildings should be erected at a certain distance from the buildings of neighbors. Experts recommend that it is best to build barns, sheds and latrines 3 meters away from neighbors’ buildings.

During construction, the same rules must be followed as during the construction of a house. By following the recommendations of experts and observing the rules for constructing objects on land with a large slope, the strength and durability of housing and other buildings (gazebos, greenhouses, barns, cellars, homemade ponds for decorating the site, baths, saunas) is achieved.

It is impossible to implement grandiose projects on an area of up to 5 acres. On such a site it is possible to build a house, a restroom and a bathhouse. On an area of 10-11 acres, you can add a gazebo, a pond and several flower beds. On an area of 15 acres and above, everything will be limited only by your imagination.

The huge space will provide great motivation for the developer. It is important to remember that all plans for the construction of grandiose buildings must fit into GOST.

Everything must be planned in advance, documents drawn up, materials purchased, specialists must be hired. Only then, with peace of mind, can you get down to business and arrange your favorite area according to your tastes and views.

Conclusion

The correct layout will provide you with good, warm and reliable housing. During construction, it is advisable to contact specialists. Consult with them, clarify all the details of construction: this will ensure the durability of your home and also save you from hassle in the future. When changing difficult terrain, it is worth remembering that sometimes this state of affairs can play into your hands.

Each situation must have an individual approach to solving the problem, because any surface is made up of different planes. This affects the different composition of the soil in fairly small areas; the overlapping of different layers of earth causes a curvilinearity of the perimeter. All this makes it quite difficult to improve this area. When constructing facilities in such areas, specialists thoroughly study the surface topography, meteorological data of the region, find out the depth of groundwater deposits, the likelihood of soil subsidence under the weight of the building and many other key factors.

More often, construction on such a surface occurs in recreation areas or resorts. The view from the window of a building at a height will not leave anyone indifferent, but the main factor remains the improvement of the area, equipping it with all the benefits of civilization, without which it is difficult to imagine our daily life. The disadvantage of such an area is that the budget expenditures for landscaping will be significantly higher than for an area with flat terrain. Therefore, to implement your ideas you will have to fork out a lot of money. Positive side stems from its drawback - the uneven surface creates a feeling of exoticism, which cannot but attract attention. With the right approach to planning a non-standard surface, a small area can be turned into a piece of paradise.